Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ

Surplus fatty acid synthesis increases oxidative stress in adipocytes and lnduces lipodystrophy

Adipocytes are the primary sites for fatty acid storage, but the synthesis rate of fatty acids is very low. The physiological significance of this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, we show that surplus fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes induces necroptosis and lipodystrophy. Transcriptional activation of FASN elevates fatty acid synthesis, but decreases NADPH level and increases ROS production, which ultimately leads to adipocyte necroptosis. We identify MED20, a subunit of the Mediator complex, as a negative regulator of FASN transcription. Adipocyte-specific male Med20 knockout mice progressively develop lipodystrophy, which is reversed by scavenging ROS. Further, in a murine model of HIV-associated lipodystrophy and a human patient with acquired lipodystrophy, ROS neutralization significantly improves metabolic disorders, indicating a causal role of ROS in disease onset. Our study well explains the low fatty acid synthesis rate in adipocytes, and sheds light on the management of acquired lipodystrophy.

Current evidence for non-pharmaceutical, non-surgical treatments of canine osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative disease process that affects a significant proportion of the canine population, impacting these animals' quality of life. Currently, there is no cure and treatment consists of managing the clinical signs of pain and reduced mobility. There are many treatments for canine osteoarthritis and in this review we discuss the evidence base behind non-pharmaceutical, non-surgical treatments of this disease. These treatments include weight management, nutraceuticals, acupuncture, physiotherapies such as therapeutic exercise, hydrotherapy as well as other therapeutic modalities including photobiomodulation therapy, electromagnetic field therapy and others.

Navigating the Adipocyte Precursor Niche: Cell-Cell Interactions, Regulatory Mechanisms and Implications for Adipose Tissue Homeostasis

Support for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation hinges upon the intricate microenvironment termed the stem cell 'niche'. Within the adipose tissue stem cell niche, diverse cell types, such as endothelial cells, immune cells, mural cells, and adipocytes, intricately regulate the function of adipocyte precursors. These interactions, whether direct or indirect, play a pivotal role in governing the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of adipocyte precursors into adipocytes. The mechanisms orchestrating the maintenance and coordination of this niche are still in the early stages of comprehension, despite their crucial role in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis. The complexity of understanding adipocyte precursor renewal and differentiation is amplified due to the challenges posed by the absence of suitable surface receptors for identification, limitations in creating optimal ex vivo culture conditions for expansion and constraints in conducting in vivo studies. This review delves into the current landscape of knowledge surrounding adipocyte precursors within the adipose stem cell niche. We will review the identification of adipocyte precursors, the cell-cell interactions they engage in, the factors influencing their renewal and commitment toward adipocytes and the transformations they undergo during instances of obesity.

Genetic variants of metabolism and inflammatory pathways, and PCOS risk -Systematic review, meta-analysis, and in-silico analysis

IMPORTANCE

Identification of genetic risk factors for PCOS susceptibility.

OBJECTIVE

To identify genetic risk variants of the genes involved in metabolic or inflammatory pathways.

DATA SOURCES

Relevant literature was identified and extracted from PubMed, Central Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Science Direct by using a set of keywords related to pre-determined genes up to 06 May 2023. Study selection and synthesis: PRISMA guidelines were followed to design the protocol which is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023422501). Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for different gene variants were calculated under different genetic models (dominant model, recessive model, additive model, and allele model) by using Review Manager software 4.2.

MAIN OUTCOMES

Metabolic genetic variants FTO rs9939609, IL-6 rs1800795 and CAPN10 rs3842570, rs2975760, and RAB5B rs705702 are associated with PCOS risk.

RESULTS

Forty-four relevant articles have been identified for genes involved in metabolic (n = 23) or inflammatory pathways (n = 21). There is a significant association (p < 0.05) of IL-6 rs1800795 and FTO rs9939609 with increased risk.CAPN10 rs2975760 Ins allele is suggested as a protective factor among only the non-Asian population. Also, a significant association of CAPN10 rs2975760 and RAB5B rs705702 with increased risk among the Asian population is suggested. However, no significant association could be found between CAPN10 rs3792267, rs5030952, and SUMO1P1 rs2272046, and the risk of PCOS in any of the subpopulations analysed. In silico analysis suggests the deleterious effect of IL-6 rs1800795.

CONCLUSION

and relevance: The study suggests the role of various genetic variants for genetic predisposition to PCOS among different subpopulations.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Impact on Adipogenesis: Molecular Mechanisms Implicated

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a pivotal role in adipogenesis, which encompasses the differentiation of adipocytes and lipid accumulation. Sustained ER stress has the potential to disrupt the signaling of the unfolded protein response (UPR), thereby influencing adipogenesis. This comprehensive review illuminates the molecular mechanisms that underpin the interplay between ER stress and adipogenesis. We delve into the dysregulation of UPR pathways, namely, IRE1-XBP1, PERK and ATF6 in relation to adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, and tissue inflammation. Moreover, we scrutinize how ER stress impacts key adipogenic transcription factors such as proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) along with their interaction with other signaling pathways. The cellular ramifications include alterations in lipid metabolism, dysregulation of adipokines, and aged adipose tissue inflammation. We also discuss the potential roles the molecular chaperones cyclophilin A and cyclophilin B play in adipogenesis. By shedding light on the intricate relationship between ER stress and adipogenesis, this review paves the way for devising innovative therapeutic interventions.

Regulatory effects and mechanisms of exercise on activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT)

Exercise is a universally acknowledged and healthy way to reducing body weight. However, the roles and mechanisms of exercise on metabolism of adipose tissue remain largely unclear. Adipose tissues include white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipose tissue (BeAT). The main function of WAT is to store energy, while the BAT and BeAT can generate heat and consume energy. Therefore, promotion of BAT activation and WAT browning contributes to body weight loss. To date, many studies have suggested that exercise exerts the potential regulatory effects on BAT activation and WAT browning. In the present review, we compile the evidence for the regulatory effects of exercise on BAT activation and WAT browning and summarize the possible mechanisms whereby exercise modulates BAT activation and WAT browning, including activating sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and promoting the secretion of exerkines, with special focus on exerkines. These data might provide reference for prevention or treatment of obesity and the related metabolic disease through exercise.

The relationship between adipose tissue RAAS activity and the risk factors of prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

METHODS

This systematic review was developed in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-2020) standards. This was accomplished by searching clinical MeSH categories in MEDLINE with full texts, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Academic Search Complete, ICTRP and ClinicalTrial.gov. Reviewers examined all the findings and selected the studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. The Downs and Black Checklist was used to assess for bias, followed by a Review Manager v5. A Forrest plot was used for the meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis. The protocol for this review was registered with PROSPERO CRD42022320252.

RESULTS

The clinical studies (n = 2) comprised 1065 patients with prediabetes and 1103 normal controls. The RAAS measurements were completed in the adipose tissue. The RAAS components, renin and aldosterone were higher in the prediabetic (PD) compared to the control [mean difference (MD) = 0.16, 95% CI 0.16 (-0.13, 0.45), p = 0.25]. Furthermore, the PD group demonstrated higher triglycerides mean difference [MD = 7.84, 95% CI 7.84 (-9.84, 25.51), p = 0.38] and increased BMI [MD = 0.13, 95% CI 0.13 (-0.74, 0.99), p = 0.77] compared to the control. The overall quality of the studies was fair with a median score and range of 17 (16-18).

CONCLUSION

The current study highlights the relationship between increased BMI, RAAS and insulin resistance which is a predictor of prediabetes. The renin is slightly higher in the prediabetes group without any statistical significance, aldosterone is rather negatively associated with prediabetes which may be attributed to the use of anti-hypertensive treatment.

