51
|
Jiang M, Jia K, Wang L, Li W, Chen B, Liu Y, Wang H, Zhao S, He Y, Zhou C. Alterations of DNA damage response pathway: Biomarker and therapeutic strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2983-2994. [PMID: 34729299 PMCID: PMC8546664 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability remains an enabling feature of cancer and promotes malignant transformation. Alterations of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways allow genomic instability, generate neoantigens, upregulate the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interact with signaling such as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling. Here, we review the basic knowledge of DDR pathways, mechanisms of genomic instability induced by DDR alterations, impacts of DDR alterations on immune system, and the potential applications of DDR alterations as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Key Words
- ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related
- BAP1, BRCA1-associated protein 1
- BER, base excision repair
- BRAF, v-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B
- BRCA, breast cancer susceptibility gene
- CHEK, cell-cycle checkpoint kinase
- CHK1, checkpoint kinase 1
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DNA damage response
- DNA repair
- DR, direct repair
- DSBs, double-strand breaks
- FDA, United State Food and Drug Administration
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- Genomic instability
- HMGB1, high mobility group box-1
- HRR, homologous recombination repair
- ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IRF1, interferon regulatory factor 1
- Immunotherapy
- JAK, Janus kinase
- MAD1, mitotic arrest deficient-like 1
- MGMT, O6-methylguanine methyltransferase
- MLH1, MutL homolog 1
- MMR, mismatch repair
- MNT, MAX network transcriptional repressor
- MSH2/6, MutS protein homologue-2/6
- MSI, microsatellite instability
- MUTYH, MutY homolog
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88
- NEK1, NIMA-related kinase 1
- NER, nucleotide excision repair
- NGS, next generation sequencing
- NHEJ, nonhomologous end-joining
- NIMA, never-in-mitosis A
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- ORR, objective response rate
- OS, overall survival
- PALB2, partner and localizer of BRCA2
- PARP, poly-ADP ribose polymerase
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PD-1
- PD-1, programmed death 1
- PD-L1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1
- PFS, progression-free survival
- RAD51C, RAD51 homolog C
- RB1, retinoblastoma 1
- RPA, replication protein A
- RSR, replication stress response
- SCNAs, somatic copy number alterations
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1
- TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4
- TMB, tumor mutational burden
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- TP53, tumor protein P53
- TRIF, Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing INF-β
- Tumor microenvironment
- XRCC4, X-ray repair cross complementing protein 4
- cGAS, cyclic GMP–AMP synthase
- cGAS–STING
- ssDNA, single-stranded DNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minlin Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
- Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Keyi Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
- Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
- Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
- Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sha Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Genotoxic stress and viral infection induce transient expression of APOBEC3A and pro-inflammatory genes through two distinct pathways. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4917. [PMID: 34389714 PMCID: PMC8363607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3A is a cytidine deaminase driving mutagenesis in tumors. While APOBEC3A-induced mutations are common, APOBEC3A expression is rarely detected in cancer cells. This discrepancy suggests a tightly controlled process to regulate episodic APOBEC3A expression in tumors. In this study, we find that both viral infection and genotoxic stress transiently up-regulate APOBEC3A and pro-inflammatory genes using two distinct mechanisms. First, we demonstrate that STAT2 promotes APOBEC3A expression in response to foreign nucleic acid via a RIG-I, MAVS, IRF3, and IFN-mediated signaling pathway. Second, we show that DNA damage and DNA replication stress trigger a NF-κB (p65/IkBα)-dependent response to induce expression of APOBEC3A and other innate immune genes, independently of DNA or RNA sensing pattern recognition receptors and the IFN-signaling response. These results not only reveal the mechanisms by which tumors could episodically up-regulate APOBEC3A but also highlight an alternative route to stimulate the immune response after DNA damage independently of cGAS/STING or RIG-I/MAVS.
Collapse
|
53
|
Yang GH, Fontaine DA, Lodh S, Blumer JT, Roopra A, Davis DB. TCF19 Impacts a Network of Inflammatory and DNA Damage Response Genes in the Pancreatic β-Cell. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080513. [PMID: 34436454 PMCID: PMC8400192 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor 19 (TCF19) is a gene associated with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in genome-wide association studies. Prior studies have demonstrated that Tcf19 knockdown impairs β-cell proliferation and increases apoptosis. However, little is known about its role in diabetes pathogenesis or the effects of TCF19 gain-of-function. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of TCF19 overexpression in INS-1 β-cells and human islets on proliferation and gene expression. With TCF19 overexpression, there was an increase in nucleotide incorporation without any change in cell cycle gene expression, alluding to an alternate process of nucleotide incorporation. Analysis of RNA-seq of TCF19 overexpressing cells revealed increased expression of several DNA damage response (DDR) genes, as well as a tightly linked set of genes involved in viral responses, immune system processes, and inflammation. This connectivity between DNA damage and inflammatory gene expression has not been well studied in the β-cell and suggests a novel role for TCF19 in regulating these pathways. Future studies determining how TCF19 may modulate these pathways can provide potential targets for improving β-cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace H. Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (G.H.Y.); (D.A.F.); (S.L.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Danielle A. Fontaine
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (G.H.Y.); (D.A.F.); (S.L.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Sukanya Lodh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (G.H.Y.); (D.A.F.); (S.L.); (J.T.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Joseph T. Blumer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (G.H.Y.); (D.A.F.); (S.L.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Avtar Roopra
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Dawn Belt Davis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (G.H.Y.); (D.A.F.); (S.L.); (J.T.B.)
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Klein B, Günther C. Type I Interferon Induction in Cutaneous DNA Damage Syndromes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715723. [PMID: 34381458 PMCID: PMC8351592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) as part of the innate immune system have an outstanding importance as antiviral defense cytokines that stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Upon sensing of pattern recognition particles (PRPs) such as nucleic acids, IFN secretion is activated and induces the expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). Uncontrolled constitutive activation of the type I IFN system can lead to autoinflammation and autoimmunity, which is observed in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematodes and in monogenic interferonopathies. They are caused by mutations in genes which are involved in sensing or metabolism of intracellular nucleic acids and DNA repair. Many authors described mechanisms of type I IFN secretion upon increased DNA damage, including the formation of micronuclei, cytosolic chromatin fragments and destabilization of DNA binding proteins. Hereditary cutaneous DNA damage syndromes, which are caused by mutations in proteins of the DNA repair, share laboratory and clinical features also seen in autoimmune disorders and interferonopathies; hence a potential role of DNA-damage-induced type I IFN secretion seems likely. Here, we aim to summarize possible mechanisms of IFN induction in cutaneous DNA damage syndromes with defects in the DNA double-strand repair and nucleotide excision repair. We review recent publications referring to Ataxia teleangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, Werner syndrome, Huriez syndrome, and Xeroderma pigmentosum. Furthermore, we aim to discuss the role of type I IFN in cancer and these syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Klein
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medicine Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Gulay KCM, Aoshima K, Shibata Y, Yasui H, Yan Q, Kobayashi A, Kimura T. KDM2B promotes cell viability by enhancing DNA damage response in canine hemangiosarcoma. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:618-630. [PMID: 34023294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulators have been implicated in tumorigenesis of many types of cancer; however, their roles in endothelial cell cancers such as canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) have not been studied. In this study, we find that lysine-specific demethylase 2b (KDM2B) is highly expressed in HSA cell lines compared with normal canine endothelial cells. Silencing of KDM2B in HSA cells results in increased cell death in vitro compared with the scramble control by inducing apoptosis through the inactivation of the DNA repair pathways and accumulation of DNA damage. Similarly, doxycycline-induced KDM2B silencing in tumor xenografts results in decreased tumor sizes compared with the control. Furthermore, KDM2B is also highly expressed in clinical cases of HSA. We hypothesize that pharmacological KDM2B inhibition can also induce HSA cell death and can be used as an alternative treatment for HSA. We treat HSA cells with GSK-J4, a histone demethylase inhibitor, and find that GSK-J4 treatment also induces apoptosis and cell death. In addition, GSK-J4 treatment decreases tumor size. Therefore, we demonstrate that KDM2B acts as an oncogene in HSA by enhancing the DNA damage response. Moreover, we show that histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 can be used as a therapeutic alternative to doxorubicin for HSA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Christian Montecillo Gulay
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan.
