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Bays H, Perdomo C, Nikonova E, Knoth R, Malhotra M. Lorcaserin and metabolic disease: weight-loss dependent and independent effects. Obes Sci Pract 2018; 4:499-505. [PMID: 30574343 PMCID: PMC6298312 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight management pharmacotherapies can improve metabolic diseases through weight-dependent and weight-independent effects. Lorcaserin is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist. The objective of this analysis is to quantify the relative contribution of weight loss to the treatment effects of lorcaserin 10 mg twice a day on key metabolic parameters. METHODS This retrospective analysis evaluated 6,897 patients with overweight or obesity (with or without diabetes mellitus) across three randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 52-week clinical trials that evaluated lorcaserin 10 mg twice daily (BID; NCT00395135, NCT00603902, and NCT00603291); 509 patients from only one of the studies had type 2 diabetes mellitus. A mediation analysis was applied to help rank the relative contribution of weight loss to metabolic study outcomes. RESULTS According to this mediation analysis, lorcaserin 10 mg BID improved a spectrum of adiposopathic metabolic abnormalities with varying contributions attributable to weight loss. Improvements in waist circumference and blood pressure were almost exclusively attributable to weight loss. Less than 50% of the improvement in glucose parameters (fasting blood glucose and haemoglobin A1c) were attributable to weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Across Phase III clinical trials, lorcaserin 10 mg BID improved multiple cardiometabolic parameters through both weight-loss dependent and independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research CenterLouisvilleKYUSA
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Chao AM, Wadden TA, Pearl RL, Alamuddin N, Leonard SM, Bakizada ZM, Pinkasavage E, Gruber KA, Walsh OA, Berkowitz RI, Alfaris N, Tronieri JS. A randomized controlled trial of lorcaserin and lifestyle counselling for weight loss maintenance: changes in emotion- and stress-related eating, food cravings and appetite. Clin Obes 2018; 8:383-390. [PMID: 30222916 PMCID: PMC6711178 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-obesity medication may help people maintain diet-induced reductions in appetite. The present exploratory analysis assessed the effects of lorcaserin on changes at 24 weeks post-randomization in emotion- and stress-related eating, food cravings and other measures of appetite (i.e. binge eating, cognitive restraint, disinhibition, hunger, preoccupation with eating and fullness). The parent study investigated the efficacy of combined lorcaserin and behavioural treatment in facilitating weight loss maintenance (WLM) in 137 adults (mean age = 46.1 years, 86.1% female, 68.6% black) who had lost ≥5% of initial weight during a 14-week, low-calorie diet (LCD) run-in. Participants were randomly assigned to lorcaserin or placebo and were provided with group WLM counselling sessions. Emotion- and stress-related eating, food cravings and appetite were measured at the start of the LCD (week -14), randomization (0) and week 24. From randomization, lorcaserin-treated participants had significantly greater improvements in emotion- and stress-related eating compared to placebo-treated participants (P = 0.04). However, groups did not differ significantly after randomization in changes in the frequency of food cravings, binge eating or other measures of appetite (Ps > 0.05). Compared to placebo, lorcaserin may improve emotion- and stress-related eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M. Chao
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Thomas A. Wadden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Rebecca L. Pearl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Naji Alamuddin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Sharon M. Leonard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Zayna M. Bakizada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Emilie Pinkasavage
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Kathryn A. Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Olivia A. Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Robert I. Berkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Nasreen Alfaris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- The Obesity, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jena Shaw Tronieri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
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Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of heart failure. One of the hallmarks of diabetes is insulin resistance associated with hyperinsulinemia. The literature shows that insulin and adrenergic signaling is intimately linked to each other; however, whether and how insulin may modulate cardiac adrenergic signaling and cardiac function remains unknown. Notably, recent studies have revealed that insulin receptor and β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) forms a membrane complex in animal hearts, bringing together the direct contact between 2 receptor signaling systems, and forming an integrated and dynamic network. Moreover, insulin can drive cardiac adrenergic desensitization via protein kinase A and G protein-receptor kinases phosphorylation of the β2AR, which compromises adrenergic regulation of cardiac contractile function. In this review, we will explore the current state of knowledge linking insulin and G protein-coupled receptor signaling, especially β-adrenergic receptor signaling in the heart, with emphasis on molecular insights regarding its role in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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54
