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Exosome-Mediated Immunosuppression in Tumor Microenvironments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121946. [PMID: 35741075 PMCID: PMC9221707 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous structures secreted by nearly all cell types. As critical messengers for intercellular communication, exosomes deliver bioactive cargoes to recipient cells and are involved in multiple physiopathological processes, including immunoregulation. Our pioneering study revealed that cancer cells release programmed death-ligand 1-positive exosomes into the circulation to counter antitumor immunity systemically via T cells. Tumor cell-derived exosomes (TDEs) also play an immunosuppressive role in other immunocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Moreover, exosomes secreted by nontumor cells in the tumor microenvironments (TMEs) also exert immunosuppressive effects. This review systematically provides a summary of the immunosuppression induced by exosomes in tumor microenvironments, which modulates tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and immunotherapeutic resistance. Additionally, therapeutic strategies targeting the molecular mechanism of exosome-mediated tumor development, which may help overcome several obstacles, such as immune tolerance in oncotherapy, are also discussed. Detailed knowledge of the specific functions of exosomes in antitumor immunity may contribute to the development of innovative treatments.
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Mousavi SM, Amin Mahdian SM, Ebrahimi MS, Taghizadieh M, Vosough M, Sadri Nahand J, Hosseindoost S, Vousooghi N, Javar HA, Larijani B, Hadjighassem MR, Rahimian N, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Microfluidics for detection of exosomes and microRNAs in cancer: State of the art. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:758-791. [PMID: 35664698 PMCID: PMC9130092 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with sizes ranging from 30-150 nanometers that contain proteins, lipids, mRNAs, microRNAs, and double-stranded DNA derived from the cells of origin. Exosomes can be taken up by target cells, acting as a means of cell-to-cell communication. The discovery of these vesicles in body fluids and their participation in cell communication has led to major breakthroughs in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of several conditions (e.g., cancer). However, conventional isolation and evaluation of exosomes and their microRNA content suffers from high cost, lengthy processes, difficult standardization, low purity, and poor yield. The emergence of microfluidics devices with increased efficiency in sieving, trapping, and immunological separation of small volumes could provide improved detection and monitoring of exosomes involved in cancer. Microfluidics techniques hold promise for advances in development of diagnostic and prognostic devices. This review covers ongoing research on microfluidics devices for detection of microRNAs and exosomes as biomarkers and their translation to point-of-care and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Amin Mahdian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Center for Women’s Health Research Zahra, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saereh Hosseindoost
- Pain Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Akbari Javar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Rahimian
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Ayuso JM, Virumbrales-Muñoz M, Lang JM, Beebe DJ. A role for microfluidic systems in precision medicine. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3086. [PMID: 35654785 PMCID: PMC9163169 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision oncology continues to challenge the "one-size-fits-all" dogma. Under the precision oncology banner, cancer patients are screened for molecular tumor alterations that predict treatment response, ideally leading to optimal treatments. Functional assays that directly evaluate treatment efficacy on the patient's cells offer an alternative and complementary tool to improve the accuracy of precision oncology. Unfortunately, traditional Petri dish-based assays overlook much tumor complexity, limiting their potential as predictive functional biomarkers. Here, we review past applications of microfluidic systems for precision medicine and discuss the present and potential future role of functional microfluidic assays as treatment predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ayuso
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - María Virumbrales-Muñoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua M Lang
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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54
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Li C, Zeng X, Qiu S, Gu Y, Zhang Y. Nanomedicine for urologic cancers: diagnosis and management. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:463-475. [PMID: 35660001 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Urologic cancers accounted for more than 2 million new cases and around 0.8 million deaths in 2020. Although surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, as well as castration for prostate cancer, remain the cornerstones for managing urologic neoplasms, they can result in severe adverse effects, poor patient compliance, and unsatisfactory survival rates, thus, it is essential to develop novel options that enable the early detection of these malignancies, together with providing accurate diagnoses, and more efficient treatment strategies. Nanomedicine represents an emerging approach that can deliver formulations or drugs across traditional biological barriers in the body and be directed to specific cell types within target organs via active targeting or passive targeting, thus, showing potential to improve the management of urologic cancers. In this review, we discussed the most recent updates on the application of nanomedicines in the diagnosis and treatment of urologic cancers, with focus on prostate, bladder and kidney tumors. We also presented the anti-tumor molecular mechanisms of newly designed nanomedicine for treating urologic cancers, mainly including image-guided surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and their synergetic therapy. Current studies have demonstrated the potential advantages of nanomedicine over conventional approaches. However, most developments and new findings in this area have not been validated in clinical trials yet, and therefore, efforts shall be made to translate these research insights into clinical practices for urologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Li