Layer-by-Layer Analysis of In Vitro Skin Models

In vitro human skin models are evolving into versatile platforms for the study of skin biology and disorders. These models have many potential applications in the fields of drug testing and safety assessment, as well as cosmetic and new treatment development. The development of in vitro skin models that accurately mimic native human skin can reduce reliance on animal models and also allow for more precise, clinically relevant testing. Recent advances in biofabrication techniques and biomaterials have led to the creation of increasingly complex, multilayered skin models that incorporate important functional components of skin, such as the skin barrier, mechanical properties, pigmentation, vasculature, hair follicles, glands, and subcutaneous layer. This improved ability to recapitulate the functional aspects of native skin enhances the ability to model the behavior and response of native human skin, as the complex interplay of cell-to-cell and cell-to-material interactions are incorporated. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in in vitro skin models, with a focus on their applications, limitations, and future directions.

The Power of the Heterogeneous Stock Rat Founder Strains in Modeling Metabolic Disease

Metabolic diseases are a host of complex conditions, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. Endocrine control systems (eg, adrenals, thyroid, gonads) are causally linked to metabolic health outcomes. N/NIH Heterogeneous Stock (HS) rats are a genetically heterogeneous outbred population developed for genetic studies of complex traits. Genetic mapping studies in adult HS rats identified loci associated with cardiometabolic risks, such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and increased body mass index. This study determined underappreciated metabolic health traits and the associated endocrine glands within available substrains of the HS rat founders. We hypothesize that the genetic diversity of the HS rat founder strains causes a range of endocrine health conditions contributing to the diversity of cardiometabolic disease risks. ACI/EurMcwi, BN/NHsdMcwi, BUF/MnaMcwi, F344/StmMcwi, M520/NRrrcMcwi, and WKY/NCrl rats of both sexes were studied from birth until 13 weeks of age. Birth weight was recorded, body weight was measured weekly, metabolic characteristics were assessed, and blood and tissues were collected. Our data show wide variation in endocrine traits and metabolic health states in ACI, BN, BUF, F344, M520, and WKY rat strains. This is the first report to compare birth weight, resting metabolic rate, endocrine gland weight, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis hormones, and brown adipose tissue weight in these rat strains. Importantly, this work unveils new potential for the HS rat population to model early life adversity and adrenal and thyroid pathophysiology. The HS population likely inherited risk alleles for these strain-specific traits, making the HS rat a powerful model to investigate interventions on endocrine and metabolic health.

Apelin C-Terminal Fragments: Biological Properties and Therapeutic Potential

Creation of bioactive molecules for treatment of cardiovascular diseases based on natural peptides is the focus of intensive experimental research. In the recent years, it has been established that C-terminal fragments of apelin, an endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor, reduce metabolic and functional disorders in experimental heart damage. The review presents literature data and generalized results of our own experiments on the effect of apelin-13, [Pyr]apelin-13, apelin-12, and their chemically modified analogues on the heart under normal and pathophysiological conditions in vitro and in vivo. It has been shown that the spectrum of action of apelin peptides on the damaged myocardium includes decrease in the death of cardiomyocytes from necrosis, reduction of damage to cardiomyocyte membranes, improvement in myocardial metabolic state, and decrease in formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products. The mechanisms of protective action of these peptides associated with activation of the APJ receptor and manifestation of antioxidant properties are discussed. The data presented in the review show promise of the molecular design of APJ receptor peptide agonists, which can serve as the basis for the development of cardioprotectors that affect the processes of free radical oxidation and metabolic adaptation.

Mulberry leaf flavonoids activate BAT and induce browning of WAT to improve type 2 diabetes via regulating the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf is a well-established traditional Chinese botanical and culinary resource. It has found widespread application in the management of diabetes. The bioactive constituents of mulberry leaf, specifically mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLFs), exhibit pronounced potential in the amelioration of type 2 diabetes (T2D). This potential is attributed to their ability to safeguard pancreatic β cells, enhance insulin resistance, and inhibit α-glucosidase activity. Our antecedent research findings underscore the substantial therapeutic efficacy of MLFs in treating T2D. However, the precise mechanistic underpinnings of MLF's anti-T2D effects remain the subject of inquiry. Activation of brown/beige adipocytes is a novel and promising strategy for T2D treatment. In the present study, our primary objective was to elucidate the impact of MLFs on adipose tissue browning in db/db mice and 3T3-L1 cells and elucidate its underlying mechanism. The results manifested that MLFs reduced body weight and food intake, alleviated hepatic steatosis, improved insulin sensitivity, and increased lipolysis and thermogenesis in db/db mice. Moreover, MLFs activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) and induced the browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) and 3T3-L1 adipocytes by increasing the expressions of brown adipocyte marker genes and proteins such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and beige adipocyte marker genes such as transmembrane protein 26 (Tmem26), thereby promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Mechanistically, MLFs facilitated the activation of BAT and the induction of WAT browning to ameliorate T2D primarily through the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. These findings highlight the unique capacity of MLF to counteract T2D by enhancing BAT activation and inducing browning of IWAT, thereby ameliorating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. As such, MLFs emerge as a prospective and innovative browning agent for the treatment of T2D.

Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity is attenuated in male UCD-type 2 diabetes mellitus rats: A link between metabolic and autonomic dysfunction

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have impaired arterial baroreflex function, which may be linked to the co-existence of obesity. However, the role of obesity and its related metabolic impairments on baroreflex dysfunction in T2DM is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of visceral fat and adiponectin, the most abundant cytokine produced by adipocytes, on baroreflex dysfunction in T2DM rats. Experiments were performed in adult male UCD-T2DM rats assigned to the following experimental groups (n = 6 in each): prediabetic (Pre), diabetes-onset (T0), 4 weeks after onset (T4), and 12 weeks after onset (T12). Age-matched healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were used as controls. Rats were anesthetized and blood pressure was directly measured on a beat-to-beat basis to assess spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) using the sequence technique. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to assess body composition. Data are presented as mean ± SD. BRS was significantly lower in T2DM rats compared with controls at T0 (T2D: 3.7 ± 3.2 ms/mmHg vs Healthy: 16.1 ± 8.4 ms/mmHg; P = 0.01), but not at T12 (T2D: 13.4 ± 8.1 ms/mmHg vs Healthy: 9.2 ± 6.0 ms/mmHg; P = 0.16). T2DM rats had higher visceral fat mass, adiponectin, and insulin concentrations compared with control rats (all P < 0.01). Changes in adiponectin and insulin concentrations over the measured time-points mirrored one another and were opposite those of the BRS in T2DM rats. These findings demonstrate that obesity-related metabolic impairments may contribute to an attenuated spontaneous BRS in T2DM, suggesting a link between metabolic and autonomic dysfunction.

Visceral fat and cardiometabolic future in children and adolescents: a critical update

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a process whose pathogenetic mechanisms start very early in life. Recently, the importance of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been highlighted in the development of CVD. VAT does not always depend on body mass index (BMI) and has been implicated in unfavorable metabolic activity and cardiovascular adverse events. Abnormally high deposition of VAT is associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity-associated phenotype, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Although the importance of visceral fat has not been studied broadly or extensively in long-term studies in children and adolescents, it appears that it does not have the same behavior as in adults, it is related to the appearance of cardiac risk factors. In adolescents, it plays a role in the pathogenesis of CVD that occur later in adulthood. Excess body weight and adiposity may lead to the development of early myocardial and pathological coronary changes in childhood. The purpose of this review is to summarize the risk factors, the clinical significance, and the prognostic role of visceral obesity in children and adolescents. In addition, extensive reference is made to the most commonly used techniques for the evaluation of VAT in clinical settings. IMPACT: Visceral obesity, plays an important role in cardiovascular health from very early in an individual's life. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) distribution is not entirely related to body mass index (BMI) and provides additional prognostic information. There is a need to pay more attention to the assessment of VAT in young people, to develop methods that would go beyond the measurement of only BMI in clinical practice and to identify individuals with excess visceral adiposity and perhaps to monitor its changes.

