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Weng T, Huang J, Wagner EJ, Ko J, Wu M, Wareing NE, Xiang Y, Chen NY, Ji P, Molina JG, Volcik KA, Han L, Mayes MD, Blackburn MR, Assassi S. Downregulation of CFIm25 amplifies dermal fibrosis through alternative polyadenylation. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20181384. [PMID: 31757866 PMCID: PMC7041714 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study implicates the key regulator of alternative polyadenylation, CFIm25 in dermal fibrosis and in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) pathogenesis. CFIm25 downregulation promotes the expression of profibrotic factors, exaggerates bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, while CFIm25 restoration attenuates skin fibrosis. Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is a multisystem fibrotic disease. The mammalian cleavage factor I 25-kD subunit (CFIm25; encoded by NUDT21) is a key regulator of alternative polyadenylation, and its depletion causes predominantly 3′UTR shortening through loss of stimulation of distal polyadenylation sites. A shortened 3′UTR will often lack microRNA target sites, resulting in increased mRNA translation due to evasion of microRNA-mediated repression. Herein, we report that CFlm25 is downregulated in SSc skin, primary dermal fibroblasts, and two murine models of dermal fibrosis. Knockdown of CFIm25 in normal skin fibroblasts is sufficient to promote the 3′UTR shortening of key TGFβ-regulated fibrotic genes and enhance their protein expression. Moreover, several of these fibrotic transcripts show 3′UTR shortening in SSc skin. Finally, mice with CFIm25 deletion in fibroblasts show exaggerated skin fibrosis upon bleomycin treatment, and CFIm25 restoration attenuates bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. Overall, our data link this novel RNA-processing mechanism to dermal fibrosis and SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX.,Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Eric J Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Junsuk Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Minghua Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Nancy E Wareing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Jose G Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Kelly A Volcik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Maureen D Mayes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Shervin Assassi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
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Weng T, Ko J, Masamha CP, Xia Z, Xiang Y, Chen NY, Molina JG, Collum S, Mertens TC, Luo F, Philip K, Davies J, Huang J, Wilson C, Thandavarayan RA, Bruckner BA, Jyothula SS, Volcik KA, Li L, Han L, Li W, Assassi S, Karmouty-Quintana H, Wagner EJ, Blackburn MR. Cleavage factor 25 deregulation contributes to pulmonary fibrosis through alternative polyadenylation. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1984-1999. [PMID: 30830875 DOI: 10.1172/jci122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and deadly disease with a poor prognosis and few treatment options. Pathological remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by myofibroblasts is a key factor that drives disease pathogenesis, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) has recently been shown to play a major role in cellular responses to stress by driving the expression of fibrotic factors and ECMs through altering microRNA sensitivity, but a connection to IPF has not been established. Here, we demonstrate that CFIm25, a global regulator of APA, is down-regulated in the lungs of patients with IPF and mice with pulmonary fibrosis, with its expression selectively reduced in alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive fibroblasts. Following the knockdown of CFIm25 in normal human lung fibroblasts, we identified 808 genes with shortened 3'UTRs, including those involved in the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway, and cancer pathways. The expression of key pro-fibrotic factors can be suppressed by CFIm25 overexpression in IPF fibroblasts. Finally, we demonstrate that deletion of CFIm25 in fibroblasts or myofibroblast precursors using either the Col1a1 or the Foxd1 promoter enhances pulmonary fibrosis after bleomycin exposure in mice. Taken together, our results identified CFIm25 down-regulation as a novel mechanism to elevate pro-fibrotic gene expression in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Junsuk Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chioniso P Masamha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zheng Xia
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jose G Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tinne C Mertens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kemly Philip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jingjing Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cory Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Brian A Bruckner
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Transplant Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Soma Sk Jyothula
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly A Volcik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shervin Assassi
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eric J Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Garcia-Morales LJ, Chen NY, Weng T, Luo F, Davies J, Philip K, Volcik KA, Melicoff E, Amione-Guerra J, Bunge RR, Bruckner BA, Loebe M, Eltzschig HK, Pandit LM, Blackburn MR, Karmouty-Quintana H. Altered Hypoxic-Adenosine Axis and Metabolism in Group III Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:574-83. [PMID: 26414702 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0145oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group III pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a highly prevalent and deadly lung disorder with limited treatment options other than transplantation. Group III PH affects patients with ongoing chronic lung injury, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Between 30 and 40% of patients with IPF are diagnosed with PH. The diagnosis of PH has devastating consequences to these patients, leading to increased morbidity and mortality, yet the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of PH in patients with chronic lung disease remain elusive. Our hypothesis was that the hypoxic-adenosinergic system is enhanced in patients with group III PH compared with patients with IPF with no PH. Explanted lung tissue was analyzed for markers of the hypoxic-adenosine axis, including expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1A, adenosine A2B receptor, CD73, and equilibrative nucleotide transporter-1. In addition, we assessed whether altered mitochondrial metabolism was present in these samples. Increased expression of HIF-1A was observed in tissues from patients with group III PH. These changes were consistent with increased evidence of adenosine accumulation in group III PH. A novel observation of our study was of evidence suggesting altered mitochondrial metabolism in lung tissue from group III PH leading to increased succinate levels that are able to further stabilize HIF-1A. Our data demonstrate that the hypoxic-adenosine axis is up-regulated in group III PH and that subsequent succinate accumulation may play a part in the development of group III PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Garcia-Morales
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.,2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Tingting Weng
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Fayong Luo
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jonathan Davies
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kemly Philip
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly A Volcik
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ernestina Melicoff
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Javier Amione-Guerra
- 2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Raquel R Bunge
- 2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian A Bruckner
- 2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthias Loebe
- 2 Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, and Methodist J. C. Walter Jr. Transplant Center, the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Lavannya M Pandit
- 5 Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
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4
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Vu KN, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen RC, Nambi V, Volcik KA, Boerwinkle E, Morrison AC. Causal Role of Alcohol Consumption in an Improved Lipid Profile: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148765. [PMID: 26849558 PMCID: PMC4744040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health benefits of low-to-moderate alcohol consumption may operate through an improved lipid profile. A Mendelian randomization (MR) approach was used to examine whether alcohol consumption causally affects lipid levels. METHODS This analysis involved 10,893 European Americans (EA) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Common and rare variants in alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase genes were evaluated for MR assumptions. Five variants, residing in the ADH1B, ADH1C, and ADH4 genes, were selected as genetic instruments and were combined into an unweighted genetic score. Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and its subfractions (HDL2-c and HDL3-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), small dense LDL-c (sdLDL-c), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) levels were analyzed. RESULTS Alcohol consumption significantly increased HDL2-c and reduced TG, total cholesterol, LDL-c, sdLDL-c, and apoB levels. For each of these lipids a non-linear trend was observed. Compared to the first quartile of alcohol consumption, the third quartile had a 12.3% lower level of TG (p < 0.001), a 7.71 mg/dL lower level of total cholesterol (p = 0.007), a 10.3% higher level of HDL2-c (p = 0.007), a 6.87 mg/dL lower level of LDL-c (p = 0.012), a 7.4% lower level of sdLDL-c (p = 0.037), and a 3.5% lower level of apoB (p = 0.058, poverall = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the causal role of regular low-to-moderate alcohol consumption in increasing HDL2-c, reducing TG, total cholesterol, and LDL-c, and provides evidence for the novel finding that low-to-moderate consumption of alcohol reduces apoB and sdLDL-c levels among EA. However, given the nonlinearity of the effect of alcohol consumption, even within the range of low-to-moderate drinking, increased consumption does not always result in a larger benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh N. Vu
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Houston Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ron C. Hoogeveen
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Houston Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vijay Nambi
- Section of Cardiovascular Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Houston Methodist Debakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Volcik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- The Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alanna C. Morrison
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Luo F, Le NB, Mills T, Chen NY, Karmouty-Quintana H, Molina JG, Davies J, Philip K, Volcik KA, Liu H, Xia Y, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR. Extracellular adenosine levels are associated with the progression and exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J 2015; 30:874-83. [PMID: 26527068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating lung disease with limited treatment options. The signaling molecule adenosine is produced in response to injury and serves a protective role in early stages of injury and is detrimental during chronic stages of disease such as seen in lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis. Understanding the association of extracellular adenosine levels and the progression of pulmonary fibrosis is critical for designing adenosine based approaches to treat pulmonary fibrosis. The goal of this study was to use various models of experimental lung fibrosis to understand when adenosine levels are elevated during pulmonary fibrosis and whether these elevations were associated with disease progression and severity. To accomplish this, extracellular adenosine levels, defined as adenosine levels found in bronchioalveolar lavage fluid, were determined in mouse models of resolvable and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. We found that relative bronchioalveolar lavage fluid adenosine levels are progressively elevated in association with pulmonary fibrosis and that adenosine levels diminish in association with the resolution of lung fibrosis. In addition, treatment of these models with dipyridamole, an inhibitor of nucleoside transporters that potentiates extracellular adenosine levels, demonstrated that the resolution of lung fibrosis is blocked by the failure of adenosine levels to subside. Furthermore, exacerbating adenosine levels led to worse fibrosis in a progressive fibrosis model. Increased adenosine levels were associated with elevation of IL-6 and IL-17, which are important inflammatory cytokines in pulmonary fibrosis. These results demonstrate that extracellular adenosine levels are closely associated with the progression of experimental pulmonary fibrosis and that this signaling pathway may mediate fibrosis by regulating IL-6 and IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayong Luo
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ngoc-Bao Le
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tingting Mills
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ning-Yuan Chen
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jose G Molina
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan Davies
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kemly Philip
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly A Volcik
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael R Blackburn
- *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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6
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Weng T, Poth JM, Karmouty-Quintana H, Garcia-Morales LJ, Melicoff E, Luo F, Chen NY, Evans CM, Bunge RR, Bruckner BA, Loebe M, Volcik KA, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR. Hypoxia-induced deoxycytidine kinase contributes to epithelial proliferation in pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:1402-12. [PMID: 25358054 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201404-0744oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a deadly lung disease with few therapeutic options. Apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, followed by abnormal tissue repair characterized by hyperplastic epithelial cell formation, is a pathogenic process that contributes to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. However, the signaling pathways responsible for increased proliferation of epithelial cells remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), an important enzyme for the salvage of deoxynucleotides, in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS DCK expression was examined in the lungs of patients with IPF and mice exposed to bleomycin. The regulation of DCK expression by hypoxia was studied in vitro and the importance of DCK in experimental pulmonary fibrosis was examined using a DCK inhibitor and alveolar epithelial cell-specific knockout mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS DCK was elevated in hyperplastic alveolar epithelial cells of patients with IPF and in mice exposed to bleomycin. Increased DCK was localized to cells associated with hypoxia, and hypoxia directly induced DCK in alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. Hypoxia-induced DCK expression was abolished by silencing hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and treatment of bleomycin-exposed mice with a DCK inhibitor attenuated pulmonary fibrosis in association with decreased epithelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, DCK expression, and proliferation of epithelial cells and pulmonary fibrosis was attenuated in mice with conditional deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in the alveolar epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the induction of DCK after hypoxia plays a role in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis by contributing to alveolar epithelial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Weng
