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Wang XD, Yu WL, Sun Y. Activation of AMPK restored impaired autophagy and inhibited inflammation reaction by up-regulating SIRT1 in acute pancreatitis. Life Sci 2021; 277:119435. [PMID: 33781829 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common inflammatory disorder with high incidence and mortality. AMPK-SIRT1 pathway is involved in a variety of diseases, but its role in AP remains elusive. This study was aimed to explore the role of AMPK-SIRT1 pathway in AP. MAIN METHODS AP models in vivo and vitro were constructed by intraperitoneal administration of L-arginine and caerulein-stimulated respectively. Rat serum amylase, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by ELISA. The expression levels of AMPK, SIRT1, Beclin-1, LC3 and p62 were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot. The number of autophagosome was checked by transmission electron microscope. KEY FINDINGS Compared with NC rats, serum amylase, IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in AP rats. The expressions of AMPK and SIRT1 were decreased, while Beclin-1, LC3II/Iratio and p62 were markedly increased in AP rats. After activation of AMPK by metformin, expressions of p-AMPKα, SIRT1 were significantly raised, while expressions of Beclin-1, LC3 II/I, p62, TNF-α, IL-6 were reduced, and the number of autophagosome was decreased significantly in caerulein-stimulated AR42J cells. The inhibition of AMPK by compound C obtained opposite results. SIGNIFICANCE During AP occurrence, p-AMPK and SIRT1 were down-regulated, leading to the accumulation of p62, increase of autophagic vacuoles, damage of autophagy, and the occurrence of inflammation. It hinted that activation of AMPK restored impaired autophagy and inhibited inflammation reaction by up-regulating SIRT1. Our findings might provide important theoretical basis for explaining the pathogenesis of AP and investigating therapeutic target to treat and prevent AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Die Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Wei-Li Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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52
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Zhao M, Ying L, Wang R, Yao J, Zhu L, Zheng M, Chen Z, Yang Z. DHX15 Inhibits Autophagy and the Proliferation of Hepatoma Cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:591736. [PMID: 33644083 PMCID: PMC7904900 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.591736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process by which superfluous or harmful components in eukaryotic cells are degraded by autophagosomes. This cytoprotective mechanism is strongly related to various human diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and diabetes. DEAH-box helicase 15 (DHX15), a member of the DEAH box family, is mainly involved in RNA splicing and ribosome maturation. Recently, DHX15 was identified as a tumor-related factor. Although both autophagy and DHX15 are involved in cellular metabolism and cancer progression, their exact relationship and mechanism remain elusive. In this study, we discovered a non-classic function of DHX15 and identified DHX15 as a suppressive protein in autophagy for the first time. We further found that mTORC1 is involved in DHX15-mediated regulation of autophagy and that DHX15 inhibits proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by suppressing autophagy. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a non-classical function of DHX15 as a negative regulator of autophagy related to the mTORC1 pathway and reveals that DHX15-related autophagy dysfunction promotes HCC cell proliferation, indicating that DHX15 may be a target for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixiong Ying
- Pathology Department, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rusha Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiping Yao
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liming Zhu
- Department of Chemotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenggang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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53
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Boukhaled GM, Harding S, Brooks DG. Opposing Roles of Type I Interferons in Cancer Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:167-198. [PMID: 33264572 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-031920-093932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is tasked with identifying malignant cells to eliminate or prevent cancer spread. This involves a complex orchestration of many immune cell types that together recognize different aspects of tumor transformation and growth. In response, tumors have developed mechanisms to circumvent immune attack. Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a class of proinflammatory cytokines produced in response to viruses and other environmental stressors. IFN-Is are also emerging as essential drivers of antitumor immunity, potently stimulating the ability of immune cells to eliminate tumor cells. However, a more complicated role for IFN-Is has arisen, as prolonged stimulation can promote feedback inhibitory mechanisms that contribute to immune exhaustion and other deleterious effects that directly or indirectly permit cancer cells to escape immune clearance. We review the fundamental and opposing functions of IFN-Is that modulate tumor growth and impact immune function and ultimately how these functions can be harnessed for the design of new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M Boukhaled
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shane Harding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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54
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Xia P, Wang X, Wang Q, Wang X, Lin Q, Cheng K, Li X. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Promotes Autophagy-Mediated Migration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cartilage Repair. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689720986142. [PMID: 33412895 PMCID: PMC7797574 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720986142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) migration is promoted by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), but its mechanism is unclear. Since autophagy is known to regulate cell migration, our study aimed to investigate if LIPUS promotes the migration of MSCs via autophagy regulation. We also aimed to investigate the effects of intra-articular injection of MSCs following LIPUS stimulation on osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage. For the in vitro study, rat bone marrow-derived MSCs were treated with an autophagy inhibitor or agonist, and then they were stimulated by LIPUS. Migration of MSCs was detected by transwell migration assays, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) protein levels were quantified. For the in vivo study, a rat knee OA model was generated and treated with LIPUS after an intra-articular injection of MSCs with autophagy inhibitor added. The cartilage repair was assessed by histopathological analysis and extracellular matrix protein expression. The in vitro results suggest that LIPUS increased the expression of SDF-1 and CXCR4, and it promoted MSC migration. These effects were inhibited and enhanced by autophagy inhibitor and agonist, respectively. The in vivo results demonstrate that LIPUS significantly enhanced the cartilage repair effects of MSCs on OA, but these effects were blocked by autophagy inhibitor. Our results suggest that the migration of MSCs was enhanced by LIPUS through the activation autophagy, and LIPUS improved the protective effect of MSCs on OA cartilage via autophagy regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xueping Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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55
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Ferraresi A, Girone C, Esposito A, Vidoni C, Vallino L, Secomandi E, Dhanasekaran DN, Isidoro C. How Autophagy Shapes the Tumor Microenvironment in Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:599915. [PMID: 33364196 PMCID: PMC7753622 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.599915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is characterized by a high mortality rate due to the late diagnosis and the elevated metastatic potential. Autophagy, a lysosomal-driven catabolic process, contributes to the macromolecular turnover, cell homeostasis, and survival, and as such, it represents a pathway targetable for anti-cancer therapies. It is now recognized that the vascularization and the cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment influence the development and progression of OC by controlling the availability of nutrients, oxygen, growth factors, and inflammatory and immune-regulatory soluble factors that ultimately impinge on autophagy regulation in cancer cells. An increasing body of evidence indicates that OC carcinogenesis is associated, at least in the early stages, to insufficient autophagy. On the other hand, when the tumor is already established, autophagy activation provides a survival advantage to the cancer cells that face metabolic stress and protects from the macromolecules and organelles damages induced by chemo- and radiotherapy. Additionally, upregulation of autophagy may lead cancer cells to a non-proliferative dormant state that protects the cells from toxic injuries while preserving their stem-like properties. Further to complicate the picture, autophagy is deregulated also in stromal cells. Thus, changes in the tumor microenvironment reflect on the metabolic crosstalk between cancer and stromal cells impacting on their autophagy levels and, consequently, on cancer progression. Here, we present a brief overview of the role of autophagy in OC hallmarks, including tumor dormancy, chemoresistance, metastasis, and cell metabolism, with an emphasis on the bidirectional metabolic crosstalk between cancer cells and stromal cells in shaping the OC microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferraresi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Girone
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Esposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Vidoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Vallino
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Eleonora Secomandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
| | - Danny N Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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56
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Bustos SO, Antunes F, Rangel MC, Chammas R. Emerging Autophagy Functions Shape the Tumor Microenvironment and Play a Role in Cancer Progression - Implications for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:606436. [PMID: 33324568 PMCID: PMC7724038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment where cancer cells reside and interact with different types of cells, secreted factors, and the extracellular matrix. Additionally, TME is shaped by several processes, such as autophagy. Autophagy has emerged as a conserved intracellular degradation pathway for clearance of damaged organelles or aberrant proteins. With its central role, autophagy maintains the cellular homeostasis and orchestrates stress responses, playing opposite roles in tumorigenesis. During tumor development, autophagy also mediates autophagy-independent functions associated with several hallmarks of cancer, and therefore exerting several effects on tumor suppression and/or tumor promotion mechanisms. Beyond the concept of degradation, new different forms of autophagy have been described as modulators of cancer progression, such as secretory autophagy enabling intercellular communication in the TME by cargo release. In this context, the synthesis of senescence-associated secretory proteins by autophagy lead to a senescent phenotype. Besides disturbing tumor treatment responses, autophagy also participates in innate and adaptive immune signaling. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated intricate crosstalk between autophagy and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which cancer cells obtain an invasive phenotype and metastatic potential. Thus, autophagy in the cancer context is far broader and complex than just a cell energy sensing mechanism. In this scenario, we will discuss the key roles of autophagy in the TME and surrounding cells, contributing to cancer development and progression/EMT. Finally, the potential intervention in autophagy processes as a strategy for cancer therapy will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Odete Bustos
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
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57
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AMPKα1 Regulates Lung and Breast Cancer Progression by Regulating TLR4-Mediated TRAF6-BECN1 Signaling Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113289. [PMID: 33172060 PMCID: PMC7694660 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis in TLR4 signal plays an essential role for the autophagy induction, thereby it regulates cancer migration and invasion. Here we show that AMPKα1, one of the isoforms of AMPK, is functionally involved in autophagy induction by regulating the TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis. In this context, AMPKα1-knockout lung or breast cancer cells exhibited the attenuation of cancer cell migration and invasion induced by TLR4 simulation. Additionally, we could find that the expression of AMPKα1 is positively associated with gene expressions related to autophagy, migration, and metastasis of cancer cells in primary non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). These findings demonstrate that AMPKα1 plays a pivotal role in cancer progression by regulating the TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis for autophagy induction. Abstract TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis is critical for autophagy induction and functionally implicated in cancer progression. Here, we report that AMP-activated protein kinase alpha 1 (AMPKα1, PRKAA1) is positively involved in autophagy induction and cancer progression by regulating TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis. Mechanistically, AMPKα1 interacted with TRAF6 and BECN1. It also enhanced ubiquitination of BECN1 and autophagy induction. AMPKα1-knockout (AMPKα1KO) HEK293T or AMPKα1-knockdown (AMPKα1KD) THP-1 cells showed impaired autophagy induced by serum starvation or TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) stimulation. Additionally, AMPKα1KD THP-1 cells showed decreases of autophagy-related and autophagosome-related genes induced by TLR4. AMPKα1KO A549 cells exhibited attenuation of cancer migration and invasion induced by TLR4. Moreover, primary non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs, n = 6) with low AMPKαl levels showed markedly decreased expression of genes related to autophagy, cell migration and adhesion/metastasis, inflammation, and TLRs whereas these genes were significantly upregulated in NSCLCs (n = 5) with high AMPKαl levels. Consistently, attenuation of cancer migration and invasion could be observed in AMPKα1KO MDA-MB-231 and AMPKα1KO MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. These results suggest that AMPKα1 plays a pivotal role in cancer progression by regulating the TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis for autophagy induction.