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Takebe N, Naqash AR, O'Sullivan Coyne G, Kummar S, Do K, Bruns A, Juwara L, Zlott J, Rubinstein L, Piekarz R, Sharon E, Streicher H, Mittra A, Miller SB, Ji J, Wilsker D, Kinders RJ, Parchment RE, Chen L, Chang TC, Das B, Mugundu G, Doroshow JH, Chen AP. Safety, Antitumor Activity, and Biomarker Analysis in a Phase I Trial of the Once-daily Wee1 Inhibitor Adavosertib (AZD1775) in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3834-3844. [PMID: 33863809 PMCID: PMC8282703 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Wee1 kinase inhibitor adavosertib abrogates cell-cycle arrest, leading to cell death. Prior testing of twice-daily adavosertib in patients with advanced solid tumors determined the recommended phase II dose (RPh2D). Here, we report results for once-daily adavosertib. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 3 + 3 dose-escalation design was used, with adavosertib given once daily on days 1 to 5 and 8 to 12 in 21-day cycles. Molecular biomarkers of Wee1 activity, including tyrosine 15-phosphorylated Cdk1/2 (pY15-Cdk), were assessed in paired tumor biopsies. Whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing of remaining tumor tissue identified potential predictive biomarkers. RESULTS Among the 42 patients enrolled, the most common toxicities were gastrointestinal and hematologic; dose-limiting toxicities were grade 4 hematologic toxicity and grade 3 fatigue. The once-daily RPh2D was 300 mg. Six patients (14%) had confirmed partial responses: four ovarian, two endometrial. Adavosertib plasma exposures were similar to those from twice-daily dosing. On cycle 1 day 8 (pre-dose), tumor pY15-Cdk levels were higher than baseline in four of eight patients, suggesting target rebound during the day 5 to 8 dosing break. One patient who progressed rapidly had a tumor WEE1 mutation and potentially compensatory PKMYT1 overexpression. Baseline CCNE1 overexpression occurred in both of two responding patients, only one of whom had CCNE1 amplification, and in zero of three nonresponding patients. CONCLUSIONS We determined the once-daily adavosertib RPh2D and observed activity in patients with ovarian or endometrial carcinoma, including two with baseline CCNE1 mRNA overexpression. Future studies will determine whether CCNE1 overexpression is a predictive biomarker for adavosertib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takebe
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Geraldine O'Sullivan Coyne
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Khanh Do
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ashley Bruns
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lamin Juwara
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Zlott
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Larry Rubinstein
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Richard Piekarz
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elad Sharon
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Howard Streicher
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arjun Mittra
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah B Miller
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jiuping Ji
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Deborah Wilsker
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Li Chen
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ting-Chia Chang
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Biswajit Das
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ganesh Mugundu
- AstraZeneca, Clinical Pharmacology, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alice P Chen
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Chen J, Chen C, Zhan Y, Zhou L, Chen J, Cai Q, Wu Y, Sui Z, Zeng C, Wei X, Muschel R. Heterogeneity of IFN-Mediated Responses and Tumor Immunogenicity in Patients with Cervical Cancer Receiving Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3990-4002. [PMID: 33766815 PMCID: PMC7611275 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To ask whether the expression of immune markers and IFN signaling in tumor biopsies changes during concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumor biopsies and peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBC) before and immediately after 20 Gy/10 fractions (F) of radiation treatment (RT) from 30 patients with cervical cancer receiving CCRT were evaluated by IHC and qRT-PCR for immune markers and correlated with the short-term response. RESULTS Tumor immune response to radiation before and after 10F RT as reflected by CD8+ T-cell infiltration had substantial heterogeneity with increases, decreases, and no change all evident. Increases in CD8+ T cells during CCRT correlated with the presence of nuclear IRF1 in tumor cells (r = 0.68, P < 0.0001) and the patient short-term response (P < 0.01). Similarly, in a subset of patients (∼40%) PD-L1 positivity in tumor cells increased, which also correlated with nuclear IRF1 staining (r = 0.48, P < 0.01). Patients with augmented PMBC IFN signature expression after 10F had a significantly higher probability of PD-L1 induction (83% vs. 7%, P < 0.0001). Most patients exhibited abundant expression of SERPINB9 and CD47 in tumor cells, and tumor infiltration by CD68+ cells. SERPINB9 expression correlated with STAT1 signaling in tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS CCRT leads to differential tumor immunogenicity and IFN signaling in patients with cervical cancer, suggesting radiation induction of immunity is limited to a subset of patients and may reflect the heterogeneity of intratumoral induction of IFNs.See related commentary by Mondini and Deutsch, p. 3815.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China.
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chuangzhen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China.
| | - Yizhou Zhan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Qingxin Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Yanxuan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Zhihan Sui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Chengbing Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Wei
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Ruth Muschel
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Broustas CG, Duval AJ, Amundson SA. Impact of aging on gene expression response to x-ray irradiation using mouse blood. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10177. [PMID: 33986387 PMCID: PMC8119453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a radiation biodosimetry tool, gene expression profiling is being developed using mouse and human peripheral blood models. The impact of dose, dose-rate, and radiation quality has been studied with the goal of predicting radiological tissue injury. In this study, we determined the impact of aging on the gene expression profile of blood from mice exposed to radiation. Young (2 mo) and old (21 mo) male mice were irradiated with 4 Gy x-rays, total RNA was isolated from whole blood 24 h later, and subjected to whole genome microarray analysis. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed young mice responded to x-ray exposure by significantly upregulating pathways involved in apoptosis and phagocytosis, a process that eliminates apoptotic cells and preserves tissue homeostasis. In contrast, the functional annotation of senescence was overrepresented among differentially expressed genes from irradiated old mice without enrichment of phagocytosis pathways. Pathways associated with hematologic malignancies were enriched in irradiated old mice compared with irradiated young mice. The fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway was underrepresented in older mice under basal conditions. Similarly, brain-related functions were underrepresented in unirradiated old mice. Thus, age-dependent gene expression differences should be considered when developing gene signatures for use in radiation biodosimetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Axel J Duval
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Garcia G, Sharma A, Ramaiah A, Sen C, Purkayastha A, Kohn DB, Parcells MS, Beck S, Kim H, Bakowski MA, Kirkpatrick MG, Riva L, Wolff KC, Han B, Yuen C, Ulmert D, Purbey PK, Scumpia P, Beutler N, Rogers TF, Chatterjee AK, Gabriel G, Bartenschlager R, Gomperts B, Svendsen CN, Betz UAK, Damoiseaux RD, Arumugaswami V. Antiviral drug screen identifies DNA-damage response inhibitor as potent blocker of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108940. [PMID: 33784499 PMCID: PMC7969873 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has currently precipitated the COVID-19 global health crisis. We developed a medium-throughput drug-screening system and identified a small-molecule library of 34 of 430 protein kinase inhibitors that were capable of inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect in human epithelial cells. These drug inhibitors are in various stages of clinical trials. We detected key proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways mTOR-PI3K-AKT, ABL-BCR/MAPK, and DNA-damage response that are critical for SARS-CoV-2 infection. A drug-protein interaction-based secondary screen confirmed compounds, such as the ATR kinase inhibitor berzosertib and torin2 with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Berzosertib exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in multiple cell types and blocked replication at the post-entry step. Berzosertib inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-1 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) as well. Our study highlights key promising kinase inhibitors to constrain coronavirus replication as a host-directed therapy in the treatment of COVID-19 and beyond as well as provides an important mechanism of host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arun Sharma
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chandani Sen
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arunima Purkayastha
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark S Parcells
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heeyoung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malina A Bakowski
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melanie G Kirkpatrick
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura Riva
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen C Wolff
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brandon Han
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constance Yuen
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Ulmert
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Prabhat K Purbey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Philip Scumpia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; UC San Diego Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, a division of Scripps Research Institute, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg partner site, Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Gomperts
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | | | - Robert D Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
The ZNF76 rs10947540 polymorphism associated with systemic lupus erythematosus risk in Chinese populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5186. [PMID: 33664275 PMCID: PMC7933287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a typical autoimmune disease with a strong genetic disposition. Genetic studies have revealed that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in zinc finger protein (ZNF)-coding genes are associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including SLE. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the correlation between ZNF76 gene polymorphisms and SLE risk in Chinese populations. A total of 2801 individuals (1493 cases and 1308 controls) of Chinese Han origin were included in this two-stage genetic association study. The expression of ZNF76 was evaluated, and integrated bioinformatic analysis was also conducted. The results showed that 28 SNPs were associated with SLE susceptibility in the GWAS cohort, and the association of rs10947540 was successfully replicated in the independent replication cohort (Preplication = 1.60 × 10-2, OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03-1.37). After meta-analysis, the association between rs10947540 and SLE was pronounced (Pmeta = 9.62 × 10-6, OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.15-1.44). Stratified analysis suggested that ZNF76 rs10947540 C carriers were more likely to develop relatively high levels of serum creatinine (Scr) than noncarriers (CC + CT vs. TT, p = 9.94 × 10-4). The bioinformatic analysis revealed that ZNF76 rs10947540 was annotated as an eQTL and that rs10947540 was correlated with decreased expression of ZNF76. Remarkably, significantly reduced expression of ZNF76 was confirmed by expression data from both our laboratory and an array-based expression database. Taken together, these results suggest that ZNF76 rs10947540 is a possible susceptibility factor associated with SLE susceptibility. The mechanism underlying the relationship between ZNF76 and SLE pathogenesis still requires further investigation.
Collapse
|
61
|
Malfatti MC, Antoniali G, Codrich M, Burra S, Mangiapane G, Dalla E, Tell G. New perspectives in cancer biology from a study of canonical and non-canonical functions of base excision repair proteins with a focus on early steps. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:129-149. [PMID: 31858150 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of DNA repair enzymes and consequential triggering of aberrant DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are thought to play a pivotal role in genomic instabilities associated with cancer development, and are further thought to be important predictive biomarkers for therapy using the synthetic lethality paradigm. However, novel unpredicted perspectives are emerging from the identification of several non-canonical roles of DNA repair enzymes, particularly in gene expression regulation, by different molecular mechanisms, such as (i) non-coding RNA regulation of tumour suppressors, (ii) epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in genotoxic responses and (iii) paracrine effects of secreted DNA repair enzymes triggering the cell senescence phenotype. The base excision repair (BER) pathway, canonically involved in the repair of non-distorting DNA lesions generated by oxidative stress, ionising radiation, alkylation damage and spontaneous or enzymatic deamination of nucleotide bases, represents a paradigm for the multifaceted roles of complex DDR in human cells. This review will focus on what is known about the canonical and non-canonical functions of BER enzymes related to cancer development, highlighting novel opportunities to understand the biology of cancer and representing future perspectives for designing new anticancer strategies. We will specifically focus on APE1 as an example of a pleiotropic and multifunctional BER protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Clarissa Malfatti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Antoniali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Marta Codrich
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Silvia Burra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mangiapane
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Emiliano Dalla
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Seoane R, Vidal S, Bouzaher YH, El Motiam A, Rivas C. The Interaction of Viruses with the Cellular Senescence Response. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E455. [PMID: 33317104 PMCID: PMC7764305 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is viewed as a mechanism to prevent malignant transformation, but when it is chronic, as occurs in age-related diseases, it may have adverse effects on cancer. Therefore, targeting senescent cells is a novel therapeutic strategy against senescence-associated diseases. In addition to its role in cancer protection, cellular senescence is also considered a mechanism to control virus replication. Both interferon treatment and some viral infections can trigger cellular senescence as a way to restrict virus replication. However, activation of the cellular senescence program is linked to the alteration of different pathways, which can be exploited by some viruses to improve their replication. It is, therefore, important to understand the potential impact of senolytic agents on viral propagation. Here we focus on the relationship between virus and cellular senescence and the reported effects of senolytic compounds on virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Seoane
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.S.); (S.V.); (Y.H.B.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Santiago Vidal
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.S.); (S.V.); (Y.H.B.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Yanis Hichem Bouzaher
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.S.); (S.V.); (Y.H.B.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Ahmed El Motiam
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.S.); (S.V.); (Y.H.B.); (A.E.M.)
| | - Carmen Rivas
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.S.); (S.V.); (Y.H.B.); (A.E.M.)
