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Lerkvaleekul B, Apiwattanakul N, Klinmalai C, Hongeng S, Vilaiyuk S. Age-related changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy Thai children. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23156. [PMID: 31855295 PMCID: PMC7246386 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnicity and environmental factors can influence the percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations. This study aimed to assess the percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations according to age in Thai children. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. The percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations were measured in umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood of healthy Thai children aged 1 month-15 years. The participants were stratified into five age groups: (a) cord blood; (b) age < 2 years; (c) age 2-5 years; (d) age 5-10 years; and (e) age 10-15 years. RESULTS Of 182 total samples, 32, 39, 41, 28, and 42 were from cord blood, children aged <2 years, children aged 2-5 years, children aged 5-10 years, and children aged 10-15 years, respectively. The percentages of most lymphocyte subpopulations including CD8 + T cells, CD19 + cells, γδ T cells, double-negative T cells, NK cells, and NK T cells increased significantly with age. Only the CD4+ T-cell percentage decreased in older children. Moderate correlations were observed between age and the percentages of CD4+ T cells, γδ T cells, NK cells, NK T cells, and double-negative T cells. Weak correlations were observed between age and the percentages of CD8+ T cells and CD19+ cells. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated age-related changes in the percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations in Thai children, which differed from those described in other countries. Therefore, the establishment of age-specific reference values for lymphocyte subsets in each country is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Butsabong Lerkvaleekul
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Apiwattanakul
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chompunuch Klinmalai
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Soamarat Vilaiyuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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52
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Chai LF, Prince E, Pillarisetty VG, Katz SC. Challenges in assessing solid tumor responses to immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 27:528-538. [PMID: 31822814 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of immunotherapy as an integral component of multidisciplinary solid tumor treatment, we are confronted by an unfamiliar and novel pattern of radiographic responses to treatment. Enlargement of tumors or even new lesions may not represent progression, but rather reflect what will ultimately evolve into a clinically beneficial response. In addition, the kinetics of radiographic changes in response to immunotherapy treatments may be distinct from what has been observed with cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation. The phenomenon of pseudoprogression has been documented in patients receiving immunotherapeutic agents, such as checkpoint inhibitors and cellular therapies. Currently, there are no clinical response guidelines that adequately account for pseudoprogression and solid tumor responses to immunotherapy in general. Even so, response criteria have evolved to account for the radiographic manifestations of novel therapies. The evolution of World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), along with the emergence of immune-related response criteria (irRC) and the immune Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (iRECIST) reflect the need for new frameworks. This review evaluates the relationship between pseudoprogression, clinical outcomes, and our current understanding of the biology of pseudoprogression. To achieve our goal, we discuss unusual response patterns in patients receiving immunotherapy. We seek to develop a deeper understanding of radiographic responses to immunotherapy such that clinical benefit is not underappreciated in individual patients and during clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis F Chai
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ethan Prince
- Department of Radiology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Steven C Katz
- Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA. .,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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53
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Li X, Lu H, Gu Y, Zhang X, Zhang G, Shi T, Chen W. Tim-3 suppresses the killing effect of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells on colon cancer cells by reducing perforin and granzyme B expression. Exp Cell Res 2019; 386:111719. [PMID: 31726050 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cell-based tumor immunotherapy has been one of the most promising cancer immunotherapeutic strategies. However, the key regulators of the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated antitumor response remain unclear. Recently, mounting reports have indicated that Tim-3 performs critical roles in the regulation of the activities of immune cells, including Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. However, the roles of Tim-3 in Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated killing of colon cancer cells and the underlying mechanism remain largely unknown. Here, the proportion of Tim-3+ γδ T cells was significantly increased in both the peripheral blood and colon cancer tissue of patients and was significantly associated with TNM staging and tumor volume. Additionally, the activation of Tim-3 signaling significantly inhibited the killing efficiency of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against colon cancer cells. In addition, Tim-3 signaling reduced the expression of perforin and granzyme B in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Blocking the perforin/granzyme B pathway also decreased the cytotoxicity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells to colon cancer cells. Moreover, Tim-3 signaling reduced the perforin and granzyme B expression of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in an ERK1/2 signaling pathway-dependent manner. This knowledge reveals that Tim-3 may be a promising therapeutic target to improve Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based adoptive immunotherapy for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Huimin Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Tongguo Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, China.
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, China.
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54
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Wu Y, Kyle-Cezar F, Woolf RT, Naceur-Lombardelli C, Owen J, Biswas D, Lorenc A, Vantourout P, Gazinska P, Grigoriadis A, Tutt A, Hayday A. An innate-like Vδ1 + γδ T cell compartment in the human breast is associated with remission in triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaax9364. [PMID: 31597756 PMCID: PMC6877350 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax9364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate-like tissue-resident γδ T cell compartments capable of protecting against carcinogenesis are well established in mice. Conversely, the degree to which they exist in humans, their potential properties, and their contributions to host benefit are mostly unresolved. Here, we demonstrate that healthy human breast harbors a distinct γδ T cell compartment, primarily expressing T cell receptor (TCR) Vδ1 chains, by comparison to Vδ2 chains that predominate in peripheral blood. Breast-resident Vδ1+ cells were functionally skewed toward cytolysis and IFN-γ production, but not IL-17, which has been linked with inflammatory pathologies. Breast-resident Vδ1+ cells could be activated innately via the NKG2D receptor, whereas neighboring CD8+ αβ T cells required TCR signaling. A comparable population of Vδ1+ cells was found in human breast tumors, and when paired tumor and nonmalignant samples from 11 patients with triple-negative breast cancer were analyzed, progression-free and overall survival correlated with Vδ1+ cell representation, but not with either total γδ T cells or Vδ2+ T cells. As expected, progression-free survival also correlated with αβ TCRs. However, whereas in most cases TCRαβ repertoires focused, typical of antigen-specific responses, this was not observed for Vδ1+ cells, consistent with their innate-like responsiveness. Thus, maximal patient benefit may accrue from the collaboration of innate-like responses mounted by tissue-resident Vδ1+ compartments and adaptive responses mounted by αβ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Fernanda Kyle-Cezar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Richard T Woolf
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Cristina Naceur-Lombardelli
- KHP Cancer Biobank, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Julie Owen
- KHP Cancer Biobank, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dhruva Biswas
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anna Lorenc
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Pierre Vantourout
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrew Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Innovation Hub, Cancer Centre at Guy's Hospital, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Adrian Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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55
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Yakkala C, Chiang CLL, Kandalaft L, Denys A, Duran R. Cryoablation and Immunotherapy: An Enthralling Synergy to Confront the Tumors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2283. [PMID: 31608067 PMCID: PMC6769045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of solid tumors by ablation techniques has gained momentum in the recent years due to their technical simplicity and reduced morbidity as juxtaposed to surgery. Cryoablation is one of such techniques, known for its uniqueness to destroy the tumors by freezing to lethal temperatures. Freezing the tumor locally and allowing it to remain in situ unleashes an array of tumor antigens to be exposed to the immune system, paving the way for the generation of anti-tumor immune responses. However, the immune responses triggered in most cases are insufficient to eradicate the tumors with systemic spread. Therefore, combination of cryoablation and immunotherapy is a new treatment strategy currently being evaluated for its efficacy, notably in patients with metastatic disease. This article examines the mechanistic fabric of cryoablation for the generation of an effective immune response against the tumors, and various possibilities of its combination with different immunotherapies that are capable of inducing exceptional therapeutic responses. The combinatorial treatment avenues discussed in this article if explored in sufficient profundity, could reach the pinnacle of future cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakradhar Yakkala
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana Kandalaft
- Vaccine Development Laboratory, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alban Denys
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Duran
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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56
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Rivera-Torres J, San José E. Src Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: New Perspectives on Their Immune, Antiviral, and Senotherapeutic Potential. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1011. [PMID: 31619990 PMCID: PMC6759511 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated activity of the Src tyrosine kinases leads to malignant transformation. Since the FDA approval of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, in 2001 for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the number of these inhibitors together with Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors (STKIs) has increased notably due to their beneficial effects. Dasatinib, a second-generation STKI inhibitor widely studied, proved high efficiency in CML patients resistant to imatinib. In the last decade STKIs have also been implicated and showed therapeutic potential for the treatment of diverse pathologies other than cancer. In this regard, we review the properties of STKIs, dasatinib in particular, including its immunomodulatory role. Similarly, the potential benefits, adverse effects, and safety concerns of these inhibitors regarding viral infections are considered. Moreover, since life expectancy has increased in the last decades accompanied by age-related morbidity, the reduction of undesirable effects associated to aging has become a powerful therapeutic target. Here, we comment on the ability of STKIs to alleviate age-associated physical dysfunction and their potential impact in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rivera-Torres
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Nutrition, Optics and Optometry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther San José
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, Nutrition, Optics and Optometry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
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57
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Fisher J, Sharma R, Don DW, Barisa M, Hurtado MO, Abramowski P, Porter L, Day W, Borea R, Inglott S, Anderson J, Pe'er D. Engineering γδT cells limits tonic signaling associated with chimeric antigen receptors. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaax1872. [PMID: 31506382 PMCID: PMC7055420 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the benefits of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies against lymphoid malignancies, responses in solid tumors have been more limited and off-target toxicities have been more marked. Among the possible design limitations of CAR-T cells for cancer are unwanted tonic (antigen-independent) signaling and off-target activation. Efforts to overcome these hurdles have been blunted by a lack of mechanistic understanding. Here, we showed that single-cell analysis with time course mass cytometry provided a rapid means of assessing CAR-T cell activation. We compared signal transduction in expanded T cells to that in T cells transduced to express second-generation CARs and found that cell expansion enhanced the response to stimulation. However, expansion also induced tonic signaling and reduced network plasticity, which were associated with expression of the T cell exhaustion markers PD-1 and TIM-3. Because this was most evident in pathways downstream of CD3ζ, we performed similar analyses on γδT cells that expressed chimeric costimulatory receptors (CCRs) lacking CD3ζ but containing DAP10 stimulatory domains. These CCR-γδT cells did not exhibit tonic signaling but were efficiently activated and mounted cytotoxic responses in the presence of CCR-specific stimuli or cognate leukemic cells. Single-cell signaling analysis enabled detailed characterization of CAR-T and CCR-T cell activation to better understand their functional activities. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CCR-γδT cells may offer the potential to avoid on-target, off-tumor toxicity and allo-reactivity in the context of myeloid malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Genetic Engineering
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fisher
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Dilu Wisidagamage Don
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Marta Barisa
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Marina Olle Hurtado
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Pierre Abramowski
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Lucy Porter
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - William Day
- UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St., Fitzrovia, London WC1E 6AG, UK
| | - Roberto Borea
