51
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Her Z, Tan JHL, Lim YS, Tan SY, Chan XY, Tan WWS, Liu M, Yong KSM, Lai F, Ceccarello E, Zheng Z, Fan Y, Chang KTE, Sun L, Chang SC, Chin CL, Lee GH, Dan YY, Chan YS, Lim SG, Chan JKY, Chandy KG, Chen Q. CD4 + T Cells Mediate the Development of Liver Fibrosis in High Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD in Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580968. [PMID: 33013934 PMCID: PMC7516019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been on a global rise. While animal models have rendered valuable insights to the pathogenesis of NAFLD, discrepancy with patient data still exists. Since non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) involves chronic inflammation, and CD4+ T cell infiltration of the liver is characteristic of NASH patients, we established and characterized a humanized mouse model to identify human-specific immune response(s) associated with NAFLD progression. Immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune cells (HIL mice) were fed with high fat and high calorie (HFHC) or chow diet for 20 weeks. Liver histology and immune profile of HIL mice were analyzed and compared with patient data. HIL mice on HFHC diet developed steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis of the liver. Human CD4+ central and effector memory T cells increased within the liver and in the peripheral blood of our HIL mice, accompanied by marked up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A and IFNγ). In vivo depletion of human CD4+ T cells in HIL mice reduced liver inflammation and fibrosis, but not steatosis. Our results highlight CD4+ memory T cell subsets as important drivers of NAFLD progression from steatosis to fibrosis and provides a humanized mouse model for pre-clinical evaluation of potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Her
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Heng Loong Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee-Siang Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sue Yee Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xue Ying Chan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wilson Wei Sheng Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kylie Su Mei Yong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fritz Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Erica Ceccarello
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth Tou En Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Sun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shih Chieh Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Infection and Immunity Theme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chih-Liang Chin
- Translational Biomarkers, Merck Research Laboratories, MSD, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guan Huei Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun-Shen Chan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seng Gee Lim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K George Chandy
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Infection and Immunity Theme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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52
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Zhao J, Chen X, Herjan T, Li X. The role of interleukin-17 in tumor development and progression. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190297. [PMID: 31727782 PMCID: PMC7037244 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17, a potent proinflammatory cytokine, has been shown to intimately contribute to the formation, growth, and metastasis of a wide range of malignancies. Recent studies implicate IL-17 as a link among inflammation, wound healing, and cancer. While IL-17-mediated production of inflammatory mediators mobilizes immune-suppressive and angiogenic myeloid cells, emerging studies reveal that IL-17 can directly act on tissue stem cells to promote tissue repair and tumorigenesis. Here, we review the pleotropic impacts of IL-17 on cancer biology, focusing how IL-17-mediated inflammatory response and mitogenic signaling are exploited to equip its cancer-promoting function and discussing the implications in therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Tomasz Herjan
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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53
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Rosso C, Caviglia GP, Younes R, Ribaldone DG, Fagoonee S, Pellicano R, Bugianesi E. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.20.02619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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54
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Eguchi A, Yan R, Pan SQ, Wu R, Kim J, Chen Y, Ansong C, Smith RD, Tempaku M, Ohno-Machado L, Takei Y, Feldstein AE, Tsukamoto H. Comprehensive characterization of hepatocyte-derived extracellular vesicles identifies direct miRNA-based regulation of hepatic stellate cells and DAMP-based hepatic macrophage IL-1β and IL-17 upregulation in alcoholic hepatitis mice. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1021-1034. [PMID: 32556367 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01926-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been growingly recognized as biomarkers and mediators of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in human and mice. Here we characterized hepatocyte-derived EVs (HC-EVs) and their cargo for their biological functions in a novel murine model that closely resembles liver pathology observed in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH), the most severe spectrum of ALD. The numbers of circulating EVs and HC-EVs were significantly increased by 10-fold in AH mice compared with control mice. The miRNA (miR)-seq analysis detected 20 upregulated and 4 downregulated miRNAs (P < 0.001-0.05) in AH-HC-EVs. Treatment of murine primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) with AH-HC-EVs induced α-SMA (P < 0.05) and Col1a1 (P < 0.001). Smad7 and Nr1d2 genes, which were downregulated in HSCs from the AH mice, were predicted targets of 20 miRs upregulated in AH-HC-EVs. Among them were miR-27a and miR-181 which upon transfection in HSCs, indeed repressed Nr1d2, the quiescent HSC marker. AH-HC-EVs were also enriched with organelle proteins and mitochondrial DNA (10-fold, P < 0.05) and upregulated IL-1β and IL-17 production by hepatic macrophages (HMs) from AH mice in a TLR9-dependent manner. These results demonstrate HC-EV release is intensified in AH and suggest that AH-HC-EVs orchestrate liver fibrogenesis by directly targeting the quiescent HSC transcripts via a unique set of miRNAs and by amplifying HSC activation via DAMP-based induction of profibrogenic IL-1β and IL-17 by HMs. KEY MESSAGES: • Circulating EVs and HC-EVs were increased in AH mice compared with control mice • AH-HC-EVs were enriched in miRNAs, organelle proteins, and mitochondrial DNA • AH-HC-EVs increased cytokine production by AH-HMs in a TLR9-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- JST, PRETO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Rui Yan
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-402, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Stephanie Q Pan
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-402, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Raymond Wu
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-402, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yibu Chen
- Bioinformatics Services, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Mina Tempaku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Lucila Ohno-Machado
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Takei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-402, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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55
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Ramakrishnan RK, Bajbouj K, Al Heialy S, Mahboub B, Ansari AW, Hachim IY, Rawat S, Salameh L, Hachim MY, Olivenstein R, Halwani R, Hamoudi R, Hamid Q. IL-17 Induced Autophagy Regulates Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Fibrosis in Severe Asthmatic Bronchial Fibroblasts. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1002. [PMID: 32670268 PMCID: PMC7326148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of fibroblasts, their synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and their innate resistance to apoptosis are characteristics of subepithelial fibrosis observed in severe asthma. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is an important regulator of airway remodeling in asthma. However, the contribution of IL-17 to the pro-fibrotic phenotype of bronchial fibroblasts is not well-characterized. In this study, we investigated whether IL-17 induced autophagy regulates mitochondrial and pro-fibrotic function in bronchial fibroblasts. The primary cultured bronchial fibroblasts isolated from non-asthmatic (NHBF) and severe asthmatic (DHBF) subjects were treated with IL-17 in order to ascertain its effect on mitochondrial function, mitochondrial quality control, and apoptosis using immunoblotting and flow cytometric analyses. At baseline, DHBF exhibited higher levels of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis compared to NHBF. Immunohistochemical evaluation of bronchial biopsies showed intense PINK1 immunoreactivity in severe asthma than in control. IL-17 intensified the mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired the mitochondrial quality control machinery in NHBF and DHBF. Moreover, IL-17 augmented a pro-fibrotic and anti-apoptotic response in both group of fibroblasts. Inhibition of autophagy using bafilomycin-A1 reduced PINK1 expression in NHBF and restored the IL-17 mediated changes in PINK1 to their basal levels in DHBF. Bafilomycin-A1 also reversed the IL-17 associated fibrotic response in these fibroblasts, suggesting a role for IL-17 induced autophagy in the induction of fibrosis in bronchial fibroblasts. Taken together, our findings suggest that IL-17 induced autophagy promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and fibrosis in bronchial fibroblasts from both non-asthmatic and severe asthmatic subjects. Our study provides insights into the therapeutic potential of targeting autophagy in ameliorating fibrosis, particularly in severe asthmatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee K Ramakrishnan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khuloud Bajbouj
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saba Al Heialy
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Rashid Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul Wahid Ansari
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ibrahim Y Hachim
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Surendra Rawat
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Laila Salameh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Rashid Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahmood Y Hachim
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research - College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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56
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Gandhi CR. Pro- and Anti-fibrogenic Functions of Gram-Negative Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide in the Liver. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:130. [PMID: 32373617 PMCID: PMC7186417 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research performed over several decades has identified cells participating in the initiation and progression of fibrosis, and the numerous underlying inter- and intra-cellular signaling pathways. However, liver fibrosis continues to be a major clinical challenge as the precise targets of treatment are still elusive. Activation of physiologically quiescent perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to a myofibroblastic proliferating, contractile and fibrogenic phenotype is a critical event in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Thus, elucidation of the mechanisms of the reversal to quiescence or inhibition of activated HSCs, and/or their elimination via apoptosis has been the focus of intense investigation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a gut-resident Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, is a powerful pro-inflammatory molecule implicated in hepatic injury, inflammation and fibrosis. In both acute and chronic liver injury, portal venous levels of LPS are elevated due to increased intestinal permeability. LPS, via CD14 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its adapter molecules, stimulates macrophages, neutrophils and several other cell types to produce inflammatory mediators as well as factors that can activate HSCs and stimulate their fibrogenic activity. LPS also stimulates synthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, growth mediators and molecules of immune regulation by HSCs. However, LPS was found to arrest proliferation of activated HSCs and to convert them into non-fibrogenic phenotype. Interestingly, LPS can elicit responses in HSCs independent of CD14 and TLR4. Identifying and/or developing non-inflammatory but anti-fibrogenic mimetics of LPS could be relevant for treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar R Gandhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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57