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Liu Y, Ju Y, Liu J, Chen Y, Huo X, Liu L. Inhibition of proliferation and migration and induction of apoptosis in glioma cells by silencing TLR4 expression levels via RNA interference. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:13. [PMID: 33240419 PMCID: PMC7681233 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in glioma cells and the mechanisms underlying its regulatory effects on proliferation, migration and apoptosis of glioma cells. A total of three TLR4 silencing short hairpin (sh)RNA plasmids were established, and Lipofectamine® was used to the transfect the human glioma cell line U-87MG. Transfection efficiency was measured via flow cytometry. The interference plasmid exhibiting the largest silencing effect on TLR4 was screened for subsequent experiments using puromycin. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis were used to detect the TLR4 gene and protein expression levels, respectively, in stably transfected cells. Flow cytometry measured cell cycle and apoptosis and a wound healing assay was employed to assess the migration ability of transfected cells. The proliferation of transfected cells was detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. TLR4-sh2 exhibited the highest transfection efficiency. Following transfection of U-87MG cells with TLR4-sh2 and negative control (NC) plasmids for 48 h and screening by puromycin, stable transfected cells were named U-87MG-Sh and U-87MG-NC cells respectively. The TLR4 gene and protein expression levels in the U-87MG-Sh cells were significantly lower than in U-87MG and U-87MG-NC cells. The apoptosis rate and the percentage of G0/1 cells were significantly higher, whereas the cell proliferation rate was notably lower, in U-87MG-Sh cells than in the U-87MG-NC and U-87MG cells. The proliferation rate and the cell migration ability of U-87MG-Sh cells were significantly lower than those of U-87MG-NC and U-87MG cells. TLR4 is associated with the proliferation of glioma cells. Inhibition of TLR4 expression levels significantly inhibited proliferation of glioma cells and induced apoptosis. The present study provided insights into the mechanisms associated with the development, progression and invasion ability of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Yingchao Ju
- Animal Experimental Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Jianghui Liu
- Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Yuetong Chen
- Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Xiangran Huo
- Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- Tumor Institute, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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Song T, Zhou H, Wei X, Meng Y, Guo Q. Downregulation of microRNA-324-3p inhibits lung cancer by blocking the NCAM1-MAPK axis through ALX4. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:455-470. [PMID: 33087824 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the principal cause of cancer-related death worldwide. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are critically involved in lung cancer, we investigated the potential role of miR-324-3p in lung cancer via the ALX4/NCAM1/MAPK axis. The expression of miR-324-3p and ALX4 was detected in clinical samples, and their interaction confirmed by miRNA-targeted luciferase reporter assay. The mechanisms involved in the miR-324-3p-ALX4 interaction in lung cancer cell biological processes were analyzed through gain- and loss-of function approaches. In addition, cultured lung cancer cells were treated with the p38MAPK pathway activator P79350 in order to explore the role of this pathway in the abovementioned axis. Further, a tumor xenograft model in nude mice was constructed to confirm the in vitro findings. miR-324-3p was highly expressed in lung cancer tissues and cells, and inhibited the expression of ALX4 in A549 cells. After confirming the targeted inhibition of ALX4 by miR-324-3p, we showed that this interaction upregulated the expression of NCAM1 and activated the MAPK pathway. The inhibition of miR-324-3p could suppress lung cancer cell invasion, migration, and autophagy, and retarded the growth of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. Downregulation of ALX4 or NCAM1 overexpression reversed these favorable effects of decreased miR-324-3p. Our study demonstrated the promotive effect of miR-324-3p on the development and progression of lung cancer, thus suggesting a new target for treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieniu Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610000, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Nephrology (2nd Section), Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730030, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730030, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuqi Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730030, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Quanwei Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, 518000, Shenzhen, P.R. China
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Lomphithak T, Choksi S, Mutirangura A, Tohtong R, Tencomnao T, Usubuchi H, Unno M, Sasano H, Jitkaew S. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 is a key mediator in TLR3 ligand and Smac mimetic-induced cell death and suppresses TLR3 ligand-promoted invasion in cholangiocarcinoma. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:161. [PMID: 33036630 PMCID: PMC7545934 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand which activates TLR3 signaling induces both cancer cell death and activates anti-tumor immunity. However, TLR3 signaling can also harbor pro-tumorigenic consequences. Therefore, we examined the status of TLR3 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cases to better understand TLR3 signaling and explore the potential therapeutic target in CCA. METHODS The expression of TLR3 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) in primary CCA tissues was assayed by Immunohistochemical staining and their associations with clinicopathological characteristics and survival data were evaluated. The effects of TLR3 ligand, Poly(I:C) and Smac mimetic, an IAP antagonist on CCA cell death and invasion were determined by cell death detection methods and Transwell invasion assay, respectively. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL and inhibitors targeting NF-κB and MAPK signaling were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS TLR3 was significantly higher expressed in tumor than adjacent normal tissues. We demonstrated in a panel of CCA cell lines that TLR3 was frequently expressed in CCA cell lines, but was not detected in a nontumor cholangiocyte. Subsequent in vitro study demonstrated that Poly(I:C) specifically induced CCA cell death, but only when cIAPs were removed by Smac mimetic. Cell death was also switched from apoptosis to necroptosis when caspases were inhibited in CCA cells-expressing RIPK3. In addition, RIPK1 was required for Poly(I:C) and Smac mimetic-induced apoptosis and necroptosis. Of particular interest, high TLR3 or low RIPK1 status in CCA patients was associated with more invasiveness. In vitro invasion demonstrated that Poly(I:C)-induced invasion through NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Furthermore, the loss of RIPK1 enhanced Poly(I:C)-induced invasion and ERK activation in vitro. Smac mimetic also reversed Poly(I:C)-induced invasion, partly mediated by RIPK1. Finally, a subgroup of patients with high TLR3 and high RIPK1 had a trend toward longer disease-free survival (p = 0.078, 28.0 months and 10.9 months). CONCLUSION RIPK1 plays a pivotal role in TLR3 ligand, Poly(I:C)-induced cell death when cIAPs activity was inhibited and loss of RIPK1 enhanced Poly(I:C)-induced invasion which was partially reversed by Smac mimetic. Our results suggested that TLR3 ligand in combination with Smac mimetic could provide therapeutic benefits to the patients with CCA. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanpisit Lomphithak
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Swati Choksi
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Apiwat Mutirangura
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer and Human Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Hajime Usubuchi
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 98-8075 Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575 Japan
| | - Siriporn Jitkaew
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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Gerada C, Ryan KM. Autophagy, the innate immune response and cancer. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1913-1929. [PMID: 32745353 PMCID: PMC7463325 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling system, which can interact with components of innate immune signalling pathways to enhance pathogen clearance, in both immune and nonimmune cells. Whilst this interaction is often beneficial for pathogen clearance, it can have varying outcomes in regard to tumorigenesis. Autophagy and the innate immune response can have both pro- and antitumorigenic effects at different stages of tumorigenesis due to the plastic nature of the tumour microenvironment (TME). Although both of these components have been studied in isolation as potential therapeutic targets, there has been less research concerning the interaction between autophagy and the innate immune response within the TME. As the innate immune response is critical for the formation of an effective antitumour adaptive immune response, targeting autophagy pathways in both tumour cells and innate immune cells could enhance tumour clearance. Within tumour cells, autophagy pathways are intertwined with pattern recognition receptor (PRR), inflammatory and cell death pathways, and therefore can alter the immunogenicity of the TME and development of the antitumour immune response. In innate immune cells, autophagy components can have autophagy-independent roles in functional pathways, and therefore could be valuable targets for enhancing immune cell function in the TME and immunotherapy. This review highlights the individual importance of autophagy and the innate immune response to tumorigenesis, and also explains the complex interactions between these pathways in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Gerada
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
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Kong Q, Liang Y, He Q, You Y, Wu L, Liang L, Liang J. Autophagy inhibits TLR4-mediated invasiveness of oral cancer cells via the NF-κB pathway. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1165-1174. [PMID: 32291890 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is abnormally expressed in oral cancer tissues and promotes cancer cell invasion. The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism by which autophagy regulates oral cancer invasion through the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We examined TLR4 expression in oral cancer tissues and analysed the relationship between its expression and clinicopathological features. The invasion and migration of LPS-stimulated oral cancer cells with up- or downregulation of TLR4 expression was detected in addition to NF-κB signalling and autophagy levels. Furthermore, the role of autophagy in regulating TLR4-mediated cell invasiveness was explored by silencing the expression of key autophagy genes ATG7 and p62. RESULTS We found that TLR4 overexpression was closely related to cervical lymphatic metastasis and poor survival. TLR4 activated the NF-κB pathway to promote the invasiveness of OSCC cells, and autophagy partly inhibited invasiveness by suppressing the NF-κB pathway. We observed that p62 translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus when autophagy was activated by LPS. Finally, silencing p62 further promoted LPS-mediated cell invasiveness. CONCLUSION Toll-like receptor 4 significantly enhanced the invasiveness of OSCC cells. Autophagy may regulate cell invasiveness through the NF-κB pathway by modulating both the cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of p62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Kong
- Zhuhai Stomatology Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yancan Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifen He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying You