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sarah Inglott
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - John Anderson
- UCL/GOSH Institute of Child Health, Cancer Section, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
- UCL Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St., Fitzrovia, London WC1E 6AG, UK
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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58
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Chauvin C, Joalland N, Perroteau J, Jarry U, Lafrance L, Willem C, Retière C, Oliver L, Gratas C, Gautreau-Rolland L, Saulquin X, Vallette FM, Vié H, Scotet E, Pecqueur C. NKG2D Controls Natural Reactivity of Vγ9Vδ2 T Lymphocytes against Mesenchymal Glioblastoma Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7218-7228. [PMID: 31506386 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cellular immunotherapies are currently being explored to eliminate highly invasive and chemoradioresistant glioblastoma (GBM) cells involved in rapid relapse. We recently showed that concomitant stereotactic injections of nonalloreactive allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes eradicate zoledronate-primed human GBM cells. In the present study, we investigated the spontaneous reactivity of allogeneic human Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes toward primary human GBM cells, in vitro and in vivo, in the absence of any prior sensitization. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Through functional and transcriptomic analyses, we extensively characterized the immunoreactivity of human Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes against various primary GBM cultures directly derived from patient tumors. RESULTS We evidenced that GBM cells displaying a mesenchymal signature are spontaneously eliminated by allogeneic human Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes, a reactivity process being mediated by γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) and tightly regulated by cellular stress-associated NKG2D pathway. This led to the identification of highly reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocyte populations, independently of a specific TCR repertoire signature. Moreover, we finally provide evidence of immunotherapeutic efficacy in vivo, in the absence of any prior tumor cell sensitization. CONCLUSIONS By identifying pathways implicated in the selective natural recognition of mesenchymal GBM cell subtypes, accounting for 30% of primary diagnosed and 60% of recurrent GBM, our results pave the way for novel targeted cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Chauvin
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - Noémie Joalland
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - Jeanne Perroteau
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - Ulrich Jarry
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - Laura Lafrance
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Willem
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Etablissement Français du Sang, Nantes, France
| | - Christelle Retière
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Etablissement Français du Sang, Nantes, France
| | - Lisa Oliver
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Gratas
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Gautreau-Rolland
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - Xavier Saulquin
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - François M Vallette
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest (ICO), St Herblain, France
| | - Henri Vié
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel Scotet
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France. .,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
| | - Claire Pecqueur
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France. .,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," Nantes, France
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59
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Li R, Johnson R, Yu G, McKenna DH, Hubel A. Preservation of cell-based immunotherapies for clinical trials. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:943-957. [PMID: 31416704 PMCID: PMC6746578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the unique supply chain of cellular therapies, preservation is important to keep the cell product viable. Many factors in cryopreservation affect the outcome of a cell therapy: (i) formulation and introduction of a freezing medium, (ii) cooling rate, (iii) storage conditions, (iv) thawing conditions and (v) post-thaw processing. This article surveys clinical trials of cellular immunotherapy that used cryopreserved regulatory, chimeric antigen receptor or gamma delta T cells, dendritic cells or natural killer (NK) cells. Several observations are summarized from the given information. The aforementioned cell types have been similarly frozen in media containing 5-10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with plasma, serum or human serum albumin. Two common freezing methods are an insulated freezing container such as Nalgene Mr. Frosty and a controlled-rate freezer at a cooling rate of -1°C/min. Water baths at approximately 37°C have been commonly used for thawing. Post-thaw processing of cryopreserved cells varied greatly: some studies infused the cells immediately upon thawing; some diluted the cells in a carrier solution of varying formulation before infusion; some washed cells to remove cryoprotective agents; and others re-cultured cells to recover cell viability or functionality lost due to cryopreservation. Emerging approaches to preserving cellular immunotherapies are also described. DMSO-free formulations of the freezing media have demonstrated improved preservation of cell viability in T lymphocytes and of cytotoxic function in natural killer cells. Saccharides are a common type of molecule used as an alternative cryoprotective agent to DMSO. Improving methods of preservation will be critical to growth in the clinical use of cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rachel Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guanglin Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David H McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Allison Hubel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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60
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Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can exhibit potent anti-tumor activity and have gained much attention as an interesting tool for cancer immunotherapy by adoptive cell transfer. In this chapter, we explain the different approaches for the in vitro expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells for their subsequent adoptive transfer and present a detailed protocol for the successful in vitro expansion at the laboratory scale. Finally, we discuss strategies for optimization and parameters necessary for the adaption to a clinical scale protocol.
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61
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Bertaina A, Roncarolo MG. Graft Engineering and Adoptive Immunotherapy: New Approaches to Promote Immune Tolerance After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1342. [PMID: 31354695 PMCID: PMC6635579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative therapeutic option for a wide range of immune and hematologic malignant and non-malignant disorders. Once transplanted, allogeneic cells have to support myeloid repopulation and immunological reconstitution, but also need to become tolerant to the host via central or peripheral mechanisms to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Peripheral tolerance after allogeneic HSCT may be achieved by several mechanisms, though blocking alloreactivity to the host human leukocyte antigens while preserving immune responses to pathogens and tumor antigens remains a challenge. Recently uncovered evidence on the mechanisms of post-HSCT immune reconstitution and tolerance in transplanted patients has allowed for the development of novel cell-based therapeutic approaches. These therapies are aimed at inducing long-term peripheral tolerance and reducing the risk of graft-vs-host disease (GvHD), while sparing the graft-vs-leukemia (GvL) effect. Thus, ensuring effective long term remission in hematologic malignancies. Today, haploidentical stem cell transplants have become a widely used treatment for patients with hematological malignancies. A myriad of ex vivo and in vivo T-cell depletion strategies have been adopted, with the goal of preventing GvHD while preserving GvL in the context of immunogenetic disparity. αβ T-cell/CD19 B-cell depletion techniques, in particular, has gained significant momentum, because of the high rate of leukemia-free survival and the low risk of severe GvHD. Despite progress, better treatments are still needed in a portion of patients to further reduce the incidence of relapse and achieve long-term tolerance. Current post-HSCT cell therapy approaches designed to induce tolerance and minimizing GvHD occurrence include the use of (i) γδ T cells, (ii) regulatory Type 1 T (Tr1) cells, and (iii) engineered FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Future protocols may include post-HSCT infusion of allogeneic effector or regulatory T cells engineered with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In the present review, we describe the most recent advances in graft engineering and post-HSCT adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bertaina
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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62
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Jiang H, Yang Z, Song Z, Green M, Song H, Shao Q. γδ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients present cytotoxic activity but are reduced in potency due to IL-2 and IL-21 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:167-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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63
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Girard P, Charles J, Cluzel C, Degeorges E, Manches O, Plumas J, De Fraipont F, Leccia MT, Mouret S, Chaperot L, Aspord C. The features of circulating and tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells in melanoma patients display critical perturbations with prognostic impact on clinical outcome. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1601483. [PMID: 31413911 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1601483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
γδT cells hold a pivotal role in tumor immunosurveillance through their prompt activation and cytokine secretion, their ability to kill tumor cells in an Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-unrestricted manner, and their combination of features of both innate and adaptive immunity. These unique properties and functional plasticity render them very attractive both as targets and vectors for cancer immunotherapy. Yet, these potent and fascinating antitumor effectors have not been extensively explored in melanoma. We provided here a detailed investigation of the phenotypic and functional properties of circulating and tumor-infiltrating γδT cells in melanoma patients, and their impact on clinical evolution. High proportions of circulating- and tumor-infiltrating γδT and δ2+ subset were associated with better clinical outcome. We reported however that circulating and tumor-infiltrating γδT cells from melanoma patients displayed an altered expression of NCR, KIR, and immune checkpoints, and identified NKp44, PD1, 41BB/41BBL, TIM3, and LAG3 as crucial checkpoints allowing immune escape and tumor progression. Notably, melanoma drastically impaired the ability of γδT cells to exhibit activation molecules, secrete cytokines, and display cytotoxicity toward melanoma in response to stimulation with phosphoantigens. It drove them toward regulatory and Th17 profiles associated with poor clinical outcomes. Our study highlights that melanoma hijacked γδT cells to escape from immune control, and revealed that circulating and tumor-infiltrating γδT cell features are promising potential biomarkers of clinical evolution. Such understanding of the physiopathology of γδT cells may help designing new therapeutic approaches exploiting the antitumor potential of γδT cells while counteracting their skewing by tumors to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Girard
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, R&D-Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Charles
- University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France.,Dermatology clinic, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Camille Cluzel
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, R&D-Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Degeorges
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, R&D-Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Manches
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, R&D-Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, R&D-Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France.,pDCline Pharma, Grenoble, France
| | - Florence De Fraipont
- University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France.,Department of Biochemistry of Cancers and Biotherapies, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Therese Leccia
- University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France.,Dermatology clinic, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephane Mouret
- University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France.,Dermatology clinic, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, R&D-Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Aspord
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne Rhone-Alpes, R&D-Laboratory, Grenoble, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, EMR EFS-UGA-INSERM U1209- CNRS, Immunobiology & Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Grenoble, France
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64
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Chen H, Zou M, Teng D, Hu Y, Zhang J, He W. Profiling the pattern of the human T-cell receptor γδ complementary determinant region 3 repertoire in patients with lung carcinoma via high-throughput sequencing analysis. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:250-259. [PMID: 30886423 PMCID: PMC6460488 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells function as sentinels in early host responses to infections and malignancies. Specifically, γδ T cells recognize tumor-associated stress antigens via T-cell receptor (TCR) γδ and play important roles in the antitumor immune response. In this study, we characterized the pattern of the human TCR γδ complementary determinant region 3 (CDR3) repertoire in patients with lung carcinoma (LC) via high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the diversity of CDR3δ was significantly reduced, and that of CDR3γ was unchanged in LC patients compared with healthy individuals; in addition, LC patients shared significantly more CDR3δ sequences with each other than healthy individuals. The CDR3 length distribution and N-addition length distribution did not significantly differ between LC patients and healthy individuals. In addition, the CDR3 repertoire tended to use more Vδ2 and fewer Vδ1 germline gene fragments among LC patients. Moreover, we found a combination of four TCR γδ repertoire features that focus on CDR3δ and can be used as a biomarker for LC diagnosis. Our research suggests that the TCR γδ CDR3 repertoire changed in LC patients due to the antitumor immune response by γδ T cells in vivo, and these changes primarily focus on the amplification of certain tumor-specific CDR3δ clones among patients. This study demonstrates the role of γδ T cells from the TCR γδ CDR3 repertoire in tumor immunity and lays the foundation for elucidating the mechanism underlying the function of γδT cells in antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Mingjin Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Da Teng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Wei He
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, 100005, China.