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Hathaway-Schrader JD, Poulides NA, Carson MD, Kirkpatrick JE, Warner AJ, Swanson BA, Taylor EV, Chew ME, Reddy SV, Liu B, Westwater C, Novince CM. Specific Commensal Bacterium Critically Regulates Gut Microbiota Osteoimmunomodulatory Actions During Normal Postpubertal Skeletal Growth and Maturation. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10338. [PMID: 32161843 PMCID: PMC7059828 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal gut microbiota critically regulates immunomodulatory processes that influence normal skeletal growth and maturation. However, the influence of specific microbes on commensal gut microbiota osteoimmunoregulatory actions is unknown. We have shown previously that the commensal gut microbiota enhances TH17/IL17A immune response effects in marrow and liver that have procatabolic/antianabolic actions in the skeleton. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), a specific commensal gut bacterium within phylum Firmicutes, potently induces TH17/IL17A‐mediated immunity. The study purpose was to delineate the influence of SFB on commensal gut microbiota immunomodulatory actions regulating normal postpubertal skeletal development. Two murine models were utilized: SFB‐monoassociated mice versus germ‐free (GF) mice and specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) mice +/− SFB. SFB colonization was validated by 16S rDNA analysis, and SFB‐induced TH17/IL17A immunity was confirmed by upregulation of Il17a in ileum and IL17A in serum. SFB‐colonized mice had an osteopenic trabecular bone phenotype, which was attributed to SFB actions suppressing osteoblastogenesis and enhancing osteoclastogenesis. Intriguingly, SFB‐colonized mice had increased expression of proinflammatory chemokines and acute‐phase reactants in the liver. Lipocalin‐2 (LCN2), an acute‐phase reactant and antimicrobial peptide, was substantially elevated in the liver and serum of SFB‐colonized mice, which supports the notion that SFB regulation of commensal gut microbiota osteoimmunomodulatory actions are mediated in part through a gut–liver–bone axis. Proinflammatory TH17 and TH1 cells were increased in liver‐draining lymph nodes of SFB‐colonized mice, which further substantiates that SFB osteoimmune‐response effects may be mediated through the liver. SFB‐induction of Il17a in the gut and Lcn2 in the liver resulted in increased circulating levels of IL17A and LCN2. Recognizing that IL17A and LCN2 support osteoclastogenesis/suppress osteoblastogenesis, SFB actions impairing postpubertal skeletal development appear to be mediated through immunomodulatory effects in both the gut and liver. This research reveals that specific microbes critically impact commensal gut microbiota immunomodulatory actions regulating normal postpubertal skeletal growth and maturation. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Hathaway-Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Nicole A Poulides
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Matthew D Carson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Joy E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Amy J Warner
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Brooks A Swanson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Eliza V Taylor
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Michael E Chew
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Sakamuri V Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Caroline Westwater
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
| | - Chad M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Division of Endocrinology College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA
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58
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Molina MF, Abdelnabi MN, Fabre T, Shoukry NH. Type 3 cytokines in liver fibrosis and liver cancer. Cytokine 2019; 124:154497. [PMID: 30097286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 play a crucial, well synchronized physiological role in wound healing and repairing tissue damage due to infections or injury at barrier surfaces. These cytokines act on epithelial cells to induce secretion of early immune mediators, recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of injury, and to trigger tissue repair mechanisms. However, if the damage persists or if these cytokines are dysregulated, then they contribute to a number of inflammatory pathologies, autoimmune conditions and cancer. The liver is a multifunctional organ that plays an essential role in metabolism, detoxification, and immune surveillance. It is also exposed to a variety of pathogens, toxins and injuries. Over the past decade, IL-17 and IL-22 have been implicated in various aspects of liver inflammation. IL-17 is upregulated in chronic liver injury and associated with liver disease progression. In contrast, IL-22 was shown to be hepatoprotective during acute liver injury but exhibited inflammatory effects in other models. Furthermore, IL-22 and IL-17 are both associated with poor prognosis in liver cancer. Finally, the regulatory mechanisms governing the physiological versus the pathological role of these two cytokines during acute and chronic liver injury remain poorly understood. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge about IL-17 and IL-22 in wound healing during acute and chronic liver injury, their contribution to pathogenesis, their regulation, and their role in the transition from advanced liver disease to liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Flores Molina
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed N Abdelnabi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Fabre
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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59
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Jing R, Qi T, Wen C, Yue J, Wang G, Pei C, Ma B. Interleukin-2 induces extracellular matrix synthesis and TGF-β2 expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:410-418. [PMID: 31608440 PMCID: PMC6899885 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macular fibrosis is a vital obstacle of vision acuity improvement of age‐related macular degeneration patients. This study was to investigate the effects of interleukin 2 (IL‐2) on epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and transforming growth factor β2 (TGF‐β2) expression in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. 10 μg/L IL‐2 was used to induce fibrosis in RPE cells for various times. Western blot was used to detect the EMT marker α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), ECM markers fibronectin (Fn) and type 1 collagen (COL‐1), TGF‐β2, and the activation of the JAK/STAT3 and NF‐κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, JAK/STAT3 and NF‐κB signaling pathways were specifically blocked by WP1066 or BAY11‐7082, respectively, and the expression of α‐SMA, COL‐1, Fn and TGF‐β2 protein were detected. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to measure cell migration ability of IL‐2 with or without WP1066 or BAY11‐7082. After induction of IL‐2, the expressions of Fn, COL‐1, TGF‐β2 protein were significantly increased, and this effect was correlated with IL‐2 treatment duration, while α‐SMA protein expression did not change significantly. Both WP1066 and BAY11‐7082 could effectively downregulate the expression of Fn, COL‐1 and TGF‐β2 induced by IL‐2. What's more, both NF‐κB and JAK/STAT3 inhibitors could suppress the activation of the other signaling pathway. Additionally, JAK/STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 and NF‐κB inhibitor BAY 11‐7082 could obviously decrease RPE cells migration capability induced by IL‐2. IL‐2 promotes cell migration, ECM synthesis and TGF‐β2 expression in RPE cells via JAK/STAT3 and NF‐κB signaling pathways, which may play an important role in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tiantian Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chan Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaqi Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Delogu W, Caligiuri A, Provenzano A, Rosso C, Bugianesi E, Coratti A, Macias-Barragan J, Galastri S, Di Maira G, Marra F. Myostatin regulates the fibrogenic phenotype of hepatic stellate cells via c-jun N-terminal kinase activation. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:1400-1408. [PMID: 31005555 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Myostatin is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, where it negatively regulates trophism. This myokine is implicated in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, an emerging cause of liver fibrosis. In this study we explored the effects of myostatin on the biology of hepatic stellate cells. METHODS The effects of myostatin were assessed both in LX-2 and in human primary stellate cells. Cell migration was determined in Boyden chambers. Activation of intracellular pathways was evaluated by Western blotting. Procollagen type 1 secretion was measured by enzyme immunoassay. The role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase was assessed by pharmacologic and genetic inhibition. RESULTS Activin receptor-2B was up-regulated in livers of mice with experimental fibrosis, and detectable in human stellate cells. Serum myostatin levels increased in a model of acute liver injury. Myostatin reduced HSC proliferation, induced cell migration, and increased expression of procollagen type1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and transforming growth factor-β1. Myostatin activated different signaling pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase and Smad3. Genetic and/or pharmacologic inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity significantly reduced cell migration and procollagen secretion in response to myostatin. CONCLUSIONS Activation of activin receptor-2B by myostatin modulates the fibrogenic phenotype of human stellate cells, indicating that a myokine may be implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Delogu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Caligiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Provenzano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Coratti
- SOD Chirurgia Oncologia a indirizzo robotico, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Jose Macias-Barragan
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Galastri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Maira
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Marra
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Research Center Denothe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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61