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Lifen Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Lizhong Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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p62 is Negatively Implicated in the TRAF6-BECN1 Signaling Axis for Autophagy Activation and Cancer Progression by Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4). Cells 2020; 9:cells9051142. [PMID: 32384667 PMCID: PMC7290749 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and autophagy through the TNF (Tumor necrosis factor) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways (ECSIT) and TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axes, respectively. Having shown that p62 negatively regulates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling via TRAF6-ECSIT signaling axis, we herein investigated whether p62 is functionally implicated in the TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis, thereby regulating cancer cell migration and invasion. p62 interacted with TRAF6 and BECN1, to interrupt the functional associations required for TRAF6-BECN1 complex formation, leading to inhibitions of BECN1 ubiquitination and autophagy activation. Importantly, p62-deficient cancer cells, such as p62-knockdown (p62KD) SK-HEP-1, p62KD MDA-MB-231, and p62-knockout (p62KO) A549 cells, showed increased activation of autophagy induced by TLR4 stimulation, suggesting that p62 negatively regulates autophagy activation. Moreover, these p62-deficient cancer cells exhibited marked increases in cell migration and invasion in response to TLR4 stimulation. Collectively, these results suggest that p62 is negatively implicated in the TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis, thereby inhibiting cancer cell migration and invasion regulated by autophagy activation in response to TLR4 stimulation.
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64
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Wang S, Song X, Zhang K, Deng S, Jiao P, Qi M, Lian Z, Yao Y. Overexpression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Affects Autophagy, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Responses in Monocytes of Transgenic Sheep. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:248. [PMID: 32432106 PMCID: PMC7214805 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a critical pattern recognition receptor that plays a critical role in the host innate immune system’s recognition of Gram-negative bacteria. Since it is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, it links the activated inflammatory response with autophagy and oxidative stress. Autophagy, or type II programmed cell death, was reported to have defensive functions in response to the production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. To explore the relationship between autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress, a TLR4-enriched transgenic (Tg) animal model (sheep) was generated. Autophagy activity in the Tg blood monocytes was significantly higher than in the wild-type animal under LPS stress, and it returned to normal after transfection of TLR4 siRNA. Pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) inhibited autophagy and enhanced oxidative stress and the production of TNF-α. The LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was markedly increased in the Tg group at an early stage before quickly returning to normal values. In addition, suppressing ROS production by N-acetyl-L-cysteine down-regulated the number of intracellular autophagosomes and the expression of Beclin-1, ATG5, and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Further mechanistic investigation suggested that the TLR4-associated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was involved in autophagy and oxidative stress. P38 MAPK promotes intracellular autophagy, ROS production, and inflammatory response. Moreover, TLR4 over-expression suppressed oxidative stress and the production of inflammatory cytokines and increased autophagy activity in vivo. Taken together, our results showed that LPS induced autophagy, which was related to TLR4-mediated ROS production through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, our study also provided a novel transgenic animal model to analyze the effects of TLR4 on autophagy, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuting Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peixin Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Meiyu Qi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Zhang P, Cao Y, Chen S, Shao L. Combination of Vinpocetine and Dexamethasone Alleviates Cognitive Impairment in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients following Radiation Injury. Pharmacology 2020; 106:37-44. [PMID: 32294652 DOI: 10.1159/000506777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) originates in the nasopharyngeal epithelium. The most common treatments for NPC rT1-4 are radiotherapy and surgery. The pathogenesis of radiation-induced cognitive impairment is complex and includes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuro-inflammation, and even apoptosis and cell death. Principally, toll-like receptors (TLRs) could regulate the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance in patients with radiation-induced brain injury. Vinpocetine has an anti-inflammatory effect as shown in both animal and in vitro studies. Also, dexamethasone is a widely used anti-inflammatory drug. Thus, it is important to test whether addition of vinpocetine could improve the anti-inflammatory properties of dexamethasone for the treatment of NPC patients with radiation-induced brain injuries. METHODS A total of 60 NPC patients with radiation-related brain injury were recruited for this study. All subjects were randomly and blindly assigned to the following groups: the dexamethasone group (D group, n = 30) and the vinpocetine and dexamethasone group (VD group, n = 30). Both medicine treatments were uninterrupted for 14 days of administration. RESULTS Combined administration of vinpocetine and dexamethasone lowered the expression levels of serum inflammatory cytokines, including TLR2, TLR4, interleukin (IL)-20, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein 2, and interferon-induced protein 20, when compared to dexamethasone monotherapy. Notably, combination therapy increased antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and decreased oxidants (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Furthermore, combination therapy significantly increased the Mini Mental State Examination score, when compared to dexamethasone monotherapy. CONCLUSION Administration of a combination of vinpocetine and dexamethasone may enhance the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects when compared to dexamethasone monotherapy, which leads to alleviated cognitive impairment in NPC patients with radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Department of Geriatrics & Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yungang Cao
- Department of Geriatrics & Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Songfang Chen
- Department of Geriatrics & Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,
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Qu Y, Cheng B, Shao N, Jia Y, Song Q, Tan B, Wang J. Prognostic value of immune-related genes in the tumor microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4757-4777. [PMID: 32209727 PMCID: PMC7138544 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which consists mainly of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), are the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the tumor microenvironmental and genetic factors to identify prognostic biomarkers for NSCLC. We evaluated the immune and stromal scores of patients with LUAD and LUSC using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database with the ESTIMATE algorithm. Based on these scores, the differentially expressed genes were obtained and immune-related prognostic genes were identified. Functional analysis and protein-protein interaction network further revealed the immune-related biological processes in which these genes participated. Additionally, 22 subsets of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in the tumor microenvironment were analyzed with the CIBERSORT algorithm. Finally, we validated these valuable genes using an independent cohort from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The associations of the immune and stromal scores with patients’ clinical characteristics and prognosis were positive in LUAD but negative in LUSC and the correlations of TIICs with clinical characteristics were clarified. Several differentially expressed genes were identified to be potential immune-related prognostic genes. This study comprehensively analyzed the tumor microenvironment and presented immune-related prognostic biomarkers for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Cancer Hospital, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Na Shao
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Yibin Jia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Qingxu Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Bingxu Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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Chen C, Chen S, Hu X, Wang J, Wen T, Fu J, Li H. Effects of autophagy-associated genes on the prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:1947-1959. [PMID: 35117541 PMCID: PMC8798140 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2020.02.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Several studies show that autophagy plays an important part in the biological processes of lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, this work aimed to establish one scoring system on the basis of the expression profiles of differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (DEARGs) in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was applied to retrieve lung adenocarcinoma data. The overall survival (OS)-associated DEARGs were selected for the DEARG scoring scale. Moreover, the online database Kaplan-Meier Plotter (www.Kmplot.com) was employed to verify the accuracy of our results. Results The expression patterns of DEARG were detected in lung adenocarcinoma as well as normal lung tissues. A gene set related to autophagy was identified, along with 9 genes that showed marked significance in predicting the lung adenocarcinoma prognosis. According to the cox regression results, DEARGs (including ITGB4, BIRC5, ERO1A, and NLRC4) were applied to calculate the DEARGs risk score. Patients with lower DEARGs risk scores were associated with better OS. Moreover, based on analysis with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, DEARGs accurately distinguished the healthy tissues from lung adenocarcinoma tissues [area under the curve (AUC) value of >0.6]. Conclusions A scoring system is constructed based on the primary DEARGs, which accurately predicts the outcomes of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiang Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China.,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Siliang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaochun Hu
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis, Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital of Fujian, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350008, China
| | - Tianmeng Wen
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Juan Fu