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
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7
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Karmouty-Quintana H, Philip K, Acero LF, Chen NY, Weng T, Molina JG, Luo F, Davies J, Le NB, Bunge I, Volcik KA, Le TTT, Johnston RA, Xia Y, Eltzschig HK, Blackburn MR. Deletion of ADORA2B from myeloid cells dampens lung fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. FASEB J 2014; 29:50-60. [PMID: 25318478 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal, fibroproliferative disease. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can develop secondary to IPF and increase mortality. Alternatively, activated macrophages (AAMs) contribute to the pathogenesis of both IPF and PH. Here we hypothesized that adenosine signaling through the ADORA2B on AAMs impacts the progression of these disorders and that conditional deletion of ADORA2B on myeloid cells would have a beneficial effect in a model of these diseases. Conditional knockout mice lacking ADORA2B on myeloid cells (Adora2B(f/f)-LysM(Cre)) were exposed to the fibrotic agent bleomycin (BLM; 0.035 U/g body weight, i.p.). At 14, 17, 21, 25, or 33 d after exposure, SpO2, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and histologic analyses were performed. On day 33, lung function and cardiovascular analyses were determined. Markers for AAM and mediators of fibrosis and PH were assessed. Adora2B(f/f)-LysM(Cre) mice presented with attenuated fibrosis, improved lung function, and no evidence of PH compared with control mice exposed to BLM. These findings were accompanied by reduced expression of CD206 and arginase-1, markers for AAMs. A 10-fold reduction in IL-6 and a 5-fold decrease in hyaluronan, both linked to lung fibrosis and PH, were also observed. These data suggest that activation of the ADORA2B on macrophages plays an active role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and PH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kemly Philip
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Luis F Acero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Jose G Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Jonathan Davies
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
| | - Ngoc-Bao Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | | | | | - Richard A Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Peloso GM, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, Ganna A, Chen J, Buchkovich ML, Mora S, Beckmann JS, Bragg-Gresham JL, Chang HY, Demirkan A, Den Hertog HM, Do R, Donnelly LA, Ehret GB, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Ferreira T, Fischer K, Fontanillas P, Fraser RM, Freitag DF, Gurdasani D, Heikkilä K, Hyppönen E, Isaacs A, Jackson AU, Johansson Å, Johnson T, Kaakinen M, Kettunen J, Kleber ME, Li X, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Magnusson PK, Mangino M, Mihailov E, Montasser ME, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, O’Connell JR, Palmer CD, Perola M, Petersen AK, Sanna S, Saxena R, Service SK, Shah S, Shungin D, Sidore C, Song C, Strawbridge RJ, Surakka I, Tanaka T, Teslovich TM, Thorleifsson G, Van den Herik EG, Voight BF, Volcik KA, Waite LL, Wong A, Wu Y, Zhang W, Absher D, Asiki G, Barroso I, Been LF, Bolton JL, Bonnycastle LL, Brambilla P, Burnett MS, Cesana G, Dimitriou M, Doney AS, Döring A, Elliott P, Epstein SE, Ingi Eyjolfsson G, Gigante B, Goodarzi MO, Grallert H, Gravito ML, Groves CJ, Hallmans G, Hartikainen AL, Hayward C, Hernandez D, Hicks AA, Holm H, Hung YJ, Illig T, Jones MR, Kaleebu P, Kastelein JJ, Khaw KT, Kim E, Klopp N, Komulainen P, Kumari M, Langenberg C, Lehtimäki T, Lin SY, Lindström J, Loos RJ, Mach F, McArdle WL, Meisinger C, Mitchell BD, Müller G, Nagaraja R, Narisu N, Nieminen TV, Nsubuga RN, Olafsson I, Ong KK, Palotie A, Papamarkou T, Pomilla C, Pouta A, Rader DJ, Reilly MP, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Ruokonen A, Samani N, Scharnagl H, Seeley J, Silander K, Stančáková A, Stirrups K, Swift AJ, Tiret L, Uitterlinden AG, van Pelt LJ, Vedantam S, Wainwright N, Wijmenga C, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wilson JF, Young EH, Zhao JH, Adair LS, Arveiler D, Assimes TL, Bandinelli S, Bennett F, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Bornstein SR, Bovet P, Burnier M, Campbell H, Chakravarti A, Chambers JC, Chen YDI, Collins FS, Cooper RS, Danesh J, Dedoussis G, de Faire U, Feranil AB, Ferrières J, Ferrucci L, Freimer NB, Gieger C, Groop LC, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris TB, Hingorani A, Hirschhorn JN, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Hsiung CA, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hveem K, Iribarren C, Järvelin MR, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kaprio J, Kesäniemi A, Kivimaki M, Kooner JS, Koudstaal PJ, Krauss RM, Kuh D, Kuusisto J, Kyvik KO, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Martin NG, März W, McCarthy MI, McKenzie CA, Meneton P, Metspalu A, Moilanen L, Morris AD, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Pedersen NL, Power C, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Psaty BM, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Saleheen D, Salomaa V, Sanghera DK, Saramies J, Schwarz PE, Sheu WHH, Shuldiner AR, Siegbahn A, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Strachan DP, Tayo BO, Tremoli E, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, van Duijn CM, Vollenweider P, Wallentin L, Wareham NJ, Whitfield JB, Wolffenbuttel BH, Ordovas JM, Boerwinkle E, Palmer CN, Thorsteinsdottir U, Chasman DI, Rotter JI, Franks PW, Ripatti S, Cupples LA, Sandhu MS, Rich SS, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Kathiresan S, Mohlke KL, Ingelsson E, Abecasis GR. Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1274-1283. [PMID: 24097068 PMCID: PMC3838666 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2104] [Impact Index Per Article: 191.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol are heritable, modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. To identify new loci and refine known loci influencing these lipids, we examined 188,577 individuals using genome-wide and custom genotyping arrays. We identify and annotate 157 loci associated with lipid levels at P < 5 × 10(-8), including 62 loci not previously associated with lipid levels in humans. Using dense genotyping in individuals of European, East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry, we narrow association signals in 12 loci. We find that loci associated with blood lipid levels are often associated with cardiovascular and metabolic traits, including coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. Our results demonstrate the value of using genetic data from individuals of diverse ancestry and provide insights into the biological mechanisms regulating blood lipids to guide future genetic, biological and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ellen M. Schmidt
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sebanti Sengupta
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gina M. Peloso
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | - Samia Mora
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Service of Medical Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Hsing-Yi Chang
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Services Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ayşe Demirkan
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron Do
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Louise A. Donnelly
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Georg B. Ehret
- Cardiology, Department of Specialities of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Ross M. Fraser
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F. Freitag
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Deepti Gurdasani
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Toby Johnson
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 7-11, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Patrik K.E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - May E. Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cameron D. Palmer
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ann-Kristin Petersen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Richa Saxena
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Broad Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan K. Service
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sonia Shah
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Deparment of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Shungin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Scania University Hosptial, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carlo Sidore
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Sassari, 07100 SS, Italy
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania - School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania - School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kelly A. Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center - School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital, Southall, Middlesex UB1 3HW, United Kingdom
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Gershim Asiki
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Latonya F. Been
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Bolton
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy
| | - Mary S. Burnett
- MedStar Health Research Institute, 6525 Belcrest Road, Suite 700, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA
| | - Giancarlo Cesana
- Research Centre on Public Health, University of Milano Bicocca, Italy
| | - Maria Dimitriou
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Alex S.F. Doney
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Paul Elliott
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Stephen E. Epstein
- MedStar Health Research Institute, 6525 Belcrest Road, Suite 700, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA
| | | | - Bruna Gigante
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martha L. Gravito
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna-Liisa Hartikainen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Michelle R. Jones
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - John J.P. Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Kim
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Norman Klopp
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | | | - Meena Kumari
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Deparment of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at ount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - François Mach
- Cardiology, Department of Specialities of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gabrielle Müller
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometrics, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD21224, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tuomo V.M. Nieminen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tamperew 33014, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland
- Division of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Isleifur Olafsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United ingdom
| | - Theodore Papamarkou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Pomilla
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Building 421, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Building 421, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
| | - Muredach P. Reilly
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Building 421, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Building 421, Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aimo Ruokonen
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nilesh Samani
- National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Janet Seeley
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kaisa Silander
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alena Stančáková
- University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kathleen Stirrups
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Laurence Tiret
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L. Joost van Pelt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Wainwright
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Univ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth H. Young
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Linda S. Adair
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA 3430, University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Franklyn Bennett
- Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU Univ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pascal Bovet
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ministry of Health, Victoria, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Michel Burnier
- Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital, Southall, Middlesex UB1 3HW, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical School, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alan B. Feranil
- Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Leif C. Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Ageing, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Deparment of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Genetics, Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Agnes Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Steve E. Humphries
- Cardiovascular Genetics, BHF Laboratories, Institute Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven C. Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | | | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antero Kesäniemi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oulu and Clinical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Deparment of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Ealing Hospital, Southall, Middlesex UB1 3HW, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Junior Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsten O. Kyvik
- Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Winfried März
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 7-11, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH,Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 25, 68165 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, OX3 7LJ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A. McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Pierre Meneton