Adiposomes from Obese-Diabetic Individuals Promote Endothelial Dysfunction and Loss of Surface Caveolae

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are products of lipid glycosylation that have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In diabetes, the adipocyte microenvironment is characterized by hyperglycemia and inflammation, resulting in high levels of GSLs. Therefore, we sought to assess the GSL content in extracellular vesicles derived from the adipose tissues (adiposomes) of obese-diabetic (OB-T2D) subjects and their impact on endothelial cell function. To this end, endothelial cells were exposed to adiposomes isolated from OB-T2D versus healthy subjects. Cells were assessed for caveolar integrity and related signaling, such as Src-kinase and caveolin-1 (cav-1) phosphorylation, and functional pathways, such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Compared with adiposomes from healthy subjects, OB-T2D adiposomes had higher levels of GSLs, especially LacCer and GM3; they promoted cav-1 phosphorylation coupled to an obvious loss of endothelial surface caveolae and induced eNOS-uncoupling, peroxynitrite generation, and cav-1 nitrosylation. These effects were abolished by Src kinase inhibition and were not observed in GSL-depleted adiposomes. At the functional levels, OB-T2D adiposomes reduced nitric oxide production, shear response, and albumin intake in endothelial cells and impaired flow-induced dilation in healthy arterioles. In conclusion, OB-T2D adiposomes carried a detrimental GSL cargo that disturbed endothelial caveolae and the associated signaling.

Investigation of time-dependent alterations in adipokine levels and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in obese patients with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

We aimed to investigate the time-dependent alterations of serum, adipose tissue WISP1, Nrg4, asprosin, SPX adipokines and serum ER stress markers GRP78, XBP1, ATF6, CHOP in obese patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Morbidly obese patients (n = 19) and normal-weight individuals (n = 19) were compared. Preoperative (control, obese) and postoperative 1st, 3rd and 6th month (obese) follow-up measurements were obtained. Levels of adipokines, ER stress markers were measured with commercial kits.

RESULTS

Body mass index (BMI), total fat, trunk fat mass, fat percentage of obese patients decreased after LSG. Postoperative serum glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride levels of obese patients decreased, HDL increased. In obese patients, preoperative LDL and total cholesterol, which were not different from control, were higher in the postoperative 6th month measurements. Omentum WISP1, subcutaneous adipose tissue WISP1 and SPX, and serum WISP1, asprosin, CHOP levels were higher, Nrg4 lower in obese patients. Serum Nrg4 was still lower in the postoperative 1st month measurements, while WISP1 was higher in the 3rd and asprosin in the 3rd, 6th months compared to control. 1st and 3rd month ATF6 and 3rd month CHOP concentrations were lower than preoperative values. Serum CHOP measured at the 6th month was significantly higher than control. Negative correlations were observed between serum Nrg4 and fat percentage, TG concentration. CHOP was negatively correlated with fat percentage.

CONCLUSION

The correlations between changes in serum Nrg4, CHOP and fat percentage highlight the roles of Nrg4 and CHOP in the fat loss following LSG.

Effects of Weight Loss and Aerobic Exercise Training on Adi-Pose Tissue Zinc α2-Glycoprotein and Associated Genes in Obesity

Zinc α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) has been implicated in fatty acid metabolism and utilization and is lower in obese and higher in cachexic adults compared to those of normal weight. Previous studies suggest that ZAG binds to the beta3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) to influence fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue by regulating hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a six-month weight loss (WL) or aerobic exercise (AEX) intervention on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle ZAG mRNA levels and protein expression, as well as the expression of β3AR, and HSL. Abdominal adipose tissue (AB) and gluteal adipose tissue (Glut) and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed before and after WL (n = 13) or AEX (n = 13). ZAG, HSL, and β3AR expressions were determined by RT-PCR, and ZAG and HSL plasma levels by ELISA. Body weight decreased by 9.69% (p < 0.001) in WL and did not change with AEX. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased by 7.1% (p < 0.005) after WL and by 16.69% (p < 0.001) after AEX. WL significantly decreased body weight with a reduction of percentage of fat, fat mass, fat-free mass (FFM). AEX decreased percent fat and increased VO2max, but did not change fat mass and FFM. Abdominal ZAG and HSL mRNA levels did not change significantly after WL or AEX. There were no changes in plasma ZAG, HSL and adipose tissue β3AR mRNA levels after WL and AEX. ZAG, HSL and β3AR mRNA expressions in adipose tissue are positively associated each other. Adipose tissue abdominal and gluteal HSL are negatively associated with HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance), and both ZAG and HSL adipose tissue are negatively associated with fasting glucose and the glucose area under the curve. Further work is needed to elucidate the role of ZAG and HSL in the propensity for weight gain and the ability of exercise to mitigate these responses.

Coating with tripolyphosphate-crosslinked chitosan as a novel approach for enhanced stability of emulsomes following oral administration: Rutin as a model drug with improved anti-hyperlipidemic effect in rats

The aim of the current study is to preserve the emulsomal vesicles against the harsh condition of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), after oral administration, employing tripolyphosphate (TPP)-crosslinked chitosan as a protective coating layer. Rutin was used as a model drug with evaluation of anti-hyperlipidemic activity in rats. The rutin loaded unmodified emulsomes were prepared using tripalmitin and soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC), by thin film method. Drug loading for the prepared formulations ranged between 6.80 and 15.50 %. The selected formulation (RT-Emuls-6) comprised tripalmitin and SPC, molar ratio 1:1, and exhibited particle size (PS) and zeta potential (ZP) of 150.40 nm and -35.35 mV, respectively. RT-Emuls-6 was then modified by coating with either solely chitosan (RT-Emuls-6-Ch) or TPP-crosslinked chitosan (RT-Emuls-6-Ch-TPP-1). The latter exhibited PS and ZP values of 269.60 nm and 37.17 mV, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy of RT-Emuls-6-Ch-TPP-1 showed a dense pale greyish layer of a coating layer of chitosan crosslinked with TPP surrounding SPC bilayers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis along with X-ray powder diffraction confirmed cross-linking between chitosan and TPP. Stability study in the simulated GIT fluids revealed that the order of rutin retained percentage was RT-Emuls-6-Ch-TPP-1 > RT-Emuls-6-Ch > RT-Emuls-6 (80.02, 50.66 and 44.41 %, respectively for simulated gastric fluid and 63.50, 55.66 and 24.00 %, respectively for simulated intestinal fluid, after 2 h incubation). Anti-hyperlipidemic activity of rutin loaded emulsomes was evaluated, after oral administration, in a high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. The order of activity was as follows: RT-Emuls-6-Ch-TPP-1 > RT-Emuls-6-Ch > RT-Emuls-6 > free rutin. These findings revealed the potential of TPP-crosslinked chitosan as a protective coating layer for enhancing the stability of emulsomes against the harsh condition of GIT. RT-Emuls-6-Ch-TPP-1 had a potent anti-hyperlipidemic activity via regulation of lipids, oxidative stress, irisin and uncoupling protein 1.

In-vivo detection of white adipose tissue browning: a multimodality imaging approach

Detection and differentiation of brown fat in humans poses several challenges, as this tissue is sparse and often mixed with white adipose tissue. Non-invasive detection of beige fat represents an even greater challenge as this tissue is structurally and functionally more like white fat than brown fat. Here we used positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, computed tomography, xenon-enhanced computed tomography, and dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound, to non-invasively detect functional and structural changes associated with the browning process of inguinal white fat, induced in mice by chronic stimulation with the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist CL-316243. These studies reveal a very heterogeneous increase in baseline tissue radiodensity and xenon-enhanced radiodensity, indicative of both an increase in adipocytes water and protein content as well as tissue perfusion, mostly in regions that showed enhanced norepinephrine-stimulated perfusion before CL-316243 treatment. No statistically significant increase in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake or norepinephrine-stimulated tissue perfusion were observed in the mice after the CL-316243 treatment. The increase in tissue-water content and perfusion, along with the negligible increase in the tissue glucose uptake and norepinephrine-stimulated perfusion deserve more attention, especially considering the potential metabolic role that this tissue may play in whole body metabolism.