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Zhangdi HJ, Su SB, Wang F, Liang ZY, Yan YD, Qin SY, Jiang HX. Crosstalk network among multiple inflammatory mediators in liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4835-4849. [PMID: 31543677 PMCID: PMC6737310 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the common pathological basis of all chronic liver diseases, and is the necessary stage for the progression of chronic liver disease to cirrhosis. As one of pathogenic factors, inflammation plays a predominant role in liver fibrosis via communication and interaction between inflammatory cells, cytokines, and the related signaling pathways. Damaged hepatocytes induce an increase in pro-inflammatory factors, thereby inducing the development of inflammation. In addition, it has been reported that inflammatory response related signaling pathway is the main signal transduction pathway for the development of liver fibrosis. The crosstalk regulatory network leads to hepatic stellate cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine production, which in turn initiate the fibrotic response. Compared with the past, the research on the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis has been greatly developed. However, the liver fibrosis mechanism is complex and many pathways involved need to be further studied. This review mainly focuses on the crosstalk regulatory network among inflammatory cells, cytokines, and the related signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory liver diseases. Moreover, we also summarize the recent studies on the mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis and clinical efforts on the targeted therapies against the fibrotic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jing Zhangdi
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Si-Biao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zi-Yu Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yu-Dong Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shan-Yu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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de Krijger M, Wildenberg ME, de Jonge WJ, Ponsioen CY. Return to sender: Lymphocyte trafficking mechanisms as contributors to primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 2019; 71:603-615. [PMID: 31108158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an inflammatory disease of the biliary tree, characterised by stricturing bile duct disease and progression to liver fibrosis. The pathophysiology of PSC is still unknown. The concurrence with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in about 70% of cases has led to the hypothesis that gut-homing lymphocytes aberrantly traffic to the liver, contributing to disease pathogenesis in patients with both PSC and IBD (PSC-IBD). The discovery of mutual trafficking pathways of lymphocytes to target tissues, and expression of gut-specific adhesion molecules and chemokines in the liver has pointed in this direction. There is now increasing interest in using drugs that intervene with these trafficking pathways (e.g. vedolizumab, etrolizumab) for the treatment of PSC-IBD. In this review we discuss what is currently known about the immunological interactions between the gut and the liver in concomitant PSC and IBD, as well as potential therapeutic options for intervening in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon de Krijger
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cyriel Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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63
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Beringer A, Miossec P. Systemic effects of IL-17 in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:491-501. [PMID: 31227819 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis occurs in many diseases and is characterized by joint inflammation and damage. However, the inflammatory state in arthritis is commonly associated with systemic manifestations, which are generally linked to a poor prognosis. The pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 functions within a complex network of cytokines and contributes to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. Three IL-17 inhibitors have already been approved for the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. After a brief description of IL-17 and its local effects on joints, this Review focuses on the systemic effects of IL-17 in inflammatory arthritis. Increased circulating concentrations of bioactive IL-17 mediate changes in blood vessels, liver and cardiac and skeletal muscles. The effects of IL-17 on vascular and cardiac cells might contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular events that occurs in all patients with inflammatory disorders. In the liver, IL-17 contributes to the high circulating concentrations of acute-phase proteins, such as C-reactive protein, and the appearance of liver lesions. In skeletal muscle, IL-17 contributes to muscle contractibility defects and weakness. Thus, targeting IL-17 might have beneficial effects at both local and systemic levels, and could also be proposed for the treatment of a wider range of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, EA 4130, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, EA 4130, University of Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Beringer A, Miossec P. IL-17 and TNF-α co-operation contributes to the proinflammatory response of hepatic stellate cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:111-120. [PMID: 31102558 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have a central role in liver inflammation and fibrosis by producing inflammatory and fibrotic mediators. Their activation is regulated through direct cell-cell interactions, but also through systemic and local effects of soluble factors such as cytokines. The effects of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and cell interactions with hepatocytes on HSC activation were assessed. Human HSC and HepaRG cells were exposed to IL-17 and/or TNF-α. IL-17 and TNF-α contribution from immune cells was determined in a co-culture model with phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), HSC and/or hepatocytes. IL-17 enhanced TNF-α effects on the induction of IL-6, IL-1β, and the chemokine IL-8, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression/secretion in isolated HSC cultures. HSC-hepatocyte interactions did not enhance IL-6, IL-8 and CCL20 production compared to hepatocyte alone. However, HSC-hepatocyte interactions increased C-reactive protein expression. IL-17 and/or TNF-α had no direct profibrotic effects on collagen 1 α1, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 gene expression, whereas mRNA levels of MMP3, an enzyme involved in matrix destruction, were up-regulated in HSCs. The use of specific inhibitors of IL-17 and TNF-α indicated their contribution to the strong increase of IL-6 and IL-8 production induced by PBMC, HSC and/or hepatocyte interactions. As chronic liver inflammation leads to liver fibrosis, IL-17 and/or TNF-α neutralization can be of interest to control liver inflammation and therefore its effects on fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - P Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Neveu WA, Staitieh BS, Mills ST, Guidot DM, Sueblinvong V. Alcohol-Induced Interleukin-17 Expression Causes Murine Lung Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation via Thy-1 Down-Regulation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1427-1438. [PMID: 31081931 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol exposure induces TGFβ1 and renders the lung susceptible to injury and disrepair. We determined that TGFβ1 regulates myofibroblast differentiation through the loss of Thy-1 expression and consequent induction of α-SMA. TGFβ1 is important for T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation and IL-17 secretion, which in turn participates in tissue repair. We hypothesized that alcohol induces Th17 differentiation via TGFβ1 and that IL-17 produced by these cells contributes to the development of profibrotic lung myofibroblasts. METHODS Primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs) were treated with alcohol, TGFβ1, and IL-17 and then analyzed for Thy-1 expression and cell morphology. Naïve and Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells were exposed to alcohol and assessed for IL-17 expression. CD4+ T cells from alcohol-fed mice were analyzed for Th17 and IL-17 expression. Lungs of control-fed, bleomycin-treated and alcohol-fed, bleomycin-treated mice were analyzed for IL-17 protein expression. RESULTS Alcohol-treated PLFs expressed lower levels of Thy-1 than untreated cells. TGFβ1 or IL-17 exposure suppressed PLF Thy-1 expression. When administered together, TGFβ1 and IL-17 additively down-regulated Thy-1 expression. Exposure of naïve and Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells to alcohol induced the Th17 phenotype and augmented their production of IL-17. CD4+ Th17+ levels are elevated in the peripheral compartment but not in the lungs of alcohol-fed animals. Treatment of the PLFs with IL-17 and alcohol induced α-SMA expression. Induction of α-SMA and myofibroblast morphology by IL-17 occurred selectively in a Thy-1- fibroblast subpopulation. Chronic alcohol ingestion augmented lung-specific IL-17 expression following bleomycin-induced lung injury. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol exposure skews T cells toward a Th17 immune response that in turn primes the lung for fibroproliferative disrepair through loss of Thy-1 expression and induction of myofibroblast differentiation. These effects suggest that IL-17 and TGFβ1 contribute to fibroproliferative disrepair in the lung and targeting these proteins could limit morbidity and mortality following lung injury in alcoholic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Neveu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bashar S Staitieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen T Mills
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David M Guidot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Viranuj Sueblinvong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Harrell CR, Fellabaum C, Jovicic N, Djonov V, Arsenijevic N, Volarevic V. Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Secretome. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050467. [PMID: 31100966 PMCID: PMC6562906 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-sourced secretome, defined as the set of MSC-derived bioactive factors (soluble proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and extracellular vesicles), showed therapeutic effects similar to those observed after transplantation of MSCs. MSC-derived secretome may bypass many side effects of MSC-based therapy, including unwanted differentiation of engrafted MSCs. In contrast to MSCs which had to be expanded in culture to reach optimal cell number for transplantation, MSC-sourced secretome is immediately available for treatment of acute conditions, including fulminant hepatitis, cerebral ischemia and myocardial infarction. Additionally, MSC-derived secretome could be massively produced from commercially available cell lines avoiding invasive cell collection procedure. In this review article we emphasized molecular and cellular mechanisms that were responsible for beneficial effects of MSC-derived secretomes in the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases of hepatobiliary, respiratory, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and nervous system. Results obtained in a large number of studies suggested that administration of MSC-derived secretomes represents a new, cell-free therapeutic approach for attenuation of inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Therapeutic effects of MSC-sourced secretomes relied on their capacity to deliver genetic material, growth and immunomodulatory factors to the target cells enabling activation of anti-apoptotic and pro-survival pathways that resulted in tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department for Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Department for Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Vladislav Volarevic