- Biomedical Big Data Center, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zeng
- Biomedical Big Data Center, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital, Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghong Gu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Periodical Press, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Bakhsh T, Alhazmi S, Alburae NA, Farsi A, Alzahrani F, Choudhry H, Bahieldin A. Exosomal miRNAs as a Promising Source of Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094855. [PMID: 35563246 PMCID: PMC9103063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide amongst males and females. CRC treatment is multidisciplinary, often including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Early diagnosis of CRC can lead to treatment initiation at an earlier stage. Blood biomarkers are currently used to detect CRC, but because of their low sensitivity and specificity, they are considered inadequate diagnostic tools and are used mainly for following up patients for recurrence. It is necessary to detect novel, noninvasive, specific, and sensitive biomarkers for the screening and diagnosis of CRC at earlier stages. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has an essential role in tumorigenesis; for example, extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes can play a crucial role in communication between cancer cells and different components of TME, thereby inducing tumor progression. The importance of miRNAs that are sorted into exosomes has recently attracted scientists’ attention. Some unique sequences of miRNAs are favorably packaged into exosomes, and it has been illustrated that particular miRNAs can be directed into exosomes by special mechanisms that occur inside the cells. This review illustrates and discusses the sorted and transported exosomal miRNAs in the CRC microenvironment and their impact on CRC progression as well as their potential use as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Bakhsh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Jeddah University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Safiah Alhazmi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Najla Ali Alburae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Ali Farsi
- Department of Surgry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faisal Alzahrani
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Embryonic Stem Cells Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Centre of Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.B.)
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Tang X, Chen F, Xie LC, Liu SX, Mai HR. Targeting metabolism: A potential strategy for hematological cancer therapy. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:2990-3004. [PMID: 35647127 PMCID: PMC9082716 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i10.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most hematological cancer-related relapses and deaths are caused by metastasis; thus, the importance of this process as a target of therapy should be considered. Hematological cancer is a type of cancer in which metabolism plays an essential role in progression. Therefore, we are required to block fundamental metastatic processes and develop specific preclinical and clinical strategies against those biomarkers involved in the metabolic regulation of hematological cancer cells, which do not rely on primary tumor responses. To understand progress in this field, we provide a summary of recent developments in the understanding of metabolism in hematological cancer and a general understanding of biomarkers currently used and under investigation for clinical and preclinical applications involving drug development. The signaling pathways involved in cancer cell metabolism are highlighted and shed light on how we could identify novel biomarkers involved in cancer development and treatment. This review provides new insights into biomolecular carriers that could be targeted as anticancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fen Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Chun Xie
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Si-Xi Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui-Rong Mai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518038, Guangdong Province, China
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57
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Functionalized nanomaterials in separation and analysis of extracellular vesicles and their contents. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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58