Molecular Background and Clinical Implications of Glucose Disorders in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory musculoskeletal disease characterized by joint and entheses involvement. This condition is often associated with an increased prevalence of obesity, encompassing more than one-third of all patients. Given the presence of metabolic disorders, it becomes crucial to enhance clinical oversight of metabolic parameters. An early diagnosis of glucose irregularities in PsA allows for the assessment of an effective treatment strategy. The approach proves valuable in preventing the development of insulin resistance (IR) or diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMt2). Similar pathways characterize the pathomechanism of PsA and DMt2, offering an innovative perspective on treatment management. The cytokines and adipokines synthesized in the course of PsA significantly impact the development process of IR and DMt2 in different mechanisms of action. Conversely, glucose disorders influence the activity of PsA and therapy outcomes. Given the chronic inflammatory background shared by PsA, obesity, and DMt2, it is evident that inadequate management of any of the mentioned conditions can exacerbate the others. Thus, when PsA coincides with DMt2, a comprehensive multidimensional approach is necessary. This includes an effective immunosuppressive regimen complemented by appropriate anti-diabetic and insulin therapies. Moreover, often overlooked recommendations concerning overall well-being and lifestyle adjustments hold significance. This manuscript explores the connections and the relationship between the molecular background of PsA and glucose disorders. It provides a detailed exposition of specific therapeutic approaches for both conditions.

Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles uncovered the age-induced dynamic development pattern of subcutaneous fat in Ningxiang pig

Enhancing meat production and quality is the eternal theme for pig breeding industries. Fat deposition has always been the focus of research in practical production because it is closely linked to pig production efficiency and pork quality. In the current study, multi-omics techniques were performed to explore the modulatory mechanisms of backfat (BF) accumulation at three core developmental stages for Ningxiang pigs. Our results identified that 15 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 9 significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) contributed to the BF development via the cAMP signaling pathway, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Herein, we found a series of candidate genes such as adrenoceptor beta 1 (ADRB1), adenylate cyclase 5 (ADCY5), ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 1 (ATP1B1), ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 3 (ATP2B3), ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2 (ATP1A2), perilipin 1 (PLIN1), patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3), ELOVL fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) and metabolites like epinephrine, cAMP, arachidonic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid existed age-specificeffects and played important roles in lipolysis, fat accumulation, and fatty acid composition. Our findings provide a reference for molecular mechanisms in BF tissue development and the optimization of carcass quality.

Long-term physical activity modulates adipsin and ANGPTL4 serum levels, a potential link to exercise-induced metabolic changes

BACKGROUND

Within the presented prospective study, we aimed to illuminate the effect of long-term physical exercise on serum levels of adipsin (complement factor D) and angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4). Although past studies already outlined the effects of acute exercise, our trial design aimed to depict the development under long-term physical activity conditions.

METHODS

Ninety-eight participants were included in the study and were asked to perform eight months of moderate physical activity for at least 150 minutes/week and/or vigorous-intensity exercise for at least 75 minutes/week. According to initial performance and performance gain throughout the study period, four groups were formed and subsequently compared. Blood sampling for the determination of routine laboratory parameters was done at baseline, after 2, 6, and 8 months. Additionally, adipsin and ANGPTL4 serum levels were concurrently quantified using commercially available ELISA kits.

RESULTS

The study cohort consisted of 61.2% male participants with an average age of 49.3±6.7 years. Adipsin and ANGPTL4 were found to be strongly increased by long-term physical exercise. Participants displaying a performance gain of >2.9% throughout the study showed significantly increased serum levels of both biomarkers.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum levels of adipsin and ANGPTL4 were closely tied to the individual performance gain of the participating probands. An association of adipsin levels, initial performance, and serum triglycerides was found at baseline. Interestingly, this interrelationship was not detectable after eight months of physical training. This finding might indicate adipsin's involvement in linking triglyceride-balance to individual performance and energy demands in a homeostatic state.

The Effect of Obesity and Body Mass Index on Hematologic Malignancies

A thorough examination of the available literature has revealed a well-established association of obesity and high body mass index (BMI) with an increased risk of various types of cancers, including hematologic malignancies. Specifically, the studies reviewed indicate a clear correlation between obesity and an increased risk of leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and myeloproliferative diseases. Despite the established association of obesity and high BMI with hematologic malignancies, the underlying mechanisms remain largely undetermined. The development of hematologic malignancies may be influenced by several mechanisms associated with obesity and high BMI, including chronic inflammation, hormonal imbalances, adiposopathies, and metabolic dysregulation. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence indicating that obesity and high BMI may have a negative impact on the response to treatment and overall survival in patients with hematologic malignancies. This article aims to increase awareness and summarize the current state of research on the impact of obesity on hematologic malignancies, including the mechanisms by which obesity may influence the development and progression of these diseases. In addition, the current review highlights the need for effective weight management strategies in patients with hematologic malignancies to improve outcomes and mitigate the risk of complications.

The Effects of Tissue Healing Factors in Wound Repair Involving Absorbable Meshes: A Narrative Review

Wound healing is a complex and meticulously orchestrated process involving multiple phases and cellular interactions. This narrative review explores the intricate mechanisms behind wound healing, emphasizing the significance of cellular processes and molecular factors. The phases of wound healing are discussed, focusing on the roles of immune cells, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components. Cellular shape alterations driven by cytoskeletal modulation and the influence of the 'Formin' protein family are highlighted for their impact on wound healing processes. This review delves into the use of absorbable meshes in wound repair, discussing their categories and applications in different surgical scenarios. Interleukins (IL-2 and IL-6), CD31, CD34, platelet rich plasma (PRP), and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are discussed in their respective roles in wound healing. The interactions between these factors and their potential synergies with absorbable meshes are explored, shedding light on how these combinations might enhance the healing process. Recent advances and challenges in the field are also presented, including insights into mesh integration, biocompatibility, infection prevention, and postoperative complications. This review underscores the importance of patient-specific factors and surgical techniques in optimizing mesh placement and healing outcomes. As wound healing remains a dynamic field, this narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and potential avenues for future research and clinical applications.

Effects of Extracts of Two Selected Strains of Haematococcus pluvialis on Adipocyte Function

Recently, microalgae are arousing considerable interest as a source of countless molecules with potential impacts in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical fields. Haematococcus pluvialis, also named Haematococcus lacustris, is the largest producer of astaxanthin, a carotenoid exhibiting powerful health effects, including anti-lipogenic and anti-diabetic activities. This study was carried out to investigate the properties of two selected strains of H. pluvialis (FBR1 and FBR2) on lipid metabolism, lipolysis and adipogenesis using an in vitro obesity model. FBR1 and FBR2 showed no antiproliferative effect at the lowest concentration in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Treatment with FBR2 extract reduced lipid deposition, detected via Oil Red O staining and the immunocontent of the adipogenic proteins PPARγ, ACLY and AMPK was revealed using Western blot analysis. Extracts from both strains induced lipolysis in vitro and reduced the secretion of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, the FBR1 and FBR2 extracts improved mitochondrial function, reducing the levels of mitochondrial superoxide anion radical and increasing mitochondrial mass compared to untreated adipocytes. These findings suggest that FBR2 extract, more so than FBR1, may represent a promising strategy in overweight and obesity prevention and treatment.

Characterizing 3T3-L1 MBX Adipocyte Cell Differentiation Maintained with Fatty Acids as an In Vitro Model to Study the Effects of Obesity

The increasing prevalence of obesity has prompted intensive research into understanding its role in pathogenesis and designing appropriate treatments. To determine the signals generated from the interaction of fat cells with a target organ, a reliable white adipocyte model in vitro is needed. Differentiated fibroblasts are the most extensively studied using in vitro cell models of white adipocytes. However, it can be argued that differentiated fibroblasts minimally recapitulate the consequences of obesity. Here, we describe 3T3-L1 MBX cells as a culture model for studying obese adipocytes and their effects. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 MBX cells was at first optimized and then maintained in the presence of fatty acids cocktail combination to induce the obese condition. Lipid accumulation and adipokine secretion profiles were analyzed. Results showed that fatty acid-maintained, differentiated 3T3-L1 MBX cells had significantly greater accumulation of lipids and significant changes in the adipokine secretions in comparison to differentiated 3T3-L1 MBX cells maintained in medium without fatty acids. To elucidate the molecular changes associated with adipogenesis and lipid accumulation profile of 3T3-L1 MBX cells, we have also explored the expression of some of the regulatory proteins related to the development and maintenance of adipocytes from the preadipocyte lineage.