- Department for Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozara Markovica Street, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Evasovic JM, Singer CA. Regulation of IL-17A and implications for TGF-β1 comodulation of airway smooth muscle remodeling in severe asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L843-L868. [PMID: 30810068 PMCID: PMC6589583 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00416.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma develops as a result of heightened, persistent symptoms that generally coincide with pronounced neutrophilic airway inflammation. In individuals with severe asthma, symptoms are poorly controlled by high-dose inhaled glucocorticoids and often lead to elevated morbidity and mortality rates that underscore the necessity for novel drug target identification that overcomes limitations in disease management. Many incidences of severe asthma are mechanistically associated with T helper 17 (TH17) cell-derived cytokines and immune factors that mediate neutrophilic influx to the airways. TH17-secreted interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is an independent risk factor for severe asthma that impacts airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling. TH17-derived cytokines and diverse immune mediators further interact with structural cells of the airway to induce pathophysiological processes that impact ASM functionality. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pivotal mediator involved in airway remodeling that correlates with enhanced TH17 activity in individuals with severe asthma and is essential to TH17 differentiation and IL-17A production. IL-17A can also reciprocally enhance activation of TGF-β1 signaling pathways, whereas combined TH1/TH17 or TH2/TH17 immune responses may additively impact asthma severity. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive summary of cytokine-driven T cell fate determination and TH17-mediated airway inflammation. It will further review the evidence demonstrating the extent to which IL-17A interacts with various immune factors, specifically TGF-β1, to contribute to ASM remodeling and altered function in TH17-driven endotypes of severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Evasovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada
| | - Cherie A Singer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada
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68
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Van Herck MA, Weyler J, Kwanten WJ, Dirinck EL, De Winter BY, Francque SM, Vonghia L. The Differential Roles of T Cells in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Obesity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:82. [PMID: 30787925 PMCID: PMC6372559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitutes a spectrum of disease states characterized by hepatic steatosis and is closely associated to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), additionally, inflammatory changes and hepatocellular damage are present, representing a more severe condition, for which the treatment is an unmet medical need. Pathophysiologically, the immune system is one of the main drivers of NAFLD progression and other obesity-related comorbidities, and both the innate and adaptive immune system are involved. T cells form the cellular component of the adaptive immune system and consist of multiple differentially active subsets, i.e., T helper (Th) cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, as well as several innate T-cell subsets. This review focuses on the role of these T-cell subsets in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, as well as the association with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, reviewing the available evidence from both animal and human studies. Briefly, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th22 cells seem to have an attenuating effect on adiposity. Th2, Th22, and Treg cells seem to decrease insulin resistance, whereas Th1, Th17, and Tc cells have an aggravating effect. Concerning NAFLD, both Th22 and Treg cells appear to have an overall tempering effect, whereas Th17 and Tc cells seem to induce more liver damage and fibrosis progression. The evidence regarding the role of the innate T-cell subsets is more controversial and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhaïl A Van Herck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonas Weyler
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus J Kwanten
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline L Dirinck
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven M Francque
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luisa Vonghia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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Long T, Wang L, Yang Y, Yuan L, Zhao H, Chang CC, Yang G, Ho CT, Li S. Protective effects of trans-2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside on liver fibrosis and renal injury induced by CCl4via down-regulating p-ERK1/2 and p-Smad1/2. Food Funct 2019; 10:5115-5123. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both as a food and an herbal plant, Polygonum multiflorum (PM) has long been used in food and prescriptions for several centuries in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Long
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
- China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
- China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology
| | - Yiwen Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
- China
| | - Li Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
- China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science
- Tianjin University of Commerce
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Chia-Che Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40227
- Taiwan
| | - Guliang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
- China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science
- Rutgers University
- New Brunswick
- USA
| | - Shiming Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang
- China
- Department of Food Science
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Wang S, Li J, Wu S, Cheng L, Shen Y, Ma W, She W, Yang C, Wang J, Jiang W. Type 3 innate lymphoid cell: a new player in liver fibrosis progression. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2565-2582. [PMID: 30459204 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3) has recently emerged as a crucial effector in inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. The present study was designed to determine the roles of ILC3 in liver fibrosis. By flow cytometry, we documented increased frequencies of peripheral ILC3 (Lin-CD127+CD117+CD294- lymphocytes) in patients, especially at the advanced stage of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic liver diseases, and demonstrated their correlations with disease progression. The in vitro fibrogenic effects by ILC3 were determined by co-culture experiments with LX-2 (a human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line). The data indicate that pathogenic ILC3 can directly promote LX-2 fibrogenesis in non-contact manners by producing interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-22. Additionally, they had indirect fibrogenic effects by producing IL-22 to suppress interferon (IFN)-γ (a well-known anti-fibrotic cytokine) production by other immune cells. In carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced wild-type mouse liver fibrosis models, we also documented significantly increased frequencies of both non-natural killer (NK) ILC (Lin-CD127+ lymphocytes) and ILC3 (Lin-CD127+RORγt+ lymphocytes) in liver and spleen specimens. Furthermore, the ILC3 from fibrotic mice contained more IL-17A+ILC3 and IL-22+ILC3 subsets than those from normal and less-fibrotic mice. The in vivo effects of ILC3 in liver fibrogenesis were further determined using RAG-1-/- mice with ILC depletion and further adoptive transfer of ILC3 from wild-type mice. The immunohistochemical staining of liver specimens showed the beneficial effects by ILC depletion and the detrimental effects by ILC3 transfer in CCl4-induced mouse liver fibrosis models. Collectively, ILC3 plays a pro-fibrotic role in liver fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin She
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changqing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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71
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Fabre T, Molina MF, Soucy G, Goulet JP, Willems B, Villeneuve JP, Bilodeau M, Shoukry NH. Type 3 cytokines IL-17A and IL-22 drive TGF-β-dependent liver fibrosis. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaar7754. [PMID: 30366940 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aar7754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory immune cells can modulate activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and progression of liver fibrosis. Type 3 inflammation characterized by production of interleukin-17A (IL-17) and IL-22 by innate and adaptive immune cells is implicated in many inflammatory conditions of the gut and can be counteracted by regulatory T cells (Tregs), but its contribution to liver fibrosis is still poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the contribution of type 3 inflammation in liver fibrosis using clinical liver biopsies, in vitro stimulation of primary HSCs, and in vivo mouse models. We report dysregulated type 3 responses in fibrotic lesions with increased IL-17+CD4+/FOXP3hiCD4+ ratio and increased IL-17 and IL-22 production in advanced liver fibrosis. Neutrophils and mast cells were the main sources of IL-17 in situ in humans. In addition, we demonstrate a new profibrotic function of IL-22 through enhancement of transforming growth factor-β signaling in HSCs in a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent manner. In vivo, IL-22RA1 knockout mice exhibited reduced fibrosis in response to thioacetamide and carbon tetrachloride. Blocking either IL-22 or IL-17 production using aryl hydrocarbon receptor or RAR-related orphan receptor gamma-t antagonists resulted in reduced fibrosis. Together, these data have identified a pathogenic role for type 3 immune response mediated by IL-22 in driving liver fibrosis during chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fabre
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuel Flores Molina
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Soucy
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Bernard Willems
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Villeneuve
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Bilodeau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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72
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Morrison RJ, Katsantonis NG, Motz KM, Hillel AT, Garrett CG, Netterville JL, Wootten CT, Majka SM, Blackwell TS, Drake WP, Gelbard A. Pathologic Fibroblasts in Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis Amplify Local Inflammatory Signals. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 160:107-115. [PMID: 30322354 DOI: 10.1177/0194599818803584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the phenotype and function of fibroblasts derived from airway scar in idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) and to explore scar fibroblast response to interleukin 17A (IL-17A). STUDY DESIGN Basic science. SETTING Laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Primary fibroblast cell lines from iSGS subjects, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis subjects, and normal control airways were utilized for analysis. Protein, molecular, and flow cytometric techniques were applied in vitro to assess the phenotype and functional response of disease fibroblasts to IL-17A. RESULTS Mechanistically, IL-17A drives iSGS scar fibroblast proliferation ( P < .01), synergizes with transforming growth factor ß1 to promote extracellular matrix production (collagen and fibronectin; P = .04), and directly stimulates scar fibroblasts to produce chemokines (chemokine ligand 2) and cytokines (IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) critical to the recruitment and differentiation of myeloid cells ( P < .01). Glucocorticoids abrogated IL-17A-dependent iSGS scar fibroblast production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ( P = .02). CONCLUSION IL-17A directly drives iSGS scar fibroblast proliferation, synergizes with transforming growth factor ß1 to promote extracellular matrix production, and amplifies local inflammatory signaling. Glucocorticoids appear to partially abrogate fibroblast-dependent inflammatory signaling. These results offer mechanistic support for future translational study of clinical reagents for manipulation of the IL-17A pathway in iSGS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Morrison
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Motz
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander T Hillel
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C Gaelyn Garrett
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James L Netterville
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher T Wootten
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan M Majka