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Gapud EJ, Trejo-Zambrano MI, Gomez-Banuelos E, Tiniakou E, Antiochos B, Granville DJ, Andrade F, Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A. Granzyme B Induces IRF-3 Phosphorylation through a Perforin-Independent Proteolysis-Dependent Signaling Cascade without Inducing Cell Death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:335-344. [PMID: 33288544 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GrB) is an immune protease implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. In the current model of GrB activity, perforin determines whether the downstream actions of GrB occur intracellularly or extracellularly, producing apoptotic cytotoxicity or nonapoptotic effects, respectively. In the current study, we demonstrate the existence of a broad range of GrB-dependent signaling activities that 1) do not require perforin, 2) occur intracellularly, and 3) for which cell death is not the dominant outcome. In the absence of perforin, we show that GrB enzymatic activity still induces substoichiometric activation of caspases, which through nonlethal DNA damage response signals then leads to activity-associated phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor-3. These findings illustrate an unexpected potential interface between GrB and innate immunity separate from the traditional role of GrB in perforin-dependent GrB-mediated apoptosis that could have mechanistic implications for human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Gapud
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | | | - Eduardo Gomez-Banuelos
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Eleni Tiniakou
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Brendan Antiochos
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Livia Casciola-Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Antony Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224; .,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224; and.,Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Nasti TH, Yusuf N, Sherwani MA, Athar M, Timares L, Elmets CA. Regulatory T Cells Play an Important Role in the Prevention of Murine Melanocytic Nevi and Melanomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:165-174. [PMID: 33148679 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytic nevi are benign proliferations of pigment cells that can occasionally develop into melanomas. There is a significant correlation between increased nevus numbers and melanoma development. Our previous reports revealed that 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced dysplastic nevi in C3H/HeN mice, with a potential to transform into melanomas. To understand the immune mechanisms behind this transformation, we applied increasing DMBA doses followed by TPA to the skin of C3H/HeN mice. We observed that increased doses of DMBA correlated well with increased numbers of nevi. The increased DMBA dose induced diminished immune responses and promoted the expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) that resulted in increased IL10 and reduced IFNγ levels. Mice with increased nevus numbers had loss of p16 expression. These mice had increased migration of melanocytic cells to lymph nodes (LN) and a greater percent of LNs produced immortalized melanocytic cell lines. DMBA-induced immunosuppression was lost in CD4-knockout (KO) mice. Lymphocytes in the CD4KO mice produced less IL10 than CD8KO mice. Furthermore, CD4KO mice had significantly reduced nevus numbers and size compared with wild-type and CD8KO mice. These results suggest that Tregs play a vital role in the incidence of nevi and their progression to melanoma.Prevention Relevance: There has been little progress in developing novel strategies for preventing premalignant dysplastic nevi from becoming melanomas. In this study in mice, regulatory-T cells enhanced progression of benign nevi to malignant melanomas; and by inhibiting their activity, melanomas could be retarded. The findings identify new possibilities for melanoma prevention in high risk individuals.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/administration & dosage
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/toxicity
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/chemically induced
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nevus, Pigmented/chemically induced
- Nevus, Pigmented/immunology
- Nevus, Pigmented/pathology
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/administration & dosage
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/toxicity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen H Nasti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- The Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Laura Timares
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
- The Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Philipp J, Le Gleut R, von Toerne C, Subedi P, Azimzadeh O, Atkinson MJ, Tapio S. Radiation Response of Human Cardiac Endothelial Cells Reveals a Central Role of the cGAS-STING Pathway in the Development of Inflammation. Proteomes 2020; 8:proteomes8040030. [PMID: 33114474 PMCID: PMC7709117 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced inflammation leading to the permeability of the endothelial barrier may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate potential mechanisms in vitro at the level of the proteome in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCECest2) that were exposed to radiation doses of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 2.0 and 10 Gy (60Co-γ). Proteomics analysis was performed using mass spectrometry in a label-free data-independent acquisition mode. The data were validated using bioinformatics and immunoblotting. The low- and moderate-dose-irradiated samples (0.25 Gy, 0.5 Gy) showed only scarce proteome changes. In contrast, an activation of DNA-damage repair, inflammation, and oxidative stress pathways was seen after the high-dose treatments (2 and 10 Gy). The level of the DNA damage response protein DDB2 was enhanced early at the 10 Gy dose. The expression of proteins belonging to the inflammatory response or cGAS-STING pathway (STING, STAT1, ICAM1, ISG15) increased in a dose-dependent manner, showing the strongest effects at 10 Gy after one week. This study suggests a connection between the radiation-induced DNA damage and the induction of inflammation which supports the inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway in the prevention of radiation-induced cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jos Philipp
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.P.); (P.S.); (O.A.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Ronan Le Gleut
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Prabal Subedi
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.P.); (P.S.); (O.A.); (M.J.A.)
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, BfS, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.P.); (P.S.); (O.A.); (M.J.A.)
| | - Michael J. Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.P.); (P.S.); (O.A.); (M.J.A.)
- Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.P.); (P.S.); (O.A.); (M.J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-3187-3445
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Gyöngyösi M, Lukovic D, Zlabinger K, Spannbauer A, Gugerell A, Pavo N, Traxler D, Pils D, Maurer G, Jakab A, Riesenhuber M, Pircher A, Winkler J, Bergler-Klein J. Liposomal doxorubicin attenuates cardiotoxicity via induction of interferon-related DNA damage resistance. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:970-982. [PMID: 31346605 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The clinical application of doxorubicin (DOX) is severely compromised by its cardiotoxic effects, which limit the therapeutic index and the cumulative dose. Liposomal encapsulation of DOX (Myocet®) provides a certain protective effect against cardiotoxicity by reducing myocardial drug accumulation. We aimed to evaluate transcriptomic responses to anthracyclines with different cardiotoxicity profiles in a translational large animal model for identifying potential alleviation strategies. METHODS AND RESULTS We treated domestic pigs with either DOX, epirubicin (EPI), or liposomal DOX and compared the cardiac, laboratory, and haemodynamic effects with saline-treated animals. Cardiotoxicity was encountered in all groups, reflected by an increase of plasma markers N-terminal pro-brain-natriuretic peptide and Troponin I and an impact on body weight. High morbidity of EPI-treated animals impeded further evaluation. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium late enhancement and transthoracic echocardiography showed stronger reduction of the left and right ventricular systolic function and stronger myocardial fibrosis in DOX-treated animals than in those treated with the liposomal formulation. Gene expression profiles of the left and right ventricles were analysed by RNA-sequencing and validated by qPCR. Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), linked to DNA damage repair and cell survival, were downregulated by DOX, but upregulated by liposomal DOX in both the left and right ventricle. The expression of cardioprotective translocator protein (TSPO) was inhibited by DOX, but not its liposomal formulation. Cardiac fibrosis with activation of collagen was found in all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS All anthracycline-derivatives resulted in transcriptional activation of collagen synthesis and processing. Liposomal packaging of DOX-induced ISGs in association with lower cardiotoxicity, which is of high clinical importance in anticancer treatment. Our study identified potential mechanisms for rational development of strategies to mitigate anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominika Lukovic
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Zlabinger
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spannbauer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Gugerell
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Noemi Pavo
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Denise Traxler
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Pils
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems (CeMSIIS), and Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Maurer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andras Jakab
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Center for MR-Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstraße 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Riesenhuber
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pircher
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Winkler
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jutta Bergler-Klein
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Khan SZA, Lungba RM, Ajibawo-Aganbi U, Veliginti S, Perez Bastidas MV, Saleem S, Cancarevic I. Minerals: An Untapped Remedy for Autoimmune Hypothyroidism? Cureus 2020; 12:e11008. [PMID: 33094039 PMCID: PMC7574993 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the focus of managing autoimmune hypothyroidism has been on thyroxine replacement. Correcting lab parameters such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) has been a primary goal. The increasing prevalence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) continues to impact the quality of life in patients. We believe a holistic approach to this disease entity, considering its underlying complex etiopathogenesis, would benefit patients. Nutraceuticals are combinations of essential nutrients and are becoming a part of novel medical treatments despite the lack of regulation. This review aims to present a concise summary of recent developments regarding minerals such as zinc, selenium, magnesium, iron, and their potential clinical benefit as nutraceuticals in patients with HT. We have explored the potential benefits and associations of these minerals in HT and thyroid function. We reviewed relevant articles, metanalyses, and clinical trials in literature platforms such as PubMed, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar. Significant data found in the literature suggesting a potential health benefit of these minerals in HT though there were many studies to the contrary. Many trials demonstrated the restoration of residual symptoms, reversal of HT-associated thyroid morphological changes, and improvement in thyroid functions. Many of these trials lack statistical power due to the small sample sizes, and their external validity may be questionable due to unaccounted confounding factors. In our opinion, to support an evidence-based holistic clinical approach, further scientific evidence is needed. The association of these elements in thyroid function necessitates more large scale pragmatic trials to elucidate the benefits of nutraceuticals in HT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyad Zulficar Ali Khan
- Research and Development, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Primary Care & Emergency, Ministry of Health Oman, Salalah, OMN
| | - Rayan M Lungba
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Uvie Ajibawo-Aganbi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Swathi Veliginti
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Maria V Perez Bastidas
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sania Saleem
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ivan Cancarevic