Sexual dimorphic gene expression profile of perirenal adipose tissue in ovine fetuses with growth restriction

Worldwide, fetal growth restriction (FGR) affects 7%-10% of pregnancies, or roughly 20.5 million infants, each year. FGR increases not only neonatal mortality and morbidity but also the risk of obesity in later life. Currently, the molecular mechanisms by which FGR "programs" an obese phenotype are not well understood. Studies demonstrate that FGR females are more prone to obesity compared to males; however, the molecular mechanisms that lead to the sexually dimorphic programming of FGR are not known. Thus, we hypothesized that FGR leads to the sexually dimorphic programming of preadipocytes and reduces their ability to differentiate into mature adipocytes. To test the hypothesis, we utilized a maternal hyperthermia-induced placental insufficiency to restrict fetal growth in sheep. We collected perirenal adipose tissue from near-term (∼140 days gestation) male and female FGR and normal-weight fetal lambs (N = 4 to 5 in each group), examined the preadipocytes' differentiation potential, and identified differential mRNA transcript expression in perirenal adipose tissue. Male FGR fetuses have a lower cellular density (nuclei number/unit area) compared to control male fetuses. However, no difference was observed in female FGR fetuses compared to control female fetuses. In addition, the ability of preadipocytes to differentiate into mature adipocytes with fat accumulation was impaired in male FGR fetuses, but this was not observed in female FGR fetuses. Finally, we examined the genes and pathways involved in the sexually dimorphic programming of obesity by FGR. On enrichment of differentially expressed genes in males compared to females, the Thermogenesis KEGG Pathway was downregulated, and the Metabolic and Steroid Biosynthesis KEGG pathways were upregulated. On enrichment of differentially expressed genes in male FGR compared to male control, the Steroid Biosynthesis KEGG Pathway was downregulated, and the PPAR Signaling KEGG pathway was upregulated. No pathways were altered in females in response to growth restriction in perirenal adipose tissue. Thus, the present study demonstrates a sexually dimorphic program in response to growth restriction in sheep fetal perirenal adipose tissue.

Sialic acids Neu5Ac and KDN in adipose tissue samples from individuals following habitual vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns

Sialic acids (Sias) are a class of sugar molecules with a parent nine-carbon neuraminic acid, generally present at the ends of carbohydrate chains, either attached to cellular surfaces or as secreted glycoconjugates. Given their position and structural diversity, Sias modulate a wide variety of biological processes. However, little is known about the role of Sias in human adipose tissue, or their implications for health and disease, particularly among individuals following different dietary patterns. The goal of this study was to measure N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) concentrations in adipose tissue samples from participants in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) and to compare the abundance of these Sias in individuals following habitual, long-term vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns. A method was successfully developed for the extraction and detection of Sias in adipose tissue. Sias levels were quantified in 52 vegans, 56 lacto-vegetarians, and 48 non-vegetarians using LC-MS/MS with Neu5Ac-D-1,2,3-13C3 as an internal standard. Dietary groups were compared using linear regression. Vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians had significantly higher concentrations of Neu5Ac relative to non-vegetarians. While KDN levels tended to be higher in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians, these differences were not statistically significant. However, KDN levels were significantly inversely associated with body mass index. In contrast, Neu5Gc was not detected in human adipose samples. It is plausible that different Neu5Ac concentrations in adipose tissues of vegetarians, compared to those of non-vegetarians, reflect a difference in the baseline inflammatory status between the two groups. Epidemiologic studies examining levels of Sias in human adipose tissue and other biospecimens will help to further explore their roles in development and progression of inflammatory conditions and chronic diseases.

TFEB is a central regulator of the aging process and age-related diseases

Old age is associated with a greater burden of disease, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as other chronic diseases. Coincidentally, popular lifestyle interventions, such as caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and regular exercise, in addition to pharmacological interventions intended to protect against age-related diseases, induce transcription factor EB (TFEB) and autophagy. In this review, we summarize emerging discoveries that point to TFEB activity affecting the hallmarks of aging, including inhibiting DNA damage and epigenetic modifications, inducing autophagy and cell clearance to promote proteostasis, regulating mitochondrial quality control, linking nutrient-sensing to energy metabolism, regulating pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, inhibiting senescence and promoting cell regenerative capacity. Furthermore, the therapeutic impact of TFEB activation on normal aging and tissue-specific disease development is assessed in the contexts of neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity, stem cell differentiation, immune responses, muscle energy adaptation, adipose tissue browning, hepatic functions, bone remodeling, and cancer. Safe and effective strategies of activating TFEB hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for multiple age-associated diseases and for extending lifespan.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Venous Thromboembolism: Unraveling the Emerging Association

Oxidative stress has emerged as a significant contributor to skeletal muscle atrophy, influencing cellular processes that underlie muscle wasting. This review article delves into the intricate interplay between oxidative stress and muscle atrophy, shedding light on its mechanisms and implications. We begin by outlining the fundamental concepts of oxidative stress, delineating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), their sources, and the ensuing oxidative damage to cellular components. Subsequently, we delve into skeletal muscle atrophy, elucidating its diverse forms, molecular pathways, key signaling cascades, and the role of inflammation in exacerbating muscle wasting. Bridging these concepts, we explore the connections between oxidative stress and muscle atrophy, unveiling how oxidative stress impacts muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, perturbs cellular signaling pathways, and contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction. The review underscores the complexity of quantifying and interpreting oxidative stress markers, highlighting the challenges posed by the dynamic nature of oxidative stress and the presence of basal ROS levels. Addressing the specificity of oxidative stress markers, we emphasize the importance of selecting markers pertinent to muscle tissue and considering systemic influences. Standardization of experimental protocols emerges as a critical need to ensure consistency and reproducibility across studies. Looking ahead, we discuss the implications of oxidative stress in diverse scenarios, encompassing age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia), muscle wasting in chronic diseases like cancer cachexia, and disuse-induced muscle atrophy. Additionally, we delve into potential therapeutic strategies, including antioxidant supplementation, exercise, pharmacological interventions, nutritional approaches, and lifestyle modifications, as avenues to mitigate oxidative stress-driven muscle atrophy. The review concludes by outlining promising future directions in this field, calling for deeper exploration of specific oxidative stress markers, understanding the temporal dynamics of oxidative stress, validation through translational studies in humans, and the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. By advancing our understanding of the intricate relationship between oxidative stress and skeletal muscle atrophy, this review contributes to paving the way for innovative strategies to address muscle wasting and improve muscle health.

Enhanced apoptosis of HCT116 colon cancer cells treated with extracts from Calotropis gigantea stem bark by starvation

Calotropis gigantea stem bark extract, particularly the dichloromethane fraction (CGDCM), demonstrated the most potent antiproliferative effects on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and colorectal HCT116 cells. The current study focused on enhancing the effectiveness of cancer treatment with CGDCM at concentrations close to the IC50 in HCT116 cells by reducing their nutrient supply. CGDCM (2, 4, and 8 μg/mL) treatment for 24 h under glucose conditions of 4.5 g/L without fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplementation or serum starvation (G+/F-), glucose 0 g/L with 10% FBS or glucose starvation (G-/F+), and glucose 0 g/L with 0% FBS or complete starvation (G-/F-) induced a greater antiproliferative effect in HCT116 cells than therapy in complete medium with glucose 4.5 g/L and 10% FBS (G+/F+). Nonetheless, the anticancer effect of CGDCM at 4 μg/mL under (G-/F-) showed the highest activity compared to other starvation conditions. The three starvation conditions showed a significant reduction in cell viability compared to the control (G+/F+) medium group, while the inhibitory effect on cell viability did not differ significantly among the three starvation conditions. CGDCM at 4 μg/mL in (G-/F-) medium triggered apoptosis by dissipating the mitochondrial membrane potential and arresting cells in the G2/M phase. This investigation demonstrated that a decrease in intracellular ATP and fatty acid levels was associated with enhanced apoptosis by treatment with CGDCM at 4 μg/mL under (G-/F-) conditions. In addition, under (G-/F-), CGDCM at 4 μg/mL increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and was suggested to primarily trigger apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Thus, C. gigantea extracts may be useful for the future development of alternative, effective cancer treatment regimens.

