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Vecchio EA, White PJ, May LT. Targeting Adenosine Receptors for the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:243. [PMID: 28529484 PMCID: PMC5418340 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous molecule with key regulatory and cytoprotective mechanisms at times of metabolic imbalance in the body. Among a plethora of physiological actions, adenosine has an important role in attenuating ischaemia-reperfusion injury and modulating the ensuing fibrosis and tissue remodeling following myocardial damage. Adenosine exerts these actions through interaction with four adenosine G protein-coupled receptors expressed in the heart. The adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) is the most abundant adenosine receptor (AR) in cardiac fibroblasts and is largely responsible for the influence of adenosine on cardiac fibrosis. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that acute A2BAR stimulation can decrease fibrosis through the inhibition of fibroblast proliferation and reduction in collagen synthesis. However, in contrast, there is also evidence that chronic A2BAR antagonism reduces tissue fibrosis. This review explores the opposing pro- and anti-fibrotic activity attributed to the activation of cardiac ARs and investigates the therapeutic potential of targeting ARs for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vecchio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, ParkvilleVIC, Australia
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Charles EJ, Mehaffey JH, Sharma AK, Zhao Y, Stoler MH, Isbell JM, Lau CL, Tribble CG, Laubach VE, Kron IL. Lungs donated after circulatory death and prolonged warm ischemia are transplanted successfully after enhanced ex vivo lung perfusion using adenosine A2B receptor antagonism. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 154:1811-1820. [PMID: 28483262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current supply of acceptable donor lungs is not sufficient for the number of patients awaiting transplantation. We hypothesized that ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) with targeted drug therapy would allow successful rehabilitation and transplantation of donation after circulatory death lungs exposed to 2 hours of warm ischemia. METHODS Donor porcine lungs were procured after 2 hours of warm ischemia postcardiac arrest and subjected to 4 hours of cold preservation or EVLP. ATL802, an adenosine A2B receptor antagonist, was administered to select groups. Four groups (n = 4/group) were randomized: cold preservation (Cold), cold preservation with ATL802 during reperfusion (Cold + ATL802), EVLP (EVLP), and EVLP with ATL802 during ex vivo perfusion (EVLP + ATL802). Lungs subsequently were transplanted, reperfused, and assessed by measuring dynamic lung compliance and oxygenation capacity. RESULTS EVLP + ATL802 significantly improved dynamic lung compliance compared with EVLP (25.0 ± 1.8 vs 17.0 ± 2.4 mL/cmH2O, P = .04), and compared with cold preservation (Cold: 12.2 ± 1.3, P = .004; Cold + ATL802: 10.6 ± 2.0 mL/cmH2O, P = .002). Oxygenation capacity was highest in EVLP (440.4 ± 37.0 vs Cold: 174.0 ± 61.3 mm Hg, P = .037). No differences in oxygenation or pulmonary edema were observed between EVLP and EVLP + ATL802. A significant decrease in interleukin-12 expression in tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage was identified between groups EVLP and EVLP + ATL802, along with less neutrophil infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Severely injured donation after circulatory death lungs subjected to 2 hours of warm ischemia are transplanted successfully after enhanced EVLP with targeted drug therapy. Increased use of lungs after uncontrolled donor cardiac death and prolonged warm ischemia may be possible and may improve transplant wait list times and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Charles
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - J Hunter Mehaffey
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Ashish K Sharma
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Yunge Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Mark H Stoler
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - James M Isbell
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Christine L Lau
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Curtis G Tribble
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Victor E Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Irving L Kron
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va.
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de Leve S, Wirsdörfer F, Cappuccini F, Schütze A, Meyer AV, Röck K, Thompson LF, Fischer JW, Stuschke M, Jendrossek V. Loss of CD73 prevents accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages and the formation of prefibrotic macrophage clusters in irradiated lungs. FASEB J 2017; 31:2869-2880. [PMID: 28325757 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601228r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While radiotherapy is a mainstay for cancer therapy, pneumonitis and fibrosis constitute dose-limiting side effects of thorax and whole body irradiation. So far, the contribution of immune cells to disease progression is largely unknown. Here we studied the role of ecto-5'-nucelotidase (CD73)/adenosine-induced changes in the myeloid compartment in radiation-induced lung fibrosis. C57BL/6 wild-type or CD73-/- mice received a single dose of whole thorax irradiation (WTI, 15 Gy). Myeloid cells were characterized in flow cytometric, histologic, and immunohistochemical analyses as well as RNA analyses. WTI induced a pronounced reduction of alveolar macrophages in both strains that recovered within 6 wk. Fibrosis development in wild-type mice was associated with a time-dependent deposition of hyaluronic acid (HA) and increased expression of markers for alternative activation on alveolar macrophages. These include the antiinflammatory macrophage mannose receptor and arginase-1. Further, macrophages accumulated in organized clusters and expressed profibrotic mediators at ≥25 wk after irradiation (fibrotic phase). Irradiated CD73-/- mice showed an altered regulation of components of the HA system and no clusters of alternatively activated macrophages. We speculate that accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages in organized clusters represents the origins of fibrotic foci after WTI and is promoted by a cross-talk between HA, CD73/adenosine signaling, and other profibrotic mediators.-De Leve, S., Wirsdörfer, F., Cappuccini, F., Schütze, A., Meyer, A. V., Röck, K., Thompson, L. F., Fischer, J. W., Stuschke, M., Jendrossek, V. Loss of CD73 prevents accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages and the formation of prefibrotic macrophage clusters in irradiated lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Leve
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Federica Cappuccini
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schütze
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alina V Meyer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Röck
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Linda F Thompson
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
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54
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Pulmonary Hypertension Associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Current and Future Perspectives. Can Respir J 2017; 2017:1430350. [PMID: 28286407 PMCID: PMC5327768 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1430350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is commonly present in patients with chronic lung diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) or Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) where it is classified as Group III PH by the World Health Organization (WHO). PH has been identified to be present in as much as 40% of patients with COPD or IPF and it is considered as one of the principal predictors of mortality in patients with COPD or IPF. However, despite the prevalence and fatal consequences of PH in the setting of chronic lung diseases, there are limited therapies available for patients with Group III PH, with lung transplantation remaining as the most viable option. This highlights our need to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of Group III PH. In this review we have chosen to focus on the current understating of PH in IPF, we will revisit the main mediators that have been shown to play a role in the development of the disease. We will also discuss the experimental models available to study PH associated with lung fibrosis and address the role of the right ventricle in IPF. Finally we will summarize the current available treatment options for Group III PH outside of lung transplantation.