- Department of Ultrasound and Electrocardiogram, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Kang R, Zeh H, Lotze M, Tang D. The Multifaceted Effects of Autophagy on the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1225:99-114. [PMID: 32030650 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of cancer cells, noncancer cells (e.g., immune cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and adipocytes), and various mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and humoral factors) that work together to support cancer growth, progression, and resistance to therapies. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation mechanism by which various cytosolic cargos (e.g., damaged organelles, unused molecules, or invaded pathogens) are engulfed by double-membrane autophagosomes, and then delivered into the lysosome for degradation and recycling. The level of autophagy is a crucial threshold to either promote cell survival or induce cell death in response to environmental stresses. Autophagy plays a context-dependent role in tumorigenesis and anticancer therapy via shaping the inflammatory, hypoxic, immunosuppressive, and metabolic tumor microenvironment. In particular, impaired autophagy flux is associated with chronic inflammation, immunosuppression, stromal formation, cancer stemness, angiogenesis, metastasis, and metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment. Understanding the molecular machinery of autophagy and its communication with hallmarks of cancer could lead to potential new anticancer strategies or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Herbert Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Liu W, Wang W, Wang X, Xu C, Zhang N, Di W. Cisplatin-stimulated macrophages promote ovarian cancer migration via the CCL20-CCR6 axis. Cancer Lett 2019; 472:59-69. [PMID: 31866467 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high response rate after surgery and platinum-combination chemotherapy, treatment of ovarian cancer remains challenging due to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been linked to cancer progression and metastasis. However, the impact of the crosstalk between chemotherapy and TAMs on ovarian cancer progression remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that cisplatin-stimulated classically activated macrophages (CAMs) promote ovarian cancer cell migration by increasing CCL20 production, which activates its receptor CCR6 on ovarian cancer cells, triggering epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In clinical ovarian cancer samples, high CCR6 expression on ovarian cancer cells positively correlates with cancer metastasis, leading to poor prognosis. Pharmacological blockage of CCL20 on cisplatin-stimulated CAMs and siRNA-mediated inactivation of CCR6 on cancer cells effectively abrogated ovarian cancer cell migration induced by cisplatin-stimulated CAMs. Collectively, our results reveal a novel pro-migration mechanism driven by the crosstalk between cisplatin and CAMs, and implicate the CCL20-CCR6 axis as a potential therapeutic target to reduce chemotherapy-induced metastasis in advanced stage ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Meta-Analysis of Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis Microarray Data Reveals Novel Genetic Biomarkers. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110864. [PMID: 31671645 PMCID: PMC6895911 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are both classified as idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. They share a few common characteristics such as inflammation and muscle weakness. Previous studies have indicated that these diseases present aspects of an auto-immune disorder; however, their exact pathogenesis is still unclear. In this study, three gene expression datasets (PM: 7, DM: 50, Control: 13) available in public databases were used to conduct meta-analysis. We then conducted expression quantitative trait loci analysis to detect the variant sites that may contribute to the pathogenesis of PM and DM. Six-hundred differentially expressed genes were identified in the meta-analysis (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.01), among which 317 genes were up-regulated and 283 were down-regulated in the disease group compared with those in the healthy control group. The up-regulated genes were significantly enriched in interferon-signaling pathways in protein secretion, and/or in unfolded-protein response. We detected 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which could potentially play key roles in driving the PM and DM. Along with previously reported genes, we identified 4 novel genes and 10 SNP-variant regions which could be used as candidates for potential drug targets or biomarkers for PM and DM.
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Sipos F, Kiss AL, Constantinovits M, Tulassay Z, Műzes G. Modified Genomic Self-DNA Influences In Vitro Survival of HT29 Tumor Cells via TLR9- and Autophagy Signaling. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 25:1505-1517. [PMID: 30465163 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-0544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In relation of immunobiology, the consequence of the crosstalk between TLR9-signaling and autophagy is poorly documented in HT29 cancer cells. To assess the TLR9-mediated biologic effects of modified self-DNA sequences on cell kinetics and autophagy response HT29 cells were incubated separately with intact genomic (g), hypermethylated (m), fragmented (f), and hypermethylated/fragmented (m/f) self-DNAs. Cell viability, apoptosis, cell proliferation, colonosphere-formation were determined. Moreover, the relation of TLR9-signaling to autophagy response was assayed by real-time RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After incubation with g-, m-, and m/f-DNAs cell viability and proliferation decreased, while apoptosis increased. F-DNA treatment resulted in an increase of cell survival. Methylation of self-DNA resulted in decrease of TLR9 expression, while it did not influence the positive effect of DNA fragmentation on MyD88 and TRAF6 overexpression, and TNFα downregulation. Fragmentation of DNA abrogated the positive effect of methylation on IRAK2, NFκB and IL-8 mRNA upregulations. In case of the autophagy genes and proteins, g- and f-DNAs caused significant upregulation of Beclin1, Atg16L1, and LC3B. According to TEM analyses, autophagy was present in each group of tumor cells, but to a varying degree. Incubation with m-DNA suppressed tumor cell survival by inducing features of apoptotic cell death, and activated mitophagy. F-DNA treatment enhanced cell survival, and activated macroautophagy and lipophagy. Colonospheres were only present after m-DNA incubation. Our data provided evidence for a close existing interplay between TLR9-signaling and the autophagy response with remarkable influences on cell survival in HT29 cells subjected to modified self-DNA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Sipos
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi street 46, Budapest, 1088, Hungary.
| | - Anna L Kiss
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Miklós Constantinovits
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi street 46, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi street 46, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Műzes
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi street 46, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
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Kim MJ, Min Y, Shim JH, Chun E, Lee KY. CRBN Is a Negative Regulator of Bactericidal Activity and Autophagy Activation Through Inhibiting the Ubiquitination of ECSIT and BECN1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2203. [PMID: 31620128 PMCID: PMC6759600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN) as a multifunctional protein has been extensively studied. Here, we show that CRBN is a negative regulator of bactericidal activity and autophagy activation. Mitochondrial localization of CRBN was significantly increased in response to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation. CRBN interrupted the association of evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways (ECSIT)-TNF-receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) complex, thereby inhibiting the ubiquitination of ECSIT, which plays a pivotal role for the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). Subsequently, mROS levels were markedly elevated in CRBN-knockdown (CRBNKD) THP-1 cells, and that led to resistance against S. typhimurium infection, indicating CRBN is a negative regulator of bactericidal activity through the regulation of mROS. Additionally, CRBN inhibited TRAF6-induced ubiquitination of BECN1 (Beclin 1), and that induced autophagy activation in CRBNKD THP-1, CRBN-knockout (CRBNKO) H1299, and CRBNKO MCF7 cancer cells in response to TLR4 stimulation. Notably, we found that the ability of cancer migration and invasion was significantly enhanced in CRBNKO H1299 and CRBNKO MCF7 cancer cells, as compared with those of control cancer cells. Collectively, these results suggest that CRBN is a negative regulator of bactericidal activity and autophagy activation through inhibiting the TRAF6-induced ubiquitination of ECSIT and BECN1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoon Min
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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73
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El-Shal AS, Matboli M, Abdelaziz AM, Morsy AA, Abdelbary EH. Role of a novel circulatory RNA-based biomarker panel expression in ovarian cancer. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:2031-2047. [PMID: 31520466 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is considered the sixth commonest cancer affecting women globally. We choose novel integrated specific ovarian cancer RNA biomarker panel; pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3 (PELI3) gene expressions along with its selected epigenetic regulators (microRNA (miR-361-3p) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA RP5-837J1.2) by bioinformatic methods. Then, differential expressions of the selected panel in the sera of 50 OC patients, 42 cases with benign ovarian lesions, and among 45 controls were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction quantitative (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, their expression was measured also in malignant ovarian tissues and adjacent nontumor tissues in 23 of 50 OC patients by quantitative qRT-PCR. The current study reported, for the first time, upregulation of serum lncRNA RP5-837J1.2 with concomitant downregulation of miR-361-3p and PELI3 mRNA in malignant group compared with benign and controls groups. There were associations of serum lncRNA RP5-837J1.2 with the affected ovary and worse International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging; associations of miR-361-3p with tumor size, grade, stage, and presence of metastasis; as well as associations among PELI3 mRNA expression and tumor size, grade, stage, and presence of metastasis among the OC group. In tumor tissues, miR-361-3p and PELI3 mRNA levels were at a higher level than that of nontumor tissues; however, tumor tissue showed lower level of lncRNA RP5-837J1.2 compared to normal tissue. There were positive correlations between serum and tissue level of RNA RP5-837J1.2, miR-361-3p, and PELI3 mRNA, but they did not reach statistical significance. Receiver operating characteristics curve analyses showed that lncRNA RP5-837J1.2, miR-361-3p, and PELI3 mRNA expression levels can discriminate among OC patient, cases with benign mass, and controls with an accuracy of 96, 76, and 83%, respectively; which increased if they are combined. This novel diagnostic RNA-based panel biomarker could be helpful for OC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal S El-Shal
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abdelaziz
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ali A Morsy
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Eman H Abdelbary
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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74
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Wang J, Zhang N, Peng M, Hua X, Huang C, Tian Z, Xie Q, Zhu J, Li J, Huang H, Huang C. p85α Inactivates MMP-2 and Suppresses Bladder Cancer Invasion by Inhibiting MMP-14 Transcription and TIMP-2 Degradation. Neoplasia 2019; 21:908-920. [PMID: 31401412 PMCID: PMC6700442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show p85α up-regulates epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, thereby promoting malignant cell transformation and migration in normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). However, the potential role of p85α in human bladder cancer (BC) remains unknown. Here, we show that p85α is down-regulated in BC tumor tissues. Ectopic expression of p85α inhibited cell invasion, but not migration, whereas p85α knockdown promoted invasion in BC cells, revealing that p85α inhibits BC invasion. Overexpression of kinase-deficient p110 in T24 T(p85α) cells inhibited BC cell migration, but not invasion, suggesting that the inhibition of p85α on invasion is independent of PI3K activity. The effect of p85α on inhibiting BC invasion was mediated by the inactivation of MMP-2 concomitant with the up-regulation of TIMP-2 and down-regulation of MMP-14. Mechanistic studies revealed c-Jun inactivation was associated with p85α knockdown-induced MMP-14 expression, and down-regulated miR-190, leading to ATG7 mRNA degradation. This suppressed the autophagy-dependent removal of TIMP-2 in human BC cells. The present results identify a novel function of p85α and clarify the mechanisms underlying its inhibition of BC invasion, providing insight into the role of p85α in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Ning Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Minggang Peng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Xiaohui Hua
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Zhongxian Tian
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Qipeng Xie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Junlan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jingxia Li
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Haishan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035.