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Seo M, Islam SA, Moon SS. Acute anti-obesity effects of intracerebroventricular 11β-HSD1 inhibitor administration in diet-induced obese mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12580. [PMID: 29418022 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the regulatory centre of both appetite and energy balance and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the hypothalamus is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Recently, inhibition of 11 β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type1 (11β-HSD1) was reported to have an anti-obesity effect by reducing fat mass. However, the link between the role of 11β-HSD1 in the hypothalamus and obesity has yet to be determined. In the present study, embryonal primary hypothalamic neurones and high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice were used to investigate the anorexigenic effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. In hypothalamic neurones, carbenoxolone (a non selecitve 11β-HSD inhibitor) alleviated ER stress and ER stress-induced neuropeptide alterations. In HFD mice, i.c.v. administration of carbenoxolone or KR67500 (nonselective and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, respectively) was associated with less weight gain compared to control mice for 24 hours after treatment, presumably by reducing food intake. Furthermore, glucose regulated protein (Grp78), spliced X-box binding protein (Xbp-1s), c/EBP homologous protein (chop) and ER DnaJ homologue protein (Erdj4) expression was decreased in the hypothalami of mice administrated 11β-HSD1 inhibitors compared to controls. Conversely, the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) and S6 kinase1 (S6K1) in the hypothalamus was induced more in mice treated using the same regimes. In conclusion, acute 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the hypothalamus could reduce food intake by decreasing ER stress and increasing insulin, leptin, and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seo
- Medical Institute of Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - S A Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - S-S Moon
- Medical Institute of Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
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55
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Ziomber A, Surowka AD, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Romanska I, Wrobel P, Szczerbowska-Boruchowska M. Combined brain Fe, Cu, Zn and neurometabolite analysis - a new methodology for unraveling the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in appetite control. Metallomics 2018; 10:397-405. [PMID: 29384550 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00329c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial origin disease that has recently become one of the most frequent lifestyle disorders. Unfortunately, current obesity treatments seem to be ineffective. At present, transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS) represents a promising novel treatment methodology that seems to be efficient, well-tolerated and safe for a patient. Unfortunately, the biochemical action of tDCS remains unknown, which prevents its widespread use in the clinical arena, although neurobiochemical changes in brain signaling and metal metabolism are frequently reported. Therefore, our research aimed at exploring the biochemical response to tDCS in situ, in the brain areas triggering feeding behavior in obese animals. The objective was to propose a novel neurochemical (serotoninergic and dopaminergic signaling) and trace metal analysis of Fe, Cu and Zn. In doing so, we used energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Anodal-type stimulation (atDCS) of the right frontal cortex was utilized to down-regulate food intake and body weight gain in obese rats. EDXRF was coupled with the external standard method in order to quantify the chemical elements within appetite-triggering brain areas. Major dopamine metabolites were assessed in the brains, based on the HPLC assay utilizing the external standard assay. Our study confirms that elemental analysis by EDXRF and brain metabolite assay by HPLC can be considered as a useful tool for the in situ investigation of the interplay between neurochemical and Fe/Cu/Zn metabolism in the brain upon atDCS. With this methodology, an increase in both Cu and Zn in the satiety center of the stimulated group could be reported. In turn, the most significant neurochemical changes involved dopaminergic and serotoninergic signaling in the brain reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Ziomber
- Jagiellonian University, Chair of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Dawid Surowka
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Irena Romanska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Pawel Wrobel
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Szczerbowska-Boruchowska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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Kruk JS, Bermeo S, Skarratt KK, Fuller SJ, Duque G. The Effect of Antidepressants on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation. J Bone Metab 2018; 25:43-51. [PMID: 29564305 PMCID: PMC5854822 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2018.25.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Use of antidepressant medications has been linked to detrimental impacts on bone mineral density and osteoporosis; however, the cellular basis behind these observations remains poorly understood. The effect does not appear to be homogeneous across the whole class of drugs and may be linked to affinity for the serotonin transporter system. In this study, we hypothesized that antidepressants have a class- and dose-dependent effect on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation, which may affect bone metabolism. Methods Human MSCs (hMSCs) were committed to differentiate when either adipogenic or osteogenic media was added, supplemented with five increasing concentrations of amitriptyline (0.001–10 µM), venlafaxine (0.01–25 µM), or fluoxetine (0.001–10 µM). Alizarin red staining (mineralization), alkaline phosphatase (osteoblastogenesis), and oil red O (adipogenesis) assays were performed at timed intervals. In addition, cell viability was assessed using a MTT. Results We found that fluoxetine had a significant inhibitory effect on mineralization. Furthermore, adipogenic differentiation of hMSC was affected by the addition of amitriptyline, venlafaxine, and fluoxetine to the media. Finally, none of the tested medications significantly affected cell survival. Conclusions This study showed a divergent effect of three antidepressants on hMSC differentiation, which appears to be independent of class and dose. As fluoxetine and amitriptyline, but not venlafaxine, affected both osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis, this inhibitory effect could be associated to the high affinity of fluoxetine to the serotonin transporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Kruk