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Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. The Role of Lymphocytes in Radiotherapy-Induced Adverse Late Effects in the Lung. Front Immunol 2016; 7:591. [PMID: 28018357 PMCID: PMC5155013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis are dose-limiting side effects of thoracic irradiation. Thoracic irradiation triggers acute and chronic environmental lung changes that are shaped by the damage response of resident cells, by the resulting reaction of the immune system, and by repair processes. Although considerable progress has been made during the last decade in defining involved effector cells and soluble mediators, the network of pathophysiological events and the cellular cross talk linking acute tissue damage to chronic inflammation and fibrosis still require further definition. Infiltration of cells from the innate and adaptive immune systems is a common response of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Herein, lymphocytes represent a versatile and wide-ranged group of cells of the immune system that can react under specific conditions in various ways and participate in modulating the lung environment by adopting pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or even pro- or anti-fibrotic phenotypes. The present review provides an overview on published data about the role of lymphocytes in radiation-induced lung disease and related damage-associated pulmonary diseases with a focus on T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. We also discuss the suspected dual role of specific lymphocyte subsets during the pneumonitic phase and fibrotic phase that is shaped by the environmental conditions as well as the interaction and the intercellular cross talk between cells from the innate and adaptive immune systems and (damaged) resident epithelial cells and stromal cells (e.g., endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and fibroblasts). Finally, we highlight potential therapeutic targets suited to counteract pathological lymphocyte responses to prevent or treat radiation-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen , Essen , Germany
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56
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Cronstein BN, Sitkovsky M. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 13:41-51. [PMID: 27829671 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a nucleoside derived primarily from the extracellular hydrolysis of adenine nucleotides, is a potent regulator of inflammation. Adenosine mediates its effects on inflammatory cells by engaging one or more cell-surface receptors. The expression and function of adenosine receptors on different cell types change during the course of rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Targeting adenosine receptors directly for the treatment of rheumatic diseases is currently under study; however, indirect targeting of adenosine receptors by enhancing adenosine levels at inflamed sites accounts for most of the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate, the anchor drug for the treatment of RA. In this Review, we discuss the regulation of extracellular adenosine levels and the role of adenosine in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses in rheumatic diseases such as RA, psoriasis and other types of inflammatory arthritis. In addition, adenosine and its receptors are involved in promoting fibrous matrix production in the skin and other organs, and the role of adenosine in fibrosis and fibrosing diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Cronstein
- NYU-HHC Clinical and Translational Science Institute, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Michail Sitkovsky
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 312 MU, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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57
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Vigeland CL, Collins SL, Chan-Li Y, Hughes AH, Oh MH, Powell JD, Horton MR. Deletion of mTORC1 Activity in CD4+ T Cells Is Associated with Lung Fibrosis and Increased γδ T Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163288. [PMID: 27649073 PMCID: PMC5029914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating, incurable disease in which chronic inflammation and dysregulated, excessive wound healing lead to progressive fibrosis, lung dysfunction, and ultimately death. Prior studies have implicated the cytokine IL-17A and Th17 cells in promoting the development of fibrosis. We hypothesized that loss of Th17 cells via CD4-specific deletion of mTORC1 activity would abrogate the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. However, in actuality loss of Th17 cells led to increased mortality and fibrosis in response to bleomycin. We found that in the absence of Th17 cells, there was continued production of IL-17A by γδ T cells. These IL-17A+ γδ T cells were associated with increased lung neutrophils and M2 macrophages, accelerated development of fibrosis, and increased mortality. These data elucidate the critical role of IL-17A+ γδ T cells in promoting chronic inflammation and fibrosis, and reveal a novel therapeutic target for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Vigeland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel L Collins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yee Chan-Li
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew H Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Min-Hee Oh
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maureen R Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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de Oliveira Bravo M, Carvalho JL, Saldanha-Araujo F. Adenosine production: a common path for mesenchymal stem-cell and regulatory T-cell-mediated immunosuppression. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:595-609. [PMID: 27557887 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an important molecule that exerts control on the immune system, by signaling through receptors lying on the surface of immune cells. This nucleotide is produced, in part, by the action of the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73. Interestingly, these proteins are expressed on the cell surface of regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)-two cell populations that have emerged as potential therapeutic tools in the field of cell therapy. In fact, the production of adenosine constitutes a mechanism used by both cell types to control the immune response. Recently, great scientific progress was obtained regarding the role of adenosine in the inflammatory environment. In this context, the present review focuses on the advances related to the impact of adenosine production over the immune modulatory activity of Tregs and MSCs, and how this nucleotide controls the biological functions of these cells. Finally, we mention the main challenges and hurdles to bring such molecule to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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59
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Abstract
Cellular stress or apoptosis triggers the release of ATP, ADP and other nucleotides into the extracellular space. Extracellular nucleotides function as autocrine and paracrine signalling molecules by activating cell-surface P2 purinergic receptors that elicit pro-inflammatory immune responses. Over time, extracellular nucleotides are metabolized to adenosine, leading to reduced P2 signalling and increased signalling through anti-inflammatory adenosine (P1 purinergic) receptors. Here, we review how local purinergic signalling changes over time during tissue responses to injury or disease, and we discuss the potential of targeting purinergic signalling pathways for the immunotherapeutic treatment of ischaemia, organ transplantation, autoimmunity or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cekic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Joel Linden
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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60
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Hu X, Adebiyi MG, Luo J, Sun K, Le TTT, Zhang Y, Wu H, Zhao S, Karmouty-Quintana H, Liu H, Huang A, Wen YE, Zaika OL, Mamenko M, Pochynyuk OM, Kellems RE, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR, Walters ET, Huang D, Hu H, Xia Y. Sustained Elevated Adenosine via ADORA2B Promotes Chronic Pain through Neuro-immune Interaction. Cell Rep 2016; 16:106-119. [PMID: 27320922 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of chronic pain are poorly understood and effective mechanism-based treatments are lacking. Here, we report that mice lacking adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme necessary for the breakdown of adenosine, displayed unexpected chronic mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity due to sustained elevated circulating adenosine. Extending from Ada(-/-) mice, we further discovered that prolonged elevated adenosine contributed to chronic pain behaviors in two additional independent animal models: sickle cell disease mice, a model of severe pain with limited treatment, and complete Freund's adjuvant paw-injected mice, a well-accepted inflammatory model of chronic pain. Mechanistically, we revealed that activation of adenosine A2B receptors on myeloid cells caused nociceptor hyperexcitability and promoted chronic pain via soluble IL-6 receptor trans-signaling, and our findings determined that prolonged accumulated circulating adenosine contributes to chronic pain by promoting immune-neuronal interaction and revealed multiple therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 440851, China
| | - Morayo G Adebiyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kaiqi Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thanh-Thuy T Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongyu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shushan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aji Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuan Edward Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oleg L Zaika
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mykola Mamenko
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oleh M Pochynyuk
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Edgar T Walters
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 440851, China
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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61
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Wirsdörfer F, de Leve S, Cappuccini F, Eldh T, Meyer AV, Gau E, Thompson LF, Chen NY, Karmouty-Quintana H, Fischer U, Kasper M, Klein D, Ritchey JW, Blackburn MR, Westendorf AM, Stuschke M, Jendrossek V. Extracellular Adenosine Production by ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73) Enhances Radiation-Induced Lung Fibrosis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3045-56. [PMID: 26921334 PMCID: PMC4960984 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is a severe side effect of thoracic irradiation, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood and no effective treatment is available. In this study, we investigated the role of the extracellular adenosine as generated by the ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73 in fibrosis development after thoracic irradiation. Exposure of wild-type C57BL/6 mice to a single dose (15 Gray) of whole thorax irradiation triggered a progressive increase in CD73 activity in the lung between 3 and 30 weeks postirradiation. In parallel, adenosine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were increased by approximately 3-fold. Histologic evidence of lung fibrosis was observed by 25 weeks after irradiation. Conversely, CD73-deficient mice failed to accumulate adenosine in BALF and exhibited significantly less radiation-induced lung fibrosis (P < 0.010). Furthermore, treatment of wild-type mice with pegylated adenosine deaminase or CD73 antibodies also significantly reduced radiation-induced lung fibrosis. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CD73 potentiates radiation-induced lung fibrosis, suggesting that existing pharmacologic strategies for modulating adenosine may be effective in limiting lung toxicities associated with the treatment of thoracic malignancies. Cancer Res; 76(10); 3045-56. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simone de Leve