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Nastasi C, Mannarino L, D’Incalci M. DNA Damage Response and Immune Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7504. [PMID: 33053746 PMCID: PMC7588887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is the cause of numerous human pathologies including cancer, premature aging, and chronic inflammatory conditions. The DNA damage response (DDR), in turn, coordinates DNA damage checkpoint activation and promotes the removal of DNA lesions. In recent years, several studies have shown how the DDR and the immune system are tightly connected, revealing an important crosstalk between the two of them. This interesting interplay has opened up new perspectives in clinical studies for immunological diseases as well as for cancer treatment. In this review, we provide an overview, from cellular to molecular pathways, on how DDR and the immune system communicate and share the crucial commitment of maintaining the genomic fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nastasi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Maurizio D’Incalci
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Vlachogiannis NI, Pappa M, Ntouros PA, Nezos A, Mavragani CP, Souliotis VL, Sfikakis PP. Association Between DNA Damage Response, Fibrosis and Type I Interferon Signature in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582401. [PMID: 33123169 PMCID: PMC7566292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased endogenous DNA damage and type I interferon pathway activation have been implicated in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis. Because experimental evidence suggests an interplay between DNA damage response/repair (DDR/R) and immune response, we hypothesized that deregulated DDR/R is associated with a type I interferon signature and/or fibrosis extent in SSc. DNA damage levels, oxidative stress, induction of abasic sites and the efficiency of DNA double-strand break repair (DSB/R) and nucleotide excision repair (NER) were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from 37 SSc patients and 55 healthy controls; expression of DDR/R-associated genes and type I interferon-induced genes was also quantified. Endogenous DNA damage was significantly higher in untreated diffuse or limited SSc (Olive tail moment; 14.7 ± 7.0 and 9.5 ± 4.1, respectively) as well as in patients under cytotoxic treatment (15.0 ± 5.4) but not in very early onset SSc (5.6 ± 1.2) compared with controls (4.9 ± 2.6). Moreover, patients with pulmonary fibrosis had significantly higher DNA damage levels than those without (12.6 ± 5.8 vs. 8.8 ± 4.8, respectively). SSc patients displayed increased oxidative stress and abasic sites, defective DSB/R but not NER capacity, downregulation of genes involved in DSB/R (MRE11A, PRKDC) and base excision repair (PARP1, XRCC1), and upregulation of apoptosis-related genes (BAX, BBC3). Individual levels of DNA damage in SSc PBMCs correlated significantly with the corresponding mRNA expression of type I interferon-induced genes (IFIT1, IFI44 and MX1, r=0.419-0.490) as well as with corresponding skin involvement extent by modified Rodnan skin score (r=0.481). In conclusion, defective DDR/R may exert a fuel-on-fire effect on type I interferon pathway activation and contribute to tissue fibrosis in SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Vlachogiannis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Pappa
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A Ntouros
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Adrianos Nezos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Clio P Mavragani
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis L Souliotis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P Sfikakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Olofsen PA, Fatrai S, van Strien PMH, Obenauer JC, de Looper HWJ, Hoogenboezem RM, Erpelinck-Verschueren CAJ, Vermeulen MPWM, Roovers O, Haferlach T, Jansen JH, Ghazvini M, Bindels EMJ, Schneider RK, de Pater EM, Touw IP. Malignant Transformation Involving CXXC4 Mutations Identified in a Leukemic Progression Model of Severe Congenital Neutropenia. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100074. [PMID: 33205068 PMCID: PMC7659587 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) patients treated with CSF3/G-CSF to alleviate neutropenia frequently develop acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A common pattern of leukemic transformation involves the appearance of hematopoietic clones with CSF3 receptor (CSF3R) mutations in the neutropenic phase, followed by mutations in RUNX1 before AML becomes overt. To investigate how the combination of CSF3 therapy and CSF3R and RUNX1 mutations contributes to AML development, we make use of mouse models, SCN-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and SCN and SCN-AML patient samples. CSF3 provokes a hyper-proliferative state in CSF3R/RUNX1 mutant hematopoietic progenitors but does not cause overt AML. Intriguingly, an additional acquired driver mutation in Cxxc4 causes elevated CXXC4 and reduced TET2 protein levels in murine AML samples. Expression of multiple pro-inflammatory pathways is elevated in mouse AML and human SCN-AML, suggesting that inflammation driven by downregulation of TET2 activity is a critical step in the malignant transformation of SCN. Combinatorial CSF3R and RUNX1 mutations seen in SCN-AML do not result in AML in mice An additional mutation in Cxxc4 causes AML development in CSF3R/RUNX1 mutant mice Mutant CXXC4 protein is more stable than wild-type and reduces TET2 protein levels CXXC4 mutations are also found in de novo AML patients
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Olofsen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Szabolcs Fatrai
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Paulina M H van Strien
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Julia C Obenauer
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Hans W J de Looper
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Remco M Hoogenboezem
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michael P W M Vermeulen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Onno Roovers
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joop H Jansen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Mehrnaz Ghazvini
- Department of Developmental Biology, iPS Core Facility, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Eric M J Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Rebekka K Schneider
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Emma M de Pater
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo P Touw
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
A lysosome independent role for TFEB in activating DNA repair and inhibiting apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Biochem J 2020; 477:137-160. [PMID: 31820786 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy with critical roles in several cancers. Lysosomal autophagy promotes cancer survival through the degradation of toxic molecules and the maintenance of adequate nutrient supply. Doxorubicin (DOX) is the standard of care treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); however, chemoresistance at lower doses and toxicity at higher doses limit its usefulness. By targeting pathways of survival, DOX can become an effective antitumor agent. In this study, we examined the role of TFEB in TNBC and its relationship with autophagy and DNA damage induced by DOX. In TNBC cells, TFEB was hypo-phosphorylated and localized to the nucleus upon DOX treatment. TFEB knockdown decreased the viability of TNBC cells while increasing caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. Additionally, inhibition of the TFEB-phosphatase calcineurin sensitized cells to DOX-induced apoptosis in a TFEB dependent fashion. Regulation of apoptosis by TFEB was not a consequence of altered lysosomal function, as TFEB continued to protect against apoptosis in the presence of lysosomal inhibitors. RNA-Seq analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells with TFEB silencing identified a down-regulation in cell cycle and homologous recombination genes while interferon-γ and death receptor signaling genes were up-regulated. In consequence, TFEB knockdown disrupted DNA repair following DOX, as evidenced by persistent γH2A.X detection. Together, these findings describe in TNBC a novel lysosomal independent function for TFEB in responding to DNA damage.
Collapse
|
72
|
Lampert EJ, Cimino-Mathews A, Lee JS, Nair J, Lee MJ, Yuno A, An D, Trepel JB, Ruppin E, Lee JM. Clinical outcomes of prexasertib monotherapy in recurrent BRCA wild-type high-grade serous ovarian cancer involve innate and adaptive immune responses. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000516. [PMID: 32709712 PMCID: PMC7380948 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical data suggest cell cycle checkpoint blockade may induce an immunostimulatory tumor microenvironment. However, it remains elusive whether immunomodulation occurs in the clinical setting. To test this, we used blood and fresh tissue samples collected at baseline and post therapy from a phase II trial of the cell cycle checkpoint 1 inhibitor (CHK1i) prexasertib in recurrent ovarian cancer. METHODS Paired blood samples and fresh core biopsies, taken before treatment was started at baseline (cycle 1 day 1 (C1D1)) and post second dose on day 15 of cycle 1 (C1D15), were collected. To evaluate changes in the immune responses after treatment, multiparametric flow cytometry for DNA damage markers and immune cell subsets was performed on paired blood samples. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of paired core biopsies was also analyzed. Archival tissue immune microenvironment was evaluated with immunohistochemistry. All correlative study statistical analyses used two-sided significance with a cut-off of p=0.05. RESULTS Flow cytometric analysis showed significantly increased γ-H2AX staining after CHK1i treatment, accompanied by increased monocyte populations, suggestive of an activated innate immune response (median 31.6% vs 45.6%, p=0.005). Increased expressions of immunocompetence marker HLA-DR (Human Leukocyte Antigen DR antigen) on monocytes and of TBK1, a marker of STING (stimulator of interferon genes) pathway activation, in biopsies were associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS) (9.25 vs 3.5 months, p=0.019; 9 vs 3 months, p=0.003, respectively). Computational analysis of RNAseq data indicated increased infiltration of tumor niches by naïve B-cells and resting memory T-cells, suggestive of a possibly activated adaptive immune response, and greater T-reg infiltration after treatment correlated with worse PFS (9.25 vs 3.5 months, p=0.007). An immunosuppressive adaptive immune response, perhaps compensatory, was also observed on flow cytometry, including lymphodepletion of total peripheral CD4+ and CD8+T cells after CHK1i and an increase in the proportion of T-regs among these T-cells. Additionally, there was a trend of improved PFS with greater tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in archival tissues (13.7 months >30% TILs vs 5.5 months ≤30% TILs, p=0.05). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that a favorable clinical response in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma patients treated with CHK1i is possibly associated with enhanced innate and adaptive immunity, requiring further mechanistic studies. It is supportive of current efforts for a clinical development strategy for therapeutic combinations with immunotherapy in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika J Lampert
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Joo Sang Lee
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jayakumar Nair
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Akira Yuno
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel An
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jane B Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
James CD, Das D, Bristol ML, Morgan IM. Activating the DNA Damage Response and Suppressing Innate Immunity: Human Papillomaviruses Walk the Line. Pathogens 2020; 9:E467. [PMID: 32545729 PMCID: PMC7350329 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) by external agents can result in DNA fragments entering the cytoplasm and activating innate immune signaling pathways, including the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. The consequences of this activation can result in alterations in the cell cycle including the induction of cellular senescence, as well as boost the adaptive immune response following interferon production. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents in a host of human cancers including cervical and oropharyngeal; HPV are responsible for around 5% of all cancers. During infection, HPV replication activates the DDR in order to promote the viral life cycle. A striking feature of HPV-infected cells is their ability to continue to proliferate in the presence of an active DDR. Simultaneously, HPV suppress the innate immune response using a number of different mechanisms. The activation of the DDR and suppression of the innate immune response are essential for the progression of the viral life cycle. Here, we describe the mechanisms HPV use to turn on the DDR, while simultaneously suppressing the innate immune response. Pushing HPV from this fine line and tipping the balance towards activation of the innate immune response would be therapeutically beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire D. James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (C.D.J.); (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Dipon Das
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (C.D.J.); (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Molly L. Bristol
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (C.D.J.); (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Iain M. Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (C.D.J.); (D.D.); (M.L.B.)