- 4 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- 4 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,5 Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare Services, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wonder P Drake
- 6 Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexander Gelbard
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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73
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Beringer A, Miossec P. IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells and liver diseases, with focus on autoimmune liver diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:1176-1185. [PMID: 30321671 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin(IL)-17 and IL-17-producing cells are important players in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune / inflammatory diseases. More recently, they have been associated with liver diseases. This review first describes the general knowledge on IL-17 and IL-17 producing cells. The second part describes the in vitro and in vivo effects of IL-17 on liver cells and the contribution of IL-17 producing cells to liver diseases. IL-17 induces immune cell infiltration and liver damage driving to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis and contributes to autoimmune liver diseases. The circulating levels of IL-17 and the frequency of IL-17-producing cells are elevated in a variety of acute and chronic liver diseases. The last part focuses on the effects of IL-17 deletion or neutralization in various murine models. Some of these observed beneficial effects suggest that targeting the IL-17 axis could be a new therapeutic strategy to prevent chronicity and progression of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Beringer
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit EA4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit EA4130, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
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74
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Khan S, Bernier A, Dapp D, Fortier E, Krajden M, King A, Grebely J, Sagan SM, Cooper CL, Crawley AM. 6th Canadian Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus: Delivering a cure for hepatitis C infection-What are the remaining gaps? CANADIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2018; 1:94-105. [PMID: 35990718 PMCID: PMC9202794 DOI: 10.3138/canlivj.1.2.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 08/31/2024]
Abstract
Estimates are that more than 250,000 people in Canada are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and many more are unaware of their infection status. If untreated, chronic HCV infection can lead to cirrhosis and subsequent complications such as hepatocellular carcinoma. The Canadian Network on Hepatitis C, supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, has been committed to the scientific study of chronic hepatitis C and to supporting the advocacy work to improve diagnosis and access to HCV care in Canada. Although the treatment of HCV infection has been greatly advanced with direct-acting antivirals, with cure rates as high as 95%, many challenges remain in the implementation of HCV care. These issues include the lack of an effective vaccine, infection screening, treatment failure or resistance, post-cure health issues, limitations of treatment access despite increased provincial subsidization, complex needs of at-risk populations (ie, injection drug users, societal obstacles). At the 6th Canadian Symposium on HCV in March 2017, the theme "Delivering a Cure for Hepatitis C Infection: What Are the Remaining Gaps?" provided a framework in which basic scientists, clinicians, epidemiologists, social scientists, and community members interested in HCV research in Canada could showcase how they are working to address these ongoing challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Bernier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dustin Dapp
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Fortier
- Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexandra King
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Curtis L Cooper
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventative Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela M Crawley
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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75
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Different core-specific T cell subsets are expanded in chronic hepatitis C with advanced liver disease. Cytokine 2018; 124:154456. [PMID: 31631862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is frequently related to liver fibrosis, and several studies have suggested that the immunological activity of HCV antigens contributes to hepatic damage. In the present study, among structural and non-structural HCV antigens, elevatedIL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 levels were secreted by PBMC cultures obtained from CHC patients following stimulation with core antigen. Moreover, the percentage of core-specific IL-6+IL-17+(CD4+ and CD8+) T cells was significantly higher in patients with worsehepatic lesions, determined on the Metavir scale. When compared with healthy subjects, the percentage of circulating Treg cells was elevated in CHC patients, mainly among those with advanced liver fibrosis. Nevertheless, in this last group of patients, the proportion of CD39+ Treg subsets was very low. Finally, the percentage of senescent (CD57+ CD28-) and exhausted (PD-1+CD28+) core-specific T cells in CHC patients was also found to be a result of fibrotic hepatic status. In summary, imbalances between different core-specific T cell subsets are associated with liver fibrosis severity.
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76
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Sebastian AA, Kannan TP, Norazmi MN, Nurul AA. Interleukin-17A promotes osteogenic differentiation by increasing OPG/RANKL ratio in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1856-1866. [PMID: 29774992 DOI: 10.1002/term.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) represent a promising cell source for bone tissue regeneration. This study evaluated the effects of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) on the osteogenic differentiation of SHED. SHED were cultured in complete alpha minimum essential medium supplemented with osteoinducing reagents and treated with recombinant IL-17A. The cells were quantitatively analysed for proliferative activity by MTS assay, cell markers expression, and apoptotic activity by flow cytometry. For osteogenic differentiation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was quantified; mineralization assays were carried out using von Kossa and Alizarin red, and expression of osteogenic markers were analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The results showed that treatment with IL-17A increased proliferative activity in a dose-dependent manner, but reduced the expression of stem cell markers (c-Myc and Nanog) as the days progressed. IL-17A induced osteogenic differentiation in SHED as evidenced by high ALP activity, increased matrix mineralization, and upregulation of the mRNA expression of the osteogenic markers ALP, alpha 1 type 1 collagen (Col1A1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) but downregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) as well as altering the OPG/RANKL ratio. Findings from our study indicate that IL-17A enhances proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of SHED by regulating OPG/RANKL mechanism thus suggests therapeutic potential of IL-17A in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thirumulu-Ponnuraj Kannan
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd-Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Asma-Abdullah Nurul
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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77
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Tedesco D, Thapa M, Chin CY, Ge Y, Gong M, Li J, Gumber S, Speck P, Elrod EJ, Burd EM, Kitchens WH, Magliocca JF, Adams AB, Weiss DS, Mohamadzadeh M, Grakoui A. Alterations in Intestinal Microbiota Lead to Production of Interleukin 17 by Intrahepatic γδ T-Cell Receptor-Positive Cells and Pathogenesis of Cholestatic Liver Disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:2178-2193. [PMID: 29454797 PMCID: PMC5985208 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Variants at the ABCB4 or MDR2 locus, which encodes a biliary transport protein, are associated with a spectrum of cholestatic liver diseases. Exacerbation of liver disease has been linked to increased hepatic levels of interleukin (IL) 17, yet the mechanisms of this increase are not understood. We studied mice with disruption of Mdr2 to determine how defects in liver and alteration in the microbiota contribute to production of IL17 by intrahepatic γδ T cells. METHODS We performed studies with Mdr2-/- and littermate FVB/NJ (control) mice. IL17 was measured in serum samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice were injected with neutralizing antibodies against the γδ T-cell receptor (TCR; anti-γδ TCR) or mouse IL17A (anti-IL17A). Livers were collected and bacteria were identified in homogenates by culture procedures; TCRγδ+ cells were isolated by flow cytometry. Fecal samples were collected from mice and analyzed by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Cells were stimulated with antibodies or bacteria, and cytokine production was measured. We obtained tissues from 10 patients undergoing liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis or chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Tissues were analyzed for cytokine production by γδ TCR+ cells. RESULTS Mdr2-/- mice had collagen deposition around hepatic bile ducts and periportal-bridging fibrosis with influx of inflammatory cells and increased serum levels of IL17 compared with control mice. Administration of anti-IL17A reduced hepatic fibrosis. Livers from Mdr2-/- mice had increased numbers of IL17A+ γδTCR+ cells-particularly of IL17A+ Vγ6Jγ1 γδ TCR+ cells. Fecal samples from Mdr2-/- mice were enriched in Lactobacillus, and liver tissues were enriched in Lactobacillus gasseri compared with control mice. Mdr2-/- mice also had increased intestinal permeability. The γδ TCR+ cells isolated from Mdr2-/- livers produced IL17 in response to heat-killed L gasseri. Intraperitoneal injection of control mice with L gasseri led to increased serum levels of IL17 and liver infiltration by inflammatory cells; injection of these mice with anti-γδ TCR reduced serum level of IL17. Intravenous injections of Mdr2-/- mice with anti-γδ TCR reduced fibrosis; liver levels of IL17, and inflammatory cells; and serum levels of IL17. γδTCR+ cells isolated from livers of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis, but not hepatitis C virus infection, produced IL17. CONCLUSIONS In Mdr2-/- mice, we found development of liver fibrosis and inflammation to require hepatic activation of γδ TCR+ cells and production of IL17 mediated by exposure to L gasseri. This pathway appears to contribute to development of cholestatic liver disease in patients.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Bile Ducts/cytology
- Bile Ducts/immunology
- Bile Ducts/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/microbiology
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/pathology
- Cholangitis, Sclerosing/surgery
- Cholestasis/immunology
- Cholestasis/microbiology
- Cholestasis/pathology
- Cholestasis/surgery
- Disease Models, Animal
- End Stage Liver Disease/microbiology
- End Stage Liver Disease/pathology
- End Stage Liver Disease/surgery
- Female
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/surgery
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-17/blood
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lactobacillus gasseri/immunology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/microbiology
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/microbiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/surgery
- Liver Transplantation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Young Adult
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Tedesco
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes Research Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Manoj Thapa
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes Research Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chui Yoke Chin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Infectious Disease and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Minghao Gong