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Federica Cappuccini
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Therese Eldh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alina V Meyer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eva Gau
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Linda F Thompson
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ute Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Clinic, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Kasper
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Custav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jerry W Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Department of Infection Immunology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Huerter ME, Sharma AK, Zhao Y, Charles EJ, Kron IL, Laubach VE. Attenuation of Pulmonary Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonism. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 102:385-393. [PMID: 27109193 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major source of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. We previously demonstrated a proinflammatory role of adenosine A2B receptor (A2BR) in lung IR injury. The current study tests the hypothesis that A2BR antagonism is protective of ischemic lungs after in vivo reperfusion or ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). METHODS Mice underwent lung IR with or without administration of ATL802, a selective A2BR antagonist. A murine model of EVLP was also used to evaluate rehabilitation of donation after circulatory death (DCD) lungs. DCD lungs underwent ischemia, cold preservation, and EVLP with Steen solution with or without ATL802. A549 human type 2 alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) (3 hours/1 hour) with or without ATL802 treatment. Cytokines were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and culture media by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). RESULTS After IR, ATL802 treatment significantly improved lung function (increased pulmonary compliance and reduced airway resistance and pulmonary artery pressure) and significantly attenuated proinflammatory cytokine production, neutrophil infiltration, vascular permeability, and edema. ATL802 also significantly improved the function of DCD lungs after EVLP (increased compliance and reduced pulmonary artery pressure). After HR, A549 cells exhibited robust production of interleukin (IL)-8, a potent neutrophil chemokine, which was significantly attenuated by ATL802. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that A2BR antagonism attenuates lung IRI and augments reconditioning of DCD lungs by EVLP. The protective effects of ATL802 may involve targeting A2BRs on alveolar epithelial cells to prevent IL-8 production. A2BR may be a novel therapeutic target for mitigating IRI to increase the success of lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Huerter
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Ashish K Sharma
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Yunge Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Eric J Charles
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Irving L Kron
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Victor E Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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63
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Collins SL, Chan-Li Y, Oh M, Vigeland CL, Limjunyawong N, Mitzner W, Powell JD, Horton MR. Vaccinia vaccine-based immunotherapy arrests and reverses established pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e83116. [PMID: 27158671 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.83116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease without any cure. Both human disease and animal models demonstrate dysregulated wound healing and unregulated fibrogenesis in a background of low-grade chronic T lymphocyte infiltration. Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) are emerging as important regulators of the immune microenvironment in response to pathogens, and we hypothesized that they might play a role in regulating the unremitting inflammation that promotes lung fibrosis. Herein, we demonstrate that lung-directed immunotherapy, in the form of i.n. vaccination, induces an antifibrotic T cell response capable of arresting and reversing lung fibrosis. In mice with established lung fibrosis, lung-specific T cell responses were able to reverse established pathology - as measured by decreased lung collagen, fibrocytes, and histologic injury - and improve physiologic function. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that this effect is mediated by vaccine-induced lung Trm. These data not only have implications for the development of immunotherapeutic regimens to treat IPF, but also suggest a role for targeting tissue-resident memory T cells to treat other tissue-specific inflammatory/autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Collins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yee Chan-Li
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - MinHee Oh
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine L Vigeland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathachit Limjunyawong
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Program in Respiratory Biology and Lung Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Program in Respiratory Biology and Lung Diseases, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen R Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Luo F, Le NB, Mills T, Chen NY, Karmouty-Quintana H, Molina JG, Davies J, Philip K, Volcik KA, Liu H, Xia Y, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR. Extracellular adenosine levels are associated with the progression and exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J 2015; 30:874-83. [PMID: 26527068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating lung disease with limited treatment options. The signaling molecule adenosine is produced in response to injury and serves a protective role in early stages of injury and is detrimental during chronic stages of disease such as seen in lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis. Understanding the association of extracellular adenosine levels and the progression of pulmonary fibrosis is critical for designing adenosine based approaches to treat pulmonary fibrosis. The goal of this study was to use various models of experimental lung fibrosis to understand when adenosine levels are elevated during pulmonary fibrosis and whether these elevations were associated with disease progression and severity. To accomplish this, extracellular adenosine levels, defined as adenosine levels found in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, were determined in mouse models of resolvable and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. We found that relative bronchioalveolar lavage fluid adenosine levels are progressively elevated in association with pulmonary fibrosis and that adenosine levels diminish in association with the resolution of lung fibrosis. In addition, treatment of these models with dipyridamole, an inhibitor of nucleoside transporters that potentiates extracellular adenosine levels, demonstrated that the resolution of lung fibrosis is blocked by the failure of adenosine levels to subside. Furthermore, exacerbating adenosine levels led to worse fibrosis in a progressive fibrosis model. Increased adenosine levels were associated with elevation of IL-6 and IL-17, which are important inflammatory cytokines in pulmonary fibrosis. These results demonstrate that extracellular adenosine levels are closely associated with the progression of experimental pulmonary fibrosis and that this signaling pathway may mediate fibrosis by regulating IL-6 and IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayong Luo
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ngoc-Bao Le
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tingting Mills
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jose G Molina
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan Davies
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kemly Philip
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly A Volcik
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Biochemical and histological impact of direct renin inhibition by aliskiren on myofibroblasts activation and differentiation in bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis in adult mice. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:373-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hoegl S, Brodsky KS, Blackburn MR, Karmouty-Quintana H, Zwissler B, Eltzschig HK. Alveolar Epithelial A2B Adenosine Receptors in Pulmonary Protection during Acute Lung Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1815-24. [PMID: 26188061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute inflammatory lung disease that causes morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. However, there are many instances where ALI resolves spontaneously through endogenous pathways that help to control excessive lung inflammation. Previous studies have implicated the extracellular signaling molecule adenosine and signaling events through the A2B adenosine receptor in lung protection. In this context, we hypothesized that tissue-specific expression of the A2B adenosine receptor is responsible for the previously described attenuation of ALI. To address this hypothesis, we exposed mice with tissue-specific deletion of Adora2b to ALI, utilizing a two-hit model where intratracheal LPS treatment is followed by injurious mechanical ventilation. Interestingly, a head-to-head comparison of mice with deletion of Adora2b in the myeloid lineage (Adora2b(loxP/loxP) LysM Cre(+)), endothelial cells (Adora2b(loxP/loxP) VE-cadherin Cre(+)), or alveolar epithelial cells (Adora2b(loxP/loxP) SPC Cre(+)) revealed a selective increase in disease susceptibility in Adora2b(loxP/loxP) SPC Cre(+) mice. More detailed analysis of Adora2b(loxP/loxP) SPC Cre(+) mice confirmed elevated lung inflammation and attenuated alveolar fluid clearance. To directly deliver an A2B adenosine receptor-specific agonist to alveolar epithelial cells, we subsequently performed studies with inhaled BAY 60-6583. Indeed, aerosolized BAY 60-6583 treatment was associated with attenuated pulmonary edema, improved histologic lung injury, and dampened lung inflammation. Collectively, these findings suggest that alveolar epithelial A2B adenosine receptor signaling contributes to lung protection, and they implicate inhaled A2B adenosine receptor agonists in ALI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hoegl
- Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Anesthesiology, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, German Center for Lung Research, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, D-81377 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Kelley S Brodsky
- Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | | | - Bernhard Zwissler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, German Center for Lung Research, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, D-81377 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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Luzina IG, Todd NW, Sundararajan S, Atamas SP. The cytokines of pulmonary fibrosis: Much learned, much more to learn. Cytokine 2015; 74:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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68
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Weng T, Poth JM, Karmouty-Quintana H, Garcia-Morales LJ, Melicoff E, Luo F, Chen NY, Evans CM, Bunge RR, Bruckner BA, Loebe M, Volcik KA, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR. Hypoxia-induced deoxycytidine kinase contributes to epithelial proliferation in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1402-12. [PMID: 25358054 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201404-0744oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a deadly lung disease with few therapeutic options. Apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, followed by abnormal tissue repair characterized by hyperplastic epithelial cell formation, is a pathogenic process that contributes to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. However, the signaling pathways responsible for increased proliferation of epithelial cells remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), an important enzyme for the salvage of deoxynucleotides, in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS DCK expression was examined in the lungs of patients with IPF and mice exposed to bleomycin. The regulation of DCK expression by hypoxia was studied in vitro and the importance of DCK in experimental pulmonary fibrosis was examined using a DCK inhibitor and alveolar epithelial cell-specific knockout mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS DCK was elevated in hyperplastic alveolar epithelial cells of patients with IPF and in mice exposed to bleomycin. Increased DCK was localized to cells associated with hypoxia, and hypoxia directly induced DCK in alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. Hypoxia-induced DCK expression was abolished by silencing hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and treatment of bleomycin-exposed mice with a DCK inhibitor attenuated pulmonary fibrosis in association with decreased epithelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, DCK expression, and proliferation of epithelial cells and pulmonary fibrosis was attenuated in mice with conditional deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in the alveolar epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the induction of DCK after hypoxia plays a role in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis by contributing to alveolar epithelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Weng
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
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Karmouty-Quintana H, Philip K, Acero LF, Chen NY, Weng T, Molina JG, Luo F, Davies J, Le NB, Bunge I, Volcik KA, Le TTT, Johnston RA, Xia Y, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR. Deletion of ADORA2B from myeloid cells dampens lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. FASEB J 2014; 29:50-60. [PMID: 25318478 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal, fibroproliferative disease. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can develop secondary to IPF and increase mortality. Alternatively, activated macrophages (AAMs) contribute to the pathogenesis of both IPF and PH. Here we hypothesized that adenosine signaling through the ADORA2B on AAMs impacts the progression of these disorders and that conditional deletion of ADORA2B on myeloid cells would have a beneficial effect in a model of these diseases. Conditional knockout mice lacking ADORA2B on myeloid cells (Adora2B(f/f)-LysM(Cre)) were exposed to the fibrotic agent bleomycin (BLM; 0.035 U/g body weight, i.p.). At 14, 17, 21, 25, or 33 d after exposure, SpO2, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and histologic analyses were performed. On day 33, lung function and cardiovascular analyses were determined. Markers for AAM and mediators of fibrosis and PH were assessed. Adora2B(f/f)-LysM(Cre) mice presented with attenuated fibrosis, improved lung function, and no evidence of PH compared with control mice exposed to BLM. These findings were accompanied by reduced expression of CD206 and arginase-1, markers for AAMs. A 10-fold reduction in IL-6 and a 5-fold decrease in hyaluronan, both linked to lung fibrosis and PH, were also observed. These data suggest that activation of the ADORA2B on macrophages plays an active role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and PH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kemly Philip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Luis F Acero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Jose G Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
| | - Ngoc-Bao Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | | | | | - Richard A Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Le TTT, Karmouty-Quintana H, Melicoff E, Le TTT, Weng T, Chen NY, Pedroza M, Zhou Y, Davies J, Philip K, Molina J, Luo F, George AT, Garcia-Morales LJ, Bunge RR, Bruckner BA, Loebe M, Seethamraju H, Agarwal SK, Blackburn MR. Blockade of IL-6 Trans signaling attenuates pulmonary fibrosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:3755-68. [PMID: 25172494 PMCID: PMC4169999 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease with progressive fibrosis and death within 2-3 y of diagnosis. IPF incidence and prevalence rates are increasing annually with few effective treatments available. Inhibition of IL-6 results in the attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis in mice. It is unclear whether this is due to blockade of classical signaling, mediated by membrane-bound IL-6Rα, or trans signaling, mediated by soluble IL-6Rα (sIL-6Rα). Our study assessed the role of sIL-6Rα in IPF. We demonstrated elevations of sIL-6Rα in IPF patients and in mice during the onset and progression of fibrosis. We demonstrated that protease-mediated cleavage from lung macrophages was important in production of sIL-6Rα. In vivo neutralization of sIL-6Rα attenuated pulmonary fibrosis in mice as seen by reductions in myofibroblasts, fibronectin, and collagen in the lung. In vitro activation of IL-6 trans signaling enhanced fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix protein production, effects relevant in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the production of sIL-6Rα from macrophages in the diseased lung contributes to IL-6 trans signaling that in turn influences events crucial in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Thuy T Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Thanh-Truc T Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mesias Pedroza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030; Biology of Inflammation Center, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kemly Philip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jose Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Anuh T George
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Luis J Garcia-Morales
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Raquel R Bunge
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Brian A Bruckner
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Matthias Loebe
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Harish Seethamraju
- Methodist J.C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sandeep K Agarwal
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030;
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Davies J, Karmouty-Quintana H, Le TT, Chen NY, Weng T, Luo F, Molina J, Moorthy B, Blackburn MR. Adenosine promotes vascular barrier function in hyperoxic lung injury. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/9/e12155. [PMID: 25263205 PMCID: PMC4270235 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxic lung injury is characterized by cellular damage from high oxygen concentrations that lead to an inflammatory response in the lung with cellular infiltration and pulmonary edema. Adenosine is a signaling molecule that is generated extracellularly by CD73 in response to injury. Extracellular adenosine signals through cell surface receptors and has been found to be elevated and plays a protective role in acute injury situations. In particular, ADORA2B activation is protective in acute lung injury. However, little is known about the role of adenosine signaling in hyperoxic lung injury. We hypothesized that hyperoxia-induced lung injury leads to CD73-mediated increases in extracellular adenosine, which is protective through ADORA2B signaling pathways. To test this hypothesis, we exposed C57BL6, CD73(-/-), and Adora2B(-/-) mice to 95% oxygen or room air and examined markers of pulmonary inflammation, edema, and monitored lung histology. Hyperoxic exposure caused pulmonary inflammation and edema in association with elevations in lung adenosine levels. Loss of CD73-mediated extracellular adenosine production exacerbated pulmonary edema without affecting inflammatory cell counts. Furthermore, loss of the ADORA2B had similar results with worsening of pulmonary edema following hyperoxia exposure without affecting inflammatory cell infiltration. This loss of barrier function correlated with a decrease in occludin in pulmonary vasculature in CD73(-/-) and Adora2B(-/-) mice following hyperoxia exposure. These results demonstrate that exposure to a hyperoxic environment causes lung injury associated with an increase in adenosine concentration, and elevated adenosine levels protect vascular barrier function in hyperoxic lung injury through the ADORA2B-dependent regulation of occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Davies
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas - Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Thuy T Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas - Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas - Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas - Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas - Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas - Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas - Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
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Karmouty-Quintana H, Weng T, Garcia-Morales LJ, Chen NY, Pedroza M, Zhong H, Molina JG, Bunge R, Bruckner BA, Xia Y, Johnston RA, Loebe M, Zeng D, Seethamraju H, Belardinelli L, Blackburn MR. Adenosine A2B receptor and hyaluronan modulate pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:1038-47. [PMID: 23855769 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0089oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. The development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with COPD is strongly associated with increased mortality. Chronic inflammation and changes to the lung extracellular matrix (ECM) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD, yet the mechanisms that lead to PH secondary to COPD remain unknown. Our experiments using human lung tissue show increased expression levels of the adenosine A2B receptor (ADORA2B) and a heightened deposition of hyaluronan (HA; a component of the ECM) in remodeled vessels of patients with PH associated with COPD. We also demonstrate that the expression of HA synthase 2 correlates with mean pulmonary arterial pressures in patients with COPD, with and without a secondary diagnosis of PH. Using an animal model of airspace enlargement and PH, we show that the blockade of ADORA2B is able to attenuate the development of a PH phenotype that correlates with reduced levels of HA deposition in the vessels and the down-regulation of genes involved in the synthesis of HA.