- U872 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center of the University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Leena Moilanen
- Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- Genome Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology, NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris Power
- Centre For Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics/MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, University College of London Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jackie F. Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Unit of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dharambir K. Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Peter E.H. Schwarz
- Department of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Wayne H-H Sheu
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical School, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Monzino Cardiology Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Red RECAVA Grupo RD06/0014/0015, Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lars Wallentin
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John B. Whitfield
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Bruce H.R. Wolffenbuttel
- LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose M. Ordovas
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for rdiovascular Investigation, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Alimentacion, Madrid, Spain
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center - School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Colin N.A. Palmer
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Ave., Boston MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University Diabetes Center, Scania University Hosptial, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Manjinder S. Sandhu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SA, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Do R, Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, Sengupta S, Gao C, Peloso GM, Gustafsson S, Kanoni S, Ganna A, Chen J, Buchkovich ML, Mora S, Beckmann JS, Bragg-Gresham JL, Chang HY, Demirkan A, Den Hertog HM, Donnelly LA, Ehret GB, Esko T, Feitosa MF, Ferreira T, Fischer K, Fontanillas P, Fraser RM, Freitag DF, Gurdasani D, Heikkilä K, Hyppönen E, Isaacs A, Jackson AU, Johansson A, Johnson T, Kaakinen M, Kettunen J, Kleber ME, Li X, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Magnusson PKE, Mangino M, Mihailov E, Montasser ME, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nolte IM, O'Connell JR, Palmer CD, Perola M, Petersen AK, Sanna S, Saxena R, Service SK, Shah S, Shungin D, Sidore C, Song C, Strawbridge RJ, Surakka I, Tanaka T, Teslovich TM, Thorleifsson G, Van den Herik EG, Voight BF, Volcik KA, Waite LL, Wong A, Wu Y, Zhang W, Absher D, Asiki G, Barroso I, Been LF, Bolton JL, Bonnycastle LL, Brambilla P, Burnett MS, Cesana G, Dimitriou M, Doney ASF, Döring A, Elliott P, Epstein SE, Eyjolfsson GI, Gigante B, Goodarzi MO, Grallert H, Gravito ML, Groves CJ, Hallmans G, Hartikainen AL, Hayward C, Hernandez D, Hicks AA, Holm H, Hung YJ, Illig T, Jones MR, Kaleebu P, Kastelein JJP, Khaw KT, Kim E, Klopp N, Komulainen P, Kumari M, Langenberg C, Lehtimäki T, Lin SY, Lindström J, Loos RJF, Mach F, McArdle WL, Meisinger C, Mitchell BD, Müller G, Nagaraja R, Narisu N, Nieminen TVM, Nsubuga RN, Olafsson I, Ong KK, Palotie A, Papamarkou T, Pomilla C, Pouta A, Rader DJ, Reilly MP, Ridker PM, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Ruokonen A, Samani N, Scharnagl H, Seeley J, Silander K, Stančáková A, Stirrups K, Swift AJ, Tiret L, Uitterlinden AG, van Pelt LJ, Vedantam S, Wainwright N, Wijmenga C, Wild SH, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Wilson JF, Young EH, Zhao JH, Adair LS, Arveiler D, Assimes TL, Bandinelli S, Bennett F, Bochud M, Boehm BO, Boomsma DI, Borecki IB, Bornstein SR, Bovet P, Burnier M, Campbell H, Chakravarti A, Chambers JC, Chen YDI, Collins FS, Cooper RS, Danesh J, Dedoussis G, de Faire U, Feranil AB, Ferrières J, Ferrucci L, Freimer NB, Gieger C, Groop LC, Gudnason V, Gyllensten U, Hamsten A, Harris TB, Hingorani A, Hirschhorn JN, Hofman A, Hovingh GK, Hsiung CA, Humphries SE, Hunt SC, Hveem K, Iribarren C, Järvelin MR, Jula A, Kähönen M, Kaprio J, Kesäniemi A, Kivimaki M, Kooner JS, Koudstaal PJ, Krauss RM, Kuh D, Kuusisto J, Kyvik KO, Laakso M, Lakka TA, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Martin NG, März W, McCarthy MI, McKenzie CA, Meneton P, Metspalu A, Moilanen L, Morris AD, Munroe PB, Njølstad I, Pedersen NL, Power C, Pramstaller PP, Price JF, Psaty BM, Quertermous T, Rauramaa R, Saleheen D, Salomaa V, Sanghera DK, Saramies J, Schwarz PEH, Sheu WHH, Shuldiner AR, Siegbahn A, Spector TD, Stefansson K, Strachan DP, Tayo BO, Tremoli E, Tuomilehto J, Uusitupa M, van Duijn CM, Vollenweider P, Wallentin L, Wareham NJ, Whitfield JB, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Altshuler D, Ordovas JM, Boerwinkle E, Palmer CNA, Thorsteinsdottir U, Chasman DI, Rotter JI, Franks PW, Ripatti S, Cupples LA, Sandhu MS, Rich SS, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Mohlke KL, Ingelsson E, Abecasis GR, Daly MJ, Neale BM, Kathiresan S. Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1345-52. [PMID: 24097064 PMCID: PMC3904346 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Triglycerides are transported in plasma by specific triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; in epidemiologic studies, increased triglyceride levels correlate with higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, it is unclear whether this association reflects causal processes. We used 185 common variants recently mapped for plasma lipids (P<5×10−8 for each) to examine the role of triglycerides on risk for CAD. First, we highlight loci associated with both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides, and show that the direction and magnitude of both are factors in determining CAD risk. Second, we consider loci with only a strong magnitude of association with triglycerides and show that these loci are also associated with CAD. Finally, in a model accounting for effects on LDL-C and/or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a polymorphism's strength of effect on triglycerides is correlated with the magnitude of its effect on CAD risk. These results suggest that triglyceride-rich lipoproteins causally influence risk for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Do
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Elbers CC, Guo Y, Tragante V, van Iperen EPA, Lanktree MB, Castillo BA, Chen F, Yanek LR, Wojczynski MK, Li YR, Ferwerda B, Ballantyne CM, Buxbaum SG, Chen YDI, Chen WM, Cupples LA, Cushman M, Duan Y, Duggan D, Evans MK, Fernandes JK, Fornage M, Garcia M, Garvey WT, Glazer N, Gomez F, Harris TB, Halder I, Howard VJ, Keller MF, Kamboh MI, Kooperberg C, Kritchevsky SB, LaCroix A, Liu K, Liu Y, Musunuru K, Newman AB, Onland-Moret NC, Ordovas J, Peter I, Post W, Redline S, Reis SE, Saxena R, Schreiner PJ, Volcik KA, Wang X, Yusuf S, Zonderland AB, Anand SS, Becker DM, Psaty B, Rader DJ, Reiner AP, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Sale MM, Tsai MY, Borecki IB, Hegele RA, Kathiresan S, Nalls MA, Taylor HA, Hakonarson H, Sivapalaratnam S, Asselbergs FW, Drenos F, Wilson JG, Keating BJ. Gene-centric meta-analysis of lipid traits in African, East Asian and Hispanic populations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50198. [PMID: 23236364 PMCID: PMC3517599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-analyses of European populations has successfully identified genetic variants in over 100 loci associated with lipid levels, but our knowledge in other ethnicities remains limited. To address this, we performed dense genotyping of ∼2,000 candidate genes in 7,657 African Americans, 1,315 Hispanics and 841 East Asians, using the IBC array, a custom ∼50,000 SNP genotyping array. Meta-analyses confirmed 16 lipid loci previously established in European populations at genome-wide significance level, and found multiple independent association signals within these lipid loci. Initial discovery and in silico follow-up in 7,000 additional African American samples, confirmed two novel loci: rs5030359 within ICAM1 is associated with total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p = 8.8×10(-7) and p = 1.5×10(-6) respectively) and a nonsense mutation rs3211938 within CD36 is associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p = 13.5×10(-12)). The rs3211938-G allele, which is nearly absent in European and Asian populations, has been previously found to be associated with CD36 deficiency and shows a signature of selection in Africans and African Americans. Finally, we have evaluated the effect of SNPs established in European populations on lipid levels in multi-ethnic populations and show that most known lipid association signals span across ethnicities. However, differences between populations, especially differences in allele frequency, can be leveraged to identify novel signals, as shown by the discovery of ICAM1 and CD36 in the current report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara C. Elbers
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P. A. van Iperen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew B. Lanktree
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berta Almoguera Castillo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lisa R. Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Wojczynski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Division of Statistical Genomics and Department of Genetics Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yun R. Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bart Ferwerda
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Sarah G. Buxbaum
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Yanan Duan
- Division of Statistical Genomics and Department of Genetics Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Health Disparities Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jyotika K. Fernandes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States of America
| | - Myriam Fornage
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - W. Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nicole Glazer
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Felicia Gomez
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Indrani Halder
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Virginia J. Howard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Margaux F. Keller
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea LaCroix
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - N. Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Ordovas
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wendy Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Redline
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Reis
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Schreiner
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Volcik
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan B. Zonderland
- Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sonia S. Anand
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane M. Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michèle M. Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics and Department of Genetics Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Jackson State University, Tougaloo College, and the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Brendan J. Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Grimes CZ, Hwang LY, Wei P, Shah DP, Volcik KA, Brown EL. Differentially regulated gene expression associated with hepatitis C virus clearance. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:534-542. [PMID: 23152368 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections pose a significant public health threat, necessitating the development of novel treatments and vaccines. HCV infections range from spontaneous resolution to end-stage liver disease. Approximately 10-30% of HCV infections undergo spontaneous resolution independent of treatment by yet-to-be-defined mechanisms. These individuals test positive for anti-HCV antibodies in the absence of detectable viral serum RNA. To identify genes associated with HCV clearance, this study compared gene expression profiles between current drug users chronically infected with HCV and drug users who cleared their HCV infection. This analysis identified 91 differentially regulated (up- or downregulated by twofold or more) genes potentially associated with HCV clearance. The majority of genes identified were associated with immune function, with the remaining genes categorized either as cancer related or 'other'. Identification of factors and pathways that may influence virus clearance will be essential to the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Z Grimes
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics And Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lu-Yu Hwang
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics And Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peng Wei
- Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dimpy P Shah
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics And Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kelly A Volcik
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics And Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric L Brown
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics And Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Luu HN, Kingah PL, North K, Boerwinkle E, Volcik KA. Interaction of folate intake and the paraoxonase Q192R polymorphism with risk of incident coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Ann Epidemiol 2012; 21:815-23. [PMID: 21982484 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential interaction between folate intake and the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Q192R polymorphism with the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, a population-based prospective cohort of cardiovascular disease in 15,792 white and African-American subject. METHODS Race-stratified Cox proportional hazards models were performed to examine the interaction between folate intake and the PON1 Q192R polymorphism. RESULTS A significant inverse association between folate intake and risk of incident CHD among white subjects was found (hazard rate ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.56; P = .004; folate intake ≤155 μg vs ≥279 μg, reference group). An interaction effect was observed between the dominant genetic model and folate intake with regards to incident ischemic stroke in white subjects (hazard rate ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.99; and 1.24 from 1st-4th quartile, respectively; P-trend = .05). CONCLUSIONS There was an interaction between folate intake and PON1 Q192 polymorphism with regard to the risk of ischemic stroke in white subjects. Future studies should investigate the interaction between additional polymorphisms within the PON1 gene and genetic variants in other folate metabolizing genes with folate intake on the risk of incident CHD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Luu
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Science, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA.