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, Australia
| | - Sandra Bermeo
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, Australia.,Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Kristen K Skarratt
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Goldstein JA, Bastarache LA, Denny JC, Roden DM, Pulley JM, Aronoff DM. Calcium channel blockers as drug repurposing candidates for gestational diabetes: Mining large scale genomic and electronic health records data to repurpose medications. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:44-51. [PMID: 29448118 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
New therapeutic approaches are needed for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but must show safety and efficacy in a historically understudied population. We studied associations between electronic medical record (EMR) phenotypes and genetic variants to uncover drugs currently considered safe in pregnancy that could treat or prevent GDM. We identified 129 systemically active drugs considered safe in pregnancy targeting the proteins produced from 196 genes. We tested for associations between GDM and/or type 2 diabetes (DM2) and 306 SNPs in 130 genes represented on the Illumina Infinium Human Exome Bead Chip (DM2 was included due to shared pathophysiological features with GDM). In parallel, we tested the association between drugs and glucose tolerance during pregnancy as measured by the glucose recorded during a routine 50-g glucose tolerance test (GTT). We found an association between GDM/DM2 and the genes targeted by 11 drug classes. In the EMR analysis, 6 drug classes were associated with changes in GTT. Two classes were identified in both analyses. L-type calcium channel blocking antihypertensives (CCBs), were associated with a 3.18 mg/dL (95% CI -6.18 to -0.18) decrease in glucose during GTT, and serotonin receptor type 3 (5HT-3) antagonist antinausea medications were associated with a 3.54 mg/dL (95% CI 1.86-5.23) increase in glucose during GTT. CCBs were identified as a class of drugs considered safe in pregnancy could have efficacy in treating or preventing GDM. 5HT-3 antagonists may be associated with worse glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A Goldstein
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - Lisa A Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - Dan M Roden
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jill M Pulley
- Vanderbilt Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
| | - David M Aronoff
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States.
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58
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Padickakudy R, Pereyra D, Offensperger F, Jonas P, Oehlberger L, Schwarz C, Haegele S, Assinger A, Brostjan C, Gruenberger T, Starlinger P. Bivalent role of intra-platelet serotonin in liver regeneration and tumor recurrence in humans. J Hepatol 2017; 67:1243-1252. [PMID: 28842294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Besides its critical role during liver regeneration, serotonin (5-HT) has been found to act as a mitogenic factor in several neoplastic entities. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate whether intra-platelet 5-HT (IP5-HT) was associated with oncological outcome after liver resection and concomitantly evaluate its ability to serve as a therapeutic target to promote liver regeneration. METHODS A total of 96 patients undergoing liver resection for malignant liver tumors were prospectively included. Optimized plasma and serum preparation were performed and IP5-HT levels were determined. Patients were followed up for postoperative liver dysfunction (LD), morbidity, disease free and overall survival (OS). RESULTS We found increased preoperative IP5-HT levels in patients with disease recurrence at 6 and 12months (p=0.046, p=0.020, respectively). In clear contrast, patients suffering from postoperative morbidity, severe morbidity or LD had significantly reduced IP5-HT levels (p=0.011, p=0.035, p=0.003, respectively). Patients with high IP5-HT levels (>134ng/ml) suffered from an increased incidence of postoperative disease recurrence at 6 and 12months (p=0.045, p=0.006, respectively) but exhibited a reduction in morbidity, severe morbidity, and LD (p=0.006, p=0.008, p=0.005, respectively). We confirmed these results in our two largest subgroups, demonstrating that they were independent of tumor type. This bivalent effect of IP5-HT was also reflected in patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, who displayed a reduction in disease recurrence accompanied by an increase in postoperative morbidity. Yet, both early disease recurrence and morbidity worsened OS. CONCLUSION Herein, we present first clinical evidence for IP5-HT being associated with early disease recurrence after liver resection in humans. Thus, pharmacological intervention at the level of platelets and platelet-derived 5-HT to promote liver regeneration should be considered with caution. A careful definition of indications and timing is needed to promote liver regeneration without inducing deleterious effects. LAY SUMMARY Preoperative intra-platelet serotonin (IP5-HT) levels seem to substantially affect patient outcomes after liver resection for liver tumors. While there is a narrow window of IP5-HT levels where liver regeneration and tumor progression is balanced, excessively high IP5-HT levels (>134ng/ml IP5-HT) lead to an increased incidence of early tumor recurrence and excessively low IP5-HT levels (<73ng/ml IP5-HT) lead to a higher rate of morbidity. Ultimately, overall survival is negatively affected by both postoperative early disease recurrence and morbidity. ClinicalTrials.gov-Identifier: NCT01700231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Padickakudy