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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75
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Liu W, Zhuang J, Jiang Y, Sun J, Prinz RA, Sun J, Jiao X, Xu X. Toll-like receptor signalling cross-activates the autophagic pathway to restrict Salmonella Typhimurium growth in macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13095. [PMID: 31392811 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been long recognised that activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces autophagy to restrict intracellular bacterial growth. However, the mechanisms of TLR-induced autophagy are incompletely understood. Salmonella Typhimurium is an intracellular pathogen that causes food poisoning and gastroenteritis in humans. Whether TLR activation contributes to S. Typhimurium-induced autophagy has not been investigated. Here, we report that S. Typhimurium and TLRs shared a common pathway to induce autophagy in macrophages. We first showed that S. Typhimurium-induced autophagy in a RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line was mediated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through activation of the TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK1), a kinase activated by multiple TLRs. AMPK activation led to increased phosphorylation of Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase (ULK1) at S317 and S555. ULK1 phosphorylation at these two sites in S. Typhimurium-infected macrophages overrode the inhibitory effect of mTOR on ULK1 activity due to mTOR-mediated ULK1 phosphorylation at S757. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), flagellin, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, which activate TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9, respectively, increased TAK1 and AMPK phosphorylation and induced autophagy in RAW264.7 cells and in bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, LPS was unable to induce TAK1 and AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy in TLR4-deficient macrophages. TAK1 and AMPK-specific inhibitors blocked S. Typhimurium-induced autophagy and xenophagy and increased the bacterial growth in RAW264.7 cells. These observations collectively suggest that activation of the TAK1-AMPK axis through TLRs is essential for S. Typhimurium-induced autophagy and that TLR signalling cross-activates the autophagic pathway to clear intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Richard A Prinz
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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76
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Das CK, Banerjee I, Mandal M. Pro-survival autophagy: An emerging candidate of tumor progression through maintaining hallmarks of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 66:59-74. [PMID: 31430557 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process that regulates the cellular homeostasis by targeting damaged cellular contents and organelles for lysosomal degradation and sustains genomic integrity, cellular metabolism, and cell survival during diverse stress and adverse conditions. Recently, the role of autophagy is extremely debated in the regulation of cancer initiation and progression. Although autophagy has a dichotomous role in the regulation of cancer, growing numbers of studies largely indicate the pro-survival role of autophagy in cancer progression and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanisms of autophagy, the role of pro-survival autophagy that positively drives several classical as well as emerging hallmarks of cancer for tumorigenic progression, and also we address various autophagy inhibitors that could be harnessed against pro-survival autophagy for effective cancer therapeutics. Finally, we highlight some outstanding problems that need to be deciphered extensively in the future to unravel the role of autophagy in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kanta Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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77
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Jin C, Wang A, Liu L, Wang G, Li G, Han Z. miR-145-5p inhibits tumor occurrence and metastasis through the NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting TLR4 in malignant melanoma. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11115-11126. [PMID: 30701576 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence shows that deregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators in the progression of melanoma. miR-145-5p has been suggested to exhibit antitumorigenic activity in melanoma. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the biological activity of miR-145-5p in melanoma remains to be further understood. Herein, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine the miR-145-5p expression in malignant melanoma tissues and cells. The interaction between miR-145-5p and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was explored by bioinformatics analyses, luciferase reporter assay, and Western blot. The effects of miR-145-5p or combined with TLR4 on cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion abilities were investigated by (4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assays, respectively. The melanoma xenograft tumor models were established to determine the biological activity of miR-145-5p in melanoma in vivo. In addition, the changes of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were analyzed by detecting the NF-κB activity and the NF-κB p65 protein level. We observed that the miR-145-5p expression was underexpressed in melanoma tissues and cells. miR-145-5p suppressed the TLR4 expression by binding to its 3'untranslated region in melanoma cells. Moreover, TLR4 overexpression abolished the inhibition of cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion abilities induced by miR-145-5p in melanoma cells. Meanwhile, miR-145-5p was confirmed to restrain melanoma tumor growth in vivo by targeting TLR4. Furthermore, miR-145-5p overexpression inactivated the NF-κB pathway in melanoma in vitro and in vivo, which was reversed by TLR4 overexpression. We concluded that miR-145-5p hindered the occurrence and metastasis of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo by targeting TLR4 via inactivation of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhui Jin
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Aihong Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Linbo Liu
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gongping Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Tumor Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Guangshuai Li
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhaofeng Han
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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78
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TLR2 promotes development and progression of human glioma via enhancing autophagy. Gene 2019; 700:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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79
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Activation of sphingosine kinase by lipopolysaccharide promotes prostate cancer cell invasion and metastasis via SphK1/S1PR4/matriptase. Oncogene 2019; 38:5580-5598. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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80
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Proteomics of exhaled breath condensate in stable COPD and non-COPD controls using tandem mass tags (TMTs) quantitative mass spectrometry: A pilot study. J Proteomics 2019; 206:103392. [PMID: 31129269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is now a safe and clinically significant measurement which has a huge potential to measure biomarkers in COPD. Previous studies profiled the pooled EBC samples from COPD or control participants due to technological limitations. In our study, 32 COPD patients and 28 control individuals were enrolled, and their EBC were collected. After matching with sex, age and smoking history, EBC samples of 19 COPD patients and 19 control individuals were analyzed using tandem mass tags (TMTs) quantitative mass spectrometry individually. A total of 257 proteins were identified. Compared with control group, 24 proteins (15 upregulated and 9 downregulated) were differentially expressed in COPD patients. The GO analysis of these differential proteins expressed mostly in the cytoplasm, and the KEGG analysis showed they had a predominant role in inflammatory response. And ACTB, UBC, TUBB and CCT2 involving in cell motility and cytoskeleton played important role in the interaction-net of these proteins. To sum up, we found some proteins might be novel biomarkers of EBC in COPD and TMTs was available to analyze proteomics in individual EBC samples. SIGNIFICANCE: It is still difficult to understand the mechanism of airway inflammation in COPD. Exhaled breath condensate(EBC) might be a great study object, but due to technological limitations, researchers preferred to use pooled EBC samples. This study analyzed individual EBC samples, which would deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD. And this method can be applied to individual EBC samples for further airway investigations of different purpose and different complexity.