- Department of Infectious Disease and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Infectious Disease and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Yerkes Research Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patrick Speck
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes Research Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth J Elrod
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes Research Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eileen M Burd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - William H Kitchens
- Department of Surgery, Transplant, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph F Magliocca
- Department of Surgery, Transplant, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew B Adams
- Department of Surgery, Transplant, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David S Weiss
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes Research Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Disease and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes Research Primate Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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78
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Ma B, Yang L, Jing R, Liu J, Quan Y, Hui Q, Li J, Qin L, Pei C. Effects of Interleukin-6 on posterior capsular opacification. Exp Eye Res 2018; 172:94-103. [PMID: 29617629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) on the development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) in vitro and in vivo. Western blot and real-time PCR were used to test the IL-6-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the extracellular matrix (ECM) markers fibronectin (Fn) and type I collagen (COL-1), transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2), and the activation and role of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). Immunocytofluorescence staining was performed to detect gp130 and IL-6Rα expression in HLECs. Rat PCO models were then established to examine the impact of STAT3 knockdown by shRNA adeno-associated virus on PCO development, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of Fn in the anterior and posterior capsule in vivo. We found that IL-6 promotes the expression of Fn, COL-1, TGF-β2, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 in HLECs but exerts little effect on α-SMA. The JAK/STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 effectively suppressed the IL-6-induced expression of Fn and COL-1 in lens epithelial cells. STAT3 knockdown effectively inhibited the development of PCO in rats and significantly reduced the expression of Fn in the anterior and posterior capsule. These data suggest that IL-6 contributes to the development of PCO by promoting TGF-β2 activation and ECM synthesis through a JAK/STAT3 signaling-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, inhibiting JAK/STAT3 signaling effectively impairs both PCO development in rats and ECM synthesis in the lens capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Ruihua Jing
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yumeng Quan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qiaoyan Hui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jingming Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Cheng Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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79
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Zhao C, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhao D, Ma L, Ma P, Yang F, Wang Y, Shu Y, Qiu W. IL‑17 induces NSCLC A549 cell proliferation via the upregulation of HMGA1, resulting in an increased cyclin D1 expression. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1579-1592. [PMID: 29512693 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is considered to be an inflammation-associated carcinoma. Although interleukin‑17 (IL‑17) production contributes to the proliferation and growth of NSCLC, the mechanisms underlying IL‑17-induced NSCLC cell proliferation have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, by using ELISA and immunohistochemical analyses, we first found that the expression levels of IL‑17, IL‑17 receptor (IL‑17R), high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) and cyclin D1 were elevated in the samples of patients with NSCLC. Subsequently, by RT-qPCR, western blot analysis and cell proliferation assay in vitro, we revealed that stimulation with recombinant human IL‑17 (namely IL‑17A) markedly induced the expression of HMGA1 and cyclin D1 in the A549 cells (a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line) and promoted cell proliferation. Furthermore, luciferase reporter and ChIP assays confirmed that upregulated HMGA1 directly bound to the cyclin D1 gene promoter and activated its transcription. Notably, the response element of HMGA1 binding to the cyclin D1 promoter was disclosed for the first time, at least to the best of our knowledge. Taken together, our findings indicate that the IL‑17/HMGA1/cyclin D1 axis plays an important role in NSCLC cell proliferation and may provide new insight into NSCLC pathogenesis and may thus aid in the development of novel therapeutic targets for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yongting Li
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Pei Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Fengming Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Wen Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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80
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Abstract
Granulomas are organized aggregates of macrophages, often with characteristic morphological changes, and other immune cells. These evolutionarily ancient structures form in response to persistent particulate stimuli-infectious or noninfectious-that individual macrophages cannot eradicate. Granulomas evolved as protective responses to destroy or sequester particles but are frequently pathological in the context of foreign bodies, infections, and inflammatory diseases. We summarize recent findings that suggest that the granulomatous response unfolds in a stepwise program characterized by a series of macrophage activations and transformations that in turn recruit additional cells and produce structural changes. We explore why different granulomas vary and the reasons that granulomas are protective and pathogenic. Understanding the mechanisms and role of granuloma formation may uncover new therapies for the multitude of granulomatous diseases that constitute serious medical problems while enhancing the protective function of granulomas in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; , .,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; , .,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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81
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Zhang H, Caudle Y, Wheeler C, Zhou Y, Stuart C, Yao B, Yin D. TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 signaling is required for chronic stress-induced immune suppression. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 314:30-41. [PMID: 29169800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the duration and severity, psychological tension and physical stress can enhance or suppress the immune system in both humans and animals. Although it has been established that chronic stress exerts a significant suppressive effect on immune function, the mechanisms by which affects immune responses remain elusive. By employing an in vivo murine system, we revealed that TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 axis was remarkably activated following chronic stress. Furthermore, TLR9 and p38 MAPK played a critical role in the activation of TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 signaling cascade. Moreover, inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 or p38 significantly attenuated chronic stress-induced lymphocyte apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins, as well as the differentiation of T regulatory cells in spleen. Interestingly, disequilibrium of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines balance caused by chronic stress was also rescued by blocking TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 axis. These findings yield insight into a novel mechanism by which chronic stress modulates immune functions and identifies new targets for the development of novel anti-immune suppressant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiju Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430063, China; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Clay Wheeler
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Charles Stuart
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Baozhen Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
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82
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Gandhi CR. Hepatic stellate cell activation and pro-fibrogenic signals. J Hepatol 2017; 67:1104-1105. [PMID: 28939135 PMCID: PMC5679016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar R. Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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83
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Paquissi FC. Immunity and Fibrogenesis: The Role of Th17/IL-17 Axis in HBV and HCV-induced Chronic Hepatitis and Progression to Cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1195. [PMID: 29033929 PMCID: PMC5626935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a common final pathway for most chronic liver diseases; representing an increasing burden worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current evidence has shown that, after an initial injury, the immune response has a significant participation in the ongoing damage, and progression from chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) to cirrhosis, driving the activation and maintenance of main fibrogenic pathways. Among immune deregulations, those related to the subtype 17 of T helper lymphocytes (Th17)/interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis have been recognized as key immunopathological and prognostic elements in patients with CVH. The Th17/IL-17 axis has been found involved in several points of fibrogenesis chain from the activation of stellate cells, increased expression of profibrotic factors as TGF-β, promotion of the myofibroblastic or epithelial–mesenchymal transition, stimulation of the synthesis of collagen, and induction of imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). It also promotes the recruitment of inflammatory cells and increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-23. So, the Th17/IL-17 axis is simultaneously the fuel and the flame of a sustained proinflammatory and profibrotic environment. This work aims to present the immunopathologic and prognostic role of the Th17/IL-17 axis and related pathways in fibrogenesis and progression to cirrhosis in patients with liver disease due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
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84
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Park J, Kim H, Lee IS, Kim KH, Kim Y, Na YC, Lee JH, Jang HJ. The therapeutic effects of Yongdamsagan-tang on autoimmune hepatitis models. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:244-255. [PMID: 28763748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immunity disorder that is the result of antibodies in the liver tissue of the patient that are attacked by activated immune cells due to an unknown cause. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Yongdamsagan-tang (YST) extracts and confirm effects on autoimmune hepatitis models as the therapeutic agent using the YST extracted by various solvents. YST, a mixture of 11 herbal extracts, is known in traditional Korean medicine as a widely used treatment for inflammatory diseases. We proposed the AIH-condition in vitro model by the addition of recombinant IL-17A and then observed several markers linked to AIH symptoms, including an increase of IL-6 expression, lipid accumulation, and fibrosis. In AIH-condition hepatic cell model, YST reduced IL-6 expression and lipid accumulation caused by treatment of IL-17 combination in hepatocyte cells. Also, YST blocked several activated fibrosis factors including transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β1), collagen type 1 (Col-α1(I)), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in liver stellate cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with YST protected hepatic damage and reduces histological injury by suppressing apoptosis mediator and inflammatory cytokines expression in concanavalin A (Con A)-induced autoimmune hepatitis mice model. The findings here improve our understanding of YST extracted by 80% ethanol, suggesting that YST can be used as a therapeutic treatment for AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seung Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Cheol Na