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Pereyra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Offensperger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Jonas
- Department of Surgery I, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Oehlberger
- Department of Surgery I, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schwarz
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Haegele
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Patrick Starlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
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Rogge MM, Gautam B. Biology of obesity and weight regain: Implications for clinical practice. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2017; 29:S15-S29. [PMID: 29024550 DOI: 10.1002/2327-6924.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Weight loss is recommended as first-line therapy for many chronic illnesses, including obesity. Most patients who do successfully lose weight are unable to maintain their reduced weight. Recent research findings are reviewed and synthesized to explain the biology of obesity, adaptation to weight loss, and weight regain. FINDINGS Weight regain is a common consequence of successful weight loss. Current obesity management strategies fail to take into consideration the underlying genetic and environmental causes of obesity. Available treatment modalities create a negative energy balance that stimulates integrated, persistent neurologic, endocrine, muscle, and adipose tissue adaptation to restore body weight and fat mass, independent of lifestyle changes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Understanding the pathophysiology of obesity and weight loss alters nurse practitioners' responsibilities in caring for patients with obesity. They are responsible for expanding assessment and intervention strategies and offering people with obesity realistic expectations for weight loss and regain. They are obligated to explain weight regain when it occurs to minimize patient frustration. Nurse practitioners have the opportunity to adopt new approaches to patient advocacy, especially in the areas of public policy to improve diagnostic tools and adjunctive therapy for people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Madeline Rogge
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Bibha Gautam
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing, Lubbock, Texas
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Rozenblit-Susan S, Chapnik N, Froy O. Serotonin prevents differentiation into brown adipocytes and induces transdifferentiation into white adipocytes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:704-710. [PMID: 29081505 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Serotonin is synthesized by many cells in the periphery to affect vasoconstriction, intestinal motility, and glucose and lipid metabolism. It has recently been shown that serotonin leads to fat accumulation in white adipose tissue (WAT). However, the direct effect of serotonin on brown adipose tissue differentiation and metabolism is limited. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effect of serotonin on brown adipocyte metabolism and differentiation. METHODS Non-differentiated HIB1B cells and differentiated HIB1B brown adipocytes were treated with serotonin and their metabolism and differentiation examined. RESULTS Differentiated HIB1B brown adipocytes treated with serotonin had reduced levels of the thermogenic markers uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and increased levels of UCP2. In parallel, serotonin led to 3-6-fold reduction in the gene expression of brown adipocyte differentiation markers, that is, Prdm16 (positive regulatory domain 16), Bmp7 (bone morphogenic protein 7) and Pparγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ). Serotonin treatment reduced catabolism and mitochondrial activity shifting metabolism towards fatty acid synthesis rather than oxidation. Strikingly, non-differentiated HIB1B preadipocytes incubated with serotonin failed to differentiate into brown adipocytes. Moreover, although BMP6-treated myoblasts can readily differentiate into brown adipocytes, serotonin interfered with this process. CONCLUSIONS Serotonin leads to whitening of brown adipocytes, shifting their metabolism to fat accumulation rather than oxidation. In addition, serotonin interferes with the differentiation process into brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rozenblit-Susan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N Chapnik
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - O Froy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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61
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Wyler SC, Lord CC, Lee S, Elmquist JK, Liu C. Serotonergic Control of Metabolic Homeostasis. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:277. [PMID: 28979187 PMCID: PMC5611374 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatments are urgently needed to address the current epidemic of obesity and diabetes. Recent studies have highlighted multiple pathways whereby serotonin (5-HT) modulates energy homeostasis, leading to a renewed interest in the identification of 5-HT-based therapies for metabolic disease. This review aims to synthesize pharmacological and genetic studies that have found diverse functions of both central and peripheral 5-HT in the control of food intake, thermogenesis, and glucose and lipid metabolism. We also discuss the potential benefits of targeting the 5-HT system to combat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Wyler
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, United States