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81
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Chen Z, Wei H, Zhao X, Xin X, Peng L, Ning Y, Wang Y, Lan Y, Zhang Q. Metformin treatment alleviates polycystic ovary syndrome by decreasing the expression of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 via H19/miR‐29b‐3p and AKT/mTOR/autophagy signaling pathways. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19964-19976. [PMID: 30989649 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Huafang Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Central Theater General Hospital of PLA Wuhan China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Central Theater General Hospital of PLA Wuhan China
| | - Xin Xin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yang Ning
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yapei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yanli Lan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science Xiangyang China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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82
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Autophagy as a molecular target for cancer treatment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:116-137. [PMID: 30981885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic mechanism, by which eukaryotic cells recycle or degrades internal constituents through membrane-trafficking pathway. Thus, autophagy provides the cells with a sustainable source of biomolecules and energy for the maintenance of homeostasis under stressful conditions such as tumor microenvironment. Recent findings revealed a close relationship between autophagy and malignant transformation. However, due to the complex dual role of autophagy in tumor survival or cell death, efforts to develop efficient treatment strategies targeting the autophagy/cancer relation have largely been unsuccessful. Here we review the two-faced role of autophagy in cancer as a tumor suppressor or as a pro-oncogenic mechanism. In this sense, we also review the shared regulatory pathways that play a role in autophagy and malignant transformation. Finally, anti-cancer therapeutic agents used as either inhibitors or inducers of autophagy have been discussed.
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83
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He K, Sun H, Zhang J, Zheng R, Gu J, Luo M, Shao Y. Rab7‑mediated autophagy regulates phenotypic transformation and behavior of smooth muscle cells via the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway in human aortic dissection. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3105-3113. [PMID: 30816458 PMCID: PMC6423587 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy regulates the metabolism, survival and function of numerous types of cell, including cells that comprise the cardiovascular system. The dysfunction of autophagy has been demonstrated in atherosclerosis, restenotic lesions and hypertensive vessels. As a member of the Ras GTPase superfamily, Rab7 serves a significant role in the regulation of autophagy. The present study evaluated how Rab7 affects the proliferation and invasion, and phenotypic transformations of aortic dissection (AD) smooth muscle cells (SMCs) via autophagy. Rab7 was overexpressed in AD tissues and the percentage of synthetic human aortic SMCs (HASMCs) was higher in AD tissues compared with NAD tissues. Downregulation of Rab7 decreased cell growth, reduced the number of invasive cells and decreased the percentage cells in the G1 phase. Autophagy of HASMCs was inhibited following Rab7 knockdown. Inhibition of autophagy with 3‑methyladenine or Rab7 knockdown suppressed the phenotypic conversion of contractile to synthetic HASMCs. The action of Rab7 may be mediated by inhibiting the Ras/Raf/mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. In conclusion, the results revealed that Rab7‑mediated autophagy regulated the behavior of SMCs and the phenotypic transformations in AD via activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. The findings of the present study may improve understanding of the role Rab7 in the molecular etiology of AD and suggests the application of Rab7 as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshuai He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Haoliang Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxi Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Yongfeng Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
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84
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Jiang GM, Tan Y, Wang H, Peng L, Chen HT, Meng XJ, Li LL, Liu Y, Li WF, Shan H. The relationship between autophagy and the immune system and its applications for tumor immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:17. [PMID: 30678689 PMCID: PMC6345046 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a genetically well-controlled cellular process that is tightly controlled by a set of core genes, including the family of autophagy-related genes (ATG). Autophagy is a “double-edged sword” in tumors. It can promote or suppress tumor development, which depends on the cell and tissue types and the stages of tumor. At present, tumor immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy against tumors. Recent studies have shown that autophagy significantly controls immune responses by modulating the functions of immune cells and the production of cytokines. Conversely, some cytokines and immune cells have a great effect on the function of autophagy. Therapies aiming at autophagy to enhance the immune responses and anti-tumor effects of immunotherapy have become the prospective strategy, with enhanced antigen presentation and higher sensitivity to CTLs. However, the induction of autophagy may also benefit tumor cells escape from immune surveillance and result in intrinsic resistance against anti-tumor immunotherapy. Increasing studies have proven the optimal use of either ATG inducers or inhibitors can restrain tumor growth and progression by enhancing anti-tumor immune responses and overcoming the anti-tumor immune resistance in combination with several immunotherapeutic strategies, indicating that induction or inhibition of autophagy might show us a prospective therapeutic strategy when combined with immunotherapy. In this article, the possible mechanisms of autophagy regulating immune system, and the potential applications of autophagy in tumor immunotherapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China. .,Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuan Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Fang Li
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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Zhu Y, Deng J, Nan ML, Zhang J, Okekunle A, Li JY, Yu XQ, Wang PH. The Interplay Between Pattern Recognition Receptors and Autophagy in Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1209:79-108. [PMID: 31728866 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0606-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are sensors of exogenous and endogenous "danger" signals from pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), while autophagy can respond to these signals to control homeostasis. Almost all PRRs can induce autophagy directly or indirectly. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway can induce autophagy directly through Beclin-1 or LC3-dependent pathway, while the interactions with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)/high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), CD91/Calreticulin, and TLRs/HSPs are achieved by protein, Ca2+, and mitochondrial homeostasis. Autophagy presents antigens to PRRs and helps to clean the pathogens. In addition, the induced autophagy can form a negative feedback regulation of PRRs-mediated inflammation in cell/disease-specific manner to maintain homeostasis and prevent excessive inflammation. Understanding the interaction between PRRs and autophagy in a specific disease will promote drug development for immunotherapy. Here, we focus on the interactions between PRRs and autophagy and how they affect the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Deng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mei-Ling Nan
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Akinkunmi Okekunle
- The Postgraduate College, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria.,Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200284, Nigeria
| | - Jiang-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110-2499, USA
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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86
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Dong M, Ye T, Bi Y, Wang Q, Kuerban K, Li J, Feng M, Wang K, Chen Y, Ye L. A novel hybrid of 3-benzyl coumarin seco-B-ring derivative and phenylsulfonylfuroxan induces apoptosis and autophagy in non-small-cell lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 52:79-88. [PMID: 30599915 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound 6, as a novel hybrid of 3-benzyl coumarin seco-B-ring derivative and nitric oxide (NO) donor phenylsulfonylfuroxan, has the potential to develop into an anticancer drug because it displays significant antiproliferation activitity for various solid cancer cell lines including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. PURPOSE We attempt to uncover the capacities of compound 6 to induce apoptosis and autophagy in NSCLC cells, as well as the underlying mechanism involved in this process. METHODS The effect of compound 6 on cell viability was evaluated in A549 cells by MTT assay. Apoptosis was mainly detected by flow cytometry. The induction of autophagy was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal microscopy as well as western-blotting technique. The expression of all related-proteins including PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway were also examined by western-blotting technique. RESULTS Above all, distinct growth inhibition and caspase-dependent apoptosis were detected in A549 cells administered with compound 6. Then, we confirmed the induction of autophagy triggered by compound 6 in A549 cells. Noticeably, blocking autophagy using a series of inhibitors and ATG5 siRNA had little effect on the cytotoxicity of compound 6, elucidating nonprotective autophagy triggered in NSCLC cells. Further research illustrated that PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was involved in compound 6-induced apoptosis, and 3-MA as well as LY294002 had synergistic inhibiting effect on proliferation of A549 cells through the pathway mentioned above. CONCLUSION These findings raise a rationale that this 3-benzyl coumarin seco-B-ring derivative and phenylsulfonylfuroxan hybrid could be a promising candidate for developing as a therapeutic agent toward NSCLC, and the combination therapy through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway may result in optimized treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Dong
- Minghang Hospital & Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Minghang Hospital & Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Yongyan Bi
- Minghang Hospital & Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Minghang Hospital & Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Kudelaidi Kuerban
- Minghang Hospital & Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Jiyang Li
- Minghang Hospital & Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Minghang Hospital & Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Li Ye
- Minghang Hospital & Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China.
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87
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Liu M, Zhang X, Hao Y, Ding J, Shen J, Xue Z, Qi W, Li Z, Song Y, Zhang T, Wang N. Protective effects of a novel probiotic strain, Lactococcus lactis ML2018, in colitis: in vivo and in vitro evidence. Food Funct 2019; 10:1132-1145. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02301h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple articles have confirmed that an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota is closely related to aberrant immune responses of the intestines and to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs).