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65
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Alnaggar M, Xu Y, Li J, He J, Chen J, Li M, Wu Q, Lin L, Liang Y, Wang X, Li J, Hu Y, Chen Y, Xu K, Wu Y, Yin Z. Allogenic Vγ9Vδ2 T cell as new potential immunotherapy drug for solid tumor: a case study for cholangiocarcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:36. [PMID: 30736852 PMCID: PMC6368763 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive and fatal tumor. CCA occurs in the epithelial cells of bile ducts. Due to increasing incidences, CCA accounts for 3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies. In addition to comprehensive treatments for cancer, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, during the past few years, cellular immunotherapy has played an increasingly important role. As a result of our research, we have discovered the γδ T cell-based immunotherapy for CCA. CASE PRESENTATION A 30-year-old male ( https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ ID: NCT02425735) was diagnosed with recurrent mediastinal lymph node metastasis after liver transplantation because of Cholangiocarcinoma (stage IV). In the course of his therapy sessions, he only received allogenic γδ T cell immunotherapy from August, 2017 through February, 2018 (8 infusions in total). γδ T cells were expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donor, and ~ 4 × 108 cells were adoptive transferred to the patient. CONCLUSION In the above case report of the Cholangiocarcinoma (stage IV) patient who had received liver transplantation and afterward was diagnosed with recurrent mediastinal lymph node metastasis, we clinically proved that allogenic γδ T cell treatment had no adverse effects. We observed that allogenic γδ T cell treatments positively regulated peripheral immune functions of the patient, depleted tumor activity, improved quality of life, and prolonged his life span. After 8 γδ T cell treatments, the size of lymph nodes was remarkably reduced with activity depletion. This clinical work suggested that allogenic γδ T cell immunotherapy could be developed into a promising therapy drug for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alnaggar
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Fuda Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Li
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi He
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jibing Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fuda Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biological Treatment Center, Fuda Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Li
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling Wu
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqing Liang
- Department of Biological Treatment Center, Fuda Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Biological Treatment Center, Fuda Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Hu
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kecheng Xu
- Department of Oncology, Fuda Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Biological Treatment Center, Fuda Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510665, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute and The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, 601 W Ave Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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66
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Man F, Lim L, Volpe A, Gabizon A, Shmeeda H, Draper B, Parente-Pereira AC, Maher J, Blower PJ, Fruhwirth GO, T M de Rosales R. In Vivo PET Tracking of 89Zr-Labeled Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells to Mouse Xenograft Breast Tumors Activated with Liposomal Alendronate. Mol Ther 2019; 27:219-229. [PMID: 30429045 PMCID: PMC6318719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammadelta T (γδ-T) cells are strong candidates for adoptive immunotherapy in oncology due to their cytotoxicity, ease of expansion, and favorable safety profile. The development of γδ-T cell therapies would benefit from non-invasive cell-tracking methods and increased targeting to tumor sites. Here we report the use of [89Zr]Zr(oxinate)4 to track Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET). In vitro, we showed that 89Zr-labeled Vγ9Vδ2 T cells retained their viability, proliferative capacity, and anti-cancer cytotoxicity with minimal DNA damage for amounts of 89Zr ≤20 mBq/cell. Using a mouse xenograft model of human breast cancer, 89Zr-labeled γδ-T cells were tracked by PET imaging over 1 week. To increase tumor antigen expression, the mice were pre-treated with PEGylated liposomal alendronate. Liposomal alendronate, but not placebo liposomes or non-liposomal alendronate, significantly increased the 89Zr signal in the tumors, suggesting increased homing of γδ-T cells to the tumors. γδ-T cell trafficking to tumors occurred within 48 hr of administration. The presence of γδ-T cells in tumors, liver, and spleen was confirmed by histology. Our results demonstrate the suitability of [89Zr]Zr(oxinate)4 as a cell-labeling agent for therapeutic T cells and the potential benefits of liposomal bisphosphonate treatment before γδ-T cell administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Man
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Lindsay Lim
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Alessia Volpe
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Alberto Gabizon
- Oncology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and Hebrew University-School of Medicine, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Hilary Shmeeda
- Oncology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and Hebrew University-School of Medicine, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Benjamin Draper
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ana C Parente-Pereira
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - John Maher
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Rafael T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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67
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Morrow ES, Roseweir A, Edwards J. The role of gamma delta T lymphocytes in breast cancer: a review. Transl Res 2019; 203:88-96. [PMID: 30194922 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T (γδT) lymphocytes have provoked interest in oncology, particularly as regards their potential use in immunotherapy, because of their unique ability to recognise antigens without a requirement for major histocompatibility complex antigen presentation, and to quickly activate an anti-tumour response. However, work in some cancers has suggested that they also have pro-tumourigenic activity. Their role in breast cancer is unclear. This review outlines the evidence to date in in vitro studies, in vivo mouse models and in human studies regarding the role of γδT lymphocytes in breast cancer. We describe the seemingly opposing roles of the predominantly circulating Vγ9Vδ2+ subtype, which can suppress tumour growth through direct cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis, and the predominantly tumour-infiltrating γδ1+ subtype which can promote tumour growth and spread through immunosuppressant effects. We summarise the evidence in breast cancer for the mechanisms of action of γδT lymphocytes and describe how factors in the tumour microenvironment may affect their function, polarising them towards a pro-tumourigenic, immune-suppressing role. We also describe the experience to date of γδT lymphocytes in immunotherapy for breast cancer and suggest the direction of work going forward, particularly as regards different breast cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Morrow
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK; Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Antonia Roseweir
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK.