| | - Caleb C Lord
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, United States
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, United States
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, United States
| | - Chen Liu
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, United States
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62
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Weaver SR, Prichard AS, Maerz NL, Prichard AP, Endres EL, Hernández-Castellano LE, Akins MS, Bruckmaier RM, Hernandez LL. Elevating serotonin pre-partum alters the Holstein dairy cow hepatic adaptation to lactation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184939. [PMID: 28922379 PMCID: PMC5602632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is known to regulate energy and calcium homeostasis in several mammalian species. The objective of this study was to determine if pre-partum infusions of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the immediate precursor to serotonin synthesis, could modulate energy homeostasis at the level of the hepatocyte in post-partum Holstein and Jersey dairy cows. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows and twelve multiparous Jersey cows were intravenously infused daily for approximately 7 d pre-partum with either saline or 1 mg/kg bodyweight of 5-HTP. Blood was collected for 14 d post-partum and on d30 post-partum. Liver biopsies were taken on d1 and d7 post-partum. There were no changes in the circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, non-esterified fatty acids, or urea nitrogen in response to treatment, although there were decreased beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations with 5-HTP treatment around d6 to d10 post-partum, particularly in Jersey cows. Cows infused with 5-HTP had increased hepatic serotonin content and increased mRNA expression of the serotonin 2B receptor on d1 and d7 post-partum. Minimal changes were seen in the hepatic mRNA expression of various gluconeogenic enzymes. There were no changes in the mRNA expression profile of cell-cycle progression marker cyclin-dependent kinase 4 or apoptotic marker caspase 3, although proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression tended to be increased in Holstein cows infused with 5-HTP on d1 post-partum. Immunofluorescence assays showed an increased number of CASP3- and Ki67-positive cells in Holstein cows infused with 5-HTP on d1 post-partum. Given the elevated hepatic serotonin content and increased mRNA abundance of 5HTR2B, 5-HTP infusions may be stimulating an autocrine-paracrine adaptation to lactation in the Holstein cow liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R. Weaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Allan S. Prichard
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Noah L. Maerz
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Austin P. Prichard
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Endres
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Matthew S. Akins
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Marshfield, Marshfield, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Laura L. Hernandez
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Gątarek P, Chirumbolo S, Chartrand MS, Bjørklund G. How important is tryptophan in human health? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:72-88. [PMID: 28799778 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1357534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is an amino acid and an essential component of the human diet. It plays a crucial role in many metabolic functions. Clinicians can use Trp levels in the course of diagnosing various metabolic disorders and the symptoms associated with those diseases. Furthermore, supplementation with this amino acid is considered in the treatment of depression and sleep disorders, mainly due to the Trp relationship with the synthesis of serotonin (5-HT) and melatonin. It is also used in helping to resolve cognitive disorders, anxiety, or neurodegenerative diseases. Reduced secretion of serotonin is associated with autism spectrum disorder, obesity, anorexia and bulimia nervosa, and other diseases presenting peripherals symptoms. The literature strongly suggests that Trp has a significant role in the correct functionality of the brain-gut axis and immunology. This information leads to the consideration of Trp as an essential dietary component due to its role in the serotonin pathway. A reduced availability of Trp in diet and nutraceutical supplementation should be considered with greater concern than one might expect. This paper constitutes a review of the more salient aspects gleaned from the current knowledge base about the role of Trp in diseases, associated nutritional disorders, and food science, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- a Department of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Paulina Gątarek
- a Department of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- b Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Italy
| | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- d Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine , Mo i Rana , Norway