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Papadakos SP, Dedes N, Pergaris A, Gazouli M, Theocharis S. Exosomes in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: A Moonshot to PDAC Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3620. [PMID: 35408980 PMCID: PMC8998433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes a leading cause of cancer death globally. Its mortality remains unaltered despite the considerable scientific progress made in the fields of diagnostics and treatment. Exosomes comprise of small extracellular vesicles secreted by nearly all cells; their cargo contains a vast array of biomolecules, such as proteins and microRNAs. It is currently established that their role as messengers is central to a plethora of both physiologic and pathologic processes. Accumulating data have shed light on their contributions to carcinogenesis, metastasis, and immunological response. Meanwhile, the advancement of personalized targeted therapies into everyday clinical practice necessitates the development of cost-efficient treatment approaches. The role of exosomes is currently being extensively investigated towards this direction. This review aims to summarize the current pre-clinical and clinical evidence regarding the effects of exosomal applications in the timely diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros P. Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Dedes
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandros Pergaris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
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Muresanu C, Khalchitsky S. Updated Understanding of the Causes of Cancer, and a New Theoretical Perspective of Combinational Cancer Therapies, a Hypothesis. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:342-355. [PMID: 35262416 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an integrative understanding of cancer as a metabolic multifactorial, multistage disease. We focus on underlying genetics-environmental interactions, evidenced by telomere changes. A range of genetic and epigenetic factors, including physical agents and predisposing factors such as diet and lifestyle are included. We present a structured model of the causes of cancer, methods of investigations, approaches to cancer prevention, and polypharmaceutical multidisciplinary complex treatment within a framework of personalized medicine. We searched PubMed, National Cancer Institute online, and other databases for publications regarding causes of cancer, reports of novel mitochondrial reprogramming, epigenetic, and telomerase therapies and state-of-the-art investigations. We focused on multistep treatment protocols to enhance early detection of cancer, and elimination or neutralization of the causes and factors associated with cancer formation and progression.Our aim is to suggest a model therapeutic protocol that incorporates the patient's genome, metabolism, and immune system status; stage of tumor development; and comorbidity(ies), if any. Investigation and treatment of cancer is a challenge that requires further holistic studies that improve the quality of life and survival rates, but are most likely to aid prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Muresanu
- Research Center for Applied Biotechnology in Diagnosis and Molecular Therapies, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Ecology, Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sergei Khalchitsky
- H. Turner National Medical Research Center for Children's Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Deng Y, Xue R, Patel N, Xu W, Zhang H. Serum Extracellular Nano-Vesicles miR-153-3p to Identify Micronodular Lung Cancer from Sub-Centimeter Lung Nodules. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022; 18:705-717. [PMID: 35715903 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of malignancy from sub-centimeter lung nodules (LNs, <1 cm) is core for prevention and treatment of primary phases of lung cancer (LC). The study's purpose was to predict micro-nodular lung cancer (mnLC), such as adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), micro-invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and invasive adenocarcinoma stage 1 (IA1) based on serum extracellular nano-vesicles (sEVs) miR-153-3p. sEVs-miR-153-3p was selected in this study and then used to investigate the expression and efficacy by RT-qPCR in the validation phase, followed by sEVs derived from patients of mnLC, benign lung nodule (BLN), and healthy people groups comprised of 135 recruiters. Further, the study established the prediction model which combined sEVs-miR-153-3p expression with multiple clinical-radiomics features by Logistic algorithms and was authenticated by the area under curve (AUC) phenomenon. Then, a simple-to-use nomogram was developed by Cox proportional-hazards regression modeling for predicting mnLC. Besides, in vitro analyses were performed to demonstrate miR-153-3p/ROCK1 axis in regulating biological mechanisms using LC cell lines. Results demonstrated that sEVs-miR-153-5p's expression values were higher in mnLC patients compared to BLN and healthy people. The prediction model for mnLC was successfully established, utilizing sEVs-miR-153-5p biomarker with significant clinical-radiomics features and yielding an AUC = 0.943 (95%CI: 0.898~0.989, P <0.0001). Moreover, the miR-153-3p and its targeted gene ROCK1 were confirmed as down-regulated in NSCLC cell lines and up-regulated expression respectively. Moreover, the miR-153-3p/ROCK1 axis took part in promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling pathway and regulated certain biological functions, such as proliferation, migration and invasion of LC cells. Therefore, the sEVs-miR-153-3p associated with radiomics-clinical features showed enormous potential to non-invasively identify malignancy from subcentimeter LNs. miR-153-3p could promote the genesis and progress of LC via EMT signaling pathway, which may serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Deng
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Rongyu Xue
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Nishant Patel