Role of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles during the progression of liver inflammation to hepatocellular carcinoma

Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound cargos that vary in size and are stably transported through various bodily fluids. Extracellular vesicles communicate information between the cells and organs. Extracellular vesicles from the diseased cells alter cellular responses of the recipient cells contributing to disease progression. In obesity, adipocytes become hypertrophic and the extracellular vesicles from these dysfunctional adipocytes showed altered cargo contents instigating pathophysiological response leading to chronic liver diseases. In this review, the role of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles on the progression of liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are extensively discussed. Newer approaches are crucial to take advantage of extracellular vesicles and their content as biomarkers to diagnose initial liver inflammation before reaching to an irreversible liver failure stage.

From Obesity-Induced Low-Grade Inflammation to Lipotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Altered Multi-Crosstalk between Adipose Tissue and Metabolically Active Organs

Obesity is a major risk factor for several metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, and brain disorders. Growing evidence suggests the importance of inter-organ metabolic communication for the progression of obesity and the subsequent onset of related disorders. This review provides a broad overview of the pathophysiological processes that from adipose tissue dysfunction leading to altered multi-tissue crosstalk relevant to regulating energy homeostasis and the etiology of obesity. First, a comprehensive description of the role of adipose tissue was reported. Then, attention was turned toward the unhealthy expansion of adipose tissue, low-grade inflammatory state, metabolic inflexibility, and mitochondrial dysfunction as root causes of systemic metabolic alterations. In addition, a short spot was devoted to iron deficiency in obese conditions and the role of the hepcidin-ferroportin relationship in the management of this issue. Finally, different classes of bioactive food components were described with a perspective to enhance their potential preventive and therapeutic use against obesity-related diseases.

Oxidative Stress, Reductive Stress and Antioxidants in Vascular Pathogenesis and Aging

This review is focused on the mechanisms that regulate health, disease and aging redox status, the signal pathways that counteract oxidative and reductive stress, the role of food components and additives with antioxidant properties (curcumin, polyphenols, vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, etc.), and the role of the hormones irisin and melatonin in the redox homeostasis of animal and human cells. The correlations between the deviation from optimal redox conditions and inflammation, allergic, aging and autoimmune responses are discussed. Special attention is given to the vascular system, kidney, liver and brain oxidative stress processes. The role of hydrogen peroxide as an intracellular and paracrine signal molecule is also reviewed. The cyanotoxins β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), cylindrospermopsin, microcystins and nodularins are introduced as potentially dangerous food and environment pro-oxidants.

Adipokine-Cytokine Profile in Patients with Unstable Atherosclerotic Plaques and Abdominal Obesity

The goal of the research was to study the levels of adipokines and their associations with unstable atherosclerotic plaques in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and abdominal obesity (AO).

METHODS

The study included 145 men aged 38-79 with atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries (CA) and stable angina pectoris II-III FC who were hospitalized for coronary bypass surgery (2011-2022). The final analysis included 116 patients. Notably, 70 men had stable plaques in the CA (of which 44.3% had AO), and 46 men had unstable plaques in the CA (of which 43.5% had AO). Adipocytokine levels were determined using multiplex analysis (Human Metabolic Hormone V3 panel).

RESULTS

In the subgroup of patients with unstable plaques, patients with AO had a GLP-1 level that was 1.5 times higher and a lipocalin-2 level that was 2.1 times lower, respectively. GLP-1 is direct, and lipocalin-2 is inversely associated with AO in patients with unstable plaques. Among patients with AO, the level of lipocalin-2 in patients with unstable plaques was 2.2 times lower than in patients with stable plaques in the CA. The level of lipocalin-2 was inversely associated with the presence of unstable atherosclerotic plaques in the CA.

CONCLUSION

GLP-1 is directly associated with AO in patients with unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Lipocalin-2 is inversely associated with unstable atherosclerotic plaques in patients with AO.

Brown Adipose Tissue: A New Potential Target for Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Obesity

Adipose tissue can be divided into white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and beige adipose tissue, according to the differences in morphology. WAT acts as a buffer for increased energy intake and decreased energy expenditure during the development of obesity, resulting in visceral and ectopic WAT accumulation. These WAT depots are strongly associated with chronic systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk related to obesity. They represent a primary weight loss target in anti-obesity management. Second-generation anti-obesity medications glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) cause weight loss and improve body composition by reducing visceral and ectopic fat depots of WAT, resulting in improved cardiometabolic health. Recently, the understanding of the physiological significance of BAT beyond its primary function in generating heat through non-shivering thermogenesis has been expanded. This has raised scientific and pharmaceutical interest in the manipulation of BAT to further enhance weight reduction and body weight maintenance. This narrative review focuses on the potential impact of GLP-1 receptor agonism on BAT, particularly in human clinical studies. It provides an overview of the role of BAT in weight management and highlights the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms by which GLP-1RAs affect energy metabolism and weight loss. Despite encouraging preclinical data, limited clinical evidence supports the notion that GLP-1RAs contribute to BAT activation.

Validation and Functional Analysis of Reference and Tissue-Specific Genes in Adipose Tissue of Freshwater Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, under Starvation and Hypothermia Stress

Adipose tissue is critical to the growth, development, and physiological health of animals. Reference genes play an essential role in normalizing the expression of mRNAs. Tissue-specific genes are preferred for their function and expression in specific tissues or cell types. Identification of these genes contributes to understanding the tissue-gene relationship and the etiology and discovery of new tissue-specific targets. Therefore, reference genes and tissue-specific genes in the adipose tissue of Aplodinotus grunniens were identified to explore their function under exogenous starvation (1 d, 2 w, 6 w) and hypothermic stress (18 °C and 10 °C for 2 d and 8 d) in this study. Results suggest that 60SRP was the most stable reference gene in adipose tissue. Meanwhile, eight genes were validated as tissue-specific candidates from the high-throughput sequencing database, while seven of them (ADM2, β₂GP1, CAMK1G, CIDE3, FAM213A, HSL, KRT222, and NCEH1) were confirmed in adipose tissue. Additionally, these seven tissue-specific genes were active in response to starvation and hypothermic stress in a time- or temperature-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that adipose-specific genes can be identified using stable internal reference genes, thereby identifying specific important functions under starvation and hypothermic stress, which provides tissue-specific targets for adipose regulation in A. grunniens.

Effect of oral cannabis administration on the fat depots of obese and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The prevalence of obesity and insulin-resistance is on the rise, globally. Cannabis have been shown to have anti-diabetic/obesity properties, however, the effect mediated at various fat depots remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to (1) investigate the anti-diabetic property of an oral cannabis administration in an obese and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model and (2) to determine and compare the effect mediated at the peritoneal and intramuscular fat level. Cannabis concentration of 1.25 mg/kg body weight (relative to THC content) was effective in reversing insulin-resistance in the rat model, unlike the other higher cannabinoid concentrations. At the peritoneal fat level, gene expression of fat beigeing markers, namely Cidea and UCP1, were significantly increased compared to the untreated control. At the intramuscular fat level, on the other hand, CE1.25 treatment did not promote fat beigeing but instead significantly increased mitochondrial activity, relative to the untreated control. Therefore, these findings indicate that the mechanism of action of oral cannabis administration, where glucose and lipid homeostasis is restored, is not only dependent on the dosage but also on the type of fat depot investigated.