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Eckle T, Kewley EM, Brodsky KS, Tak E, Bonney S, Gobel M, Anderson D, Glover LE, Riegel AK, Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK. Identification of hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1A as transcriptional regulator of the A2B adenosine receptor during acute lung injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1249-56. [PMID: 24391213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although acute lung injury (ALI) contributes significantly to critical illness, resolution often occurs spontaneously through endogenous pathways. We recently found that mechanical ventilation increases levels of pulmonary adenosine, a signaling molecule known to attenuate lung inflammation. In this study, we hypothesized a contribution of transcriptionally controlled pathways to pulmonary adenosine receptor (ADOR) signaling during ALI. We gained initial insight from microarray analysis of pulmonary epithelia exposed to conditions of cyclic mechanical stretch, a mimic for ventilation-induced lung disease. Surprisingly, these studies revealed a selective induction of the ADORA2B. Using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, we confirmed an up to 9-fold induction of the ADORA2B following cyclic mechanical stretch (A549, Calu-3, or human primary alveolar epithelial cells). Studies using ADORA2B promoter constructs identified a prominent region within the ADORA2B promoter conveying stretch responsiveness. This region of the promoter contained a binding site for the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1. Additional studies using site-directed mutagenesis or transcription factor binding assays demonstrated a functional role for HIF-1 in stretch-induced increases of ADORA2B expression. Moreover, studies of ventilator-induced lung injury revealed induction of the ADORA2B during ALI in vivo that was abolished following HIF inhibition or genetic deletion of Hif1a. Together, these studies implicate HIF in the transcriptional control of pulmonary adenosine signaling during ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Eckle
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
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Lu D, Insel PA. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 6. Purinergic signaling and response in fibroblasts and tissue fibrosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 306:C779-88. [PMID: 24352335 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00381.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs as a result of the dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Tissue fibroblasts, resident cells responsible for the synthesis and turnover of ECM, are regulated via numerous hormonal and mechanical signals. The release of intracellular nucleotides and their resultant autocrine/paracrine signaling have been shown to play key roles in the homeostatic maintenance of tissue remodeling and in fibrotic response post-injury. Extracellular nucleotides signal through P2 nucleotide and P1 adenosine receptors to activate signaling networks that regulate the proliferation and activity of fibroblasts, which, in turn, influence tissue structure and pathologic remodeling. An important component in the signaling and functional responses of fibroblasts to extracellular ATP and adenosine is the expression and activity of ectonucleotideases that attenuate nucleotide-mediated signaling, and thereby integrate P2 receptor- and subsequent adenosine receptor-initiated responses. Results of studies of the mechanisms of cellular nucleotide release and the effects of this autocrine/paracrine signaling axis on fibroblast-to-myofibroblast conversion and the fibrotic phenotype have advanced understanding of tissue remodeling and fibrosis. This review summarizes recent findings related to purinergic signaling in the regulation of fibroblasts and the development of tissue fibrosis in the heart, lungs, liver, and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
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Tak E, Ridyard D, Kim JH, Zimmerman M, Werner T, Wang XX, Shabeka U, Seo SW, Christians U, Klawitter J, Moldovan R, Garcia G, Levi M, Haase V, Ravid K, Eltzschig HK, Grenz A. CD73-dependent generation of adenosine and endothelial Adora2b signaling attenuate diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 25:547-63. [PMID: 24262796 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide phosphohydrolysis by the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) is the main source for extracellular generation of adenosine. Extracellular adenosine subsequently signals through four distinct adenosine A receptors (Adora1, Adora2a, Adora2b, or Adora3). Here, we hypothesized a functional role for CD73-dependent generation and concomitant signaling of extracellular adenosine during diabetic nephropathy. CD73 transcript and protein levels were elevated in the kidneys of diabetic mice. Genetic deletion of CD73 was associated with more severe diabetic nephropathy, whereas treatment with soluble nucleotidase was therapeutic. Transcript levels of renal adenosine receptors showed a selective induction of Adora2b during diabetic nephropathy. In a transgenic reporter mouse, Adora2b expression localized to the vasculature and increased after treatment with streptozotocin. Adora2b(-/-) mice experienced more severe diabetic nephropathy, and studies in mice with tissue-specific deletion of Adora2b in tubular epithelia or vascular endothelia implicated endothelial Adora2b signaling in protection from diabetic nephropathy. Finally, treatment with a selective Adora2b agonist (BAY 60-6583) conveyed potent protection from diabetes-associated kidney disease. Taken together, these findings implicate CD73-dependent production of extracellular adenosine and endothelial Adora2b signaling in kidney protection during diabetic nephropathy.
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76
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Zimmerman MA, Tak E, Ehrentraut SF, Kaplan M, Giebler A, Weng T, Choi DS, Blackburn MR, Kam I, Eltzschig HK, Grenz A. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT)-1-dependent elevation of extracellular adenosine protects the liver during ischemia and reperfusion. Hepatology 2013; 58:1766-78. [PMID: 23703920 PMCID: PMC3795856 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ischemia and reperfusion-elicited tissue injury contributes to morbidity and mortality of hepatic surgery and during liver transplantation. Previous studies implicated extracellular adenosine signaling in liver protection. Based on the notion that extracellular adenosine signaling is terminated by uptake from the extracellular towards the intracellular compartment by way of equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs), we hypothesized a functional role of ENTs in liver protection from ischemia. During orthotopic liver transplantation in humans, we observed higher expressional levels of ENT1 than ENT2, in conjunction with repression of ENT1 and ENT2 transcript and protein levels following warm ischemia and reperfusion. Treatment with the pharmacologic ENT inhibitor dipyridamole revealed elevations of hepatic adenosine levels and robust liver protection in a murine model of liver ischemia and reperfusion. Studies in gene-targeted mice for Ent1 or Ent2 demonstrated selective protection from liver injury in Ent1(-/-) mice. Treatment with selective adenosine receptor antagonists indicated a contribution of Adora2b receptor signaling in ENT-dependent liver protection. CONCLUSION These findings implicate ENT1 in liver protection from ischemia and reperfusion injury and suggest ENT inhibitors may be of benefit in the prevention or treatment of ischemic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunyoung Tak
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado
| | | | - Maria Kaplan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado
| | - Antasia Giebler
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael R. Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Igal Kam
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado
| | - Almut Grenz
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado
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Cornélio Favarin D, Robison de Oliveira J, Jose Freire de Oliveira C, de Paula Rogerio A. Potential effects of medicinal plants and secondary metabolites on acute lung injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:576479. [PMID: 24224172 PMCID: PMC3810192 DOI: 10.1155/2013/576479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening syndrome that causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide. ALI is characterized by increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, edema, uncontrolled neutrophils migration to the lung, and diffuse alveolar damage, leading to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Although corticosteroids remain the mainstay of ALI treatment, they cause significant side effects. Agents of natural origin, such as medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites, mainly those with very few side effects, could be excellent alternatives for ALI treatment. Several studies, including our own, have demonstrated that plant extracts and/or secondary metabolites isolated from them reduce most ALI phenotypes in experimental animal models, including neutrophil recruitment to the lung, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, edema, and vascular permeability. In this review, we summarized these studies and described the anti-inflammatory activity of various plant extracts, such as Ginkgo biloba and Punica granatum, and such secondary metabolites as epigallocatechin-3-gallate and ellagic acid. In addition, we highlight the medical potential of these extracts and plant-derived compounds for treating of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniely Cornélio Favarin
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Laboratório de ImunoFarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Manoel Carlos 162, 38025-380 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Jhony Robison de Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Laboratório de ImunoFarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Manoel Carlos 162, 38025-380 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre de Paula Rogerio
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Laboratório de ImunoFarmacologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Manoel Carlos 162, 38025-380 Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Morote-Garcia JC, Köhler D, Roth JM, Mirakaj V, Eldh T, Eltzschig HK, Rosenberger P. Repression of the equilibrative nucleoside transporters dampens inflammatory lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:296-305. [PMID: 23590299 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0457oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating disorder of the lung that is characterized by hypoxemia, overwhelming pulmonary inflammation, and a high mortality in the critically ill. Adenosine has been implicated as an anti-inflammatory signaling molecule, and previous studies showed that extracellular adenosine concentrations are increased in inflamed tissues. Adenosine signaling is terminated by the uptake of adenosine from the extracellular into the intracellular compartment via equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). However, their role in controlling adenosine signaling during pulmonary inflammation remains unknown. After inflammatory in vitro experiments, we observed a repression of ENT1 and ENT2 that was associated with an attenuation of extracellular adenosine uptake. Experiments using short, interfering RNA silencing confirmed a significant contribution of ENT repression in elevating extracellular adenosine concentrations during inflammation. Furthermore, an examination of the ENT2 promoter implicated NF-κB as a key regulator for the observed ENT repression. Additional in vivo experiments using a murine model of inflammatory lung injury showed that the pharmacological inhibition of ENT1 and ENT2 resulted in improved pulmonary barrier function and reduced signs of acute inflammation of the lung. Whereas experiments on Ent1(-/-) or Ent2(-/-) mice revealed lung protection in LPS-induced lung injury, an examination of bone marrow chimeras for ENTs pointed to the nonhematopoetic expression of ENTs as the underlying cause of dampened pulmonary inflammation during ALI. Taken together, these findings reveal the transcriptional repression of ENTs as an innate protective response during acute pulmonary inflammation. The inhibition of ENTs could be pursued as a therapeutic option to ameliorate inflammatory lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Morote-Garcia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eberhard Karls University and Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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Della Latta V, Cabiati M, Rocchiccioli S, Del Ry S, Morales MA. The role of the adenosinergic system in lung fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2013; 76:182-9. [PMID: 23994158 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) is a retaliatory metabolite that is expressed in conditions of injury or stress. During these conditions ATP is released at the extracellular level and is metabolized to adenosine. For this reason, adenosine is defined as a "danger signal" for cells and organs, in addition to its important role as homeostatic regulator. Its physiological functions are mediated through interaction with four specific transmembrane receptors called ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B and ADORA3. In the lungs of mice and humans all four adenosine receptors are expressed with different roles, having pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, determining bronchoconstriction and regulating lung inflammation and airway remodeling. Adenosine receptors can also promote differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, typical of the fibrotic event. This last function suggests a potential involvement of adenosine in the fibrotic lung disease processes, which are characterized by different degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the pathology with the highest degree of fibrosis and is of unknown etiology and burdened by lack of effective treatments in humans.