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68
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Xia X, Zhou W, Guo C, Fu Z, Zhu L, Li P, Xu Y, Zheng L, Zhang H, Shan C, Gao Y. Glutaminolysis Mediated by MALT1 Protease Activity Facilitates PD-L1 Expression on ABC-DLBCL Cells and Contributes to Their Immune Evasion. Front Oncol 2018; 8:632. [PMID: 30619766 PMCID: PMC6305595 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressed in an aggressive activated B-cell (ABC)/non-germinal center B cell–like (GCB) subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is associated with inhibition of the tumor-associated T cell response. However, the molecular mechanism underlying PD-L1 expression in ABC-DLBCL remains unclear. Here, we report that MALT1 protease activity is required for ABC-DLBCL cells to evade cytotoxity of Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes by generating substantial PD-L1+ ABC-DLBCL cells. While, NF-κB was dispensable for the PD-L1 expression induced by MALT1 protease activity in ABC-DLBCL cells. Furthermore, we showed that GLS1 expression was profoundly reduced by MALT1 protease activity inhibition, which resulted in insufficiency of glutaminolysis-derived mitochondrial bioenergetics. Activation of the PD-L1 transcription factor STAT3, which was strongly suppressed by glutaminolysis blockade, was rescued in a TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle-dependent manner by glutamate addition. Collectively, MALT1 protease activity coupled with glutaminolysis-derived mitochondrial bioenergetics plays an essential role in PD-L1 expression on ABC-DLBCL cells under immunosurveillance stress. Thus, our research sheds light on a mechanism underlying PD-L1 expression and highlights a potential therapeutic target to vanquish immune evasion by ABC-DLBCL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichun Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengbin Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leqing Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangyan Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changliang Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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69
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McCallion O, Hester J, Issa F. Deciphering the Contribution of γδ T Cells to Outcomes in Transplantation. Transplantation 2018; 102:1983-1993. [PMID: 29994977 PMCID: PMC6215479 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes expressing heterodimeric T-cell receptors composed of γ and δ chains. They are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous, innate yet also adaptive in behavior, and exhibit diverse activities spanning immunosurveillance, immunomodulation, and direct cytotoxicity. The specific responses of γδ T cells to allografts are yet to be fully elucidated with evidence of both detrimental and tolerogenic roles in different settings. Here we present an overview of γδ T-cell literature, consider ways in which their functional heterogeneity contributes to the outcomes after transplantation, and reflect on methods to harness their beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McCallion
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Ye L, Lou Y, Lu L, Fan X. Mesothelin-targeted second generation CAR-T cells inhibit growth of mesothelin-expressing tumors in vivo. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:739-747. [PMID: 30651858 PMCID: PMC6307389 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and mesothelioma are renowned for being diagnosed at a late stage and poor prognosis. Although surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have yielded successful outcomes, the improvement on the survival rate of NSCLC and mesothelioma have been less marked. Recently, adoptive immunotherapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy demonstrated promise for improving the survival of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with minimum toxicity. However, its application in solid tumors still warrants in-depth investigations and multiple consistent trial results, particularly in eliminating 'off-tumor' toxicity. To explore CAR-T therapy in NSCLC and mesothelioma, second-generation CAR-T cells were constructed targeting mesothelin (MSLN), which is abundant in NSCLC and mesothelioma but is under expressed in normal tissues. The second-generation design incorporated co-stimulatory CD28 and 4-1BB signaling domains to enhance the proliferation. Following the successful analysis of CAR-T cells by flow cytometry, cytotoxicity experiments were performed using the LDH kit to verify the killing effect of CAR-T cells on target cells. Otherwise, the in vivo killing tumor activity of MSLN CAR-T cells was verified by constructing a mouse model using tumor-derived cells from patients to inoculate the mice. When the effector-to-target ratio is >0.5:1, CAR-T MSLN cells exhibited significantly higher ability to kill tumor cells than T cells. In in vivo experiments, mice whose tail vein was injected with CAR-T MSLN cells demonstrated significantly slower tumor growth. Without continuous administration, both groups became gradually synchronized in growth of tumor size, which suggests that the persistence of CAR-T cells is an important issue in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Lou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Liming Lu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Fan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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71
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Meng M, Li L, Li R, Wang W, Chen Y, Xie Y, Han R, Zhu K, Huang W, Yang L, Li S, Shi J, Tan W, Gao H, Zhao Y, Yang L, Tan J, Hou Z. A dynamic transcriptomic atlas of cytokine-induced killer cells. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19600-19612. [PMID: 30333226 PMCID: PMC6314136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical immunotherapy trials with cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells have been reported. However, molecular evidence of cell expansion, acquisition of tumor cytotoxicity, and safety of CIK cells is required before putting them to clinical use. Here, we performed dynamic transcriptomic analyses of CIKs generated from primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to interferon-γ, OKT3, and interleukin-2. CIK mRNAs were extracted and sequenced at days 0, 1, 7, and 14 and subjected to bioinformatics analyses. Using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), we identified two major gene modules that mediate immune cell activation and mitosis. We found that activation and cytotoxicity of CIK cells likely rely on cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) and its protein partner LCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (LCK). A time-course series analysis revealed that CIK cells have relatively low immunogenicity because of decreased expression of some self-antigens. Importantly, we identified several crucial activating receptors and auxiliary adhesion receptors expressed on CIK cells that may function as tumor sensors. Interestingly, cytotoxicity-associated genes, including those encoding PRF1, GZMB, FASL, and several cytokines, were up-regulated in mature CIK cells. Most immune-checkpoint molecules and inflammatory tumor-promoting factors were down-regulated in the CIK cells, suggesting efficacy and safety in future clinical trials. Notably, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was highly expressed in CIK cells and may promote cytotoxicity, although it also could facilitate tumorigenesis. The transcriptomic atlas of CIK cells presented here may inform efforts to improve CIK-associated tumor cytotoxicity and safety in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Meng
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Lin Li
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Ruhong Li
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Wenju Wang
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Yang Chen
- the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, BNRist, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanhua Xie
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Rui Han
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Kai Zhu
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Wenwen Huang
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Lili Yang
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Shuo Li
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Jianlin Shi
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Weiwei Tan
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Hui Gao
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Yiyi Zhao
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Li Yang
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China.,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Jing Tan
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, .,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
| | - Zongliu Hou
- From the Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, .,the Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China, and
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72
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Zhao Y, Lin L, Xiao Z, Li M, Wu X, Li W, Li X, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Zhang H, Yin J, Zhang L, Cho CH, Shen J. Protective Role of γδ T Cells in Different Pathogen Infections and Its Potential Clinical Application. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5081634. [PMID: 30116753 PMCID: PMC6079409 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells, a subgroup of T cells based on the γδ TCR, when compared with conventional T cells (αβ T cells), make up a very small proportion of T cells. However, its various subgroups are widely distributed in different parts of the human body and are attractive effectors for infectious disease immunity. γδ T cells are activated and expanded by nonpeptidic antigens (P-Ags), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, and lipids which are associated with different kinds of pathogen infections. Activation and proliferation of γδ T cells play a significant role in diverse infectious diseases induced by viruses, bacteria, and parasites and exert their potential effector function to effectively eliminate infection. It is well known that many types of infectious diseases are detrimental to human life and health and give rise to high incidence of illnesses and death rate all over the world. To date, there is no comprehensive understanding of the correlation between γδ T cells and infectious diseases. In this review, we will focus on the various subgroups of γδ T cells (mainly Vδ1 T cells and Vδ2 T cells) which can induce multiple immune responses or effective functions to fight against common pathogen infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes, influenza viruses, HIV, EBV, and HBV. Hopefully, the gamma-delta T cell study will provide a novel effective way to treat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanping Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanlin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Fisher J, Anderson J. Engineering Approaches in Human Gamma Delta T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1409. [PMID: 29997614 PMCID: PMC6028554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharing both innate and adaptive immune properties, γδT cells are attractive candidates for cellular engineering. As the cancer immunotherapy field becomes increasingly busy, orthogonal approaches are required to drive advancement. Engineering of alternative effector cell types such as γδT cells represents one such approach. γδT cells can be modified using many of the techniques used in αβT cell engineering, with the added advantage of innate-like tumor recognition and killing. Progress has been made in T-cell receptor transfer to and from γδT cells as well as in a number of chimeric antigen receptor-based strategies. As the cancer immunotherapy field moves beyond repetitive iteration of established constructs to more creative solutions, γδT cells may offer an attractive chassis to drive anti-tumor responses that are not only broader, but also possess a more favorable safety profile.
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74
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Siegers GM, Dutta I, Lai R, Postovit LM. Functional Plasticity of Gamma Delta T Cells and Breast Tumor Targets in Hypoxia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1367. [PMID: 29963058 PMCID: PMC6013583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between immune and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) often impact patient outcome, yet remain poorly understood. In addition, the effects of biophysical features such as hypoxia [low oxygen (O2)] on cells within the TME may lead to tumor evasion. Gamma delta T cells (γδTcs) naturally kill transformed cells and are therefore under development as immunotherapy for various cancers. Clinical trials have proven the safety of γδTc immunotherapy and increased circulating γδTc levels correlate with improved patient outcome. Yet, the function of γδTc tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in human breast cancer remains controversial. Breast tumors can be highly hypoxic, thus therapy must be effective under low O2 conditions. We have found increased infiltration of γδTc in areas of hypoxia in a small cohort of breast tumors; considering their inherent plasticity, it is important to understand how hypoxia influences γδTc function. In vitro, the cell density of expanded primary healthy donor blood-derived human γδTc decreased in response to hypoxia (2% O2) compared to normoxia (20% O2). However, the secretion of macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α)/MIP1β, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and CD40L by γδTc were increased after 40 h in hypoxia compared to normoxia concomitant with the stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha protein. Mechanistically, we determined that natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) on γδTc and the NKG2D ligand MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA)/B on MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines are important for γδTc cytotoxicity, but that MIP1α, RANTES, and CD40L do not play a direct role in cytotoxicity. Hypoxia appeared to enhance the cytotoxicity of γδTc such that exposure for 48 h increased cytotoxicity of γδTc against breast cancer cells that were maintained in normoxia; conversely, breast cancer lines incubated in hypoxia for 48 h prior to the assay were largely resistant to γδTc cytotoxicity. MICA/B surface expression on both MCF-7 and T47D remained unchanged upon exposure to hypoxia; however, ELISAs revealed increased MICA shedding by MCF-7 under hypoxia, potentially explaining resistance to γδTc cytotoxicity. Despite enhanced γδTc cytotoxicity upon pre-incubation in hypoxia, these cells were unable to overcome hypoxia-induced resistance of MCF-7. Thus, such resistance mechanisms employed by breast cancer targets must be overcome to develop more effective γδTc immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M Siegers
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Indrani Dutta
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Raymond Lai
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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75