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Institute of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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85
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Bao S, Zheng J, Shi G. The role of T helper 17 cells in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3713-3719. [PMID: 28731149 PMCID: PMC5646947 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients, T helper 17 (Th17) cells are significantly elevated. Th17 cells initiate immune-mediated pathogenesis and have a critical role in the process of HBV-related liver cirrhosis (HBV-LC). The mechanisms underlying this process are attributed to Th17-secreted cytokines, which include interleukin (IL)-17, IL-21 and IL-22; however, a systemic analysis regarding these mechanisms has yet to be conducted. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of HBV-LC. All randomized clinical trials, case series, case reports and meta-analyses that contained the aforementioned keywords were included in the review process. In addition, unpublished information from the Food and Drug Administration was included. The findings indicated that Th17-secreted cytokines, including IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22, function by activating or silencing hepatic stellate cells, modulating proinflammatory and pro- or antifibrogenic effectors, regulating extracellular matrix formation, upregulating chemokine expression, and inducing hepatocellular damage or hepatoprotection during the HBV-LC process. In addition, Th17 cells and Th17-secreted cytokines may be considered a potential tool in the diagnosis or treatment of HBV-LC. The present review summarized the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of HBV-LC in order to deepen the clinical understanding of the role of Th17 cells and also to support the development of effective therapies for patients with HBV-LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Bao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Guangfeng Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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86
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Lo Re O, Panebianco C, Porto S, Cervi C, Rappa F, Di Biase S, Caraglia M, Pazienza V, Vinciguerra M. Fasting inhibits hepatic stellate cells activation and potentiates anti-cancer activity of Sorafenib in hepatocellular cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1202-1212. [PMID: 28471474 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor outcome. Most HCCs develop in the context of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis caused by chronic inflammation. Short-term fasting approaches enhance the activity of chemotherapy in preclinical cancer models, other than HCC. Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sorafenib is the mainstay of treatment in HCC. However, its benefit is frequently short-lived. Whether fasting can alleviate liver fibrosis and whether combining fasting with Sorafenib is beneficial remains unknown. A 24 hr fasting (2% serum, 0.1% glucose)-induced changes on human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) LX-2 proliferation/viability/cell cycle were assessed by MTT and flow cytometry. Expression of lypolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation markers (vimentin, αSMA) was evaluated by qPCR and immunoblotting. Liver fibrosis and inflammation were evaluated in a mouse model of steatohepatitis exposed to cycles of fasting, by histological and biochemical analyses. A 24 hr fasting-induced changes were also analyzed on the proliferation/viability/glucose uptake of human HCC cells exposed to Sorafenib. An expression panel of genes involved in survival, inflammation, and metabolism was examined by qPCR in HCC cells exposed to fasting and/or Sorafenib. Fasting decreased the proliferation and the activation of HSC. Repeated cycles of short term starvation were safe in mice but did not improve fibrosis. Fasting synergized with Sorafenib in hampering HCC cell growth and glucose uptake. Finally, fasting normalized the expression levels of genes which are commonly altered by Sorafenib in HCC cells. Fasting or fasting-mimicking diet diets should be evaluated in preclinical studies as a mean to potentiate the activity of Sorafenib in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Lo Re
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Concetta Panebianco
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Stefania Porto
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Carlo Cervi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Biase
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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87
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Abstract
The Wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 2b (Wnt2b) has been found to be a principal mediator of liver development and regeneration. However, the significance of Wnt2b in the pathogenesis of fibrosis-related liver diseases remains undefined. Here, we report that Wnt2b was highly expressed in the fibrotic liver tissues, exhibiting protective effects against activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and fibrosis progression. We identified a negative regulation of Wnt2b on the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation-mediated pro-fibrogenic effects. Wnt2b was shown not only to directly suppress LPS-induced HSCs activation, but also to inhibit TLR4-enhanced the sensitivity of HSCs to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Mechanistic study showed that Wnt2b suppresses TLR4 signaling through inhibiting the expression of TLR4 as well as the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. These findings provided new insights into the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis by characterizing Wnt2b as a novel endogenous suppressor of TLR4 signaling, maintaining tissue homeostasis during the early stage of hepatic fibrosis-associated liver diseases.
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88
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Abstract
Tissue repair after injury is a complex, metabolically demanding process. Depending on the tissue's regenerative capacity and the quality of the inflammatory response, the outcome is generally imperfect, with some degree of fibrosis, which is defined by aberrant accumulation of collagenous connective tissue. Inflammatory cells multitask at the wound site by facilitating wound debridement and producing chemokines, metabolites, and growth factors. If this well-orchestrated response becomes dysregulated, the wound can become chronic or progressively fibrotic, with both outcomes impairing tissue function, which can ultimately lead to organ failure and death. Here we review the current understanding of the role of inflammation and cell metabolism in tissue-regenerative responses, highlight emerging concepts that may expand therapeutic perspectives, and briefly discuss where important knowledge gaps remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Paul Martin
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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89
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Zhang H, Ju B, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Nie Y, Xu Y, Lei Q. Magnolol Attenuates Concanavalin A-induced Hepatic Fibrosis, Inhibits CD4 + T Helper 17 (Th17) Cell Differentiation and Suppresses Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation: Blockade of Smad3/Smad4 Signalling. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:560-570. [PMID: 28032440 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnolol is a pharmacological biphenolic compound extracted from Chinese herb Magnolia officinalis, which displays anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study was aimed at exploring the potential effect of magnolol on immune-related liver fibrosis. Herein, BALB/c mice were injected with concanavalin A (ConA, 8 mg/kg/week) up to 6 weeks to establish hepatic fibrosis, and magnolol (10, 20, 30 mg/kg/day) was given to these mice orally throughout the whole experiment. We found that magnolol preserved liver function and attenuated liver fibrotic injury in vivo. In response to ConA stimulation, the CD4+ T cells preferred to polarizing towards CD4+ T helper 17 (Th17) cells in liver. Magnolol was observed to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation in ConA-treated liver in addition to suppressing interleukin (IL)-17A generation. Hepatic stellate cells were activated in fibrotic liver as demonstrated by increased alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and desmin. More transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and activin A were secreted into the serum. Magnolol suppressed this abnormal HSC activation. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Smad3 in its linker area (Thr179, Ser 204/208/213) was inhibited by magnolol. In vitro, the recombinant IL-17A plus TGF-β1 or activin A induced activation of human LX2 HSCs and promoted their collagen production. Smad3/Smad4 signalling pathway was activated in LX2 cells exposed to the fibrotic stimuli, as illustrated by the up-regulated phospho-Smad3 and the enhanced interaction between Smad3 and Smad4. These alterations were suppressed by magnolol. Collectively, our study reveals a novel antifibrotic effect of magnolol on Th17 cell-mediated fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Baoling Ju
- Department of Immunology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Department of Academic Affairs, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ying Nie
- Department of Immunology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Immunology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiuxia Lei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mudanjiang First People's Hospital, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
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90
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Paquissi FC. Immune Imbalances in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From General Biomarkers and Neutrophils to Interleukin-17 Axis Activation and New Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2016; 7:490. [PMID: 27891128 PMCID: PMC5104753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing problem worldwide and is associated with negative outcomes such as cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular events. Current evidence shows that the immune response has an important participation driving the initiation, maintenance, and progression of the disease. So, various immune imbalances, from cellular to cytokines levels, have been studied, either for better compression of the disease pathophysiology or as biomarkers for severity assessment and outcome prediction. In this article, we performed a thorough review of studies that evaluated the role of inflammatory/immune imbalances in the NAFLD. At the cellular level, we gave special focus on the imbalance between neutrophils and lymphocytes counts (the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), and that which occurs between T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells as emerging biomarkers. By extension, we reviewed the reflection of these imbalances at the molecular level through pro-inflammatory cytokines including those involved in Th17 differentiation (IL-6, IL-21, IL-23, and transforming growth factor-beta), and those released by Th17 cells (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22). We gave particular attention to the role of IL-17, either produced by Th17 cells or neutrophils, in fibrogenesis and steatohepatitis. Finally, we reviewed the potential of these pathways as new therapeutic targets in NAFLD.