Mitochondria: It is all about energy

Mitochondria play a key role in both health and disease. Their function is not limited to energy production but serves multiple mechanisms varying from iron and calcium homeostasis to the production of hormones and neurotransmitters, such as melatonin. They enable and influence communication at all physical levels through interaction with other organelles, the nucleus, and the outside environment. The literature suggests crosstalk mechanisms between mitochondria and circadian clocks, the gut microbiota, and the immune system. They might even be the hub supporting and integrating activity across all these domains. Hence, they might be the (missing) link in both health and disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to metabolic syndrome, neuronal diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders. In this regard, diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic pain are discussed. This review focuses on understanding the mitochondrial mechanisms of action that allow for the maintenance of mitochondrial health and the pathways toward dysregulated mechanisms. Although mitochondria have allowed us to adapt to changes over the course of evolution, in turn, evolution has shaped mitochondria. Each evolution-based intervention influences mitochondria in its own way. The use of physiological stress triggers tolerance to the stressor, achieving adaptability and resistance. This review describes strategies that could recover mitochondrial functioning in multiple diseases, providing a comprehensive, root-cause-focused, integrative approach to recovering health and treating people suffering from chronic diseases.

Collagen microgel to simulate the adipocyte microenvironment for in vitro research on obesity

Obesity is linked to adipose tissue dysfunction, a dynamic endocrine organ. Two-dimensional cultures present technical hurdles hampering their ability to follow individual or cell groups for metabolic disease research. Three-dimensional type I collagen microgels with embedded adipocytes have not been thoroughly investigated to evaluate adipogenic maintenance as instrument for studying metabolic disorders. We aimed to develop a novel tunable Col-I microgel simulating the adipocyte microenvironment to maintain differentiated cells with only insulin as in vitro model for obesity research. Adipocytes were cultured and encapsulated in collagen microgels at different concentrations (2, 3 and 4 mg/mL). Collagen microgels at 3 and 4 mg/mL were more stable after 8 days of culture. However, cell viability and metabolic activity were maintained at 2 and 3 mg/mL, respectively. Cell morphology, lipid mobilization and adipogenic gene expression demonstrated the maintenance of adipocyte phenotype in an in vitro microenvironment. We demonstrated the adequate stability and biocompatibility of the collagen microgel at 3 mg/mL. Cell and molecular analysis confirmed that adipocyte phenotype is maintained over time in the absence of adipogenic factors. These findings will help better understand and open new avenues for research on adipocyte metabolism and obesity. Insight box In the context of adipose tissue dysfunction research, new struggles have arisen owing to the difficulty of cellular maintenance in 2D cultures. Herein, we sought a novel approach using a 3D type I collagen-based biomaterial to adipocyte culture with only insulin. This component was tailored as a microgel in different concentrations to support the growth and survival of adipocytes. We demonstrate that adipocyte phenotype is maintained and key adipogenesis regulators and markers are over time. The cumulative results unveil the practical advantage of this microgel platform as an in vitro model to study adipocyte dysfunction and obesity.

Maca modulates fat and liver energy metabolism markers insulin, IRS1, leptin, and SIRT1 in rats fed normal and high-fat diets

Maca root extract on insulin, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), leptin, and NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), as well as body weight changes evaluated in this study for a 60 days model of normal and high-fat diet (HFD) fed rats. 28 male rats allocated to four groups: (i) Control, (ii) Maca (40 mg/kg/day), (iii) HFD, and (iv) HFD + Maca. After the 60 days of study, fat tissue and liver insulin levels decreased in the HFD and HFD + Maca groups in comparison to Control and Maca groups (p < .001). Maca group showed a significant IRS1 increase in the fat tissue (p < .0001). Leptin levels were the highest in the Maca group and the lowest in the HFD group in the fat tissue (p < .01). SIRT1 levels were found the highest in the Maca groups (p < .01). These results show the protective and regulatory effectiveness of Maca when fed with a normal or HFD diet.

Garcia A, Buetow K, Thomas GS, Finch CE, Stieglitz J, Trumble BC, Gurven MD, Irimia A. Brain volume, energy balance, and cardiovascular health in two nonindustrial South American populations

Little is known about brain aging or dementia in nonindustrialized environments that are similar to how humans lived throughout evolutionary history. This paper examines brain volume (BV) in middle and old age among two indigenous South American populations, the Tsimane and Moseten, whose lifestyles and environments diverge from those in high-income nations. With a sample of 1,165 individuals aged 40 to 94, we analyze population differences in cross-sectional rates of decline in BV with age. We also assess the relationships of BV with energy biomarkers and arterial disease and compare them against findings in industrialized contexts. The analyses test three hypotheses derived from an evolutionary model of brain health, which we call the embarrassment of riches (EOR). The model hypothesizes that food energy was positively associated with late life BV in the physically active, food-limited past, but excess body mass and adiposity are now associated with reduced BV in industrialized societies in middle and older ages. We find that the relationship of BV with both non-HDL cholesterol and body mass index is curvilinear, positive from the lowest values to 1.4 to 1.6 SDs above the mean, and negative from that value to the highest values. The more acculturated Moseten exhibit a steeper decrease in BV with age than Tsimane, but still shallower than US and European populations. Lastly, aortic arteriosclerosis is associated with lower BV. Complemented by findings from the United States and Europe, our results are consistent with the EOR model, with implications for interventions to improve brain health.

Mechanisms of obesity- and diabetes mellitus-related pancreatic carcinogenesis: a comprehensive and systematic review

Research on obesity- and diabetes mellitus (DM)-related carcinogenesis has expanded exponentially since these two diseases were recognized as important risk factors for cancers. The growing interest in this area is prominently actuated by the increasing obesity and DM prevalence, which is partially responsible for the slight but constant increase in pancreatic cancer (PC) occurrence. PC is a highly lethal malignancy characterized by its insidious symptoms, delayed diagnosis, and devastating prognosis. The intricate process of obesity and DM promoting pancreatic carcinogenesis involves their local impact on the pancreas and concurrent whole-body systemic changes that are suitable for cancer initiation. The main mechanisms involved in this process include the excessive accumulation of various nutrients and metabolites promoting carcinogenesis directly while also aggravating mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolic disorders by affecting multiple pathways. Detrimental alterations in gastrointestinal and sex hormone levels and microbiome dysfunction further compromise immunometabolic regulation and contribute to the establishment of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) for carcinogenesis, which can be exacerbated by several crucial pathophysiological processes and TME components, such as autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and exosome secretion. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the immunometabolic mechanisms of obesity- and DM-related pancreatic carcinogenesis and dissects how metabolic disorders impair anticancer immunity and influence pathophysiological processes to favor cancer initiation.

Do Disease-Modifying Anti-rheumatic Drugs and Exercise Therapy Have a Combined Effect on Disease Activity in Patients with RA? A Scoping Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

In addition to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment, exercise is increasingly promoted in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although both are known to reduce disease activity, few studies have investigated the combined effects of these interventions on disease activity. The aim of this scoping review was to provide an overview of the reported evidence on whether a combined effect-i.e., a greater reduction in disease activity outcome measures-can be detected in studies where an exercise intervention was performed in addition to the DMARD treatment in patients with RA. This scoping review followed the PRISMA guidelines. A literature search was performed for exercise intervention studies in patients with RA treated with DMARDs. Studies without a non-exercise control group were excluded. Included studies reported on (components of) DAS28 and DMARD use and were assessed for methodological quality using version 1 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. For each study, comparisons between groups (i.e., exercise + medication vs. medication only) were reported on disease activity outcome measures. Study data related to the exercise intervention, medication use, and other relevant factors were extracted to assess what may have influenced disease activity outcomes in the included studies.