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Key Words
- 1-deoxy-1,6[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9yl-N-methyl-B-d-ribofuronamide
- 1-propyl-8-p-sulfophenulxanthine
- 2 hexynyl-5′-N ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
- 2-(2-phenyl)ethynyl-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine
- 2-CI-IB MECA
- 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine
- 2-cloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-50-N methyluronamide
- 2-methyl-6-phenyl-4-phenylethynyl-1,4-dihydro-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylicacid-3-ethyl ester-5-(4-nitro-benzyl)ester
- 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl) phenethylamino-50-N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine
- 2-phenyl hydroxypropynyl-5′-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine phosphoinositide 3
- 3-ethyl-1-propyl-8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione
- 3-ethyl-5-benzyl-2-methyl-4-phenylethynyl-6-phenyl-1,4-(±)-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate
- 3-propyl-6-ethyl-5-[(ethylthio)carbonyl]-2-phenyl-4-propyl-3-pyridinecarboxylate
- 4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)-{1,2,4}-triazolo{2,3-a}{1,3,5}triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)pieno
- 5-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]carbonyl]amino-8-methyl-2-(2-furyl)pyra-zolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine
- 7-methyl-[11C]-(E)-8-(3-bromostyryl)-3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthin
- 8-[4-[[[[(2-aminoethyl)amino]carbonyl]methyl]oxy]phenyl]-l,3-dipropylxanthine
- 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine
- 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5-[(phenylacetyl) amino] [1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline
- 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-amine
- A(1)R
- A(2A)R
- A(2B)R
- A(3)R
- AB-MECA
- ADA
- ADO
- ADORA 1 receptor
- ADORA 2A receptor
- ADORA 2B receptor
- ADORA 3 receptor
- ADP
- AIP
- AK
- AMP
- ARs
- ATP
- Adenosine
- Adenosine receptors
- Bleomycin
- CCPA
- CD39
- CD73
- CGS 15943
- CGS21680
- CHA
- CNS
- CNT-1
- CNT-2
- COP
- COPD
- CPA
- CVT6883
- DAG
- DIP
- DPCPX
- E-8-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-1,3-dipropyl-7-methylxanthine
- ECM
- ENT-1
- ENT-2
- ET-1
- FITC
- HE-NECA
- IB-MECA
- IIPs
- ILD
- INO
- IPF
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- KF17837
- LIP
- Lung disease
- MAP
- MRE3008-F207
- MRS 1191
- MRS 1220
- MRS 1334
- MRS 1523
- MRS 1754
- N-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-[4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)-phenoxy]acetamide
- N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine
- N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine
- N6-(4-aminobenzyl)-adenosine-5′-N-methyluronamidedihydrochloride
- N6-cyclohexyl adenosine
- N6-cyclopentyladenosine
- NECA
- NSPI
- PAH
- PENECA
- PHPNECA
- PIA
- PKC
- PLA2
- PLC
- PLD
- PSB1115
- RB-ILD
- ROS
- SCH-58261
- UIP
- XAC
- ZM 241385
- [11C]BS-DMPX
- [7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-(4,3-e)-1,2,4-triazolo(1,5-c) pyrimidine]
- acute interstitial pneumonia
- adenosine
- adenosine deaminase
- adenosine diphosphate
- adenosine kinase
- adenosine monophosphate
- adenosine receptors
- adenosine triphosphate
- cAMP
- central nervous system
- chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
- concentrative nucleoside transporters-1
- concentrative nucleoside transporters-2
- cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
- cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- desquamative interstitial pneumonia
- diacylglycerol
- ecto-5′-nucleotidase
- ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase
- endothelin 1
- equilibrative nucleoside transporters-1
- equilibrative nucleoside transporters-2
- extracellular matrix
- fluorescein isothiocyanate
- idiopathic interstitial pneumonias
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- inosine
- interstitial lung disease
- lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia
- mitogen-activated protein
- nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
- phospholipase A2
- phospholipase C
- phospholipase D
- protein kinase C
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
- reactive oxygen specie
- respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease
- usual interstitial pneumonia
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Ehrentraut H, Clambey ET, McNamee EN, Brodsky KS, Ehrentraut SF, Poth JM, Riegel AK, Westrich JA, Colgan SP, Eltzschig HK. CD73+ regulatory T cells contribute to adenosine-mediated resolution of acute lung injury. FASEB J 2013; 27:2207-19. [PMID: 23413361 PMCID: PMC3659359 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by alveolar injury and uncontrolled inflammation. Since most cases of ALI resolve spontaneously, understanding the endogenous mechanisms that promote ALI resolution is important to developing effective therapies. Previous studies have implicated extracellular adenosine signaling in tissue adaptation and wound healing. Therefore, we hypothesized a functional contribution for the endogenous production of adenosine during ALI resolution. As a model, we administered intratracheal LPS and observed peak lung injury at 3 d, with resolution by d 14. Treatment with pegylated adenosine-deaminase to enhance extracellular adenosine breakdown revealed impaired ALI resolution. Similarly, genetic deletion of cd73, the pacemaker for extracellular adenosine generation, was associated with increased mortality (0% wild-type and 40% in cd73(-/-) mice; P<0.05) and failure to resolve ALI adequately. Studies of inflammatory cell trafficking into the lungs during ALI resolution revealed that regulatory T cells (Tregs) express the highest levels of CD73. While Treg numbers in cd73(-/-) mice were similar to controls, cd73-deficient Tregs had attenuated immunosuppressive functions. Moreover, adoptive transfer of cd73-deficient Tregs into Rag(-/-) mice emulated the observed phenotype in cd73(-/-) mice, while transfer of wild-type Tregs was associated with normal ALI resolution. Together, these studies implicate CD73-dependent adenosine generation in Tregs in promoting ALI resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ehrentraut
- Department of Anesthesiology and
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan F. Ehrentraut
- Department of Medicine, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens M. Poth
- Department of Anesthesiology and
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Sean P. Colgan
- Department of Medicine, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and
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Eckle T, Hughes K, Ehrentraut H, Brodsky KS, Rosenberger P, Choi DS, Ravid K, Weng T, Xia Y, Blackburn MR, Eltzschig HK. Crosstalk between the equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT2 and alveolar Adora2b adenosine receptors dampens acute lung injury. FASEB J 2013; 27:3078-89. [PMID: 23603835 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The signaling molecule adenosine has been implicated in attenuating acute lung injury (ALI). Adenosine signaling is terminated by its uptake through equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs). We hypothesized that ENT-dependent adenosine uptake could be targeted to enhance adenosine-mediated lung protection. To address this hypothesis, we exposed mice to high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce ALI. Initial studies demonstrated time-dependent repression of ENT1 and ENT2 transcript and protein levels during ALI. To examine the contention that ENT repression represents an endogenous adaptive response, we performed functional studies with the ENT inhibitor dipyridamole. Dipyridamole treatment (1 mg/kg; EC50=10 μM) was associated with significant increases in ALI survival time (277 vs. 395 min; P<0.05). Subsequent studies in gene-targeted mice for Ent1 or Ent2 revealed a selective phenotype in Ent2(-/-) mice, including attenuated pulmonary edema and improved gas exchange during ALI in conjunction with elevated adenosine levels in the bronchoalveolar fluid. Furthermore, studies in genetic models for adenosine receptors implicated the A2B adenosine receptor (Adora2b) in mediating ENT-dependent lung protection. Notably, dipyridamole-dependent attenuation of lung inflammation was abolished in mice with alveolar epithelial Adora2b gene deletion. Our newly identified crosstalk pathway between ENT2 and alveolar epithelial Adora2b in lung protection during ALI opens possibilities for combined therapies targeted to this protein set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Eckle