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Caracciolo D, Riillo C, Arbitrio M, Di Martino MT, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. Error-prone DNA repair pathways as determinants of immunotherapy activity: an emerging scenario for cancer treatment. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2658-2668. [PMID: 32383203 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair machinery play a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of human cancer. When they occur, the tumor cells activate error-prone mechanisms which lead to genomic instability and high mutation rate. These defects represent, therefore, a cancer Achilles'heel which could be therapeutically exploited by the use of DNA damage response inhibitors. Moreover, experimental and clinical evidence indicates that DNA repair deregulation has a pivotal role also in promoting immune recognition and immune destruction of cancer cells. Indeed, immune checkpoint inhibitors have received regulatory approval in tumors characterized by high genomic instability, such as melanomas and lung cancer. Here, we discuss how deregulation of DNA repair, through activation of error-prone mechanisms, increases immune activation against cancer. Finally, we address the potential strategies to use DNA repair components as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets to empower immune-oncology treatment of human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Caracciolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Riillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Ren S, Ur Rehman Z, Gao B, Yang Z, Zhou J, Meng C, Song C, Nair V, Sun Y, Ding C. ATM-mediated DNA double-strand break response facilitated oncolytic Newcastle disease virus replication and promoted syncytium formation in tumor cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008514. [PMID: 32479542 PMCID: PMC7263568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage response (DDR) is the fundamental cellular response for maintaining genomic integrity and suppressing tumorigenesis. The activation of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase is central to DNA double-strand break (DSB) for maintaining host-genome integrity in mammalian cells. Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can selectively replicate in tumor cells; however, its influence on the genome integrity of tumor cells is not well-elucidated. Here, we found that membrane fusion and NDV infection triggered DSBs in tumor cells. The late replication and membrane fusion of NDV mechanistically activated the ATM-mediated DSB pathway via the ATM-Chk2 axis, as evidenced by the hallmarks of DSBs, i.e., auto-phosphorylated ATM and phosphorylated H2AX and Chk2. Immunofluorescence data showed that multifaceted ATM-controlled phosphorylation markedly induced the formation of pan-nuclear punctum foci in response to NDV infection and F-HN co-expression. Specific drug-inhibitory experiments on ATM kinase activity further suggested that ATM-mediated DSBs facilitated NDV replication and membrane fusion. We confirmed that the Mre11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex sensed the DSB signal activation triggered by NDV infection and membrane fusion. The pharmacological inhibition of MRN activity also significantly inhibited intracellular and extracellular NDV replication and syncytia formation. Collectively, these data identified for the first time a direct link between the membrane fusion induced by virus infection and DDR pathways, thereby providing new insights into the efficient replication of oncolytic NDV in tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Ren
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zaib Ur Rehman
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Oncogenic viruses group, UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
McLaughlin M, Patin EC, Pedersen M, Wilkins A, Dillon MT, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. Inflammatory microenvironment remodelling by tumour cells after radiotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:203-217. [PMID: 32161398 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is revolutionizing the way we think about cancer treatment. Even so, for most types of cancer, only a minority of patients currently benefit from ICI therapies. Intrinsic and acquired resistance to ICIs has focused research towards new combination therapy approaches that seek to increase response rates, the depth of remission and the durability of benefit. In this Review, we describe how radiotherapy, through its immunomodulating effects, represents a promising combination partner with ICIs. We describe how recent research on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy may be used to augment this approach. Radiotherapy can kill cancer cells while simultaneously triggering the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and increasing tumour-infiltrating immune cells - phenomena often described colloquially as turning immunologically 'cold' tumours 'hot'. Here, we focus on new developments illustrating the key role of tumour cell-autonomous signalling after radiotherapy. Radiotherapy-induced tumour cell micronuclei activate cytosolic nucleic acid sensor pathways, such as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and propagation of the resulting inflammatory signals remodels the immune contexture of the tumour microenvironment. In parallel, radiation can impact immunosurveillance by modulating neoantigen expression. Finally, we highlight how tumour cell-autonomous mechanisms might be exploited by combining DDR inhibitors, ICIs and radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin McLaughlin
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Magnus T Dillon
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alan A Melcher
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
James CD, Fontan CT, Otoa R, Das D, Prabhakar AT, Wang X, Bristol ML, Morgan IM. Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 Synergistically Repress Innate Immune Gene Transcription. mSphere 2020; 5:e00828-19. [PMID: 31915229 PMCID: PMC6952203 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00828-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are causative agents in 5% of all cancers, including the majority of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Downregulation of innate immune genes (IIGs) by HPV to promote the viral life cycle is well documented; E6 and E7 are known repressors of these genes. More recently, we demonstrated that E2 could also repress IIGs. These studies have been carried out in cells overexpressing the viral proteins, and to further investigate the role of individual viral proteins in this repression, we introduced stop codons into E6 and/or E7 in the entire HPV16 genome and generated N/Tert-1 cells stably maintaining the HPV16 genomes. We demonstrate that E6 or E7 individually is not sufficient to repress IIG expression in the context of the entire HPV16 genome; both are required for a synergistic repression. The DNA damage response (DDR) is activated by HPV16 irrespective of E6 and E7 expression, presumably due to viral replication; E1 is a known activator of the DDR. In addition, replication stress was apparent in HPV16-positive cells lacking E6 and E7, manifested by attenuated cellular growth and activation of replication stress genes. These studies led us to the following model. Viral replication per se can activate the DDR following infection, and this activation is a known inducer of IIG expression, which may induce cellular senescence. To combat this, E6 and E7 synergistically combine to manipulate the DDR and actively repress innate immune gene expression promoting cellular growth; neither protein by itself is able to do this.IMPORTANCE The role of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) in human cancers is well established; however, to date there are no antiviral therapeutics that are available for combatting these cancers. To identify such targets, we must enhance the understanding of the viral life cycle. Innate immune genes (IIGs) are repressed by HPV16, and we have reported that this repression persists through to cancer. Reversal of this repression would boost the immune response to HPV16-positive tumors, an area that is becoming more important given the advances in immunotherapy. This report demonstrates that E6 and E7 synergistically repress IIG expression in the context of the entire HPV16 genome. Removal of either protein activates the expression of IIGs by HPV16. Therefore, gaining a precise understanding of how the viral oncogenes repress IIG expression represents an opportunity to reverse this repression and boost the immune response to HPV16 infections for therapeutic gain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire D James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Christian T Fontan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Raymonde Otoa
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dipon Das
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Apurva T Prabhakar
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Molly L Bristol
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
DNA Damage Response and Oxidative Stress in Systemic Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010055. [PMID: 31861764 PMCID: PMC6982230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response and repair (DDR/R) network, a sum of hierarchically structured signaling pathways that recognize and repair DNA damage, and the immune response to endogenous and/or exogenous threats, act synergistically to enhance cellular defense. On the other hand, a deregulated interplay between these systems underlines inflammatory diseases including malignancies and chronic systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with these diseases are characterized by aberrant immune response to self-antigens with widespread production of autoantibodies and multiple-tissue injury, as well as by the presence of increased oxidative stress. Recent data demonstrate accumulation of endogenous DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these patients, which is related to (a) augmented DNA damage formation, at least partly due to the induction of oxidative stress, and (b) epigenetically regulated functional abnormalities of fundamental DNA repair mechanisms. Because endogenous DNA damage accumulation has serious consequences for cellular health, including genomic instability and enhancement of an aberrant immune response, these results can be exploited for understanding pathogenesis and progression of systemic autoimmune diseases, as well as for the development of new treatments.
Collapse
|
79
|
Ajina R, Zahavi DJ, Zhang YW, Weiner LM. Overcoming malignant cell-based mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint blockade antibodies. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 65:28-37. [PMID: 31866479 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traditional cancer treatment approaches have focused on surgery, radiation therapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, with rare exceptions, metastatic cancers were considered to be incurable by traditional therapy. Over the past 20 years a fourth modality - immunotherapy - has emerged as a potentially curative approach for patients with advanced metastatic cancer. However, in many patients cancer "finds a way" to evade the anti-tumor effects of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy resistance mechanisms can be employed by both cancer cells and the non-cancer elements of tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on the resistance mechanisms that are specifically mediated by cancer cells. In order to extend the impact of immunotherapy to more patients and across all cancer types, and to inhibit the development of acquired resistance, the underlying biology driving immune escape needs to be better understood. Elucidating mechanisms of immune escape may shed light on new therapeutic targets, and lead to successful combination therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Ajina
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - David J Zahavi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Yong-Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Louis M Weiner
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Abstract
DNA damage occurs on exposure to genotoxic agents and during physiological DNA transactions. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous lesions that activate DNA damage response (DDR) kinases, leading to initiation of a canonical DDR (cDDR). This response includes activation of cell cycle checkpoints and engagement of pathways that repair the DNA DSBs to maintain genomic integrity. In adaptive immune cells, programmed DNA DSBs are generated at precise genomic locations during the assembly and diversification of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes. In innate immune cells, the production of genotoxic agents, such as reactive nitrogen molecules, in response to pathogens can also cause genomic DNA DSBs. These DSBs in adaptive and innate immune cells activate the cDDR. However, recent studies have demonstrated that they also activate non-canonical DDRs (ncDDRs) that regulate cell type-specific processes that are important for innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we review these ncDDRs and discuss how they integrate with other signals during immune system development and function.