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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Dong Z, Yang X, Qiu T, an Y, Zhang G, Li Q, Jiang L, Yang G, Cao J, Sun X, Liu X, Liu D, Yao X. Exosomal miR-181a-2-3p derived from citreoviridin-treated hepatocytes activates hepatic stellate cells trough inducing mitochondrial calcium overload. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 358:109899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hong R, Sun H, Li D, Yang W, Fan K, Liu C, Dong L, Wang G. A Review of Biosensors for Detecting Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:342. [PMID: 35330093 PMCID: PMC8955405 DOI: 10.3390/life12030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has the highest cancer incidence rate in women. Early screening of breast cancer can effectively improve the treatment effect of patients. However, the main diagnostic techniques available for the detection of breast cancer require the corresponding equipment, professional practitioners, and expert analysis, and the detection cost is high. Tumor markers are a kind of active substance that can indicate the existence and growth of the tumor. The detection of tumor markers can effectively assist the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The conventional detection methods of tumor markers have some shortcomings, such as insufficient sensitivity, expensive equipment, and complicated operations. Compared with these methods, biosensors have the advantages of high sensitivity, simple operation, low equipment cost, and can quantitatively detect all kinds of tumor markers. This review summarizes the biosensors (2013-2021) for the detection of breast cancer biomarkers. Firstly, the various reported tumor markers of breast cancer are introduced. Then, the development of biosensors designed for the sensitive, stable, and selective recognition of breast cancer biomarkers was systematically discussed, with special attention to the main clinical biomarkers, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and estrogen receptor (ER). Finally, the opportunities and challenges of developing efficient biosensors in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hong
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dujuan Li
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Weihuang Yang
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Linxi Dong
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Smart Microsensors and Microsystems, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.H.); (H.S.); (W.Y.); (K.F.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (G.W.)
- School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Rao VS, Gu Q, Tzschentke S, Lin K, Ganig N, Thepkaysone ML, Wong FC, Polster H, Seifert L, Seifert AM, Buck N, Riediger C, Weiße J, Gutschner T, Michen S, Temme A, Schneider M, Baenke F, Weitz J, Kahlert C. Extravesicular TIMP-1 is a non-invasive independent prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target in colorectal liver metastases. Oncogene 2022; 41:1809-1820. [PMID: 35140332 PMCID: PMC8933275 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular reprogramming of stromal microarchitecture by tumour-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) is proposed to favour pre-metastatic niche formation. We elucidated the role of extravesicular tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1EV) in pro-invasive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling of the liver microenvironment to aid tumour progression in colorectal cancer (CRC). Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a high expression of stromal TIMP1 in the invasion front that was associated with poor progression-free survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases. Molecular analysis identified TIMP1EV enrichment in CRC-EVs as a major factor in the induction of TIMP1 upregulation in recipient fibroblasts. Mechanistically, we proved that EV-mediated TIMP1 upregulation in recipient fibroblasts induced ECM remodelling. This effect was recapitulated by human serum-derived EVs providing strong evidence that CRC release active EVs into the blood circulation of patients for the horizontal transfer of malignant traits to recipient cells. Moreover, EV-associated TIMP1 binds to HSP90AA, a heat-shock protein, and the inhibition of HSP90AA on human-derived serum EVs attenuates TIMP1EV-mediated ECM remodelling, rendering EV-associated TIMP1 a potential therapeutic target. Eventually, in accordance with REMARK guidelines, we demonstrated in three independent cohorts that EV-bound TIMP1 is a robust circulating biomarker for a non-invasive, preoperative risk stratification in patients with colorectal liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Sadananda Rao
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Qianyu Gu
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Tzschentke
- Department of Medicine, Haematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kuailu Lin
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Ganig
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - May-Linn Thepkaysone
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fang Cheng Wong
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Polster
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Seifert
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner site Dresden, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian M Seifert
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner site Dresden, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Buck
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carina Riediger
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Weiße
- Junior Research Group 'RNA Biology and Pathogenesis', Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Tony Gutschner
- Junior Research Group 'RNA Biology and Pathogenesis', Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Susanne Michen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurosurgery and Tumour Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurosurgery and Tumour Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Baenke
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner site Dresden, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kahlert
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,National Center for Tumor Diseases, Partner site Dresden, Heidelberg, Germany.