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88
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Zheng J, Li H, He L, Huang Y, Cai J, Chen L, Zhou C, Fu H, Lu T, Zhang Y, Yao J, Yang Y. Preconditioning of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells by rapamycin increases cell migration and ameliorates liver ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice via the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis. Cell Prolif 2018; 52:e12546. [PMID: 30537044 PMCID: PMC6496237 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Transfusion of umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC‐MSCs) is a novel strategy for treatment of various liver diseases. However, the therapeutic effect of UC‐MSCs is limited because only a few UC‐MSCs migrate towards the damaged regions. In this study, we observed the effects of autophagy on the migration of UC‐MSCs in vitro and in a model of liver ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Materials and Methods We investigated the effects of autophagy on the status of the cell, release of anti‐inflammatory factors and migration of UC‐MSCs in vitro. The therapeutic effects and in vivo migration of rapamycin‐preconditioned UC‐MSCs were observed in a C57/B6 mouse model of liver I/R injury. Results Induction of autophagy by rapamycin enhanced the ability of UC‐MSCs to migrate and release anti‐inflammatory cytokines as well as increased expression of CXCR4 without affecting cell viability. Inhibition of CXCR4 activation markedly decreased migration of these cells. In a mouse model of liver I/R injury, we found significantly upregulated expression of CXCR12 in the damaged liver. More rapamycin‐preconditioned UC‐MSCs migrated towards the ischaemic regions than 3‐methyladenine‐preconditioned or non‐preconditioned UC‐MSCs, leading to improvement in hepatic performance, pathological changes and levels of inflammatory cytokines. These effects were abolished by AMD3100. Conclusions Preconditioning of UC‐MSCs by rapamycin afforded increased protection against liver I/R injury by enhancing immunosuppression and strengthening the homing and migratory capacity of these cells via the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liying He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Huang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianye Cai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaorong Zhou
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyuan Fu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongyu Lu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingcai Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yao
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Organ Transplantation Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Luo L, Lu J, Wang Q, Chen S, Xu A, Yuan S. Autophagy participates in innate immune defense in lamprey. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:416-424. [PMID: 30195918 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a homeostatic process which degrades cytoplasmic constituents to maintain the balance of organs when they were challenged with nutrient stress. It also participates in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, aging and innate immune defense. In order to reveal how autophagy participates in innate immune response when invertebrates evolved into vertebrates. Firstly, we performed a systematic analysis of Atg genes and found that they are highly conserved among lancelet, lamprey and zebrafish. Then, we observed autophagosomes upon starvation by TEM in lancelet, lamprey and zebrafish and found that the morphology of autophagosome is similar to that was observed in yeast and mammals. In addition, rapamycin can induce autophagy in lamprey leukocytes and the deficiency of human Beclin1 protein can be rescued by lancelet and lamprey Beclin1 proteins. When lamprey leukocytes were treated with polyI:C and LPS, autophagy was induced. Moreover, when lamprey leukocytes were challenged with live E. coli, phagocytosis along with autophagy was triggered to degrade pathogenic bacteria. In all, our study here indicated that autophagy is highly conserved during evolution and plays a key role in innate defense when invertebrates evolved into vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaochun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
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90
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Walker DG, Tang TM, Lue LF. Increased expression of toll-like receptor 3, an anti-viral signaling molecule, and related genes in Alzheimer's disease brains. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:91-106. [PMID: 30076830 PMCID: PMC6151184 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study is the expression of Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3), a receptor for double-stranded RNA, in human brains affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition molecules primarily involved in host defenses to microbial pathogens, but roles in neurodegenerative disease have also been shown, as amyloid beta (Aβ) can be a ligand for TLR-2 and -4 and α-synuclein for TLR-1 and TLR-2, while TLR-9 activation promotes Aβ removal. However, involvement of TLR-3 in AD has not been rigorously studied. Immunohistochemical analyses in human temporal cortical sections with a validated antibody for TLR-3 predominantly identified microglia, particularly strongly in cells associated with amyloid plaques, also brain vascular endothelial cells and subsets of astrocytes, but not neurons or p62-immunoreactive structures. Microglial TLR-3 colocalized with the endosomal/lysosomal marker CD68, which identifies phagocytic cells. Quantitative analyses of neuropathologically-staged human brain middle temporal gyrus samples using immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression methods demonstrated increased TLR-3 immunoreactivity and increased TLR-3 mRNA in AD compared to non-demented cases. There were significant positive correlations between TLR-3 mRNA levels and plaque or tangle loads in both series of samples. Increased expression of interferon beta (IFN-β) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 mRNA, two factors induced by TLR-3 signaling, were detected in the AD cases. Increased expression of TLR-4 and TLR-9 mRNA was also observed in these same samples, but not TLR-2. In vitro cultured human brain microglia responses to Aβ inflammatory activation were not altered by TLR-3 activation with activator polyinosinic;polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), while human brain endothelial cells showed reduction in responses when stimulated with both agents. Treatment of microglia with poly I:C did not increase their uptake and breakdown of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Tang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
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91
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Qin C, Liu Q, Hu ZW, Zhou LQ, Shang K, Bosco DB, Wu LJ, Tian DS, Wang W. Microglial TLR4-dependent autophagy induces ischemic white matter damage via STAT1/6 pathway. Theranostics 2018; 8:5434-5451. [PMID: 30555556 PMCID: PMC6276098 DOI: 10.7150/thno.27882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Ischemic white matter damage frequently results in myelin loss, accompanied with microglial activation. We previously found that directing microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype provided a beneficial microenvironment and helped maintain white matter integrity during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial polarization remain elusive. Methods: Hypoperfusion induced white matter damage mice model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced primary cultured microglia were established. Autophagy activation in microglia was detected both in vivo and in vitro by immunofluorescence, Western blot and electron microscopy. Autophagy inhibitors/agonist were administrated to investigate the role of autophagic process in modulating microglial phenotypes. Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were carried out to investigate the possible pathway. Results: We identified rapid accumulation of autophagosomes in primary cultured microglia exposed to LPS and within activated microglia during white matter ischemic damage. Autophagy inhibitors switched microglial function from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, we found TLR4, one of the major receptors binding LPS, was most highly expressed on microglia in corpus callosum during white matter ischemic damage, and TLR4 deficiency could mimic the phenomenon in microglial functional transformation, and exhibit a protective activity in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Whereas, the anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglia in TLR4 deficiency group was largely abolished by the activation of autophagic process. Finally, our transcriptional analysis confirmed that the up-regulation of STAT1 and down-regulation of STAT6 in microglia exposure to LPS could be reversed by autophagy inhibition. Conclusion: These results indicated that TLR4-dependent autophagy regulates microglial polarization and induces ischemic white matter damage via STAT1/6 pathway.
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92
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Zhao R, Zhang J, Wang Y, Jin J, Zhou H, Chen J, Su SB. Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 promotes pathological corneal neovascularization by enhancement of SDF-1-mediated endothelial progenitor cell recruitment. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:177-185. [PMID: 30321512 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in inflammatory and immunological responses, which are intimately related to neovascularization. However, the precise mode of action of TLR3 in neovascularization still remains ambiguous. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of TLR3 in pathological corneal neovascularization (CNV) using a mouse model of alkali-induced CNV. CNV was attenuated in TLR3-deficient mice, and the absence of TLR3 led to decreased production of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), a well-characterized cytokine that regulates the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to the sites of neo-angiogenic niches in the injured tissues. Topical administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], a synthetic ligand for TLR3, to the injured cornea promoted CNV in wild type (WT) mice but not in TLR3-deficient mice. In addition, the effect of poly (I:C) on WT mice was abolished by addition of SDF-1 receptor antagonist AMD 3100. Furthermore, poly (I:C) treatment in vitro enhanced the migration of EPCs, whereas the enhanced migration was abolished by AMD 3100. These results indicate an essential role of TLR3 signalling in CNV that involves upregulating SDF-1 production and recruiting EPCs to the sites of injury for neovascularization. Thus, targeting the TLR3 signalling cascade may constitute a novel therapeutic approach for treating neovascularization-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Science and Technology Library (Guangdong Institute of Scientific and Technical Information and Development Strategy), China
| | - Jiayi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shao Bo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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93
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Zhu S, Jin J, Gokhale S, Lu AM, Shan H, Feng J, Xie P. Genetic Alterations of TRAF Proteins in Human Cancers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2111. [PMID: 30294322 PMCID: PMC6158389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R)-associated factor (TRAF) family of cytoplasmic adaptor proteins regulate the signal transduction pathways of a variety of receptors, including the TNF-R superfamily, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and cytokine receptors. TRAF-dependent signaling pathways participate in a diverse array of important cellular processes, including the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of different cell types. Many of these TRAF-dependent signaling pathways have been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Here we analyze the current evidence of genetic alterations of TRAF molecules available from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) as well as the published literature, including copy number variations and mutation landscape of TRAFs in various human cancers. Such analyses reveal that both gain- and loss-of-function genetic alterations of different TRAF proteins are commonly present in a number of human cancers. These include pancreatic cancer, meningioma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, sarcoma, and B cell malignancies, among others. Furthermore, we summarize the key in vivo and in vitro evidence that demonstrates the causal roles of genetic alterations of TRAF proteins in tumorigenesis within different cell types and organs. Taken together, the information presented in this review provides a rationale for the development of therapeutic strategies to manipulate TRAF proteins or TRAF-dependent signaling pathways in different human cancers by precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Juan Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Angeli M. Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Haiyan Shan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Engineering Research Center of the Modern Technology for Eel Industry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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94