Collapse
|
81
|
Lama-Sherpa TD, Shevde LA. An Emerging Regulatory Role for the Tumor Microenvironment in the DNA Damage Response to Double-Strand Breaks. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:185-193. [PMID: 31676722 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation, alkylating agents, and platinum-based chemotherapy treatments eliminate cancer cells through the induction of excessive DNA damage. The resultant DNA damage challenges the cancer cell's DNA repair capacity. Among the different types of DNA damage induced in cells, double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most lethal if left unrepaired. Unrepaired DSBs in tumor cells exacerbate existing gene deletions, chromosome losses and rearrangements, and aberrant features that characteristically enable tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Tumor microenvironmental factors like hypoxia, inflammation, cellular metabolism, and the immune system profoundly influence DSB repair mechanisms. Here, we put into context the role of the microenvironment in governing DSB repair mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. .,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Novoa B, Pereiro P, López‐Muñoz A, Varela M, Forn‐Cuní G, Anchelin M, Dios S, Romero A, Martinez‐López A, Medina‐Gali RM, Collado M, Coll J, Estepa A, Cayuela ML, Mulero V, Figueras A. Rag1 immunodeficiency-induced early aging and senescence in zebrafish are dependent on chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13020. [PMID: 31348603 PMCID: PMC6718522 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1) plays a crucial role in adaptive immunity, generating a vast range of immunoglobulins. Rag1−/− zebrafish (Danio rerio) are viable and reach adulthood without obvious signs of infectious disease in standard nonsterile conditions, suggesting that innate immunity could be enhanced to compensate for the lack of adaptive immunity. By using microarray analysis, we confirmed that the expression of immunity‐ and apoptosis‐related genes was increased in the rag1−/− fish. This tool also allows us to notice alterations of the DNA repair and cell cycle mechanisms in rag1−/− zebrafish. Several senescence and aging markers were analyzed. In addition to the lower lifespan of rag1−/− zebrafish compared to their wild‐type (wt) siblings, rag1−/− showed a higher incidence of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, a greater amount of phosphorylated histone H2AX, oxidative stress and decline of the antioxidant mechanisms, an upregulated expression and activity of senescence‐related genes and senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase, respectively, diminished telomere length, and abnormal self‐renewal and repair capacities in the retina and liver. Metabolomic analysis also demonstrated clear differences between wt and rag1−/− fish, as was the deficiency of the antioxidant metabolite l‐acetylcarnitine (ALCAR) in rag1−/− fish. Therefore, Rag1 activity does not seem to be limited to V(D)J recombination but is also involved in senescence and aging. Furthermore, we confirmed the senolytic effect of ABT‐263, a known senolytic compound and, for the first time, the potential in vivo senolytic activity of the antioxidant agent ALCAR, suggesting that this metabolite is essential to avoid premature aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Azucena López‐Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia IMIB‐Arrixaca Murcia Spain
| | - Mónica Varela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Gabriel Forn‐Cuní
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Monique Anchelin
- Grupo de Telomerasa, Cáncer y Envejecimiento, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB‐Arrixaca Murcia Spain
| | - Sonia Dios
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Vigo Spain
| | - Alicia Martinez‐López
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH) Elche Spain
| | - Regla María Medina‐Gali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH) Elche Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS) SERGAS Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología Instituto Nacional Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Madrid Spain
| | - Amparo Estepa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH) Elche Spain
| | - María Luisa Cayuela
- Grupo de Telomerasa, Cáncer y Envejecimiento, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca IMIB‐Arrixaca Murcia Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia IMIB‐Arrixaca Murcia Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Vigo Spain
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Graziano S, Kreienkamp R, Coll-Bonfill N, Gonzalo S. Causes and consequences of genomic instability in laminopathies: Replication stress and interferon response. Nucleus 2019; 9:258-275. [PMID: 29637811 PMCID: PMC5973265 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2018.1454168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian nuclei are equipped with a framework of intermediate filaments that function as a karyoskeleton. This nuclear scaffold, formed primarily by lamins (A-type and B-type), maintains the spatial and functional organization of the genome and of sub-nuclear compartments. Over the past decade, a body of evidence has highlighted the significance of these structural nuclear proteins in the maintenance of nuclear architecture and mechanical stability, as well as genome function and integrity. The importance of these structures is now unquestioned given the wide range of degenerative diseases that stem from LMNA gene mutations, including muscular dystrophy disorders, peripheral neuropathies, lipodystrophies, and premature aging syndromes. Here, we review our knowledge about how alterations in nuclear lamins, either by mutation or reduced expression, impact cellular mechanisms that maintain genome integrity. Despite the fact that DNA replication is the major source of DNA damage and genomic instability in dividing cells, how alterations in lamins function impact replication remains minimally explored. We summarize recent studies showing that lamins play a role in DNA replication, and that the DNA damage that accumulates upon lamins dysfunction is elicited in part by deprotection of replication forks. We also discuss the emerging model that DNA damage and replication stress are “sensed” at the cytoplasm by proteins that normally survey this space in search of foreign nucleic acids. In turn, these cytosolic sensors activate innate immune responses, which are materializing as important players in aging and cancer, as well as in the response to cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Graziano
- a Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Ray Kreienkamp
- a Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Nuria Coll-Bonfill
- a Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Susana Gonzalo
- a Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Banerjee P, Zhang R, Ivan C, Galletti G, Clise-Dwyer K, Barbaglio F, Scarfò L, Aracil M, Klein C, Wierda W, Plunkett W, Caligaris-Cappio F, Gandhi V, Keating MJ, Bertilaccio MTS. Trabectedin Reveals a Strategy of Immunomodulation in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:2036-2051. [PMID: 31530560 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell neoplasia characterized by protumor immune dysregulation involving nonmalignant cells of the microenvironment, including T lymphocytes and tumor-associated myeloid cells. Although therapeutic agents have improved treatment options for CLL, many patients still fail to respond. Some patients also show immunosuppression. We have investigated trabectedin, a marine-derived compound with cytotoxic activity on macrophages in solid tumors. Here, we demonstrate that trabectedin induces apoptosis of human primary leukemic cells and also selected myeloid and lymphoid immunosuppressive cells, mainly through the TRAIL/TNF pathway. Trabectedin modulates transcription and translation of IL6, CCL2, and IFNα in myeloid cells and FOXP3 in regulatory T cells. Human memory CD8+ T cells downregulate PD-1 and, along with monocytes, exert in vivo antitumor function. In xenograft and immunocompetent CLL mouse models, trabectedin has antileukemic effects and antitumor impact on the myeloid and lymphoid cells compartment. It depletes myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages and increases memory T cells. Trabectedin also blocks the PD-1/PD-L1 axis by targeting PD-L1+ CLL cells, PD-L1+ monocytes/macrophages, and PD-1+ T cells. Thus, trabectedin behaves as an immunomodulatory drug with potentially attractive therapeutic value in the subversion of the protumor microenvironment and in overcoming chemoimmune resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ronghua Zhang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Federica Barbaglio
- B-cell Neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lydia Scarfò
- B-cell Neoplasia Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Oncology Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William Plunkett
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria Teresa S Bertilaccio
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Zhang Q, Green MD, Lang X, Lazarus J, Parsels JD, Wei S, Parsels LA, Shi J, Ramnath N, Wahl DR, Pasca di Magliano M, Frankel TL, Kryczek I, Lei YL, Lawrence TS, Zou W, Morgan MA. Inhibition of ATM Increases Interferon Signaling and Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3940-3951. [PMID: 31101760 PMCID: PMC6684166 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial strategies are needed to overcome the resistance of pancreatic cancer to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). DNA damage activates the innate immune response and improves ICB efficacy. Because ATM is an apical kinase in the radiation-induced DNA damage response, we investigated the effects of ATM inhibition and radiation on pancreatic tumor immunogenicity. ATM was inhibited through pharmacologic and genetic strategies in human and murine pancreatic cancer models both in vitro and in vivo. Tumor immunogenicity was evaluated after ATM inhibition alone and in combination with radiation by assessing TBK1 and Type I interferon (T1IFN) signaling as well as tumor growth following PD-L1/PD-1 checkpoint inhibition. Inhibition of ATM increased tumoral T1IFN expression in a cGAS/STING-independent, but TBK1- and SRC-dependent, manner. The combination of ATM inhibition with radiation further enhanced TBK1 activity, T1IFN production, and antigen presentation. Furthermore, ATM silencing increased PD-L1 expression and increased the sensitivity of pancreatic tumors to PD-L1-blocking antibody in association with increased tumoral CD8+ T cells and established immune memory. In patient pancreatic tumors, low ATM expression inversely correlated with PD-L1 expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the efficacy of ICB in pancreatic cancer is enhanced by ATM inhibition and further potentiated by radiation as a function of increased tumoral immunogenicity, underscoring the potential of ATM inhibition in combination with ICB and radiation as an efficacious treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that ATM inhibition induces a T1IFN-mediated innate immune response in pancreatic cancer that is further enhanced by radiation and leads to increased sensitivity to anti-PD-L1 therapy.See related commentary by Gutiontov and Weichselbaum, p. 3815.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael D Green
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xueting Lang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jenny Lazarus
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joshua D Parsels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leslie A Parsels
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel R Wahl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Timothy L Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yu L Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Weiping Zou
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meredith A Morgan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Kay J, Thadhani E, Samson L, Engelward B. Inflammation-induced DNA damage, mutations and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 83:102673. [PMID: 31387777 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between inflammation and cancer are varied and complex. An important connection linking inflammation to cancer development is DNA damage. During inflammation reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are created to combat pathogens and to stimulate tissue repair and regeneration, but these chemicals can also damage DNA, which in turn can promote mutations that initiate and promote cancer. DNA repair pathways are essential for preventing DNA damage from causing mutations and cytotoxicity, but RONS can interfere with repair mechanisms, reducing their efficacy. Further, cellular responses to DNA damage, such as damage signaling and cytotoxicity, can promote inflammation, creating a positive feedback loop. Despite coordination of DNA repair and oxidative stress responses, there are nevertheless examples whereby inflammation has been shown to promote mutagenesis, tissue damage, and ultimately carcinogenesis. Here, we discuss the DNA damage-mediated associations between inflammation, mutagenesis and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Kay
- Department of Biological Engineering, United States.