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64
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Cappello F, Fais S. Extracellular vesicles in cancer pros and cons: the importance of the evidence-based medicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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65
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Exploring the Clinical Utility of Pancreatic Cancer Circulating Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031671. [PMID: 35163592 PMCID: PMC8836025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most frequent pancreatic cancer type, characterized by a dismal prognosis due to late diagnosis, frequent metastases, and limited therapeutic response to standard chemotherapy. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a rare subset of tumor cells found in the blood of cancer patients. CTCs has the potential utility for screening, early and definitive diagnosis, prognostic and predictive assessment, and offers the potential for personalized management. However, a gold-standard CTC detection and enrichment method remains elusive, hindering comprehensive comparisons between studies. In this review, we summarize data regarding the utility of CTCs at different stages of PDAC from early to metastatic disease and discuss the molecular profiling and culture of CTCs. The characterization of CTCs brings us closer to defining the specific CTC subpopulation responsible for metastasis with the potential to uncover new therapies and more effective management options for PDAC.
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66
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Serratì S, Guida M, Di Fonte R, De Summa S, Strippoli S, Iacobazzi RM, Quarta A, De Risi I, Guida G, Paradiso A, Porcelli L, Azzariti A. Circulating extracellular vesicles expressing PD1 and PD-L1 predict response and mediate resistance to checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:20. [PMID: 35042524 PMCID: PMC8764806 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunotherapy with immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICI) has changed the life expectancy in metastatic melanoma (MM) patients. Nevertheless, several patients do not respond hence, the identification and validation of novel biomarkers of response to ICI is of crucial importance. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as PD-L1+ EV mediate resistance to anti-PD1, instead the role of PD1+ EV is not fully understood. METHODS We isolated the circulating EVs from the plasma of an observational cohort study of 71 metastatic melanoma patients and correlated the amount of PD-L1+ EVs and PD1+ EVs with the response to ICI. The analysis was performed according to the origin of EVs from the tumor and the immune cells. Subsequently, we analysed the data in a validation cohort of 22 MM patients to assess the reliability of identified EV-based biomarkers. Additionally we assessed the involvement of PD1+ EVs in the seizure of nivolumab and in the perturbation of immune cells-mediated killing of melanoma spheroids. RESULTS The level of PD-L1+ EVs released from melanoma and CD8+ T cells and that of PD1+ EVs irrespective of the cellular origin were higher in non-responders. The Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that higher levels of PD1+ EVs were significantly correlated with poorer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Significant correlations were found for PD-L1+ EVs only when released from melanoma and T cells. The multivariate analysis showed that high level of PD1+ EVs, from T cells and B cells, and high level of PD-L1+ EVs from melanoma cells, are independent biomarkers of response. The reliability of PD-L1+ EVs from melanoma and PD1+ EVs from T cells in predicting PFS was confirmed in the validation cohort through the univariate Cox-hazard regression analysis. Moreover we discovered that the circulating EVs captured nivolumab and reduced the T cells trafficking and tumor spheroids killing. CONCLUSION Our study identified circulating PD1+ EVs as driver of resistance to anti-PD1, and highlighted that the analysis of single EV population by liquid biopsy is a promising tool to stratify MM patients for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serratì
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Guida
- Rare Tumors and Melanoma Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Fonte
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona De Summa
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Sabino Strippoli
- Rare Tumors and Melanoma Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Quarta
- CNR NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, National Research Council (CNR), via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Ivana De Risi
- Rare Tumors and Melanoma Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Paradiso
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy.