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Pauza CD, Liou ML, Lahusen T, Xiao L, Lapidus RG, Cairo C, Li H. Gamma Delta T Cell Therapy for Cancer: It Is Good to be Local. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1305. [PMID: 29937769 PMCID: PMC6003257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gamma delta T cells have extraordinary properties including the capacity for tumor cell killing. The major gamma delta T cell subset in human beings is designated Vγ9Vδ2 and is activated by intermediates of isoprenoid biosynthesis or aminobisphosphonate inhibitors of farnesyldiphosphate synthase. Activated cells are potent for killing a broad range of tumor cells and demonstrated the capacity for tumor reduction in murine xenotransplant tumor models. Translating these findings to the clinic produced promising initial results but greater potency is needed. Here, we review the literature on gamma delta T cells in cancer therapy with emphasis on the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset. Our goal was to examine obstacles preventing effective Vγ9Vδ2 T cell therapy and strategies for overcoming them. We focus on the potential for local activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells within the tumor environment to increase potency and achieve objective responses during cancer therapy. The gamma delta T cells and especially the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset, have the potential to overcome many problems in cancer therapy especially for tumors with no known treatment, lacking tumor-specific antigens for targeting by antibodies and CAR-T, or unresponsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Translation of amazing work from many laboratories studying gamma delta T cells is needed to fulfill the promise of effective and safe cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Mei-Ling Liou
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Tyler Lahusen
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Lingzhi Xiao
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- Department of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Haishan Li
- American Gene Technologies International Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
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76
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Li S, Li B, Sun L, Li H, Lin P, Wang S, Teng W, Zhou X, Ye Z. Decitabine Enhances Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Effects on Osteosarcoma Cells via the NKG2DL-NKG2D Axis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1239. [PMID: 29910819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cell-based immunotherapy for osteosarcoma (OS) has shown limited success thus far. DNA-demethylating agents not only induce tumor cell death but also have an immunomodulatory function. In this study, we have assessed the potential benefit of combining decitabine (DAC, a DNA demethylation drug) and γδ T cells for OS immunotherapy. DAC increased the expression of natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) ligands (NKG2DLs), including major histocompatibility complex class I-related chains B (MICB) and UL16-binding protein 1 (ULBP1), on the OS cell surface, making the cells more sensitive to recognition and destruction by cytotoxic γδ T cells. The upregulation of MICB and ULBP1 was due to promoter DNA demethylation. Importantly, the killing of OS cells by γδ T cells was partially reversed by blocking the NKG2D receptor, suggesting that the γδ T cell-mediated cytolysis of DAC-pretreated OS cells was mainly dependent on the NKG2D-NKG2DL axis. The in vivo results were consistent with the in vitro results. In summary, DAC could upregulate MICB and ULBP1 expression in OS cells, and combination treatment involving γδ T cell immunotherapy and DAC could be used to enhance the cytotoxic killing of OS cells by γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Li
- Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, National Ministry of Education, Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binghao Li
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengyuan Li
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wangsiyuan Teng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingzhi Zhou
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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77
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Catalan-Serra I, Brenna Ø. Immunotherapy in inflammatory bowel disease: Novel and emerging treatments. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2597-2611. [PMID: 29624476 PMCID: PMC6314405 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1461297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disabling inflammatory process that affects young individuals, with growing incidence. The etiopathogenesis of IBD remains poorly understood. A combination of genetic and environmental factors triggers an inadequate immune response against the commensal intestinal flora in IBD patients. Thus, a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved in IBD pathogenesis is central to the development of new therapeutic options. Current pharmacological treatments used in clinical practice like thiopurines or anti-TNF are effective but can produce significant side effects and their efficacy may diminish over time. In fact, up to one third of the patients do not have a satisfactory response to these therapies. Consequently, the search for new therapeutic strategies targeting alternative immunological pathways has intensified. Several new oral and parenteral substances are in the pipeline for IBD. In this review we discuss novel therapies targeting alternative pro-inflammatory pathways like IL-12/23 axis, IL-6 pathway or Janus Kinase inhibitors; as well as others modulating anti-inflammatory signalling pathways like transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). We also highlight new emerging therapies targeting the adhesion and migration of leukocytes into the inflamed intestinal mucosa by blocking selectively different subunits of α4β7 integrins or binding alternative adhesion molecules like MAdCAM-1. Drugs reducing the circulating lymphocytes by sequestering them in secondary lymphoid organs (sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators) are also discussed. Finally, the latest advances in cell therapies using mesenchymal stem cells or engineered T regs are reviewed. In addition, we provide an update on the current status in clinical trials of these new immune-regulating therapies that open a new era in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Catalan-Serra
- a Department of Medicine , Gastroenterology, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust , Levanger , Norway.,b Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway.,c Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), NTNU , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Øystein Brenna
- a Department of Medicine , Gastroenterology, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust , Levanger , Norway
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78
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Van Acker HH, Campillo-Davo D, Roex G, Versteven M, Smits EL, Van Tendeloo VF. The role of the common gamma-chain family cytokines in γδ T cell-based anti-cancer immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:54-64. [PMID: 29773448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines of the common gamma-chain receptor family, comprising interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21, are vital with respect to organizing and sustaining healthy immune cell functions. Supporting the anti-cancer immune response, these cytokines inspire great interest for their use as vaccine adjuvants and cancer immunotherapies. It is against this background that gamma delta (γδ) T cells, as special-force soldiers and natural contributors of the tumor immunosurveillance, also received a lot of attention the last decade. As γδ T cell-based cancer trials are coming of age, this present review focusses on the effects of the different cytokines of the common gamma-chain receptor family on γδ T cells with respect to boosting γδ T cells as a therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy. This review also gathers data that IL-15 in particular exhibits key features for augmenting the anti-tumor activity of effector killer γδ T cells whilst overcoming the myriad of immune escape mechanisms used by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Diana Campillo-Davo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gils Roex
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten Versteven
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Cell Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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79
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Simões AE, Di Lorenzo B, Silva-Santos B. Molecular Determinants of Target Cell Recognition by Human γδ T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:929. [PMID: 29755480 PMCID: PMC5934422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique capabilities of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells to recognize cells under stressed conditions, particularly infected or transformed cells, and killing them or regulating the immune response against them, paved the way to the development of promising therapeutic strategies for cancer and infectious diseases. From a mechanistic standpoint, numerous studies have unveiled a remarkable flexibility of γδ T cells in employing their T cell receptor and/or NK cell receptors for target cell recognition, even if the relevant ligands often remain uncertain. Here, we review the accumulated knowledge on the diverse mechanisms of target cell recognition by γδ T cells, focusing on human γδ T cells, to provide an integrated perspective of their therapeutic potential in cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E Simões
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Biagio Di Lorenzo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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80
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Hoeres T, Smetak M, Pretscher D, Wilhelm M. Improving the Efficiency of Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cell Immunotherapy in Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:800. [PMID: 29725332 PMCID: PMC5916964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing immunological knowledge and advances in techniques lay the ground for more efficient and broader application of immunotherapies. gamma delta (γδ) T-cells possess multiple favorable anti-tumor characteristics, making them promising candidates to be used in cellular and combination therapies of cancer. They recognize malignant cells, infiltrate tumors, and depict strong cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory activity. Here, we focus on human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells, the most abundant γδ T-cell subpopulation in the blood, which are able to inhibit cancer progression in various models in vitro and in vivo. For therapeutic use they can be cultured and manipulated ex vivo and in the following adoptively transferred to patients, as well as directly stimulated to propagate in vivo. In clinical studies, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells repeatedly demonstrated a low toxicity profile but hitherto only the modest therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive summary of established and newer strategies for the enhancement of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell anti-tumor functions. We discuss data of studies exploring methods for the sensitization of malignant cells, the improvement of recognition mechanisms and cytotoxic activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells. Main aspects are the tumor cell metabolism, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody constructs, as well as activating and inhibitory receptors like NKG2D and immune checkpoint molecules. Several concepts show promising results in vitro, now awaiting translation to in vivo models and clinical studies. Given the array of research and encouraging findings in this area, this review aims at optimizing future investigations, specifically targeting the unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Hoeres
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Smetak
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pretscher
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Martin Wilhelm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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81
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Pranzatelli MR, Allison TJ, McGee NR, Tate ED. Cerebrospinal fluid γδ T cell frequency is age-related: a case-control study of 435 children with inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disorders. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 193:103-112. [PMID: 29485697 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) γδ T cells in children are limited, due especially to the lack of control data. In adults, gamma/delta T cells (TCR-γδ) residing in the intrathecal space are sometimes involved in neuroinflammation. To evaluate the possible role of γδ T cells in paediatric neuroinflammation, we immunophenotyped cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood lymphocytes using flow cytometry in a case-control study of 100 children with non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND), 312 with opsoclonus-myoclonus (OMS) and 23 with other inflammatory neurological disorders (OIND). In NIND, the negative correlation between CSF γδ T cell frequency and patient age was striking: median frequency of 27% in infants and 3·3% in teens. Interindividual variations were largest in the youngest. There was no gender effect. In all OMS, after correcting for age, only a small effect of OMS severity remained. Measurement of markers for γδ T cell activation [human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR)], maturation (CD45RA, CD45RO) or intracellular cytokine staining [interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-γ] failed to discriminate OMS and NIND groups. Of seven OMS immunotherapies/combinations, none altered the frequency of total CSF γδ T cells or subsets significantly. In OIND, the CSF γδ T cell frequency was < 10% for single samples of other paraneoplastic disorders [anti-neuronal nuclear antibody (ANNA)-1, PCA-1, teratoma-associated syndrome], cerebellar ataxia (post-infectious, ataxia-telangiectasia), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuroborreliosis and encephalitis. This study provides new insights into CSF γδ T cells in the paediatric population. Although their role in CSF remains elusive, the negative age correlation, resistance to immunotherapy and our age cut-off references for NIND are important findings for the design of future paediatric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pranzatelli
- National Pediatric Myoclonus Center, Orlando, FL, USA.,National Pediatric Neuroinflammation Organization, Inc., Orlando, FL, USA
| | - T J Allison
- National Pediatric Myoclonus Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - N R McGee
- National Pediatric Myoclonus Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - E D Tate
- National Pediatric Myoclonus Center, Orlando, FL, USA.,National Pediatric Neuroinflammation Organization, Inc., Orlando, FL, USA
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82
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Davey MS, Malde R, Mykura RC, Baker AT, Taher TE, Le Duff CS, Willcox BE, Mehellou Y. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of ( E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Phosphate (HMBP) Aryloxy Triester Phosphoramidate Prodrugs as Activators of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-Cell Immune Responses. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2111-2117. [PMID: 29457898 PMCID: PMC6493972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The aryloxy triester
phosphoramidate prodrug approach has been
used with success in drug discovery. Herein, we describe the first
application of this prodrug technology to the monophosphate derivative
of the phosphoantigen HMBPP and one of its analogues. Some of these
prodrugs exhibited specific and potent activation of Vγ9/Vδ2
T-cells, which were then able to lyse bladder cancer cells in vitro.