| | | | - Leona Samson
- Department of Biological Engineering, United States; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Genomic instability and innate immune responses to self-DNA in progeria. GeroScience 2019; 41:255-266. [PMID: 31280482 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, we have seen increasing evidence of the importance of structural nuclear proteins such as lamins in nuclear architecture and compartmentalization of genome function and in the maintenance of mechanical stability and genome integrity. With over 400 mutations identified in the LMNA gene (encoding for A-type lamins) associated with more than ten distinct degenerative disorders, the role of lamins as genome caretakers and the contribution of lamins dysfunction to disease are unarguable. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby lamins mutations cause pathologies remain less understood. Here, we review pathways and mechanisms recently identified as playing a role in the pathophysiology of laminopathies, with special emphasis in Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS). This devastating incurable accelerated aging disease is caused by a silent mutation in the LMNA gene that generates a truncated lamin A protein "progerin" that exerts profound cellular toxicity and organismal decline. Patients usually die in their teens due to cardiovascular complications such as myocardial infarction or stroke. To date, there are no efficient therapies that ameliorate disease progression, stressing the need to understand molecularly disease mechanisms that can be targeted therapeutically. We will summarize data supporting that replication stress is a major cause of genomic instability in laminopathies, which contributes to the activation of innate immune responses to self-DNA that in turn accelerate the aging process.
Collapse
|
88
|
Abstract
Healthy tissues of the body express relatively low basal levels of interferons. However, following detection of microbial invasion by sentinel receptors, a cascade of events initiates leading to the transcriptional induction of interferon genes. Interferons are secreted and act primarily as paracrine cytokines to bind neighboring cell surface receptors. Binding to interferon receptors activates a signal pathway to the nucleus inducing a set of interferon-stimulated genes. The biological activity of these genes confers the unique antiviral and innate immune response of interferons. The rapid induction of interferons is critical to survival, and equally critical is the recovery from this defensive state. Either an aberrant response to infection or an inherited genetic disorder that leads to sustained or increased interferon levels can tip the balance towards pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Reich
- Stony Brook University, Dept Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, 11796 Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Abstract
Maintenance of genome integrity is essential to prevent cancer. Genotoxic stress drives damaged DNA out of the nucleus by forming micronuclei. Two studies in Nature reveal how the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS gains access to the cargo within micronuclei to drive type I IFN responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Motwani
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
A Cell-Intrinsic Interferon-like Response Links Replication Stress to Cellular Aging Caused by Progerin. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2006-2015. [PMID: 29466729 PMCID: PMC5848491 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disease caused by a truncated lamin A protein (progerin) that drives cellular and organismal decline. HGPS patient-derived fibroblasts accumulate genomic instability, but its underlying mechanisms and contribution to disease remain poorly understood. Here, we show that progerin-induced replication stress (RS) drives genomic instability by eliciting replication fork (RF) stalling and nuclease-mediated degradation. Rampant RS is accompanied by upregulation of the cGAS/STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway and activation of a robust STAT1-regulated interferon (IFN)-like response. Reducing RS and the IFN-like response, especially with calcitriol, improves the fitness of progeria cells and increases the efficiency of cellular reprogramming. Importantly, other compounds that improve HGPS phenotypes reduce RS and the IFN-like response. Our study reveals mechanisms underlying progerin toxicity, including RS-induced genomic instability and activation of IFN-like responses, and their relevance for cellular decline in HGPS.
Collapse
|
91
|
Moreno-Villanueva M, Zhang Y, Feiveson A, Mistretta B, Pan Y, Chatterjee S, Wu W, Clanton R, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Krieger S, Gunaratne P, Crucian B, Wu H. Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Identifies Activation of TP53 and STAT1 Pathways in Human T Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Response to Ex Vivo Radiation Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092316. [PMID: 31083348 PMCID: PMC6539494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Detrimental health consequences from exposure to space radiation are a major concern for long-duration human exploration missions to the Moon or Mars. Cellular responses to radiation are expected to be heterogeneous for space radiation exposure, where only high-energy protons and other particles traverse a fraction of the cells. Therefore, assessing DNA damage and DNA damage response in individual cells is crucial in understanding the mechanisms by which cells respond to different particle types and energies in space. In this project, we identified a cell-specific signature for radiation response by using single-cell transcriptomics of human lymphocyte subpopulations. We investigated gene expression in individual human T lymphocytes 3 h after ex vivo exposure to 2-Gy gamma rays while using the single-cell sequencing technique (10X Genomics). In the process, RNA was isolated from ~700 irradiated and ~700 non-irradiated control cells, and then sequenced with ~50 k reads/cell. RNA in each of the cells was distinctively barcoded prior to extraction to allow for quantification for individual cells. Principal component and clustering analysis of the unique molecular identifier (UMI) counts classified the cells into three groups or sub-types, which correspond to CD4+, naïve, and CD8+/NK cells. Gene expression changes after radiation exposure were evaluated using negative binomial regression. On average, BBC3, PCNA, and other TP53 related genes that are known to respond to radiation in human T cells showed increased activation. While most of the TP53 responsive genes were upregulated in all groups of cells, the expressions of IRF1, STAT1, and BATF were only upregulated in the CD4+ and naïve groups, but were unchanged in the CD8+/NK group, which suggests that the interferon-gamma pathway does not respond to radiation in CD8+/NK cells. Thus, single-cell RNA sequencing technique was useful for simultaneously identifying the expression of a set of genes in individual cells and T lymphocyte subpopulation after gamma radiation exposure. The degree of dependence of UMI counts between pairs of upregulated genes was also evaluated to construct a similarity matrix for cluster analysis. The cluster analysis identified a group of TP53-responsive genes and a group of genes that are involved in the interferon gamma pathway, which demonstrate the potential of this method for identifying previously unknown groups of genes with similar expression patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moreno-Villanueva
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
- Human Performance Research Center, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Ye Zhang
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, FL 32899, USA.
| | | | - Brandon Mistretta
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Yinghong Pan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Sujash Chatterjee
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Winston Wu
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Ryan Clanton
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | | | | | - Preethi Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | | | - Honglu Wu
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Sen T, Rodriguez BL, Chen L, Corte CMD, Morikawa N, Fujimoto J, Cristea S, Nguyen T, Diao L, Li L, Fan Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Glisson BS, Wistuba II, Sage J, Heymach JV, Gibbons DL, Byers LA. Targeting DNA Damage Response Promotes Antitumor Immunity through STING-Mediated T-cell Activation in Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:646-661. [PMID: 30777870 PMCID: PMC6563834 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the use of immunotherapy, only a minority of patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) respond to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Here, we show that targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) proteins PARP and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) significantly increased protein and surface expression of PD-L1. PARP or CHK1 inhibition remarkably potentiated the antitumor effect of PD-L1 blockade and augmented cytotoxic T-cell infiltration in multiple immunocompetent SCLC in vivo models. CD8+ T-cell depletion reversed the antitumor effect, demonstrating the role of CD8+ T cells in combined DDR-PD-L1 blockade in SCLC. We further demonstrate that DDR inhibition activated the STING/TBK1/IRF3 innate immune pathway, leading to increased levels of chemokines such as CXCL10 and CCL5 that induced activation and function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Knockdown of cGAS and STING successfully reversed the antitumor effect of combined inhibition of DDR and PD-L1. Our results define previously unrecognized innate immune pathway-mediated immunomodulatory functions of DDR proteins and provide a rationale for combining PARP/CHK1 inhibitors and immunotherapies in SCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results define previously unrecognized immunomodulatory functions of DDR inhibitors and suggest that adding PARP or CHK1 inhibitors to ICB may enhance treatment efficacy in patients with SCLC. Furthermore, our study supports a role of innate immune STING pathway in DDR-mediated antitumor immunity in SCLC.See related commentary by Hiatt and MacPherson, p. 584.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 565.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Triparna Sen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - B Leticia Rodriguez
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Limo Chen
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carminia M Della Corte
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Naoto Morikawa
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sandra Cristea
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Thuyen Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lerong Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Youhong Fan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yongbin Yang
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bonnie S Glisson
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lauren A Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Tumor-Derived cGAMP Triggers a STING-Mediated Interferon Response in Non-tumor Cells to Activate the NK Cell Response. Immunity 2019; 49:754-763.e4. [PMID: 30332631 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of cytosolic DNA by the enzyme cGAS triggers the production of cGAMP, a second messenger that binds and activates the adaptor protein STING, which leads to interferon (IFN) production. Here, we found that in vivo natural killer (NK) cell killing of tumor cells, but not of normal cells, depends on STING expression in non-tumor cells. Experiments using transplantable tumor models in STING- and cGAS-deficient mice revealed that cGAS expression by tumor cells was critical for tumor rejection by NK cells. In contrast, cGAS expression by host cells was dispensable, suggesting that tumor-derived cGAMP is transferred to non-tumor cells, where it activates STING. cGAMP administration triggered STING activation and IFN-β production in myeloid cells and B cells but not NK cells. Our results reveal that the anti-tumor response of NK cells critically depends on the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, similar to its role in defense against pathogens, and identify tumor-derived cGAMP as a major determinant of tumor immunogenicity with implications for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
94
|
PILAR1, a novel prognostic LncRNA, reveals the presence of a unique subtype of lung adenocarcinoma patients with KEAP1 mutations. Gene 2019; 691:167-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
95
|
Highly interacting regions of the human genome are enriched with enhancers and bound by DNA repair proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4577. [PMID: 30872630 PMCID: PMC6418152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In specific cases, chromatin clearly forms long-range loops that place distant regulatory elements in close proximity to transcription start sites, but we have limited understanding of many loops identified by Chromosome Conformation Capture (such as Hi-C) analyses. In efforts to elucidate their characteristics and functions, we have identified highly interacting regions (HIRs) using intra-chromosomal Hi-C datasets with a new computational method based on looking at the eigenvector that corresponds to the smallest eigenvalue (here unity). Analysis of these regions using ENCODE data shows that they are in general enriched in bound factors involved in DNA damage repair and have actively transcribed genes. However, both highly transcribed regions as well as transcriptionally inactive regions can form HIRs. The results also indicate that enhancers and super-enhancers in particular form long-range interactions within the same chromosome. The accumulation of DNA repair factors in most identified HIRs suggests that protection from DNA damage in these regions is essential for avoidance of detrimental rearrangements.