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13
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Lutsey PL, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Pankow JS, Alonso A, Smolenski DJ, Tang W, Coresh J, Volcik KA, Ballantyne CM, Boerwinkle E, Folsom AR. Relation of lipid gene scores to longitudinal trends in lipid levels and incidence of abnormal lipid levels among individuals of European ancestry: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 5:73-80. [PMID: 22057756 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.111.959619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple genetic loci have been associated with blood lipid levels. We tested the hypothesis that persons with an unfavorable lipid gene profile would experience a greater increase in lipid levels and a higher incidence of abnormal lipid levels relative to those with more-favorable lipid gene profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 9328 individuals of European descent (aged 45-64 years) in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study were followed for 9 years. Separate gene scores were created for each lipid phenotype on the basis of 95 loci identified in a published genome-wide association study of >100 000 people of European-descent. Adjusted linear and survival models were used to estimate associations with lipid levels and incidence of lipid-lowering medication or abnormal lipid levels. Age and sex interactions were also explored. The cross-sectional difference (mg/dL) per 1 SD was -1.89 for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 9.5 for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and 22.8 for triglycerides (P<5×10(-34) for all). Longitudinally, overall triglyceride levels rose over time, and each 1-SD greater triglyceride gene score was associated with an average increase in triglyceride levels of 0.3 mg/dL (P=0.003) over 3 years. The HDL-C, LDL-C, and total cholesterol gene scores were not related to change. All lipid gene scores were positively related to incidence of abnormal lipid levels over follow-up (hazard ratios per SD range, 1.15-1.36). CONCLUSIONS Associations of genetic variants with lipid levels over time are complex. The triglyceride gene score was positively related to change in triglycerides levels, but similar longitudinal results were not observed for LDL-C or HDL-C levels. Unfavorable gene scores were nevertheless related to higher incidence of abnormal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S 2nd Street, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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14
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North KE, Franceschini N, Avery CL, Baird L, Graff M, Leppert M, Chung JH, Zhang J, Hanis C, Boerwinkle E, Volcik KA, Grove ML, Mosley TH, Gu C, Heiss G, Pankow JS, Couper DJ, Ballantyne CM, Linda Kao WH, Weder AB, Cooper RS, Ehret GB, O'Connor AA, Chakravarti A, Hunt SC. Variation in the checkpoint kinase 2 gene is associated with type 2 diabetes in multiple populations. Acta Diabetol 2010; 47 Suppl 1:199-207. [PMID: 19855918 PMCID: PMC2965317 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-009-0162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of the genetic variants underlying type 2 diabetes susceptibility can provide important understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. We previously identified strong evidence of linkage for type 2 diabetes on chromosome 22 among 3,383 Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN) participants from 1,124 families. The checkpoint 2 (CHEK2) gene, an important mediator of cellular responses to DNA damage, is located 0.22 Mb from this linkage peak. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the CHEK2 gene contains one or more polymorphic variants that are associated with type 2 diabetes in HyperGEN individuals. In addition, we replicated our findings in two other Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP) populations and in the population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. We genotyped 1,584 African-American and 1,531 white HyperGEN participants, 1,843 African-American and 1,569 white GENOA participants, 871 African-American and 1,009 white GenNet participants, and 4,266 African-American and 11,478 white ARIC participants for four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CHEK2. Using additive models, we evaluated the association of CHEK2 SNPs with type 2 diabetes in participants within each study population stratified by race, and in a meta-analysis, adjusting for age, age(2), sex, sex-by-age interaction, study center, and relatedness. One CHEK2 variant, rs4035540, was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in HyperGEN participants, two replication samples, and in the meta-analysis. These results may suggest a new pathway in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes that involves pancreatic beta-cell damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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15
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Meyer TE, Boerwinkle E, Morrison AC, Volcik KA, Sanderson M, Coker AL, Pankow JS, Folsom AR. Diabetes genes and prostate cancer in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:558-65. [PMID: 20142250 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a known inverse association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prostate cancer (PrCa) that is poorly understood. Genetic studies of the T2D-PrCa association may provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of this association. We evaluated associations in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study between PrCa and nine T2D single nucleotide polymorphisms from genome-wide association studies of T2D (in CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B, FTO, HHEX, IGF2BP2, KCNJ11, PPARG, SLC30A8, and TCF7L2) and four T2D single nucleotide polymorphisms from pre-genome-wide association studies (in ADRB2, CAPN10, SLC2A2, and UCP2). From 1987 to 2000, there were 397 incident PrCa cases among 6,642 men ages 45 to 64 years at baseline. We used race-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models to estimate associations between PrCa and increasing number of T2D risk-raising alleles. PrCa was positively associated with the CAPN10 rs3792267 G allele [hazard ratio (HR) 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-1.44] and inversely associated with the SLC2A2 rs5400 Thr110 allele (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72, 1.00), the UCP2 rs660339 Val55 allele (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73, 0.97) and the IGF2BP2 rs4402960 T allele (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.61-1.02; blacks only). The TCF7L2 rs7903146 T allele was inversely associated with PrCa using a dominant genetic model (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65-0.97). Further knowledge of T2D gene-PrCa mechanisms may improve understanding of PrCa etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamra E Meyer
- Human Genetics Center and Division of Epidemiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Volcik KA, Campbell S, Chambless LE, Coresh J, Folsom AR, Mosley TH, Ni H, Wagenknecht LE, Wasserman BA, Boerwinkle E. MMP2 genetic variation is associated with measures of fibrous cap thickness: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. Atherosclerosis 2010; 210:188-93. [PMID: 20064641 PMCID: PMC2862087 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic variation in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) promoter regions alter the transcriptional activity of MMPs and has been consistently associated with CHD, presumably through plaque degradation and remodeling. We examined the association of MMP promoter variation with multiple plaque characteristics measured by gadolinium-enhanced MRI among 1700 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Carotid MRI Study. METHODS For the analyses presented here, 1700 participants of the biracial ARIC Carotid MRI Study ( approximately 1000 participants with thick carotid artery walls and approximately 700 randomly sampled participants) were evaluated for associations of MMP genetic variation with multiple plaque characteristics, including carotid artery wall thickness, lipid core and fibrous cap measures. MRI studies were performed on a 1.5T scanner equipped with a bilateral 4-element phased array carotid coil. RESULTS Fifty-one percent of the participants were female, 77% white, 23% African American, and the mean age was 70 years. MMP2 C-1306T variant genotypes (CT+TT) were significantly associated with higher cap thickness measures, but not with wall thickness or lipid core measures. Individuals with the CC genotype had approximately 0.1mm thinner cap thickness compared to those carrying a T allele (P=0.02). CONCLUSION Genetic variation within the MMP2 promoter region was associated with cap thickness and therefore may influence the role of MMP2 in plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, 1200 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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17
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Volcik KA, Ballantyne CM, Hoogeveen R, Folsom AR, Boerwinkle E. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 G241R polymorphism predicts risk of incident ischemic stroke: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Stroke 2010; 41:1038-40. [PMID: 20360547 PMCID: PMC3036988 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.575563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose ICAM-1 levels are increased in pathological studies of atherosclerosis. We evaluated 13,491 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study to determine the association of ICAM-1 G241R and K469E polymorphisms with incident CHD and ischemic stroke. Methods Incidences of ischemic stroke (N=517) and CHD (N=1,629) through 2003 were determined by annual telephone calls and hospital and death certificate surveillance. Risk factors were measured at the baseline exam. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRRs. Results The ICAM-1 G241RR genotype was associated with significantly increased risk of ischemic stroke in both whites (HRR=2.18(1.01-4.68), P=0.05) and African Americans (HRR=7.04(3.72-13.3), P<0.001). Conclusions The ICAM-1 241RR genotype is associated with increased risk of incident ischemic stroke in both whites and African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ron Hoogeveen
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Aaron R. Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