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Halenova T, Savchuk O, Ostapchenko L, Chursov A, Fridlyand N, Komissarov AB, Venanzi F, Kolesnikov SI, Sufianov AA, Sherman MY, Gabai VL, Shneider AM. P62 plasmid can alleviate diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56030-56040. [PMID: 28915571 PMCID: PMC5593542 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-calorie diet (HCD) induces two mutually exacerbating effects contributing to diet-induced obesity (DIO): impaired glucose metabolism and increased food consumption. A link between the metabolic and behavioral manifestations is not well understood yet. We hypothesized that chronic inflammation induced by HCD plays a key role in linking together the two components of diet-induced pathology. Based on this hypothesis, we tested if a plasmid (DNA vaccine) encoding p62 (SQSTM1) would alleviate DIO including its metabolic and/or food consumption abnormalities. Previously we reported that injections of the p62 plasmid reduce chronic inflammation during ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. Here we found that the p62 plasmid reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-12, and INFγ and increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and TGFβ in HCD-fed animals. Due to this anti-inflammatory response, we further tested whether the plasmid can alleviate HCD-induced obesity and associated metabolic and feeding impairments. Indeed, p62 plasmid significantly reversed effects of HCD on the body mass index (BMI), levels of glucose, insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Furthermore, p62 plasmid partially restored levels of the satiety hormone, serotonin, and tryptophan, simultaneously reducing activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain affected by the HCD. Finally, the plasmid partially reversed increased food consumption caused by HCD. Therefore, the administering of p62 plasmid alleviates both metabolic and behavioral components of HCD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Halenova
- Educational and Scientific Center ‘Institute of Biology and Medicine’, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksii Savchuk
- Educational and Scientific Center ‘Institute of Biology and Medicine’, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ludmila Ostapchenko
- Educational and Scientific Center ‘Institute of Biology and Medicine’, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | - Franco Venanzi
- School of Biosciences, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Sergey I. Kolesnikov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Research Center of Family Health and Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Albert A. Sufianov
- Federal Center of Neurosurgery, Tyumen, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Y. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir L. Gabai
- Curelab Oncology Inc, Dedham, MA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander M. Shneider
- Curelab Oncology Inc, Dedham, MA, USA
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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65
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Yang Y, Huang H, Xu Z, Duan JK. Serotonin and Its Receptor as a New Antioxidant Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Kidney Disease. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:7680576. [PMID: 28929122 PMCID: PMC5591914 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7680576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a widespread chronic microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), affects almost 30-50% of patients, and represents a leading cause of death of DM. Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a multifunctional bioamine that has crucial roles in many physiological pathways. Recently, emerging evidence from experimental and clinical studies has demonstrated that 5-HT is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. The 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) antagonists exert renoprotective effects by suppressing oxidative stress, suggesting that 5-HTR can be used as a potential target for treating DKD. In this review, therefore, we summarize the published information available for the involvement of 5-HT and 5-HTR antagonists in the pathogenesis of various diabetic complications with a particular focus of DKD. We conclude that 5-HTR is a potential therapeutic target for treating DKD, as it has been successfully applied in animal models and has currently being investigated in randomized and controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetics, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetics, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zheng Xu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Disorders, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun-kai Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Disorders, Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Han X, Min M, Wang J, Bao Z, Fan H, Li X, Adelusi TI, Zhou X, Yin X. Quantitative profiling of neurotransmitter abnormalities in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum of experimental diabetic encephalopathy male rat. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:138-150. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - Mengjun Min
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - Juan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - Zejun Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - Hongbin Fan
- Department of Neurology; Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Neurology; Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - Temitope Isaac Adelusi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical University; Xuzhou China
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67
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Jaggar M, Weisstaub N, Gingrich JA, Vaidya VA. 5-HT 2A receptor deficiency alters the metabolic and transcriptional, but not the behavioral, consequences of chronic unpredictable stress. Neurobiol Stress 2017. [PMID: 28626787 PMCID: PMC5470573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress enhances risk for psychiatric disorders, and in animal models is known to evoke depression-like behavior accompanied by perturbed neurohormonal, metabolic, neuroarchitectural and transcriptional changes. Serotonergic neurotransmission, including serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptors, have been implicated in mediating specific aspects of stress-induced responses. Here we investigated the influence of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) on depression-like behavior, serum metabolic measures, and gene expression in stress-associated neurocircuitry of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus in 5-HT2A receptor knockout (5-HT2A−/−) and wild-type mice of both sexes. While 5-HT2A−/− male and female mice exhibited a baseline reduced anxiety-like state, this did not alter the onset or severity of behavioral despair during and at the cessation of CUS, indicating that these mice can develop stress-evoked depressive behavior. Analysis of metabolic parameters in serum revealed a CUS-evoked dyslipidemia, which was abrogated in 5-HT2A−/− female mice with a hyperlipidemic baseline phenotype. 