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Chen JF, Eltzschig HK, Fredholm BB. Adenosine receptors as drug targets--what are the challenges? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:265-86. [PMID: 23535933 PMCID: PMC3930074 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as caffeine have profound biological effects as antagonists at adenosine receptors. Moreover, drugs such as dipyridamole and methotrexate act by enhancing the activation of adenosine receptors. There is strong evidence that adenosine has a functional role in many diseases, and several pharmacological compounds specifically targeting individual adenosine receptors--either directly or indirectly--have now entered the clinic. However, only one adenosine receptor-specific agent--the adenosine A2A receptor agonist regadenoson (Lexiscan; Astellas Pharma)--has so far gained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Here, we focus on the biology of adenosine signalling to identify hurdles in the development of additional pharmacological compounds targeting adenosine receptors and discuss strategies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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83
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Karmouty-Quintana H, Xia Y, Blackburn MR. Adenosine signaling during acute and chronic disease states. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:173-81. [PMID: 23340998 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-0997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that is produced following tissue injury, particularly injury involving ischemia and hypoxia. The production of extracellular adenosine and its subsequent signaling through adenosine receptors plays an important role in orchestrating injury responses in multiple organs. There are four adenosine receptors that are widely distributed on immune, epithelial, endothelial, neuronal,and stromal cells throughout the body. Interestingly, these receptors are subject to altered regulation following injury. Studies in mouse models and human cells and tissues have identified that the production of adenosine and its subsequent signaling through its receptors plays largely beneficial roles in acute disease states, with the exception of brain injury. In contrast, if elevated adenosine levels are sustained beyond the acute injury phase, adenosine responses can become detrimental by activating pathways that promote tissue injury and fibrosis. Understanding when during the course of disease adenosine signaling is beneficial as opposed to detrimental and defining the mechanisms involved will be critical for the advancement of adenosine-based therapies for acute and chronic diseases. The purpose of this review is to discuss key observations that define the beneficial and detrimental aspects of adenosine signaling during acute and chronic disease states with an emphasis on cellular processes, such as inflammatory cell regulation, vascular barrier function, and tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin Blvd, Suite 6.200, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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84
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Quinton LJ. Evaluating the NET influence of inflammation on pneumonia biology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 186:943-4. [PMID: 23155213 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201209-1702ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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85
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Barletta KE, Cagnina RE, Burdick MD, Linden J, Mehrad B. Adenosine A(2B) receptor deficiency promotes host defenses against gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:1044-50. [PMID: 22997203 PMCID: PMC3530209 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201204-0622oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Activation of the adenosine A(2B) receptor (A(2B)R) promotes antiinflammatory effects in diverse biological settings, but the role of this receptor in antimicrobial host defense in the lung has not been established. Gram-negative bacillary pneumonia is a common and serious illness associated with high morbidity and mortality, the treatment of which is complicated by increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that absence of adenosine A(2B) receptor signaling promotes host defense against bacterial pneumonia. METHODS We used a model of Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia in wild-type mice and mice with targeted deletion of the A(2B)R. Host responses were compared in vivo and leukocyte responses to the bacteria were examined in vitro. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A(2B)R(-/-) mice demonstrated enhanced bacterial clearance from the lung and improved survival after infection with K. pneumoniae compared with wild-type controls, an effect that was mediated by bone marrow-derived cells. Leukocyte recruitment to the lungs and expression of inflammatory cytokines did not differ between A(2B)R(-/-) and wild-type mice, but A(2B)R(-/-) neutrophils exhibited sixfold greater bactericidal activity and enhanced production of neutrophil extracellular traps compared with wild-type neutrophils when incubated with K. pneumoniae. Consistent with this finding, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from A(2B)R(-/-) mice with Klebsiella pneumonia contained more extracellular DNA compared with wild-type mice with pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the absence of A(2B)R signaling enhances antimicrobial activity in gram-negative bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Elaine Cagnina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Marie D. Burdick
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joel Linden
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Borna Mehrad
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Microbiology and
- Carter Center for Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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86
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Grenz A, Kim JH, Bauerle JD, Tak E, Eltzschig HK, Clambey ET. Adora2b adenosine receptor signaling protects during acute kidney injury via inhibition of neutrophil-dependent TNF-α release. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4566-73. [PMID: 23028059 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Renal ischemia is among the leading causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). Previous studies have shown that extracellular adenosine is a prominent tissue-protective cue elicited during ischemia, including signaling events through the adenosine receptor 2b (Adora2b). To investigate the functional role of Adora2b signaling in cytokine-mediated inflammatory pathways, we screened wild-type and Adora2b-deficient mice undergoing renal ischemia for expression of a range of inflammatory cytokines. These studies demonstrated a selective and robust increase of TNF-α levels in Adora2b-deficient mice following renal ischemia and reperfusion. Based on these findings, we next sought to understand the contribution of TNF-α on ischemic AKI through a combination of loss- and gain-of-function studies. Loss of TNF-α, through either Ab blockade or study of Tnf-α-deficient animals, resulted in significantly attenuated tissue injury and improved kidney function following renal ischemia. Conversely, transgenic mice with overexpression of TNF-α had significantly pronounced susceptibility to AKI. Furthermore, neutrophil depletion or reconstitution of Adora2b(-/-) mice with Tnf-α-deficient neutrophils rescued their phenotype. In total, these data demonstrate a critical role of adenosine signaling in constraining neutrophil-dependent production of TNF-α and implicate therapies targeting TNF-α in the treatment of ischemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Grenz
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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87
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Vadász I, Brochard L. Update in acute lung injury and mechanical ventilation 2011. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:17-23. [PMID: 22753685 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201203-0582up] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- István Vadász
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Klinikstrasse 33, Giessen, Germany.