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Dehghan A, Yang Q, Peters A, Basu S, Bis JC, Rudnicka AR, Kavousi M, Chen MH, Baumert J, Lowe GDO, McKnight B, Tang W, de Maat M, Larson MG, Eyhermendy S, McArdle WL, Lumley T, Pankow JS, Hofman A, Massaro JM, Rivadeneira F, Kolz M, Taylor KD, van Duijn CM, Kathiresan S, Illig T, Aulchenko YS, Volcik KA, Johnson AD, Uitterlinden AG, Tofler GH, Gieger C, Psaty BM, Couper DJ, Boerwinkle E, Koenig W, O'Donnell CJ, Witteman JC, Strachan DP, Smith NL, Folsom AR. Association of novel genetic Loci with circulating fibrinogen levels: a genome-wide association study in 6 population-based cohorts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2:125-33. [PMID: 20031576 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.108.825224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrinogen is both central to blood coagulation and an acute-phase reactant. We aimed to identify common variants influencing circulation fibrinogen levels. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a genome-wide association analysis on 6 population-based studies, the Rotterdam Study, the Framingham Heart Study, the Cardiovascular Health Study, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, the Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease/KORA Augsburg Study, and the British 1958 Birth Cohort Study, including 22 096 participants of European ancestry. Four loci were marked by 1 or more single-nucleotide polymorphisms that demonstrated genome-wide significance (P<5.0 x 10(-8)). These included a single-nucleotide polymorphism located in the fibrinogen beta chain (FGB) gene and 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms representing newly identified loci. The high-signal single-nucleotide polymorphisms were rs1800789 in exon 7 of FGB (P=1.8 x 10(-30)), rs2522056 downstream from the interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) gene (P=1.3 x 10(-15)), rs511154 within intron 1 of the propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase (PCCB) gene (P=5.9 x 10(-10)), and rs1539019 on the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 isoforms (NLRP3) gene (P=1.04 x 10(-8)). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight biological pathways that may be important in regulation of inflammation underlying cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bressler J, Folsom AR, Couper DJ, Volcik KA, Boerwinkle E. Genetic variants identified in a European genome-wide association study that were found to predict incident coronary heart disease in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171:14-23. [PMID: 19955471 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007, the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) performed a genome-wide association study in 2,000 British coronary heart disease (CHD) cases and 3,000 controls after genotyping 469,557 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Seven variants associated with CHD were initially identified, and 5 SNPs were later found in replication studies. In the current study, the authors aimed to determine whether the 12 SNPs reported by the WTCCC predicted incident CHD through 2004 in a biracial, prospective cohort study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) comprising 15,792 persons aged 45-64 years who had been selected by probability sampling from 4 different US communities in 1987-1989. Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for age and gender were used to estimate CHD hazard rate ratios (HRRs) over a 17-year period (1,362 cases in whites and 397 cases in African Americans) under an additive genetic model. The results showed that 3 SNPs in whites (rs599839, rs1333049, and rs501120; HRRs were 1.10 (P = 0.044), 1.14 (P < 0.001), and 1.14 (P = 0.030), respectively) and 1 SNP in African Americans (rs7250581; HRR = 1.60, P = 0.05) were significantly associated with incident CHD. This study demonstrates that genetic variants revealed in a case-control genome-wide association study enriched for early disease onset may play a role in the genetic etiology of CHD in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, P.O. Box 20334, Houston, TX 77225-0334, USA
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Volcik KA, Catellier D, Folsom AR, Matijevic N, Wasserman B, Boerwinkle E. SELP and SELPLG genetic variation is associated with cell surface measures of SELP and SELPLG: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Carotid MRI Study. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1076-82. [PMID: 19395438 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.119487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-selectin (SELP) and its ligand, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (SELPLG), play key roles in both the inflammatory response and the atherosclerotic process. Previous studies have shown genetic variation in the SELP gene [selectin P (granule membrane protein 140 kDa, antigen CD62)] to be associated with plasma SELP concentrations; however, the major biological function of SELP (and SELPLG) is at the cell surface. We therefore investigated the association of SELP polymorphisms with platelet SELP measures and polymorphisms in the SELPLG gene (selectin P ligand) with lymphocyte, granulocyte, and monocyte SELPLG measures among 1870 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Carotid MRI Study. METHODS Whole-blood flow cytometry was used to analyze leukocyte and platelet markers in the ARIC Carotid MRI Study. The allele frequencies for the SELP and SELPLG polymorphisms of whites and African Americans were markedly different; therefore, all analyses were race specific. RESULTS SELP T715P was significantly associated with lower values for platelet SELP measures in whites (P = 0.0001), whereas SELP N562D was significantly associated with higher values for SELP measures in African Americans (P = 0.02). SELPLG M62I was significantly associated with lower granulocyte and monocyte SELPLG measures in African Americans (P = 0.003 and P = 0.0002, respectively) and with lower lymphocyte SELPLG measures in whites (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Specific SELP and SELPLG polymorphisms were associated with cell surface measures of SELP and SELPLG in both whites and African Americans in the ARIC Carotid MRI Study. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the association of SELP and SELPLG genetic variation with measures of cell surface SELP and SELPLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Nettleton JA, Volcik KA, Hoogeveen RC, Boerwinkle E. Carbohydrate intake modifies associations between ANGPTL4[E40K] genotype and HDL-cholesterol concentrations in White men from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis 2008; 203:214-20. [PMID: 18599063 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common allelic variation in the angiopoietin-like 4 gene (ANGPTL4[E40K]) has been associated with low triglyceride (TG) and high HDL-C. OBJECTIVE We examined whether dietary macronutrient intake modified associations between ANGPTL4[E40K] variation and TG and HDL-C in White men and women from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. DESIGN Diet was assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Intake of fat (total fat [TF], saturated fat [SF], monounsaturated fat [MUFA], polyunsaturated fat [PUFA], and n-3 PUFA) and carbohydrate were expressed as percentage of total energy intake. ANGPTL4 A allele carriers (n=148 in men, 200 in women) were compared to non-carriers (n=3667 in men, 4496 in women). Interactions were tested separately in men and women, adjusting for study center, age, smoking, physical activity, BMI, and alcohol intake. RESULTS ANGPTL4 A allele carriers had significantly greater HDL-C and lower TG than non-carriers (p<or=0.001). In all participants, carbohydrate intake was inversely associated with HDL-C and positively associated with TG, whereas TF, SF, and MUFA showed opposite associations with TG and HDL-C (p<0.001). These relations were uniform between sex-specific genotype groups, with one exception. In men, but not women, the inverse association between carbohydrate and HDL-C was stronger in A allele carriers (beta+/-S.E. -1.80+/-0.54) than non-carriers (beta+/-S.E. -0.54+/-0.11, p(interaction)=0.04 in men and 0.69 in women; p 3-way interaction=0.14). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ANGPTL4 variation and relative contributions of dietary fat and carbohydrate influence TG and HDL-C concentrations. In men, ANGPTL4 variation and dietary carbohydrate may interactively influence HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Nettleton
- Division of Epidemiology and Disease Control, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 1200 Herman Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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22
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Volcik KA, Nettleton JA, Ballantyne CM, Boerwinkle E. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [alpha] genetic variation interacts with n-6 and long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake to affect total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87:1926-31. [PMID: 18541586 PMCID: PMC2661261 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARA) regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. The binding of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to PPARA results in rapid changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid oxidation, with long-chain n-3 fatty acids being potent activators of PPARA. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the potential effect modification of PPARA genetic variation on the association between PUFA intake, specifically n-6 and long-chain n-3 fatty acid intakes, and multiple lipid measures in the large biethnic Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. DESIGN Study participants (10 134 whites and 3480 African Americans) were selected from the ARIC Study--a prospective investigation of atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the relation between PPARA genotypes, as well as dietary fatty acid intake, and baseline lipid measures. PPARA-specific effects of variation were assessed by including genotype-by-fatty acid interaction terms in each statistical model. RESULTS PPARA genotype frequencies were significantly different between whites and African Americans. No significant associations between lipid measures and PPARA genotype were observed in either whites or African Americans. Significant genotype-by-n-6 fatty acid intake interactions were observed only in whites for the 3'untranslated region (UTR) G-->A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and total cholesterol (P = 0.03) and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.03). Significant genotype-by-long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake interactions were observed only in African Americans for the 3'UTR C-->T SNP and total cholesterol (P = 0.03) and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Findings from the current study suggest that PPARA 3'UTR SNPs modulate the association between lipid concentrations and dietary n-6 fatty acid intake (in whites) and long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake (in African Americans) such that persons with homozygous variant genotypes have significantly lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol measures when consuming higher quantities of n-6 or long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Volcik KA, Ballantyne CM, Braun MC, Coresh J, Mosley TH, Boerwinkle E. Association of the complement factor H Y402H polymorphism with cardiovascular disease is dependent upon hypertension status: The ARIC study. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:533-8. [PMID: 18292760 PMCID: PMC2674647 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2007.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complement factor H (CFH) is a plasma protein that is essential in the regulation of the alternative complement pathway and has been implicated as taking part in complement inhibition in atherogenesis. We evaluated the association of the Y402H polymorphism with incident coronary heart disease (CHD), incident ischemic stroke, and carotid artery wall thickness (intima-media thickness (IMT)) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort. METHODS Incident ischemic stroke and CHD were identified through annual telephone calls and hospital and death certificate surveillance. Carotid IMT was measured by means of high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Four hundred eighty-three validated ischemic stroke and 1,544 CHD events were identified. Because of allele frequency differences between whites and African Americans, analyses were performed separately according to the racial group. RESULTS The 402HH homozygous genotype was a significant predictor of incident ischemic stroke in whites (hazard rate ratio (HRR) 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.05). Significant interaction effects between genotype and hypertension were observed for CHD in whites and for cIMT in whites and African Americans. In further analyses of incident CHD, genotypes carrying the 402H allele were a significant predictor of incident CHD in whites who had hypertension (402YH: HRR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.40; 402HH: HRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.04-1.57). The 402H allele was also associated with higher cIMT measures for whites in the overall cohort, and for whites with hypertension. CONCLUSION The CFH 402H allele was associated with an increased risk for incident CHD and ischemic stroke in whites, with the strength and significance of the association dependent upon hypertension status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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24
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Assimes TL, Knowles JW, Priest JR, Basu A, Volcik KA, Southwick A, Tabor HK, Hartiala J, Allayee H, Grove ML, Tabibiazar R, Sidney S, Fortmann SP, Go A, Hlatky M, Iribarren C, Boerwinkle E, Myers R, Risch N, Quertermous T. Common polymorphisms of ALOX5 and ALOX5AP and risk of coronary artery disease. Hum Genet 2008; 123:399-408. [PMID: 18369664 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent human genetic studies suggest that allelic variants of leukotriene pathway genes influence the risk of clinical and subclinical atherosclerosis. We sequenced the promoter, exonic, and splice site regions of ALOX5 and ALOX5AP and then genotyped 7 SNPs in ALOX5 and 6 SNPs in ALOX5AP in 1,552 cases with clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and 1,583 controls from Kaiser Permanente including a subset of participants of the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. A nominally significant association was detected between a promoter SNP in ALOX5 (rs12762303) and CAD in our subset of white/European subjects (adjusted odds ratio per minor allele, log-additive model, 1.32; P = 0.002). In this race/ethnic group, rs12762303 has a minor allele frequency of 15% and is tightly linked to variation at the SP1 variable tandem repeat promoter polymorphism. However, the association between CAD and rs12762303 could not be reproduced in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study (hazard rate ratio per minor allele; 1.08, P = 0.1). Assuming a recessive mode of inheritance, the association was not significant in either population study but our power to detect modest effects was limited. No significant associations were observed between all other SNPs and the risk of CAD. Overall, our findings do not support a link between common allelic variation in or near ALOX5 or ALOX5AP and the risk of CAD. However, additional studies are needed to exclude modest effects of promoter variation in ALOX5 on the risk of CAD assuming a recessive mode of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themistocles L Assimes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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25
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Volcik KA, Ballantyne CM, Fuchs FD, Sharrett AR, Boerwinkle E. Relationship of alcohol consumption and type of alcoholic beverage consumed with plasma lipid levels: differences between Whites and African Americans of the ARIC study. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18:101-7. [PMID: 17855114 PMCID: PMC2819069 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol consumption has been shown to contribute to a favorable lipid profile, and most studies have reported a reduction in coronary heart disease risk with low-to-moderate consumption of alcohol that is generally attributed to the beneficial effects of alcohol on lipids. The influence of different types of alcoholic beverages on plasma lipid levels has been investigated to a lesser extent and in limited populations. METHODS We investigated the effect of overall alcohol consumption, as well as the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, on multiple lipid measures in the large bi-ethnic population of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. RESULTS We found both low-to-moderate and heavy alcohol consumption, regardless of the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, to result in significantly greater levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL3 cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I in both white and African-American males and females. Associations with other lipid measures contrasted between whites and African Americans, with greater levels of alcohol consumption resulting in significantly greater triglyceride levels in African Americans. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm previous studies associating alcohol consumption, regardless of beverage type, with greater HDL cholesterol levels, with additional consistent associations detected for the major HDL cholesterol density subfraction, HDL3 cholesterol, and the major HDL cholesterol structural apolipoprotein, apolipoprotein A-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Kohsaka S, Volcik KA, Folsom AR, Wu KK, Ballantyne CM, Willerson JT, Boerwinkle E. Increased risk of incident stroke associated with the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) G−765C polymorphism in African-Americans: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Atherosclerosis 2008; 196:926-30. [PMID: 17350020 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hallmark feature of atherosclerosis is inflammation mediated by prostaglandins (PGs) catalyzed by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). The present study explored whether the COX-2 G-765C polymorphism contributes to increased incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke in the large prospective Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. METHODS Incidences of CHD and stroke were identified through annual follow-up and hospital and death certificate surveillance. The study included 1488 incident CHD and 527 stroke events after an average of 14 years of follow-up. The frequency of the -765C variant allele was markedly different between African-Americans and whites, therefore all analyses were performed separately by race. Due to the small number of persons with the -765CC genotype, heterozygous and homozygous variant genotypes were combined for this analysis. RESULTS The COX-2 G-765C polymorphism was not a significant predictor of CHD in either racial group, but it was a significant predictor of incident stroke in African-Americans. After adjustment for age and gender, the hazard rate ratio for developing stroke for the CG+CC genotypes relative to the GG genotype was 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.74, P=0.03) in African-Americans. This result was essentially unchanged when established predictors such as smoking, diabetes and hypertension were added to the model (HRR 1.34, 95%CI 1.03-1.76, P=0.03). CONCLUSION We have found the COX-2 G-765C polymorphism to be a risk factor for incident stroke in African-Americans. This study provides additional evidence for utilizing inflammation-related genetic polymorphisms for identifying individuals at increased risk for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kohsaka
- Texas Heart Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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27
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Volcik KA, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J, Folsom AR, Boerwinkle E. Specific P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 genotypes/haplotypes are associated with risk of incident CHD and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:e76-82. [PMID: 17420019 PMCID: PMC2175083 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE P-selectin (PSEL) and its ligand, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), play key roles in both the inflammatory response and the atherosclerotic process, but there are conflicting results regarding the affect of PSEL and PSGL-1 gene variation on risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. We tested the association of four PSEL and two PSGL-1 polymorphisms with incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke among 13,875 participants in the prospective Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. We also tested common haplotypes in the PSEL and PSGL-1 genes to assess associations with incident CHD and ischemic stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS Incident ischemic stroke and CHD were identified through annual telephone calls and hospital and death certificate surveillance. Five hundred and twenty-five validated ischemic stroke and 1654 CHD events were identified. Allele frequencies for all PSEL and PSGL-1 polymorphisms were markedly different between whites and African Americans; therefore, all analyses were performed race-specific. Independent analyses showed the PSEL 290NN genotype to be a significant predictor of CHD in whites (HRR 1.30, 95%CI 1.00-1.70, P=0.05). PSGL-1 genotypes carrying the 62I allele were significantly protective for incident CHD (HRR 0.53, 95%CI 0.31-0.92, P=0.02) and ischemic stroke (HRR 0.73, 95%CI 0.55-0.97, P=0.03) in African Americans. Haplotype analyses showed the PSEL NNVP haplotype to be a significant predictor of incident CHD in whites (HRR 2.09, 95%CI 1.23-3.55, P=0.006). No significant haplotype findings were observed in African Americans. CONCLUSIONS PSEL S290N, in single polymorphism analysis and in the haplotypic background with T715P, was associated with increased risk of incident CHD in whites. The PSGL-1 M62I polymorphism was associated with decreased risk of both incident CHD and stroke in African Americans. These findings illustrate the complex relationship between genetic variation and disease in different racial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Volcik KA, Barkley RA, Hutchinson RG, Mosley TH, Heiss G, Sharrett AR, Ballantyne CM, Boerwinkle E. Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms predict low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and carotid artery wall thickness but not incident coronary heart disease in 12,491 ARIC study participants. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164:342-8. [PMID: 16760224 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and recent advancements have provided evidence that carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is associated with increased occurrence of cardiovascular events. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been widely studied in regard to its role in lipid transport and metabolism, but the role that ApoE genetic variation plays in relation to carotid artery IMT and risk of incident coronary heart disease remains a subject of debate. In 1987-2001, the authors examined the effect of each ApoE allele (epsilon2, epsilon3, epsilon4) on LDL cholesterol and carotid IMT, as well as the association with coronary heart disease risk, in 12,491 participants of the US Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. ApoE epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 allele frequencies were determined, respectively, in Whites (0.08, 0.77, 0.15) and African Americans (0.11, 0.67, 0.22). These alleles did not predict incident coronary heart disease in either racial group. The ApoE epsilon2 allele was associated with lower LDL cholesterol and the epsilon4 allele with higher LDL cholesterol in both Whites and African Americans. The ApoE epsilon2 and epsilon4 alleles were associated with carotid IMT measures in both racial groups, but, after adjusting for lipid parameters, only the epsilon4 allele was associated with carotid IMT measures in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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29
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Au KS, Northrup H, Kirkpatrick TJ, Volcik KA, Fletcher JM, Townsend IT, Blanton SH, Tyerman GH, Villarreal G, King TM. Promotor genotype of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha gene shows population stratification but not association with spina bifida meningomyelocele. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 139:194-8. [PMID: 16283668 PMCID: PMC2553008 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) constitute a major group of congenital malformations with an overall incidence of approximately 1-2 in 1,000 live births in the United States. Hispanic Americans have a 2.5 times higher risk than the Caucasian population. Spina bifida meningomyelocele (SBMM) is a major clinical presentation of NTDs resulting from lack of closure of the spinal cord caudal to the head. In a previous study of spina bifida (SB) patients of European Caucasian descent, it was suggested that specific haplotypes of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) gene P1 promoter strongly affected the rate of NTD genesis. In our study, we evaluated the association of PDGFRA P1 in a group of 407 parent-child triads (167 Caucasian, 240 Hispanics) and 164 unrelated controls (89 Caucasian, 75 Hispanic). To fully evaluate the association of PDGFRA P1, we performed both transmission-disequilibrium test (TDT) and association analyses to test the hypotheses that PDGFRA P1 was (1) transmitted preferentially in SBMM affected children and (2) associated with the condition of SBMM comparing affected children to unaffected controls. We did find that there was a different allelic and genotypic distribution of PDGFRA P1 when comparing Hispanics and Caucasians. However, neither ethnic group showed strong association between SBMM and the PDGFRA P1 region. These findings suggest that PDGFRA P1 does not have a major role in the development of SBMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-S Au
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Volcik KA, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J, Folsom AR, Wu KK, Boerwinkle E. P-selectin Thr715Pro polymorphism predicts P-selectin levels but not risk of incident coronary heart disease or ischemic stroke in a cohort of 14595 participants: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Atherosclerosis 2005; 186:74-9. [PMID: 16125711 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation, characterized by the recruitment/adhesion of circulating leukocytes by cellular adhesion molecules, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Genetic analyses of P-selectin, a key adhesion molecule in the progression of atherosclerosis, have provided conflicting results regarding the role of variation within the P-selectin gene and risk for heart disease. No studies have examined the association of this polymorphism with stroke. Therefore, we examined the association of the P-selectin Thr715Pro polymorphism with incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke among 14595 participants in the prospective cohort of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. METHODS AND RESULTS Incidences of ischemic stroke and CHD were determined through annual telephone calls and hospital and death certificate surveillance. Four hundred fifty-six validated ischemic stroke and 1533 CHD events were identified. P-selectin Pro715 allele frequency was determined in whites and African-Americans, respectively, for CHD cases (0.11, 0.02), CHD non-cases (0.11, 0.02), ischemic stroke cases (0.11, 0.02) and stroke non-cases (0.11, 0.02). The P-selectin Pro715 allele was not associated with risk of CHD or stroke in whites or African-Americans. P-selectin levels, however, were associated with the P-selectin Thr715Pro variant in whites, but not in African-Americans. CONCLUSIONS Genotypes carrying the P-selectin Pro715 variant allele are associated with decreased P-selectin levels compared to the homozygous wild-type genotype in whites. The P-selectin Thr715Pro polymorphism is not associated with incident CHD or ischemic stroke in either whites or African-Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Houston Health Science Center, 1200 Herman Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Volcik KA, Shaw GM, Zhu H, Lammer EJ, Laurent C, Finnell RH. Associations between polymorphisms within the thymidylate synthase gene and spina bifida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 67:924-8. [PMID: 14745930 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.10029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms within the thymidylate synthase (TS) gene that influence enzyme activity may affect plasma folate levels and, indirectly, plasma homocysteine concentrations. We investigated whether TS polymorphisms contribute to spina bifida (SB) risk, given that a reduction in the risk of SB has been linked to folate metabolism. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from newborn-screening blood spots obtained from case infants with SB, and randomly selected, nonmalformed control infants. Genotype frequencies of two polymorphisms in the TS gene-a 28-bp tandem repeat in the promoter enhancer region (TSER) and a 6-bp deletion in the 3'UTR-were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. Additionally, all seven exons of the TS gene were sequenced to identify variations within the coding region of the gene. RESULTS We found that the TSER 2/2 homozygous genotype was associated with a slightly increased risk for SB infants (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4 [0.8-2.4], p = 0.1). When the cohort was divided into separate ethnic groups, this risk increased by 4-fold with the TSER 2/2 homozygous genotype (OR = 4.0 [1.8-8.8], p = 0.001), and by 3-fold with the 3'UTR +/+ homozygous genotype (OR = 3.6 [1.3-10.1], p = 0.02) in non-Hispanic white cases. The combined TSER,3'UTR (2/2,+/+) genotype showed a more than 4-fold increased risk for SB within this specific ethnic group (OR = 4.7 [1.1-19.8], p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to evaluate how TS polymorphisms contribute to the risk of SB. The current findings indicate that polymorphisms in the untranslated regions of the TS gene are associated with 4-fold or more increased risks of SB in non-Hispanic whites, but not in Hispanic whites, African-Americans, or Asian-Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Volcik KA, Zhu H, Finnell RH, Shaw GM, Canfield M, Lammer EJ. Evaluation of the Cited2 gene and risk for spina bifida and congenital heart defects. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 126A:324-5. [PMID: 15054851 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Volcik KA, Zhu H, Finnell RH, Shaw GM, Canfield M, Lammer EJ. Evaluation of the jumonji gene and risk for spina bifida and congenital heart defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 126A:215-7. [PMID: 15057990 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Volcik KA, Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, Zhu H, Finnell RH. Evaluation of infant methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, maternal vitamin use, and risk of high versus low level spina bifida defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003; 67:154-7. [PMID: 12797455 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that homozygosity for the C677T 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) variant is a potential risk factor for neural tube defects (NTDs), as individuals homozygous for the C677T allele have slightly elevated homocysteine concentrations under conditions of low folic acid intake. It has been hypothesized that maternal folic acid supplementation prevents NTDs by partially correcting reduced MTHFR activity associated with the variant form of the enzyme. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from newborn screening blood spots obtained from 145 infants with spina bifida (SB) and 260 nonmalformed control infants. The MTHFR C677T genotype was determined by restriction enzyme digestion of PCR amplification products with Hinf1. We investigated whether infant MTHFR genotype influenced the risk for the anatomic level of the SB lesion (high vs. low); we also explored whether maternal vitamin use influenced this risk. RESULTS Compared to controls, the frequency of SB infants with the homozygous 677 TT genotype was greatest in those infants with high level SB defects (26%; odds ratio [OR] = 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.9-10.1) than for those with low level SB defects (22%; OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 0.9-3.2). Furthermore, homozygous 677TT infants whose mothers did not use vitamins containing folic acid had a modestly increased risk of SB (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 0.8-3.9), with this risk increasing more than three-fold (OR = 5.5; 95% CI = 0.8-28.1) for those infants with high level SB defects whose mothers did not use vitamins. CONCLUSIONS Based upon our observations, it is suggested that the association between the infant MTHFR homozygous variant genotype and spina bifida risk may be conditional upon both lesion level and maternal vitamin use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Center for Environmental and Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030-0330, USA.