RECENT FINDINGS

A total of 11 studies were included of which 10 between-group studies on DAS28 components were made. The remaining one study focused on within-group comparisons only. Median duration of the exercise intervention studies was 5 months, and the median number of participants was 55. Six out of the 10 between-group studies reported no significant differences between groups in DAS28 components between exercise + medication vs. medication only. Four studies showed significant reductions in disease activity outcomes for the exercise + medication group compared with the medication-only group. Most studies were not adequately designed methodologically in order to investigate for comparisons of DAS28 components and had a high risk of multi-domain bias. Whether the simultaneous application of exercise therapy and DMARD medication in patients with RA has a combined effect on disease outcome remains unknown, due to weak methodological quality of existing studies. Future studies should focus on the combined effects by having disease activity as the primary outcome.

Assessment of Metabolic Parameters in Female Triathletes with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis in Poland

Background: Hypothyroidism is a complex disorder characterized by an increase in body weight. About 15–30% of hypothyroid patients are reported to be overweight. The triathlon is an endurance combination sport that comprises a sequential swim, cycle, and run. Triathletes must withstand high training loads with various combinations of intensity and volume. Adequate body structure, the ratio of fat and muscle tissue, and adequate hydration play a huge role. The aim of our study was to show the potential differences in metabolic parameters assessed by medical Body Composition Analyzer before the initiation of treatment with L-thyroxine and after 3 and 6 months of treatment in females who practiced triathlon and who were newly diagnosed with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Methods: The study group included 32 females practicing triathlon. They were recruited for 10 months from March to December 2021. Analysis of anthropometric measurements was performed using a seca device mBCA 515 medical Body Composition Analyzer. Results: We observed significant differences in FM and VAT before and after L-thyroxine treatment. We also noticed lower BMI levels after treatment, along with significant differences in thyroid function tests (TSH and fT4) carried out during the recruitment period and after 3 and 6 months of treatment. Conclusion: Due to their higher daily energy consumption, further research is needed into the treatment of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in athletes who practice triathlon. Frequent bioelectrical impedance analysis of body composition during treatment can be very helpful.

Pancreatic fat in type 2 diabetes: Causal or coincidental?

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder affecting more than 450 million people across the globe. With the increasing prevalence of T2D and obesity, the role of fat accumulation at sites other than subcutaneous adipose tissue has received significant attention in the pathophysiology of T2D. Over the past decade and a half, a pressing concern has emerged on investigating the association of pancreatic fat accumulation or pancreatic steatosis with the development of disease. While a few reports have suggested a possible association between pancreatic fat and T2D and/or impaired glucose metabolism, a few reports suggest a lack of such association. Pancreatic fat has also been linked with genetic risk of developing T2D, prediabetes, reduced insulin secretion, and beta cell dysfunction albeit some confounding factors such as age and ethnicity may affect the outcome. With the technological advancements in clinical imaging and progress in assessment of pancreatic beta cell function, our understanding of the role of pancreatic fat in causing insulin resistance and development of various etiologies of T2D has significantly improved. This review summarizes various findings on the possible association of pancreatic fat accumulation with the pathophysiology of T2D.

Immuno-metabolic effect of pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 in diet induced obese mice: In vitro and in vivo findings

AIMS

Pancreastatin (PST), an anti-insulin peptide derived from chromogranin A. Its levels increase in cases of obesity, which contributes to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. This study aims to investigate the immunometabolic effect of PST inhibitor (PSTi8) against PST by using in vitro and in vivo finding.

MAIN METHODS

3T3-L1 cells were differentiated with or without PSTi8, and Oil Red O staining was performed. J774A.1 cells were used for macrophage polarization study. The diet-induced obesity and T2DM model was developed in C57BL/6 mice through high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Alzet osmotic pumps were filled with PSTi8 (release rate: 2 mg/kg/day) and implanted in mice for eight weeks. Further, insulin and glucose tolerance tests were performed. Liver and eWAT sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. FACS was used to measure mitochondrial ROS and membrane potential, while Oroboros O2k was used to measure oxygen consumption rate. Immunocytochemistry and qRT-PCR were done for protein and gene expression, respectively.

KEY FINDINGS

PSTi8 inhibited the expression of lipolytic genes and proteins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PSTi8 improved the inulin sensitivity, lipid profile, MMP, and OCR levels in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte and eWAT. It also increased the M1 to M2 macrophage polarization in J77A.1 cells and eWAT. Further, PSTi8 attenuated inflammatory CD4⁺ T, CD8⁺ T cells and increased the anti-inflammatory T-reg and eosinophil populations in the eWAT. It also reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes like Mcp1, Tnfα, and Il-6.

SIGNIFICANCE

Collectively, PSTi8 exerted its beneficial effect on adipose tissue inflammation and restored energy expenditure against diet-induced obesity.

The Association Between Nutrition, Obesity, Inflammation, and Endometrial Cancer: A Scoping Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy and represents a notorious threat to women's health worldwide. Endometrial cancer predominantly affects post-menopausal women; yet the prevalence of this disease has been rising also among pre-menopausal women. Poor nutritional habits, inflammation, and obesity may be associated with endometrial cancer (EC) among both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women and should be further assessed among a wide spectrum of age groups.

RECENT FINDINGS

This scoping review explores and reports on primary research studies conducted to investigate the impact of nutrition, inflammation, and/or obesity on endometrial cancer risk among both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women. Using a predefined protocol in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines, a search was conducted on four separate databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Google Scholar to investigate the association between nutrition, inflammation, obesity, and endometrial cancer. A total of 4862 articles were identified. Following a full article analysis, 27 articles met the full inclusion criteria and were included in the current review. Findings from the literature support a role of nutrition, obesity, and inflammation in the development of EC. The studies included in the current review supported that plant-based, Mediterranean, or ketogenic diets are associated with a lower risk of EC while there is no association between glycemic index and EC risk. On the other hand, increased BMI is associated with a higher risk of EC and there is a positive association between obesity-related pro-inflammatory biomarkers and increased risk for EC development. Further research needs to be conducted to gain more insight into the complex interactions between nutrition, obesity, and inflammation and their association with EC development among pre-, peri-, and post- menopausal women with the ultimate goal to improve management and preventive strategies and achieve reduced prevalence of endometrial cancer.

Daily phytate intake increases adiponectin levels among patients with diabetes type 2: a randomized crossover trial

AIM

Adiponectin, a major adipokine secreted by adipose tissue, has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. Myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate; InsP6) is a natural compound that is abundant in cereals, legumes, and nuts that has demonstrated to have different beneficial properties in patients with diabetes type 2.

METHODS

We performed a randomized crossover trial to investigate the impact of daily consumption of InsP6 on serum levels of adiponectin, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; n = 39). Thus, we measure serum levels of these inflammatory markers, classic vascular risk factors, and urinary InsP6 at baseline and at the end of the intervention period.

RESULTS

Patients who consumed InsP6 supplements for 3 months had higher levels of adiponectin and lower HbA1c than those who did not consume InsP6. No differences were found in TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report to show that consumption of InsP6 increases plasma adiponectin concentration in patients with T2DM. Consequently, our findings indicate that following a phytate-rich diet has beneficial effects on adiponectin and HbA1c concentrations and it could help to prevent or minimize diabetic-related complications.

Pancreas-Liver-Adipose Axis: Target of Environmental Cadmium Exposure Linked to Metabolic Diseases

Cadmium has been well recognized as a critical toxic agent in acute and chronic poisoning cases in occupational and nonoccupational settings and environmental exposure situations. Cadmium is released into the environment after natural and anthropogenic activities, particularly in contaminated and industrial areas, causing food pollution. In the body, cadmium has no biological activity, but it accumulates primarily in the liver and kidney, which are considered the main targets of its toxicity, through oxidative stress and inflammation. However, in the last few years, this metal has been linked to metabolic diseases. The pancreas-liver-adipose axis is largely affected by cadmium accumulation. Therefore, this review aims to collect bibliographic information that establishes the basis for understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms linked to cadmium with carbohydrate, lipids, and endocrine impairments that contribute to developing insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, and diabetes.