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Cen X, Liu S, Cheng K. The Role of Toll-Like Receptor in Inflammation and Tumor Immunity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:878. [PMID: 30127747 PMCID: PMC6088210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation enables host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecule patterns (PAMPs), ignite immune cells to discriminate between self and non-self, and then promote the following innate and adaptive immune responses. Accumulated clinical/preclinical evidences have proven TLRs to be critical role in the autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory and tumor-associated diseases. Activation of TLRs is becoming or has been a target for cancer treatment. It is shown that TLRs can induce preferable anti-tumor effect by eliciting inflammatory cytokines expression and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) response. As adjuvant, TLRs agonists can launch a strong immune response to assist cancer radiotherapy and bio-chemotherapy. On the other hand, tumor-associated antigens acting as PAMPs, can also activate TLRs and induce tumor gene-related programmed cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis. While there are also arguments that the excessive TLRs expression will promote tumor deterioration in various organisms, as the TLR-induced inflammation will accelerate the cancer cells boost in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the effect of TLRs acting on cancers is still not quite clear today. In this review, we will summarize the recent researches of TLRs in cancer treatment and their role in TME, giving a brief overview on future expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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95
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Chen DP, Ning WR, Li XF, Wei Y, Lao XM, Wang JC, Wu Y, Zheng L. Peritumoral monocytes induce cancer cell autophagy to facilitate the progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy 2018; 14:1335-1346. [PMID: 29940792 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1474994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an important catabolic process mediating cellular homeostasis and plays critical roles in cancer development. Whereas autophagy has been widely studied in various pathological models, little is known about the distribution, clinical significance and regulatory mechanism of this process in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we found that tumor tissues exhibited significantly increased levels of autophagy compared with non-tumor tissues, and cancer cells with higher levels of autophagy were predominantly enriched in the invading edge regions of human HCC. Increased MAP1LC3B/LC3B expression in the invading edge regions was significantly correlated with a higher density of closely located monocytes, and TNF and IL1B derived from tumor-activated monocytes synergistically induced cancer cell autophagy in the invading edge regions of HCC. Monocyte-elicited autophagy induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells and promoted tumor metastasis by activating the NFKB-SNAI1 signaling pathway. Moreover, the increase of LC3B+ cancer cells in the invading edge areas was associated with high mortality and reduced survival of patients with HCC. These findings indicated that cancer cell autophagy is regulated by a collaborative interaction between tumor and immune cell components in distinct HCC microenvironments, thus allowing the inflammatory monocytes to be rerouted in a tumor-promoting direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ping Chen
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Wan-Ru Ning
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Xue-Feng Li
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wei
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ming Lao
- b State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jun-Cheng Wang
- b State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yan Wu
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Limin Zheng
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , P. R. China.,b State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou , China
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96
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Min Y, Kim MJ, Lee S, Chun E, Lee KY. Inhibition of TRAF6 ubiquitin-ligase activity by PRDX1 leads to inhibition of NFKB activation and autophagy activation. Autophagy 2018; 14:1347-1358. [PMID: 29929436 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1474995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAF6 (TNF receptor associated factor 6) plays a pivotal role in NFKB activation and macroautphagy/autophagy activation induced by TLR4 (toll like receptor 4) signaling. The objective of this study was to determine the functional role of PRDX1 (peroxiredoxin 1) in NFKB activation and autophagy activation. PRDX1 interacted with the ring finger domain of TRAF6 and inhibited its ubiquitin-ligase activity. The inhibition on TRAF6 ubiquitin-ligase activity by PRDX1 induced the suppression of ubiquitination of an evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathways (ECSIT) essential for NFKB activation and BECN1 (beclin 1) required for autophagy activation. An inhibitory effect of PRDX1 on TRAF6 was clearly evidenced in PRDX1-knockdown (PRDX1KD) THP-1, PRDX1KD MDA-MB-231, and PRDX1KD SK-HEP-1 cells. PRDX1KD THP-1 cells showed increases of NFKB activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, NFKB-dependent gene expression induced by TLR4 stimulation, and resistance against Salmonella typhimurium infection. Additionally, migration and invasion abilities of PRDX1KD MDA-MB-231 and PRDX1KD SK-HEP-1 cancer cells were significantly enhanced compared to those of control cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that PRDX1 negatively regulates TLR4 signaling for NFKB activation and autophagy functions such as bactericidal activity, cancer cell migration, and cancer cell invasion by inhibiting TRAF6 ubiquitin-ligase activity. ABBREVIATIONS 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; BECN1: beclin 1; CHUK/IKKA: conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase; ECSIT: ECSIT signalling integrator; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; NFKB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; IB: immunoblotting; IKBKB/IKKB: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; IL6: interleukin 6; IP: immunoprecipitation; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtuble associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP3K7/TAK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; MAPK14/p38: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; mROS: mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; PRDX1: peroxiredoxin 1; PRDX6: peroxiredoxin 6; RELA/p65: RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit; TRAF6 TNF: receptor associated factor 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Min
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute , Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute , Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Sena Lee
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute , Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- b Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, and the Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- a Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Samsung Biomedical Research Institute , Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon , Republic of Korea.,c Samsung Medical Center , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,d Department of Health Sciences and Technology , Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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97
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Gong WJ, Liu JY, Yin JY, Cui JJ, Xiao D, Zhuo W, Luo C, Liu RJ, Li X, Zhang W, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. Resistin facilitates metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma through the TLR4/Src/EGFR/PI3K/NF-κB pathway. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2391-2400. [PMID: 29927028 PMCID: PMC6113506 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of lung cancer‐related death. The tumor microenvironment greatly contributes to tumor metastasis. Resistin, mainly secreted by tumor‐associated macrophages in tumor tissues, is a 12.5‐kDa cysteine‐rich secretory protein that is found at significantly higher levels in the serum or plasma of cancer patients compared with healthy controls. In this study, we explored the expression and role of resistin in lung adenocarcinoma. Our study showed that resistin was strongly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and promoted the migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) was the functional receptor of resistin for migration and invasion in A549 cells. Src/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was involved in resistin‐induced migration and invasion. Resistin increased the phosphorylation of EGFR through the TLR4/Src pathway. We also found that PI3K/nuclear factor (NF)‐κB were the intracellular downstream effectors mediating resistin‐induced migration and invasion. Taken together, our results suggested that resistin promoted lung adenocarcinoma metastasis through the TLR4/Src/EGFR/PI3K/NF‐κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jing Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Jia Cui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Luo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui-Jie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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98
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Silibinin-induced autophagy mediated by PPARα-sirt1-AMPK pathway participated in the regulation of type I collagen-enhanced migration in murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 450:1-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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99
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Chen C, Liang QY, Chen HK, Wu PF, Feng ZY, Ma XM, Wu HR, Zhou GQ. DRAM1 regulates the migration and invasion of hepatoblastoma cells via autophagy-EMT pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2427-2433. [PMID: 30013633 PMCID: PMC6036562 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator 1 (DRAM1) is known as a target of TP53-mediated autophagy, and has been reported to promote the migration and invasion abilities of glioblastoma stem cells. However, the precise contribution of DRAM1 to cancer cell invasion and migration, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, small interfering (si)RNA or short hairpin RNA mediated knockdown of DRAM1 was performed in hepatoblastoma cells and the migration and invasion abilities were detected in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of autophagy-associated proteins and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-associated markers. The results showed that DRAM1 knockdown by specific siRNA abrogated cell autophagy, as well as inhibited the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells in Transwell assays, which may be reversed by rapamycin treatment. In addition, DRAM1 knockdown increased the expression of E-Cadherin while decreased the expression of vimentin in HepG2 cells, which was also be reversed by rapamycin treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that DRAM1 is involved in the regulation of the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells via autophagy-EMT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Second People's Hospital, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Zhang Jia Gang, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Kang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Second People's Hospital, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China
| | - Pin-Fei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Second People's Hospital, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Rong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Second People's Hospital, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, P.R. China
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100
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Dower CM, Wills CA, Frisch SM, Wang HG. Mechanisms and context underlying the role of autophagy in cancer metastasis. Autophagy 2018; 14:1110-1128. [PMID: 29863947 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1450020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental cellular degradation mechanism that maintains cell homeostasis, regulates cell signaling, and promotes cell survival. Its role in promoting tumor cell survival in stress conditions is well characterized, and makes autophagy an attractive target for cancer therapy. Emerging research indicates that autophagy also influences cancer metastasis, which is the primary cause of cancer-associated mortality. However, data demonstrate that the regulatory role of autophagy in metastasis is multifaceted, and includes both metastasis-suppressing and -promoting functions. The metastasis-suppressing functions of autophagy, in particular, have important implications for autophagy-based treatments, as inhibition of autophagy may increase the risk of metastasis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and context underlying the role of autophagy in metastasis, which include autophagy-mediated regulation of focal adhesion dynamics, integrin signaling and trafficking, Rho GTPase-mediated cytoskeleton remodeling, anoikis resistance, extracellular matrix remodeling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling, and tumor-stromal cell interactions. Through this, we aim to clarify the context-dependent nature of autophagy-mediated metastasis and provide direction for further research investigating the role of autophagy in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Dower
- a Department of Pediatrics , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA USA
| | - Carson A Wills
- a Department of Pediatrics , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA USA
| | - Steven M Frisch
- b WVU Cancer Institute, Department of Biochemistry , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- a Department of Pediatrics , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA USA
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