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Volcik KA, Shaw GM, Zhu H, Lammer EJ, Finnell RH. Risk factors for neural tube defects: associations between uncoupling protein 2 polymorphisms and spina bifida. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003; 67:158-61. [PMID: 12797456 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in the mitochondrial membrane transporter gene UCP2 are capable of affecting energy metabolism, body weight regulation, and possibly preventing the buildup of reactive oxygen species, all factors that could contribute to neural tube defect risk through maternal obesity and diabetes. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from newborn screening blood spots obtained from infants with spina bifida and nonmalformed control infants. Genotype frequencies of two genetic variants in the UCP2 gene, an amino acid substitution of valine for alanine at codon 55 in exon 4, and a 45-base pair insertion/deletion in the 3' untranslated region of exon 8,were determined by restriction enzyme digestion of PCR amplification products. RESULTS We found the frequency of the 3' untranslated region deletion homozygous genotype (256/256) as well as the A55V homozygous (Val/Val) genotype to be higher in SB infants than in controls (odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-10.4 and OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 0.3-11.1, respectively). Additionally, the frequency of the combined homozygous 256/256,+ / + genotype was higher in cases and resulted in more than a threefold higher spina bifida risk (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.0-13.1). CONCLUSIONS These data are the first to suggest that polymorphisms in the UCP2 gene may be genetic risk factors of spina bifida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030-3303, USA
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Finnell RH, Shaw GM, Lammer EJ, Volcik KA. Does prenatal screening for 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations in high-risk neural tube defect pregnancies make sense? Genet Test 2002; 6:47-52. [PMID: 12180076 DOI: 10.1089/109065702760093915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that neural tube defects (NTDs) are the most common congenital malformations of the central nervous system, investigators have yet to identify responsible gene(s). Research efforts have been productive in the identification of environmental factors, such as periconceptional folic acid supplementation, that modulate risk for the development of NTDs. Studies of the folic acid biosynthetic pathway led to the discovery of an association between elevated levels of homocysteine and NTD risk. Researchers subsequently identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene coding for the enzyme 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Association studies suggested it was a potential risk factor for NTDs, because the thermolabile form of the enzyme led to elevated homocysteine concentrations when folic acid intake is low. Numerous studies analyzing MTHFR variants have resulted in positive associations with increased NTD risk only in certain populations, suggesting that these variants are not large contributors to the etiology of NTDs. With our limited understanding of the genes involved in regulating NTD susceptibility, the paucity of data on how folic acid protects the developing embryo, as well as the observed decrease in birth prevalence of NTDs following folic acid supplementation and food fortification, it makes little sense for prospective parents to be tested for MTHFR variants, or for variants of other known folate pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Finnell
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered cholesterol metabolism and defects in cholesterol biosynthesis may influence abnormal central nervous system (CNS) development. During early stages of embryonic development, high levels of cholesterol are needed by rapidly proliferating cells that utilize cholesterol as a key cell membrane component. Alterations in cholesterol levels are influenced by variations in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) genes. The purpose of our study was to explore the possible association between infant genetic variations in the apoE and apoB genes and spina bifida (SB) risk. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from newborn screening blood spots obtained from 26 infants with SB and 73 non-malformed control infants. ApoE and apoB genotypes were determined by restriction enzyme digestion of PCR amplification products. RESULTS Genotype frequencies for the apoE and apoB polymorphisms were not statistically different between case and control infants. For each apoB polymorphism, however, the frequency of the wild-type allele was higher in SB infants as compared to controls. Additionally, the apoE genotype E2/E3 was observed more frequently in the controls than in SB infants [15% in controls compared to 4% in cases; OR = 0.2 (0-1.6)]. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that genetic variations in the apoE and apoB genes, known to regulate cholesterol metabolism, do not substantially contribute to the risk of SB in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Volcik
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Volcik KA, Blanton SH, Kruzel MC, Townsend IT, Tyerman GH, Mier RJ, Northrup H. Testing for genetic associations in a spina bifida population: analysis of the HOX gene family and human candidate gene regions implicated by mouse models of neural tube defects. Am J Med Genet 2002; 110:203-7. [PMID: 12116226 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common severely disabling birth defects in the United States, affecting approximately 1-2 of every 1,000 live births. The etiology of NTDs is multifactorial, involving the combined action of both genetic and environmental factors. HOX genes play a central role in establishing the initial body plan by providing positional information along the anterior-posterior body and limb axis and have been implicated in neural tube closure. There are many mouse models that exhibit both naturally occurring NTDs in various mouse strains as well as NTDs that have been created by "knocking out" various genes. A nonparametric linkage method, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), was utilized to test the HOX gene family and human equivalents of genes (when known) or the syntenic region in humans to those in mouse models which could play a role in the formation of NTDs. DNA from 459 spina bifida (SB) affected individuals and their parents was tested for linkage and association utilizing polymorphic markers from within or very close to the HOXA, HOXB, HOXC, and HOXD genes as well as from within the genes/gene regions of eight mouse models that exhibit NTDs. No significant findings were obtained for the tested markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Volcik
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Volcik KA, Blanton SH, Kruzel MC, Townsend IT, Tyerman GH, Mier RJ, Northrup H. Testing for genetic associations with the PAX gene family in a spina bifida population. Am J Med Genet 2002; 110:195-202. [PMID: 12116225 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common severely disabling birth defects in the United States, affecting approximately 1-2 of every 1,000 live births. The etiology of NTDs is multifactorial, involving the combined action of both genetic and environmental factors. A nonparametric linkage method, the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), was utilized to determine if the genes in the PAX family play a role in the formation of NTDs. DNA from 459 spina bifida (SB) patients and their parents (430 mothers and 239 fathers, for a total population of 1,128 subjects) was tested for linkage and association utilizing polymorphic markers from within or very close to the PAX genes of interest. Significant findings were obtained for the following markers: marker locus D20S101 flanking the PAX1 gene (P = 0.019), marker locus D1S228 within the PAX7 gene (P = 0.011), and marker locus D2S110 within the PAX8 gene (P = 0.013). Even though our findings are only mildly significant, given the known expression patterns of the PAX genes in development and the availability of their sequences, we elected to follow up these results by testing these genes directly for mutations utilizing single-strand conformational analysis (SSCA) and direct sequencing. Multiple variations were detected in each of the PAX genes with significant TDT results; however, these variations were not passed from parent to child in phase with the positively transmitted allele. Therefore, it is unlikely that these variations contribute to susceptibility for SB, but rather are previously unreported polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Volcik
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Volcik KA, Blanton SH, Northrup H. Examinations of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C mutations--and in utero viability. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:1150-3. [PMID: 11590551 PMCID: PMC1274361 DOI: 10.1086/324066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Volcik KA, Blanton SH, Tyerman GH, Jong ST, Rott EJ, Page TZ, Romaine NK, Northrup H. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and spina bifida: evaluation of level of defect and maternal genotypic risk in Hispanics. Am J Med Genet 2000; 95:21-7. [PMID: 11074490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The C677T and A1298C mutations in the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene are each associated with reduced MTHFR activity. The C677T mutation in the heterozygous and homozygous state correlates with increased enzyme thermolability, with homozygous mutant genotypes showing significantly elevated plasma homocysteine levels and decreased plasma folate levels. The A1298C mutation results in decreased MTHFR activity, but changes in neither homocysteine nor folate levels are associated with A1298C variant genotypes. Our study determined the frequencies of the C677T and A1298C MTHFR mutations for spina bifida (SB) cases, mothers and fathers of SB cases, and controls in Hispanics of Mexican-American descent. In addition, our subject population was further categorized as to whether the spina bifida lesion occurred as an upper or lower level defect, according to the Van Allen "multi-site closure" model. Hispanic SB cases with upper level defects and their mothers were homozygous for the C677T variant allele at a higher rate than their respective controls (OR = 1.5 [95% CI 0.8-2.9], P = 0.30; OR = 2.3 [1.1-4.8], P = 0.04, respectively), with statistically significant results seen only for the maternal homozygous genotype. Homozygosity for the A1298C mutation was seen at a higher rate only in Hispanic mothers of both upper and lower level SB cases when compared to controls, but these results were not statistically significant. Our study provides evidence that the maternal C677T MTHFR homozygous mutant genotype is a risk factor for upper level spina bifida defects in Hispanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Volcik
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
NTDs, resulting from failure of the neural tube to close during the fourth week of embryogenesis, are the most common severely disabling birth defects in the United States, with a frequency of approximately 1 of every 2000 births. Neural tube malformations involving the spinal cord and vertebral arches are referred to as spina bifida, with severe types of spina bifida involving protrusion of the spinal cord and/or meninges through a defect in the vertebral arch. Depending on the level of the lesion, interruption of the spinal cord at the site of the spina bifida defect causes paralysis of the legs, incontinence of urine and feces, anesthesia of the skin, and abnormalities of the hips, knees, and feet. Two additional abnormalities often seen in children with spina bifida include hydrocephalus and the Arnold-Chiari type II malformation. Despite the physical and particular learning disabilities children with spina bifida must cope with, participation in individualized educational programs can allow these children to develop skills necessary for autonomy in adulthood. Advances in research to uncover the molecular basis of NTDs is enhanced by knowledge of the link between both the environmental and genetic factors involved in the etiology of NTDs. The most recent development in NTD research for disease-causing genes is the discovery of a genetic link to the most well-known environmental cause of neural tube malformation, folate deficiency in pregnant women. Nearly a decade ago, periconceptional folic acid supplementation was proven to decrease both the recurrence and occurrence of NTDs. The study of folate and its association with NTDs is an ongoing endeavor that has led to numerous studies of different genes involved in the folate metabolism pathway, including the most commonly studied thermolabile mutation (C677T) in the MTHFR gene. An additional focus for NTD research involves mouse models that exhibit both naturally occurring NTDs, as well as those created by experimental design. We hope the search for genes involved in the risk and/or development of NTDs will lead to the development of strategies for prevention and treatment. The most recent achievement in treatment of NTDs involves the repair of meningomyelocele through advancements in fetal surgery. Convincing experimental evidence exists that in utero repair preserves neurologic function, as well as resolving the hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation that often accompany meningomyelocele defects. However, follow-up is needed to completely evaluate long-term neurologic function and overall improved quality of life. And in the words of Olutoye and Adzick, "until the benefits of fetal [meningomyelocele] repair are carefully elucidated, weighed against maternal and fetal risks, and compared to conventional postnatal therapy, this procedure should be restricted to a few centers that are committed (clinically and experimentally) to investigating these issues."
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Affiliation(s)
- H Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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Au KS, Rodriguez JA, Finch JL, Volcik KA, Roach ES, Delgado MR, Rodriguez E, Northrup H. Germ-line mutational analysis of the TSC2 gene in 90 tuberous-sclerosis patients. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:286-94. [PMID: 9463313 PMCID: PMC1376882 DOI: 10.1086/301705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ninety patients with tuberous-sclerosis complex (TSC) were tested for subtle mutations in the TSC2 gene, by means of single-strand conformational analysis (SSCA) of genomic DNA. Patients included 56 sporadic cases and 34 familial probands. For all patients, SSCA was performed for each of the 41 exons of the TSC2 gene. We identified 32 SSCA changes, 22 disease-causing mutations, and 10 polymorphic variants. Interestingly, we detected mutations at a much higher frequency in the sporadic cases (32%) than in the multiplex families (9%). Among the eight families for which linkage to the TSC2 region had been determined, only one mutation was found. Mutations were distributed equally across the gene; they included 5 deletions, 3 insertions, 10 missense mutations, 2 nonsense mutations, and 2 tandem duplications. We did not detect an increase in mutations either in the GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-related domains of TSC2 or in the activating domains that have been identified in rat tuberin. We did not detect any mutations in the exons (25 and 31) that are spliced out in the isoforms. There was no evidence for correspondence between variability of phenotype and type of mutation (missense versus early termination). Diagnostic testing will be difficult because of the genetic heterogeneity of TSC (which has at least two causative genes: TSC1 and TSC2), the large size of the TSC2 gene, and the variety of mutations. More than half of the mutations that we identified (missense, small in-frame deletion, and tandem duplication) are not amenable to the mutation-detection methods, such as protein-truncation testing, that are commonly employed for genes that encode proteins with tumor-suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Au
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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