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, V.le O. Flacco, 65, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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BHMPS Inhibits Breast Cancer Migration and Invasion by Disrupting Rab27a-Mediated EGFR and Fibronectin Secretion. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020373. [PMID: 35053535 PMCID: PMC8773646 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Numerous studies targeting Rab GTPases and its multiple effectors have been attempted since exocytosis has been shown to alter tumor malignancy by modulating cancer cell behavior and tumor microenvironment. Here, we demonstrated that BHMPS inhibits migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by blocking the interaction between Rab27a and Slp4. BHMPS interfered with vesicle trafficking and secretion by decreasing FAK and JNK activation. In addition, BHMPS suppressed tumor growth in Rab27a-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice. This study highlighted the importance of understanding the mechanisms of Rab27a-mediated metastasis in improving the therapeutic options for metastatic cancers. Abstract Our previous work demonstrated that (E)-N-benzyl-6-(2-(3, 4-dihydroxybenzylidene) hydrazinyl)-N-methylpyridine-3-sulfonamide (BHMPS), a novel synthetic inhibitor of Rab27aSlp(s) interaction, suppresses tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Here, we aimed to further investigate the mechanisms of action and biological significance of BHMPS. BHMPS decreased the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factors through inhibition of focal adhesion kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation, thereby reducing the migration and invasion of breast cancer. Additionally, knockdown of Rab27a inhibited tumor migration, with changes in related signaling molecules, whereas overexpression of Rab27a reversed this phenomenon. BHMPS effectively prevented the interaction of Rab27a and its effector Slp4, which was verified by co-localization, immunoprecipitation, and in situ proximity ligation assays. BHMPS decreased the secretion of epidermal growth factor receptor and fibronectin by interfering with vesicle trafficking, as indicated by increased perinuclear accumulation of CD63-positive vesicles. Moreover, administration of BHMPS suppressed tumor growth in Rab27a-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice. These findings suggest that BHMPS may be a promising candidate for attenuating tumor migration and invasion by blocking Rab27a-mediated exocytosis.
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Abstract
Exosomes are an intriguing class of nanosized vesicles (~30-150 nm in diameter) released by all cell types for intercellular communication and also for cellular metabolic waste removal to maintain cellular homeostasis. Exosomes secreted by cancer cells play an important role in supporting tumor growth and metastasis by communicating with other cells in the tumor microenvironment and distant sites. Several studies have reported that the exosomes secreted by cancer cells show distinct characteristics, including size, cargo, and surface proteins from the normal cells, and can be used as important biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis for various cancer types. Exosomes represent many distinct biochemical and morphological characteristics than other -extracellular vesicles (EVs), including their size and surface proteins. Understanding the functional role of exosomes requires specific methods for their characterization to distinguish them from other EV and non-EV structures. Transmission electron microscopy with the immunogold labeling method allows direct detection of exosomes based on their size and specific surface protein. In this chapter, we outlined the required materials and detailed method for immunogold labeling for exosomal surface proteins and size characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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69
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Cytokine-enhanced cytolytic activity of exosomes from NK Cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:734-749. [PMID: 34316033 PMCID: PMC9209332 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play key roles in immune surveillance against tumors and viral infection. NK cells distinguish abnormal cells from healthy cells by cell-cell interaction with cell surface proteins and then attack target cells via multiple mechanisms. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from NK cells (NK-EVs), including exosomes, possess cytotoxic capacity against tumor cells, but their characteristics and regulation by cytokines remain unknown. Here, we report that EVs derived from human NK-92 cells stimulated with IL-15 + IL-21 show enhanced cytotoxic capacity against tumor cells. Major cytolytic granules, granzyme B and granzyme H, are enriched by IL-15 + IL-21 stimulation in NK-EVs; however, knockout experiments reveal those cytolytic granules are independent of enhanced cytotoxic capacity. To find out the key molecules, mass spectrometry analyses were performed with different cytokine conditions, no cytokine, IL-15, IL-21, or IL-15 + IL-21. We then found that CD226 (DNAM-1) on NK-EVs is enriched by IL-15 + IL-21 stimulation and that blocking antibodies against CD226 reduced the cytolytic activity of NK-EVs. We also show NK-EVs are taken up by target cells via macropinocytosis. Collectively, our findings elucidate the novel properties of NK-EVs and the mechanism of their incorporation into target cells.