This work highlights the promise of this prodrug technology in the
discovery of novel immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Redwood Building, Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3NB , U.K
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83
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Niu C, Jin H, Li M, Zhu S, Zhou L, Jin F, Zhou Y, Xu D, Xu J, Zhao L, Hao S, Li W, Cui J. Low-dose bortezomib increases the expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands and enhances induced NK and γδ T cell-mediated lysis in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5954-5964. [PMID: 27992381 PMCID: PMC5351604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy, although bortezomib has markedly improved its outcomes. Growing clinical evidence indicates that enhancing induced natural killer (NK) or γδ T cells for infusion is useful in the treatment of MM. However, whether combination treatment with bortezomib and induced NK and γδ T cells further improves outcomes in MM, and how the treatments should be combined, remain unclear. Herein, we found that low-dose bortezomib did not suppress the viability of induced NK and γδ T cells, but did induce MM cell apoptosis. Importantly, low-dose bortezomib increased the expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands on MM cells, which sensitized the multiple myeloma cells to lysis by induced NK and γδ T cells. Our results suggested that combination treatment with low-dose bortezomib and induced NK or γδ T cells had a synergistic cytotoxic effect on MM cells. This study provided a proof of principle for the design of future trials and investigation of this combination therapeutic strategy for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Niu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Haofan Jin
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Min Li
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yulai Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jianting Xu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lianjing Zhao
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shanshan Hao
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Department of Hematology, Taian Central Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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84
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Braham MVJ, Minnema MC, Aarts T, Sebestyen Z, Straetemans T, Vyborova A, Kuball J, Öner FC, Robin C, Alblas J. Cellular immunotherapy on primary multiple myeloma expanded in a 3D bone marrow niche model. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1434465. [PMID: 29872571 PMCID: PMC5980416 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1434465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow niches support multiple myeloma, providing signals and cell-cell interactions essential for disease progression. A 3D bone marrow niche model was developed, in which supportive multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and their osteogenic derivatives were co-cultured with endothelial progenitor cells. These co-cultured cells formed networks within the 3D culture, facilitating the survival and proliferation of primary CD138+ myeloma cells for up to 28 days. During this culture, no genetic drift was observed within the genomic profile of the primary myeloma cells, indicating a stable outgrowth of the cultured CD138+ population. The 3D bone marrow niche model enabled testing of a novel class of engineered immune cells, so called TEGs (αβT cells engineered to express a defined γδTCR) on primary myeloma cells. TEGs were engineered and tested from both healthy donors and myeloma patients. The added TEGs were capable of migrating through the 3D culture, exerting a killing response towards the primary myeloma cells in 6 out of 8 donor samples after both 24 and 48 hours. Such a killing response was not observed when adding mock transduced T cells. No differences were observed comparing allogeneic and autologous therapy. The supporting stromal microenvironment was unaffected in all conditions after 48 hours. When adding TEG therapy, the 3D model surpassed 2D models in many aspects by enabling analyses of specific homing, and both on- and off-target effects, preparing the ground for the clinical testing of TEGs. The model allows studying novel immunotherapies, therapy resistance mechanisms and possible side-effects for this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike V. J. Braham
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Minnema
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Aarts
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Sebestyen
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Straetemans
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Vyborova
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Kuball
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F. Cumhur Öner
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Robin
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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85
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Vermijlen D, Gatti D, Kouzeli A, Rus T, Eberl M. γδ T cell responses: How many ligands will it take till we know? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 84:75-86. [PMID: 29402644 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells constitute a sizeable and non-redundant fraction of the total T cell pool in all jawed vertebrates, but in contrast to conventional αβ T cells they are not restricted by classical MHC molecules. Progress in our understanding of the role of γδ T cells in the immune system has been hampered, and is being hampered, by the considerable lack of knowledge regarding the antigens γδ T cells respond to. The past few years have seen a wealth of data regarding the TCR repertoires of distinct γδ T cell populations and a growing list of confirmed and proposed molecules that are recognised by γδ T cells in different species. Yet, the physiological contexts underlying the often restricted TCR usage and the chemical diversity of γδ T cell ligands remain largely unclear, and only few structural studies have confirmed direct ligand recognition by the TCR. We here review the latest progress in the identification and validation of putative γδ T cell ligands and discuss the implications of such findings for γδ T cell responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium.
| | - Deborah Gatti
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Ariadni Kouzeli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Teja Rus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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86
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Xiao L, Chen C, Li Z, Zhu S, Tay JC, Zhang X, Zha S, Zeng J, Tan WK, Liu X, Chng WJ, Wang S. Large-scale expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with engineered K562 feeder cells in G-Rex vessels and their use as chimeric antigen receptor-modified effector cells. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:420-435. [PMID: 29402645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are a minor subset of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood that has been extensively investigated for their tolerability, safety and anticancer efficacy. A hindrance to the broad application of these cells for adoptive cellular immunotherapy has been attaining clinically appropriate numbers of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Furthermore, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells exist at low frequencies among cancer patients. We, therefore, sought to conceive an economical method that allows for a quick and robust large-scale expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. A two-step protocol was developed, in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors or cancer patients were activated with Zometa and interleukin (IL)-2, followed by co-culturing with gamma-irradiated, CD64-, CD86- and CD137L-expressing K562 artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) in the presence of the anti-CD3 antibody OKT3. We optimized the co-culture ratio of K562 aAPCs to immune cells, and migrated this method to a G-Rex cell growth platform to derive clinically relevant cell numbers in a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant manner. We further include a depletion step to selectively remove αβ T lymphocytes. The method exhibited high expansion folds and a specific enrichment of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Expanded Vγ9Vδ2 T cells displayed an effector memory phenotype with a concomitant down-regulated expression of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors. Finally, we ascertained the cytotoxic activity of these expanded cells by using nonmodified and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engrafted Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against a panel of solid tumor cells. Overall, we report an efficient approach to generate highly functional Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in massive numbers suitable for clinical application in an allogeneic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Can Chen
- Tessa Therapeutics, Pte Ltd., Singapore
| | - Zhendong Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sumin Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan Ck Tay
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shijun Zha
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jieming Zeng
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
| | | | - Xin Liu
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore.
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87
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Lin YH, Yang MC, Tseng SH, Jiang R, Yang A, Farmer E, Peng S, Henkle T, Chang YN, Hung CF, Wu TC. Integration of Oncogenes via Sleeping Beauty as a Mouse Model of HPV16 + Oral Tumors and Immunologic Control. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:305-319. [PMID: 29362220 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is the etiologic factor for cervical cancer and a subset of oropharyngeal cancers. Although several prophylactic HPV vaccines are available, no effective therapeutic strategies to control active HPV diseases exist. Tumor implantation models are traditionally used to study HPV-associated buccal tumors. However, they fail to address precancerous phases of disease progression and display tumor microenvironments distinct from those observed in patients. Previously, K14-E6/E7 transgenic mouse models have been used to generate spontaneous tumors. However, the rate of tumor formation is inconsistent, and the host often develops immune tolerance to the viral oncoproteins. We developed a preclinical, spontaneous, HPV16+ buccal tumor model using submucosal injection of oncogenic plasmids expressing HPV16-E6/E7, NRas G12V , luciferase, and sleeping beauty (SB) transposase, followed by electroporation in the buccal mucosa. We evaluated responses to immunization with a pNGVL4a-CRT/E7(detox) therapeutic HPV DNA vaccine and tumor cell migration to distant locations. Mice transfected with plasmids encoding HPV16-E6/E7, NRas G12V , luciferase, and SB transposase developed tumors within 3 weeks. We also found transient anti-CD3 administration is required to generate tumors in immunocompetent mice. Bioluminescence signals from luciferase correlated strongly with tumor growth, and tumors expressed HPV16-associated markers. We showed that pNGVL4a-CRT/E7(detox) administration resulted in antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. Lastly, we demonstrated that the generated tumor could migrate to tumor-draining lymph nodes. Our model provides an efficient method to induce spontaneous HPV+ tumor formation, which can be used to identify effective therapeutic interventions, analyze tumor migration, and conduct tumor biology research. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(3); 305-19. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Lin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Penghu Branch, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung. Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Hsueh Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosie Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Farmer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shiwen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Talia Henkle
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yung-Nien Chang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Departments of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Departments of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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88
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The potential role of γδ T cells after allogeneic HCT for leukemia. Blood 2018; 131:1063-1072. [PMID: 29358176 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-752162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HCT) offers an option for patients with hematologic malignancies, in whom conventional standard therapies failed or are not effective enough to cure the disease. Successful HCT can restore functional hematopoiesis and immune function, and the new donor-derived immune system can exert a graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. However, allogenic HCT can also be associated with serious risks for transplantation-related morbidities or mortalities such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or life-threatening infectious complications. GVHD is caused by alloreactive T lymphocytes, which express the αβ T-cell receptor, whereas lymphocytes expressing the γδ T-cell receptor are not alloreactive and do not induce GVHD but can exhibit potent antileukemia and anti-infectious activities. Therefore, γδ T cells are becoming increasingly interesting in allogeneic HCT, and clinical strategies to exploit the full function of these lymphocytes have been and are being developed. Such strategies comprise the in vivo activation of γδ T cells or subsets after HCT by certain drugs or antibodies or the ex vivo expansion and manipulation of either patient-derived or donor-derived γδ T cells and their subsets and the adoptive transfer of the ex vivo-activated lymphocytes. On the basis of the absence of dysregulated alloreactivity, such approaches could induce potent GVL effects in the absence of GVHD. The introduction of large-scale clinical methods to enrich, isolate, expand, and manipulate γδ T cells will facilitate future clinical studies that aim to exploit the full function of these beneficial nonalloreactive lymphocytes.