Collapse
|
96
|
Emerging roles of H3K9me3, SETDB1 and SETDB2 in therapy-induced cellular reprogramming. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:43. [PMID: 30850015 PMCID: PMC6408861 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A multitude of recent studies has observed common epigenetic changes develop in tumour cells of multiple lineages following exposure to stresses such as hypoxia, chemotherapeutics, immunotherapy or targeted therapies. A significant increase in the transcriptionally repressive mark trimethylated H3K9 (H3K9me3) is becoming associated with treatment-resistant phenotypes suggesting upstream mechanisms may be a good target for therapy. We have reported that the increase in H3K9me3 is derived from the methyltransferases SETDB1 and SETDB2 following treatment in melanoma, lung, breast and colorectal cancer cell lines, as well as melanoma patient data. Other groups have observed a number of characteristics such as epigenetic remodelling, increased interferon signalling, cell cycle inhibition and apoptotic resistance that have also been reported by us suggesting these independent studies are investigating similar or identical phenomena. Main body Firstly, this review introduces reports of therapy-induced reprogramming in cancer populations with highly similar slow-cycling phenotypes that suggest a role for both IFN signalling and epigenetic remodelling in the acquisition of drug tolerance. We then describe plausible connections between the type 1 IFN pathway, slow-cycling phenotypes and these epigenetic mechanisms before reviewing recent evidence on the roles of SETDB1 and SETDB2, alongside their product H3K9me3, in treatment-induced reprogramming and promotion of drug resistance. The potential mechanisms for the activation of SETDB1 and SETDB2 and how they might arise in treatment is also discussed mechanistically, with a focus on their putative induction by inflammatory signalling. Moreover, we theorise their timely role in attenuating inflammation after their activation in order to promote a more resilient phenotype through homeostatic coordination of H3K9me3. We also examine the relatively uncharacterized functions of SETDB2 with some comparison to the more well-known qualities of SETDB1. Finally, an emerging overall mechanism for the epigenetic maintenance of this transient phenotype is outlined by summarising the collective literature herein. Conclusion A number of converging phenotypes outline a stress-responsive mechanism for SETDB1 and SETDB2 activation and subsequent increased survival, providing novel insights into epigenetic biology. A clearer understanding of how SETDB1/2-mediated transcriptional reprogramming can subvert treatment responses will be invaluable in improving length and efficacy of modern therapies.
Collapse
|
97
|
Abe T, Marutani Y, Shoji I. Cytosolic DNA-sensing immune response and viral infection. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:51-64. [PMID: 30677166 PMCID: PMC7168513 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
How host cells recognize many kinds of RNA and DNA viruses and initiate innate antiviral responses against them has not yet been fully elucidated. Over the past decade, investigations into the mechanisms underlying these antiviral responses have focused extensively on immune surveillance sensors that recognize virus‐derived components (such as lipids, sugars and nucleic acids). The findings of these studies have suggested that antiviral responses are mediated by cytosolic or intracellular compartment sensors and their adaptor molecules (e.g., TLR, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, retinoic acid inducible gene‐I, IFN‐β promoter stimulator‐1, cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase and stimulator of IFN genes axis) for the primary sensing of virus‐derived nucleic acids, leading to production of type I IFNs, pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the host cells. Thus, host cells have evolved an elaborate host defense machinery to recognize and eliminate virus infections. In turn, to achieve sustained viral infection and induce pathogenesis, viruses have also evolved several counteracting strategies for achieving immune escape by targeting immune sensors, adaptor molecules, intracellular kinases and transcription factors. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries concerning the role of the cytosolic nucleic acid‐sensing immune response in viral recognition and control of viral infection. In addition, we consider the regulatory machinery of the cytosolic nucleic acid‐sensing immune response because these immune surveillance systems must be tightly regulated to prevent aberrant immune responses to self and non‐self‐nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Abe
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yuki Marutani
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ikuo Shoji
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Gregg RW, Sarkar SN, Shoemaker JE. Mathematical modeling of the cGAS pathway reveals robustness of DNA sensing to TREX1 feedback. J Theor Biol 2019; 462:148-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
99
|
Impact of Immune and Stromal Infiltration on Outcomes Following Bladder-Sparing Trimodality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2019; 76:59-68. [PMID: 30712971 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder-sparing trimodality therapy (TMT) is an alternative to radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and biomarkers to inform therapy selection are needed. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic value of immune and stromal signatures in MIBC treated with TMT. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We used a clinical-grade platform to perform transcriptome-wide gene expression profiling of primary tumors from 136 MIBC patients treated with TMT at a single institution. We observed 60 overall survival events at 5yr, and median follow-up time for patients without an event was 5.0yr (interquartile range 3.1, 5.0). Expression data from another cohort of 223 MIBC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and RC were also analyzed. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Molecular subtype, immune, and stromal signatures were evaluated for associations with disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) in TMT patients, and in patients treated with NAC and RC. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Gene expression profiling of TMT cases identified luminal (N=40), luminal-infiltrated (N=26), basal (N=54), and claudin-low (N=16) subtypes. Signatures of T-cell activation and interferon gamma signaling were associated with improved DSS in the TMT cohort (hazard ratio 0.30 [0.14-0.65], p=0.002 for T cells), but not in the NAC and RC cohort. Conversely, a stromal signature was associated with worse DSS in the NAC and RC cohort (p=0.006), but not in the TMT cohort. This study is limited by its retrospective nature. CONCLUSIONS Higher immune infiltration in MIBC is associated with improved DSS after TMT, whereas higher stromal infiltration is associated with shorter DSS after NAC and RC. Additional studies should be conducted to determine whether gene expression profiling can predict treatment response. PATIENT SUMMARY We used gene expression profiling to study the association between tumor microenvironment and outcomes following bladder preservation therapy for invasive bladder cancer. We found that outcomes varied with immune and stromal signatures within the tumor. We conclude that gene expression profiling has potential to guide treatment decisions in bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
100
|
Speranza MC, Passaro C, Ricklefs F, Kasai K, Klein SR, Nakashima H, Kaufmann JK, Ahmed AK, Nowicki MO, Obi P, Bronisz A, Aguilar-Cordova E, Aguilar LK, Guzik BW, Breakefield X, Weissleder R, Freeman GJ, Reardon DA, Wen PY, Chiocca EA, Lawler SE. Preclinical investigation of combined gene-mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:225-235. [PMID: 29016938 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Combined immunotherapy approaches are promising cancer treatments. We evaluated anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) treatment combined with gene-mediated cytotoxic immunotherapy (GMCI) performed by intratumoral injection of a prodrug metabolizing nonreplicating adenovirus (AdV-tk), providing in situ chemotherapy and immune stimulation. Methods The effects of GMCI on PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in glioblastoma were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of the combination was investigated in 2 syngeneic mouse glioblastoma models (GL261 and CT-2A). Immune infiltrates were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results GMCI upregulated PD-L1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Both GMCI and anti-PD-1 increased intratumoral T-cell infiltration. A higher percentage of long-term survivors was observed in mice treated with combined GMCI/anti-PD-1 relative to single treatments. Long-term survivors were protected from tumor rechallenge, demonstrating durable memory antitumor immunity. GMCI led to elevated interferon gamma positive T cells and a lower proportion of exhausted double positive PD1+TIM+CD8+ T cells. GMCI also increased PD-L1 levels on tumor cells and infiltrating macrophages/microglia. Our data suggest that anti-PD-1 treatment improves the effectiveness of GMCI by overcoming interferon-induced PD-L1-mediated inhibitory signals, and GMCI improves anti-PD-1 efficacy by increasing tumor-infiltrating T-cell activation. Conclusions Our data show that the GMCI/anti-PD-1 combination is well tolerated and effective in glioblastoma mouse models. These results support evaluation of this combination in glioblastoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Carmela Speranza
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carmela Passaro
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Franz Ricklefs
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kazue Kasai
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah R Klein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakashima
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Johanna K Kaufmann
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abdul-Kareem Ahmed
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michal O Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prisca Obi
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Agnieszka Bronisz
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Estuardo Aguilar-Cordova
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura K Aguilar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Advantagene Inc., Auburndale, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Xandra Breakefield
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Neurooncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neurooncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sean E Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|