5-HT2A−/− male mice in contrast did not exhibit such a baseline shift in their serum lipid profile. Specific stress-responsive genes (Crh, Crhr1, Nr3c1, and Nr3c2), trophic factors (Bdnf, Igf1) and immediate early genes (IEGs) (Arc, Fos, Fosb, Egr1-4) in the PFC and hippocampus were altered in 5-HT2A−/− mice both under baseline and CUS conditions. Our results support a role for the 5-HT2A receptor in specific metabolic and transcriptional, but not behavioral, consequences of CUS, and highlight that the contribution of the 5-HT2A receptor to stress-evoked changes is sexually dimorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Jaggar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Noelia Weisstaub
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jay A Gingrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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68
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Montanari T, Pošćić N, Colitti M. Factors involved in white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and in thermogenesis: a review. Obes Rev 2017; 18:495-513. [PMID: 28187240 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the result of energy intake chronically exceeding energy expenditure. Classical treatments against obesity do not provide a satisfactory long-term outcome for the majority of patients. After the demonstration of functional brown adipose tissue in human adults, great effort is being devoted to develop therapies based on the adipose tissue itself, through the conversion of fat-accumulating white adipose tissue into energy-dissipating brown adipose tissue. Anti-obesity treatments that exploit endogenous, pharmacological and nutritional factors to drive such conversion are especially in demand. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the various molecules that can be applied in promoting white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and energy expenditure and the cellular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Montanari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - N Pošćić
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - M Colitti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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69
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Giglio BC, Fei H, Wang M, Wang H, He L, Feng H, Wu Z, Lu H, Li Z. Synthesis of 5-[ 18F]Fluoro-α-methyl Tryptophan: New Trp Based PET Agents. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1524-1530. [PMID: 28529635 PMCID: PMC5436511 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) plays a special role in the biology of various cancer types, because it breaks down the essential amino acid tryptophan for immune cell activation. Upregulation of IDO1 significantly correlates with the number of various T cell types in tumor tissues in melanoma and other cancers, suggesting that IDO expression is linked with effective and ineffective ('exhausted') immune response in cancer. Based on the reported IDO inhibitors (α-Methylated and indole-N-methylated tryptophan (Trp)), here we report the synthesis of potential IDO1 imaging agents through direct introduction of 18F into the tryptophan aromatic ring. Overall, the resulting PET agents could be obtained in high radiochemical purity (>97%) with labeling yield ranges from 4.2-14.9% decay corrected yield. Using Trp as the model compound, our results also demonstrate that 18F could be directly introduced to the Trp backbone at the 4, 5, 6, and 7 position. Moreover, our initial imaging study suggests that 5-[18F]F-L-α-methyl tryptophan (5-[18F]F-AMT) holds great potential for cancer imaging. The success of this approach will provide researchers easy access to a library of Trp/Trp-derivative based PET agents for biomedical research, including potential IDO1 targeted imaging.
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70
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Almaça J, Molina J, Menegaz D, Pronin AN, Tamayo A, Slepak V, Berggren PO, Caicedo A. Human Beta Cells Produce and Release Serotonin to Inhibit Glucagon Secretion from Alpha Cells. Cell Rep 2016; 17:3281-3291. [PMID: 28009296 PMCID: PMC5217294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pancreatic islet, serotonin is an autocrine signal increasing beta cell mass during metabolic challenges such as those associated with pregnancy or high-fat diet. It is still unclear whether serotonin is relevant for regular islet physiology and hormone secretion. Here, we show that human beta cells produce and secrete serotonin when stimulated with increases in glucose concentration. Serotonin secretion from beta cells decreases cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in neighboring alpha cells via 5-HT1F receptors and inhibits glucagon secretion. Without serotonergic input, alpha cells lose their ability to regulate glucagon secretion in response to changes in glucose concentration, suggesting that diminished serotonergic control of alpha cells can cause glucose blindness and the uncontrolled glucagon secretion associated with diabetes. Supporting this model, pharmacological activation of 5-HT1F receptors reduces glucagon secretion and has hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mice. Thus, modulation of serotonin signaling in the islet represents a drug intervention opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Judith Molina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Danusa Menegaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alexey N Pronin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alejandro Tamayo
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vladlen Slepak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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