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89
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Hoeres T, Wilhelm M, Smetak M, Holzmann E, Schulze-Tanzil G, Birkmann J. Immune cells regulate VEGF signalling via release of VEGF and antagonistic soluble VEGF receptor-1. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 192:54-67. [PMID: 29235095 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important regulator of physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Besides malignant and stromal cells, local immune cells shape VEGF signalling in the tumour microenvironment. Aminobisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (Zol) are drugs known to inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption, but also have immunomodulatory and anti-tumour effects. These properties have been linked previously to the down-regulation of VEGF and interference with tumour neo-angiogenesis. It was therefore surprising to find that treatment with Zol in combination with low-dose interleukin (IL)-2 increased serum VEGF levels in cancer patients. In this study we aimed to characterize the effect of Zol and IL-2 on VEGF signalling of blood-derived immune cells in vitro. Upon stimulation with IL-2, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells increase production of VEGF consecutively to the release of proinflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ, and Zol accelerates this response specifically in γδ T cells. VEGF can, in turn, be antagonized by soluble VEGF receptor (sVEGFR)-1, which is released depending on stimulatory conditions and the presence of monocytes. Additionally, malignant cells represented by leukaemia and lymphoma cell lines produce VEGF and some release sVEGFR-1 simultaneously. Our findings indicate a mechanism by which the VEGF and the sVEGFR-1 production by immune cells regulates local VEGF signalling. Therefore, immunotherapeutic interventions may enable both pro- as well as anti-tumour effects via immune cell-mediated alterations of VEGF homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoeres
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - M Wilhelm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - M Smetak
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - E Holzmann
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - G Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - J Birkmann
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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90
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered Human Gamma Delta T Cells: Enhanced Cytotoxicity with Retention of Cross Presentation. Mol Ther 2017; 26:354-365. [PMID: 29310916 PMCID: PMC5835118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta T (γδT) lymphocytes are primed for rapid function, including cytotoxicity toward cancer cells, and are a component of the immediate stress response. Following activation, they can function as professional antigen-presenting cells. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) work by focusing T cell function on defined cell surface tumor antigens and provide essential costimulation for robust activation. Given the natural tropism of γδT cells for the tumor microenvironment, we hypothesized that their transduction with CARs might enhance cytotoxicity while retaining their ability to migrate to tumor and act as antigen-presenting cells to prolong the intratumoral immune response. Using a GD2-targeting CAR as a model system, we showed that γδT cells of both Vδ1 and Vδ2 subsets could be expanded and transduced to sufficient numbers for clinical studies. The CAR added to the cells' innate cytotoxicity by enhancing GD2-specific killing of GD2-expressing cancer cell lines. Migration toward tumor cells in vitro was not impaired by the presence of the CAR. Expanded CAR-transduced Vδ2 cells retained the ability to take up tumor antigens and cross presented the processed peptide to responder alpha beta T (αβT) lymphocytes. γδ CAR-T cell products show promise for evaluation in clinical studies of solid tumors.
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91
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Zhou X, Gu Y, Xiao H, Kang N, Xie Y, Zhang G, Shi Y, Hu X, Oldfield E, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Combining Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells with a Lipophilic Bisphosphonate Efficiently Kills Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1381. [PMID: 29118758 PMCID: PMC5661056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) are now established as a central driver of fibrosis in human liver injury. In the presence of chronic or repeated injury, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can occur, so there is interest in down-regulating aHSCs activity in order to treat these diseases. Here, we report that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are reduced in patients with liver cirrhosis, stimulating us to investigate possible interactions between Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and aHSCs. We find that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells kill aHSCs and killing is enhanced when aHSCs are pretreated with BPH-1236, a lipophilic analog of the bone resorption drug zoledronate. Cytotoxicity is mediated by direct cell-to-cell contact as shown by Transwell experiments and atomic force microscopy, with BPH-1236 increasing the adhesion between aHSCs and Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Mechanistically, BPH-1236 functions by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase, leading to accumulation of the phosphoantigen isopentenyl diphosphate and recognition by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. The cytolytic process is largely dependent on the perforin/granzyme B pathway. In a Rag2-/-γc-/- immune-deficient mouse model, we find that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells home-in to the liver, and when accompanied by BPH-1236, kill not only orthotopic aHSCs but also orthotopic HCC tumors. Collectively, our results provide the first proof-of-concept of a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of fibrosis-cirrhosis-HCC diseases using adoptively transferred Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, combined with a lipophilic bisphosphonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongying Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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92
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Salim M, Knowles TJ, Baker AT, Davey MS, Jeeves M, Sridhar P, Wilkie J, Willcox CR, Kadri H, Taher TE, Vantourout P, Hayday A, Mehellou Y, Mohammed F, Willcox BE. BTN3A1 Discriminates γδ T Cell Phosphoantigens from Nonantigenic Small Molecules via a Conformational Sensor in Its B30.2 Domain. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2631-2643. [PMID: 28862425 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cells detect tumor cells and microbial infections by recognizing small phosphorylated prenyl metabolites termed phosphoantigens (P-Ag). The type-1 transmembrane protein Butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) is critical to the P-Ag-mediated activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cells; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in BTN3A1-mediated metabolite sensing are unclear, including how P-Ag's are discriminated from nonantigenic small molecules. Here, we utilized NMR and X-ray crystallography to probe P-Ag sensing by BTN3A1. Whereas the BTN3A1 immunoglobulin variable domain failed to bind P-Ag, the intracellular B30.2 domain bound a range of negatively charged small molecules, including P-Ag, in a positively charged surface pocket. However, NMR chemical shift perturbations indicated BTN3A1 discriminated P-Ag from nonantigenic small molecules by their ability to induce a specific conformational change in the B30.2 domain that propagated from the P-Ag binding site to distal parts of the domain. These results suggest BTN3A1 selectively detects P-Ag intracellularly via a conformational antigenic sensor in its B30.2 domain and have implications for rational design of antigens for Vγ9/Vδ2-based T-cell immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboob Salim
- Institute
of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - Timothy J Knowles
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - Alfie T. Baker
- Institute
of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Institute
of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - Mark Jeeves
- Institute
of Cancer and Genomics, Henry Wellcome Building for Biomolecular NMR, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pooja Sridhar
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - John Wilkie
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - Carrie R. Willcox
- Institute
of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - Hachemi Kadri
- Cardiff
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Taher E. Taher
- Institute
of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - Pierre Vantourout
- Peter
Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Hayday
- Peter
Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- Cardiff
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute
of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
| | - Benjamin E. Willcox
- Institute
of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom, B15 2TT
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93
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de Witte MA, Kuball J, Miller JS. NK Cells and γδT Cells for Relapse Protection After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT). CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017; 3:301-311. [PMID: 29399441 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review The outcome of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is still compromised by relapse and complications. NK cells and γδT cells, effectors which both function through MHC-unrestricted mechanisms, can target transformed and infected cells without inducing Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD). Allo-HCT platforms based on CD34+ selection or αβ-TCR depletion result in low grades of GVHD, early immune reconstitution (IR) of NK and γδT cells and minimal usage of GVHD prophylaxis. In this review we will discuss strategies to retain and expand the quantity, diversity and functionality of these reconstituting innate cell types. Recent findings Bisphosphonates, IL-15 cytokine administration, specific antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors and (CMV based) vaccination are currently being evaluated to enhance IR. All these approaches have shown to potentially enhance both NK and γδT cell immuno-repertoires. Summary Rapidly accumulating data linking innate biology to proposed clinical immune interventions, will give unique opportunities to unravel shared pathways which determine the Graft-versus-Tumor effects of NK and γδT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek A de Witte
- Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey S Miller
- Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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94
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Catalan-Serra I, Sandvik AK, Bruland T, Andreu-Ballester JC. Gammadelta T Cells in Crohn's Disease: A New Player in the Disease Pathogenesis? J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:1135-1145. [PMID: 28333360 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease [CD] is a chronic relapsing systemic disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract. An altered immune response to commensal intestinal bacteria takes place in genetically predisposed individuals, resulting in chronic inflammation in the gut. Several alterations in the innate immunity mechanisms have been described in recent years. Thus, the study of the immunological aspects of CD, specifically the role of lymphocytes, is a key element for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease.Gammadelta T cells [γδ T cells] constitute only a small proportion of the lymphocytes that circulate in the blood and peripheral organs and they are present mainly in the epithelia, where they can constitute up to 40% of intraepithelial lymphocytes [IEL] in the intestinal mucosa. Due to their lack of major histocompatibility complex [MHC] restriction and their unique plasticity and immune-regulating properties, they are considered key cells in the first line of defence against infections and in wound healing in the gut. Although there is growing experimental and clinical evidence of their implication in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], including CD, their clinical relevance is still unclear.In this review, we address the possible involvement of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of CD, reviewing their role against infections and in inflammation and the current evidence suggesting their implication in CD, offering a novel potential target for immunotherapy in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Catalan-Serra
- Hospital Arnau de Vilanova de Valencia, Aparato Digestivo Valencia; Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Department of Medicine [Gastroenterology], Levanger Hospital, Levanger, Norway
| | - Arne Kristian Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Department of Gastroenterology. St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Clinic of Medicine, St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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95