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91
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Chackelevicius CM, Gambaro SE, Tiribelli C, Rosso N. Th17 involvement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9096-9103. [PMID: 27895397 PMCID: PMC5107591 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i41.9096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD encompasses a wide histological spectrum ranging from benign simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Sustained inflammation in the liver is critical in this process. Hepatic macrophages, including liver resident macropaghes (Kupffer cells), monocytes infiltrating the injured liver, as well as specific lymphocytes subsets play a pivotal role in the initiation and perpetuation of the inflammatory response, with a major deleterious impact on the progression of fatty liver to fibrosis. During the last years, Th17 cells have been involved in the development of inflammation not only in liver but also in other organs, such as adipose tissue or lung. Differentiation of a naïve T cell into a Th17 cell leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production with subsequent myeloid cell recruitment to the inflamed tissue. Th17 response can be mitigated by T regulatory cells that secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines. Both T cell subsets need TGF-β for their differentiation and a characteristic plasticity in their phenotype may render them new therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the role of the Th17 pathway in NAFLD progression to NASH and to liver fibrosis analyzing different animal models of liver injury and human studies.
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92
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Lopez ON, Bohanon FJ, Wang X, Ye N, Corsello T, Rojas-Khalil Y, Chen H, Chen H, Zhou J, Radhakrishnan RS. STAT3 Inhibition Suppresses Hepatic Stellate Cell Fibrogenesis: HJC0123, a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Liver Fibrosis. RSC Adv 2016; 6:100652-100663. [PMID: 28546859 PMCID: PMC5440088 DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17459k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic Stellate Cells (HSCs) are the major source of the excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) production that replaces liver parenchyma with fibrous tissue during liver fibrosis. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) promotes HCSs survival, proliferation, and activation contributing to fibrogenesis. We have previously used a fragment-based drug design approach and have discovered a novel STAT3 inhibitor, HJC0123. Here, we explored the biological effects of HJC0123 on the fibrogenic properties of HSCs. HJC0123 treatment resulted in the inhibition of HSCs proliferation at submicromolar concentrations. HJC0123 reduced the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of STAT3. It decreased the expression of STAT3-regulated proteins, induced cell cycle arrest, promoted apoptosis and downregulated SOCS3. HJC0123 treatment inhibited HSCs activation and downregulated ECM protein fibronectin and type I collagen expression. In addition, HJC0123 increased IL-6 production and decreased TGF-β induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that HJC0123 represents a novel STAT3 inhibitor that suppresses the fibrogenic properties of HSCs, suggesting its therapeutic potential in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Nunez Lopez
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
| | - Fredrick J. Bohanon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
| | - Xiaofu Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
| | - Na Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
| | - Tiziana Corsello
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
| | - Yesenia Rojas-Khalil
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
| | - Haijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
| | - Haiying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
| | - Ravi S. Radhakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, USA, 77555
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93
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Zhou L, Shang M, Shi M, Zhao L, Lin Z, Chen T, Wu Y, Tang Z, Sun H, Yu J, Huang Y, Yu X. Clonorchis sinensis lysophospholipase inhibits TGF-β1-induced expression of pro-fibrogenic genes through attenuating the activations of Smad3, JNK2, and ERK1/2 in hepatic stellate cell line LX-2. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:643-50. [PMID: 26486942 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4782-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound healing response associated with chronic liver injury. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation is a key event in the development of liver fibrosis. Since helminths have the ability to live for decades in the host by establishing an adaptive relationship in the interplay with its hosts, we hypothesize that whether Clonochis sinensis LysophospholipaseA (CsLysoPLA), a component of excretory/secretory proteins, can attenuate the fibrogenic response by inhibiting activation of LX-2 cells, thereby balancing the pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic response during the Clonochis sinensis (C. sinensis) infection. In the present study, LX-2 cells were stimulated with CsLysoPLA in the presence of TGF-β1, and the expressions of collagen type I (COL1A1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) were decreased. In addition, CsLysoPLA significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of LX-2 cells stimulated by TGF-β1. Pretreatment of LX-2 cells with CsLysoPLA attenuated the phosphorylation of Smad3 as well as JNK2 and ERK1/2 in response to the stimulation of TGF-β1. For the first time, our results showed an anti-fibrogenic effect of CsLysoPLA by attenuating the response of LX-2 cells to TGF-β1 through inhibiting the activations of Smad3, ERK1/2, and JNK2.
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MicroRNA-146a-5p Negatively Regulates Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion and Cell Activation in Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated Human Hepatic Stellate Cells through Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071076. [PMID: 27399683 PMCID: PMC4964452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is demonstrated to be involved in the hepatic fibrosis. MicroRNA (miR)-146a-5p is a key regulator of the innate immune response. The functional significance of miR-146a-5p during the LPS/TLR4 mediated hepatic fibrosis process remains unclear. In this study, we found that TLR4 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were up-regulated and miR-146a-5p was down-regulated in human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line LX2 after LPS stimulation. Overexpression of miR-146a-5p inhibited LPS induced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion through down-regulating the expression levels of TLR-4, IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), TNF receptor associated factor-6 (TRAF6) and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Knockdown of IRAK1 and TRAF6 also suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inhibiting NF-κB phosphorylation. In addition, miR-146a-5p mimic blocked LPS induced TRAF6 dependent c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Smad2 activation as well as α-SMA production. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-146a-5p suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and cell activation of HSC through inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB and TLR4/TRAF6/JNK pathway.
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95
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The Predictive Role of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Atrial Fibrillation as Seen through Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Mirror. J Biomark 2016; 2016:8160393. [PMID: 27446629 PMCID: PMC4947500 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8160393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and is responsible for significant disease burden worldwide. Current evidence has suggested that systemic inflammatory response plays a crucial role in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of AF. So, recent efforts have been directed in search of measurable inflammatory biomarkers as additional tools in severity and prognosis assessment of AF. A simple, and easily obtainable, inflammatory marker is the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which has shown good performance in preliminary studies as a potential prognostic biomarker in patients with AF. In this work, we performed a thorough review of clinical studies that evaluated the role of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and NLR as predictors of outcomes in AF. We gave a particular emphasis on the NLR because it is a simpler, widely available, and inexpensive biomarker.
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96
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MacParland SA, Fadel SM, Mihajlovic V, Fawaz A, Kim C, Rahman AKMNU, Liu J, Kaul R, Kovacs C, Grebely J, Dore GJ, Wong DK, Ostrowski MA. HCV Specific IL-21 Producing T Cells but Not IL-17A Producing T Cells Are Associated with HCV Viral Control in HIV/HCV Coinfection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154433. [PMID: 27124305 PMCID: PMC4849786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance, faster cirrhosis progression and higher HCV RNA levels are associated with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. The CD4+ T helper cytokines interleukin (IL)-21 and IL-17A are associated with virus control and inflammation, respectively, both important in HCV and HIV disease progression. Here, we examined how antigen-specific production of these cytokines during HCV mono and HIV/HCV coinfection was associated with HCV virus control. METHODS We measured HCV-specific IL-21 and IL-17A production by transwell cytokine secretion assay in PBMCs from monoinfected and coinfected individuals. Viral control was determined by plasma HCV RNA levels. RESULTS In acutely infected individuals, those able to establish transient/complete HCV viral control tended to have stronger HCV-specific IL-21-production than non-controllers. HCV-specific IL-21 production also correlated with HCV viral decline in acute infection. Significantly stronger HCV-specific IL-21 production was detected in HAART-treated coinfected individuals. HCV-specific IL-17A production was not associated with lower plasma HCV RNA levels in acute or chronic HCV infection and responses were stronger in HIV coinfection. HCV-specific IL-21/ IL-17A responses did not correlate with microbial translocation or fibrosis. Exogenous IL-21 treatment of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells from monoinfected individuals enhanced their function although CD8+ T cells from coinfected individuals were somewhat refractory to the effects of IL-21. CONCLUSIONS These data show that HCV-specific IL-21 and IL-17A-producing T cells are induced in HIV/HCV coinfection. In early HIV/HCV coinfection, IL-21 may contribute to viral control, and may represent a novel tool to enhance acute HCV clearance in HIV/HCV coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya A. MacParland
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Saleh M. Fadel
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vesna Mihajlovic
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Fawaz
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Kim
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Mario A. Ostrowski
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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97
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TGF-β in Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrogenesis: Updated. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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