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88
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Lee CG, Herzog EL, Ahangari F, Zhou Y, Gulati M, Lee CM, Peng X, Feghali-Bostwick C, Jimenez SA, Varga J, Elias JA. Chitinase 1 is a biomarker for and therapeutic target in scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease that augments TGF-β1 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2635-44. [PMID: 22826322 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) with pulmonary fibrosis is an important manifestation in systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) where it portends a poor prognosis. However, biomarkers that predict the development and or severity of SSc-ILD have not been validated, and the pathogenetic mechanisms that engender this pulmonary response are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate in two different patient cohorts that the levels of chitotriosidase (Chit1) bioactivity and protein are significantly increased in the circulation and lungs of SSc patients compared with demographically matched controls. We also demonstrate that, compared with patients without lung involvement, patients with ILD show high levels of circulating Chit1 activity that correlate with disease severity. Murine modeling shows that in comparison with wild-type mice, bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis was significantly reduced in Chit1⁻/⁻ mice and significantly enhanced in lungs from Chit1 overexpressing transgenic animals. In vitro studies also demonstrated that Chit1 interacts with TGF-β1 to augment fibroblast TGF-β receptors 1 and 2 expression and TGF-β-induced Smad and MAPK/ERK activation. These studies indicate that Chit1 is potential biomarker for ILD in SSc and a therapeutic target in SSc-associated lung fibrosis and demonstrate that Chit1 augments TGF-β1 effects by increasing receptor expression and canonical and noncanonical TGF-β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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89
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Johnston-Cox HA, Koupenova M, Ravid K. A2 adenosine receptors and vascular pathologies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:870-8. [PMID: 22423039 PMCID: PMC5755359 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.246181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death and morbidity, is regulated, among various factors, by inflammation. The level of the metabolite adenosine is augmented under stress, including inflammatory, hypoxic, or injurious events. Adenosine has been shown to affect various physiological and pathological processes, largely through 1 or more of its 4 types of receptors: the A1 and A3 adenylyl cyclase inhibitory receptors and the A2A and A2B adenylyl cyclase stimulatory receptors. This article focuses on reviewing common and distinct effects of the 2 A2-type adenosine receptors on vascular disease and the mechanisms involved. Understanding the pathogenesis of vascular disease mediated by these receptors is important to the development of therapeutics and to the prevention and management of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A. Johnston-Cox
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Milka Koupenova
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Katya Ravid
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, and Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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90
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Karmouty-Quintana H, Zhong H, Acero L, Weng T, Melicoff E, West JD, Hemnes A, Grenz A, Eltzschig HK, Blackwell TS, Xia Y, Johnston RA, Zeng D, Belardinelli L, Blackburn MR. The A2B adenosine receptor modulates pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease. FASEB J 2012; 26:2546-57. [PMID: 22415303 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of pulmonary hypertension is a common and deadly complication of interstitial lung disease. Little is known regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to pulmonary hypertension in patients with interstitial lung disease, and effective treatment options are lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the adenosine 2B receptor (A(2B)R) as a regulator of vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension secondary to pulmonary fibrosis. To accomplish this, cellular and molecular changes in vascular remodeling were monitored in mice exposed to bleomycin in conjunction with genetic removal of the A(2B)R or treatment with the A(2B)R antagonist GS-6201. Results demonstrated that GS-6201 treatment or genetic removal of the A(2B)R attenuated vascular remodeling and hypertension in our model. Furthermore, direct A(2B)R activation on vascular cells promoted interleukin-6 and endothelin-1 release. These studies identify a novel mechanism of disease progression to pulmonary hypertension and support the development of A(2B)R antagonists for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension secondary to interstitial lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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91
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Ehrentraut H, Westrich JA, Eltzschig HK, Clambey ET. Adora2b adenosine receptor engagement enhances regulatory T cell abundance during endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32416. [PMID: 22389701 PMCID: PMC3289657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory signals play an essential role in constraining the magnitude of an inflammatory response. Extracellular adenosine is a critical tissue-protective factor, limiting the extent of inflammation. Given the potent anti-inflammatory effects of extracellular adenosine, we sought to investigate how extracellular adenosine regulates T cell activation and differentiation. Adenosine receptor activation by a pan adenosine-receptor agonist enhanced the abundance of murine regulatory T cells (Tregs), a cell type critical in constraining inflammation. Gene expression studies in both naïve CD4 T cells and Tregs revealed that these cells expressed multiple adenosine receptors. Based on recent studies implicating the Adora2b in endogenous anti-inflammatory responses during acute inflammation, we used a pharmacologic approach to specifically activate Adora2b. Indeed, these studies revealed robust enhancement of Treg differentiation in wild-type mice, but not in Adora2b−/− T cells. Finally, when we subjected Adora2b-deficient mice to endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation, we found that these mice experienced more severe inflammation, characterized by increased cell recruitment and increased fluid leakage into the airways. Notably, Adora2b-deficient mice failed to induce Tregs after endotoxin-induced inflammation and instead had an enhanced recruitment of pro-inflammatory effector T cells. In total, these data indicate that the Adora2b adenosine receptor serves a potent anti-inflammatory role, functioning at least in part through the enhancement of Tregs, to limit inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric T. Clambey
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:106-18. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834ee42b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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93
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Pedroza M, Schneider DJ, Karmouty-Quintana H, Coote J, Shaw S, Corrigan R, Molina JG, Alcorn JL, Galas D, Gelinas R, Blackburn MR. Interleukin-6 contributes to inflammation and remodeling in a model of adenosine mediated lung injury. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22667. [PMID: 21799929 PMCID: PMC3143181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lung diseases are the third leading cause of death in the United States due in part to an incomplete understanding of pathways that govern the progressive tissue remodeling that occurs in these disorders. Adenosine is elevated in the lungs of animal models and humans with chronic lung disease where it promotes air-space destruction and fibrosis. Adenosine signaling increases the production of the pro-fibrotic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). Based on these observations, we hypothesized that IL-6 signaling contributes to tissue destruction and remodeling in a model of chronic lung disease where adenosine levels are elevated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We tested this hypothesis by neutralizing or genetically removing IL-6 in adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient mice that develop adenosine dependent pulmonary inflammation and remodeling. Results demonstrated that both pharmacologic blockade and genetic removal of IL-6 attenuated pulmonary inflammation, remodeling and fibrosis in this model. The pursuit of mechanisms involved revealed adenosine and IL-6 dependent activation of STAT-3 in airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate that adenosine enhances IL-6 signaling pathways to promote aspects of chronic lung disease. This suggests that blocking IL-6 signaling during chronic stages of disease may provide benefit in halting remodeling processes such as fibrosis and air-space destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesias Pedroza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julie Coote
- UCB Celltech, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stevan Shaw
- UCB Celltech, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Corrigan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jose G. Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Alcorn
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Galas
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard Gelinas
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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94
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van der Hoeven D, Wan TC, Gizewski ET, Kreckler LM, Maas JE, Van Orman J, Ravid K, Auchampach JA. A role for the low-affinity A2B adenosine receptor in regulating superoxide generation by murine neutrophils. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:1004-12. [PMID: 21693629 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.181792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of adenosine dampens inflammation by inhibiting most cells of the immune system. Among its actions on neutrophils, adenosine suppresses superoxide generation and regulates chemotactic activity. To date, most evidence implicates the G(s) protein-coupled A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) as the primary AR subtype responsible for mediating the actions of adenosine on neutrophils by stimulating cAMP production. Given that the A(2B)AR is now known to be expressed in neutrophils and that it is a G(s) protein-coupled receptor, we examined in this study whether it signals to suppress neutrophil activities by using 2-[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl]acetamide (BAY 60-6583), a new agonist for the human A(2B)AR that was confirmed in preliminary studies to be a potent and highly selective agonist for the murine A(2B)AR. We found that treating mouse neutrophils with low concentrations (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) of BAY 60-6583 inhibited formylated-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated superoxide production by either naive neutrophils, tumor necrosis factor-α-primed neutrophils, or neutrophils isolated from mice treated systemically with lipopolysaccharide. This inhibitory action of BAY 60-6583 was confirmed to involve the A(2B)AR in experiments using neutrophils obtained from A(2B)AR gene knockout mice. It is noteworthy that BAY 60-6583 increased fMLP-stimulated superoxide production at higher concentrations (>1 μM), which was attributed to an AR-independent effect. In a standard Boyden chamber migration assay, BAY 60-6583 alone did not stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis or influence chemotaxis in response to fMLP. These results indicate that the A(2B)AR signals to suppress oxidase activity by murine neutrophils, supporting the idea that this low-affinity receptor for adenosine participates along with the A(2A)AR in regulating the proinflammatory actions of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharini van der Hoeven
- Department of Pharmacology and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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95
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Feoktistov I, Biaggioni I. Role of adenosine A(2B) receptors in inflammation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2011; 61:115-44. [PMID: 21586358 PMCID: PMC3748596 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in our understanding of the unique role of A(2B) receptors in the regulation of inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair was considerably facilitated with the introduction of new pharmacological and genetic tools. However, it also led to seemingly conflicting conclusions on the role of A(2B) adenosine receptors in inflammation with some publications indicating proinflammatory effects and others suggesting the opposite. This chapter reviews the functions of A(2B) receptors in various cell types related to inflammation and integrated effects of A(2B) receptor modulation in several animal models of inflammation. It is argued that translation of current findings into novel therapies would require a better understanding of A(2B) receptor functions in diverse types of inflammatory responses in various tissues and at different points of their progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Feoktistov
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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