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Chen HC, Joalland N, Bridgeman JS, Alchami FS, Jarry U, Khan MWA, Piggott L, Shanneik Y, Li J, Herold MJ, Herrmann T, Price DA, Gallimore AM, Clarkson RW, Scotet E, Moser B, Eberl M. Synergistic targeting of breast cancer stem-like cells by human γδ T cells and CD8 + T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:620-629. [PMID: 28356569 PMCID: PMC5550559 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inherent resistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) to existing therapies has largely hampered the development of effective treatments for advanced malignancy. To help develop novel immunotherapy approaches that efficiently target CSCs, an experimental model allowing reliable distinction of CSCs and non-CSCs was set up to study their interaction with non-MHC-restricted γδ T cells and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Stable lines with characteristics of breast CSC-like cells were generated from ras-transformed human mammary epithelial (HMLER) cells as confirmed by their CD44hi CD24lo GD2+ phenotype, their mesenchymal morphology in culture and their capacity to form mammospheres under non-adherent conditions, as well as their potent tumorigenicity, self-renewal and differentiation in xenografted mice. The resistance of CSC-like cells to γδ T cells could be overcome by inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) through pretreatment with zoledronate or with FPPS-targeting short hairpin RNA. γδ T cells induced upregulation of MHC class I and CD54/ICAM-1 on CSC-like cells and thereby increased the susceptibility to antigen-specific killing by CD8+ T cells. Alternatively, γδ T-cell responses could be specifically directed against CSC-like cells using the humanised anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody hu14.18K322A. Our findings identify a powerful synergism between MHC-restricted and non-MHC-restricted T cells in the eradication of cancer cells including breast CSCs. Our research suggests that novel immunotherapies may benefit from a two-pronged approach combining γδ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell targeting strategies that triggers effective innate-like and tumour-specific adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chang Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Noémie Joalland
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - John S Bridgeman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fouad S Alchami
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ulrich Jarry
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Mohd Wajid A Khan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luke Piggott
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yasmin Shanneik
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco J Herold
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard W Clarkson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emmanuel Scotet
- INSERM, Unité Mixte de Recherche 892, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes Angers, Institut de Recherche en Santé de l’Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6299, Nantes, France
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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96
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Sutton KS, Dasgupta A, McCarty D, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Bioengineering and serum free expansion of blood-derived γδ T cells. Cytotherapy 2017; 18:881-92. [PMID: 27260209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cellular immunotherapy relies on several highly variable patient-specific parameters, such as (i) cell number before and after expansion, (ii) targeting of cells to tumors, (iii) cell survival and function after infusion, and (iv) on- and off-target adverse events. Cellular approaches such as the specific expansion of γδ T cells as opposed to αβ T cells are being pursued. γδ T cells are reasonable candidates for immunotherapy because they (i) possess intrinsic anti-tumorigenicity, (ii) require no priming, (iii) direct tumor killing via recognition of stress-responsive ligands, and (iv), as we now show, can be expanded to clinical cell doses in current Good Manufacturing Practice serum-free media (SFM). METHODS γδ T-cell expansion was evaluated in several SFMs. Additionally, the expanded γδ T cells were evaluated for their transduction efficiency using lentiviral vectors (LV). RESULTS Of the SFM cultures, robust expansion was only observed in OpTmizer supplemented with high-dose interleukin-2. γδ T-cell percentages and numbers were sufficient for clinical use. Using cells from several donors, transduction efficiencies ranged from 13 to 33%, which is similar to transduction levels observed using αβ T cells with similar multiplicity of infection. DISCUSSION An optimized method of γδT-cell expansion and transduction was developed that can be tested in early-phase clinical trials. With appropriate elimination of the αβT cell-component, the absence of MHC-restriction affords the opportunity for use in the allogeneic setting with limited risk of graft versus host disease. Finally, the use of SFM provides clinically safer, widely applicable and potentially more efficacious cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Sutton
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anindya Dasgupta
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David McCarty
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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97
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Dutta I, Postovit LM, Siegers GM. Apoptosis Induced via Gamma Delta T Cell Antigen Receptor "Blocking" Antibodies: A Cautionary Tale. Front Immunol 2017; 8:776. [PMID: 28713391 PMCID: PMC5492911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies contribute greatly to our understanding of γδ T cell (γδTc) biology, aiding development of these cells as immunotherapeutic agents. The antibody blocking assay is an accepted method to determine the receptors involved in γδTc killing of tumor targets. Effectors and/or targets are preincubated with microgram quantities of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), often described by commercial sources to be useful for blocking assays. We and others have used such assays extensively in the past, correlating decreases in cytotoxicity against specific targets with involvement of the blocked receptor(s). However, we wondered whether other mechanisms might be at play beyond cytotoxicity inhibition. Indeed, administration of certain “blocking” mAb to the γδ T cell antigen receptor (γδTCR) induced γδTc death. Upon further investigation, we discovered that γδTc underwent apoptosis triggered by incubation with mAb to the γδTCR. This effect was specific, as no apoptosis was observed when αβ T cells (αβTc) were incubated with these mAb. Apoptosis was further potentiated by the presence of interleukin (IL)-2, often included in cytotoxicity assays; however, exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) did not contribute significantly to γδTc cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines. Here, we have investigated the usefulness of four mAb for use in blocking assays by assessing blocking properties in conjunction with their propensity to induce apoptosis in cultured primary human γδTc. We found that the 5A6.E9 clone was usually a better alternative to the commonly used B1 (or B1.1) and 11F2 clones; however, some variability in susceptibility to apoptosis induction was observed among donor cultures. Thus, viability assessment of primary effector cells treated with mAb alone should be undertaken in parallel with cytotoxicity assays employing blocking antibodies, to account for cytotoxicity reduction caused by effector cell death. Previous findings should be reassessed in this light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Dutta
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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98
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Lawand M, Déchanet-Merville J, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Key Features of Gamma-Delta T-Cell Subsets in Human Diseases and Their Immunotherapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:761. [PMID: 28713381 PMCID: PMC5491929 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique features of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, related to their antigen recognition capacity, their tissue tropism, and their cytotoxic function, make these cells ideal candidates that could be targeted to induce durable immunity in the context of different pathologies. In this review, we focus on the main characteristics of human γδ T-cell subsets in diseases and the key mechanisms that could be explored to target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lawand
- Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", INSERM, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Sorbonne-Paris Cité, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, University Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", INSERM, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Sorbonne-Paris Cité, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, UMRS 1138, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, University Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France
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99
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Fisher J, Abramowski P, Wisidagamage Don ND, Flutter B, Capsomidis A, Cheung GWK, Gustafsson K, Anderson J. Avoidance of On-Target Off-Tumor Activation Using a Co-stimulation-Only Chimeric Antigen Receptor. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1234-1247. [PMID: 28341563 PMCID: PMC5417796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) combine T cell activation with antibody-mediated tumor antigen specificity, bypassing the need for T cell receptor (TCR) ligation. A limitation of CAR technology is on-target off-tumor toxicity caused by target antigen expression on normal cells. Using GD2 as a model cancer antigen, we hypothesized that this could be minimized by using T cells expressing Vγ9Vδ2 TCR, which recognizes transformed cells in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted manner, in combination with a co-stimulatory CAR that would function independently of the TCR. An anti-GD2 CAR containing a solitary endodomain derived from the NKG2D adaptor DAP10 was expressed in Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells. Differential ligation of the CAR and/or TCR using antibody-coated beads showed that pro-inflammatory cytokine response depended on activation of both receptors. Moreover, in killing assays, GD2-expressing neuroblastoma cells that engaged the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR were efficiently lysed, whereas cells that expressed GD2 equivalently but did not engage the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR were untouched. Differentiation between X-on tumor and X-off tumor offers potential for safer immunotherapy and broader target selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fisher
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Pierre Abramowski
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Barry Flutter
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Anna Capsomidis
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Kenth Gustafsson
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - John Anderson
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Nada MH, Wang H, Workalemahu G, Tanaka Y, Morita CT. Enhancing adoptive cancer immunotherapy with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells through pulse zoledronate stimulation. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:9. [PMID: 28239463 PMCID: PMC5319075 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human γδ T cells expressing Vγ2Vδ2 T cell receptors monitor foreign- and self-prenyl pyrophosphate metabolites in isoprenoid biosynthesis to mediate immunity to microbes and tumors. Adoptive immunotherapy with Vγ2Vδ2 T cells has been used to treat cancer patients with partial and complete remissions. Most clinical trials and preclinical studies have used continuous zoledronate exposure to expand Vγ2Vδ2 cells where zoledronate is slowly diluted over the course of the culture. Zoledronate inhibits farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) in monocytes causing isopentenyl pyrophosphate to accumulate that then stimulates Vγ2Vδ2 cells. Because zoledronate inhibition of FDPS is also toxic for T cells, we hypothesized that a short period of exposure would reduce T cell toxicity but still be sufficient for monocytes uptake. Additionally, IL-15 increases the anti-tumor activity of murine αβ T cells in mice but its effect on the in vivo anti-tumor activity of human Vγ2Vδ2 cells has not been assessed. Methods Human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells were expanded by pulse or continuous zoledronate stimulation with IL-2 or IL-15. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 cells were tested for their expression of effector molecules and killing of tumor cells as well as their in vivo control of human prostate cancer tumors in immunodeficient NSG mice. Results Pulse zoledronate stimulation with either IL-2 or IL-15 resulted in more uniform expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 cells with higher purity and cell numbers as compared with continuous exposure. The Vγ2Vδ2 cells had higher levels of CD107a and perforin and increased tumor cytotoxicity. Adoptive immunotherapy with Vγ2Vδ2 cells derived by pulse stimulation controlled human PC-3 prostate cancer tumors in NSG mice significantly better than those derived by continuous stimulation, halting tumor growth. Although pulse zoledronate stimulation with IL-15 preserved early memory subsets, adoptive immunotherapy with IL-15-derived Vγ2Vδ2 cells equally inhibited PC-3 tumor growth as those derived with IL-2. Conclusions Pulse zoledronate stimulation maximizes the purity, quantity, and quality of expanded Vγ2Vδ2 cells for adoptive immunotherapy but there is no advantage to using IL-15 over IL-2 in our humanized mouse model. Pulse zoledronate stimulation is a simple modification to existing protocols that will enhance the effectiveness of adoptively transferred Vγ2Vδ2 cells by increasing their numbers and anti-tumor activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0209-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad H Nada
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq
| | - Hong Wang
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA
| | - Grefachew Workalemahu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523 Japan
| | - Craig T Morita
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246 USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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