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70
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Lin B, Wang Y, Zhao K, Lü WD, Hui X, Ma Y, Lv R. Exosome-based rare earth nanoparticles for targeted in situ and metastatic tumor imaging with chemo-assisted immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 10:744-752. [PMID: 34940770 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01809d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this research, a tumor exosome system DOX/2DG@E-RENPs with good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and a high targeting effect was proposed for theranostics with high chemo-/starvation/immunotherapy efficiency. DOX and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DOX/2DG) together with rare earth nanoparticles (RENPs) can be simultaneously carried on the exosome by endocytosis of tumor cells and then exocytosis in vitro. This platform has a good monodispersity with an average size of 70 nm, and the system can emit upconversion luminescence and NIR II luminescence under a single NIR laser. In particular, this exosome can target homing cancer cells and kill the origin tumor cells. The strong targeting effect was proved by different cell lines with exosomes from different orthogonal cells (normal/cancer cells and human/mouse sources, respectively), and the in vivo NIR II imaging guided targeted cancer imaging and liver metastases can be realized by intravenous injection of E-RENPs. Furthermore, the good targeted therapeutic effect and in vivo NIR II imaging and metastases of this platform can be proved. The chemotherapy, starvation therapy, and immunotherapy (immune checkpoint inhibitors of an anti-PD-L1 antibody) could achieve effective synergistic therapy for lung adenocarcinoma, and the immunotherapy can be further proved by the clinical data. This will provide a new strategy for the precise targeting and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710071, China.
| | - Yanxing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710071, China.
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated to the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Wei-Dong Lü
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Shaanxi Province, Affiliated to the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Xin Hui
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710071, China.
| | - Yaqun Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710071, China.
| | - Ruichan Lv
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710071, China.
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Gupta P, Neupane YR, Parvez S, Kohli K. Recent advances in targeted nanotherapeutic approaches for breast cancer management. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2605-2631. [PMID: 34854336 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring tumor disease worldwide. Breast cancer is currently managed by conventional chemotherapy, which is inadequate in curbing this heterogeneous disease and results in off-site toxic effects, suggesting effective treatment approaches with better therapeutic profiles are needed. This review, therefore, focuses on the recent advancements in delivering therapeutics to the target site using passive and/or active targeted nanodrug-delivery systems to ameliorate endolysosomal escape. In addition, recent strategies in targeting breast cancer stem cells are discussed. The role of naturally cell-secreted nanovesicles (exosomes) in the management of triple-negative breast cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Yub Raj Neupane
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117559
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.,Lloyd Institute of Management & Technology (Pharm.), Plot No. 11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida, 201308, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Polyphosphate expression by cancer cell extracellular vesicles mediates binding of factor XII and contact activation. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4741-4751. [PMID: 34597365 PMCID: PMC8759128 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleaved HK is observed in many patients with cancer, suggesting activation of the contact system. EVs from cancer cell lines or patients with cancer express polyphosphate, bind and activate FXII, and are prothrombotic.
Extracellular vesicles (EV) have been implicated in diverse biological processes, including intracellular communication, transport of nucleic acids, and regulation of vascular function. Levels of EVs are elevated in cancer, and studies suggest that EV may stimulate thrombosis in patients with cancer through expression of tissue factor. However, limited data also implicate EV in the activation of the contact pathway of coagulation through activation of factor XII (FXII) to FXIIa. To better define the ability of EV to initiate contact activation, we compared the ability of EV derived from different cancer cell lines to activate FXII. EV from all cell lines activated FXII, with those derived from pancreatic and lung cancer cell lines demonstrating the most potent activity. Concordant with the activation of FXII, EV induced the cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen (HK) to cleaved kininogen. We also observed that EVs from patients with cancer stimulated FXII activation and HK cleavage. To define the mechanisms of FXII activation by EV, EV were treated with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase or Escherichia coli exopolyphosphatase to degrade polyphosphate; this treatment blocked binding of FXII to EVs and the ability of EV to mediate FXII activation. In vivo, EV induced pulmonary thrombosis in wild-type mice, with protection conferred by a deficiency in FXII, HK, or prekallikrein. Moreover, pretreatment of EVs with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibited their prothrombotic effect. These results indicate that polyphosphate mediates the binding of contact factors to EV and that EV-associated polyphosphate may contribute to the prothrombotic effects of EV in cancer.
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Logozzi M, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Giuliani A, Maggi M, Sciarra A, Fais S. Plasmatic Exosome Number and Size Distinguish Prostate Cancer Patients From Healthy Individuals: A Prospective Clinical Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:727317. [PMID: 34745949 PMCID: PMC8564386 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.727317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a urgent need for valuable strategy in early and less invasive diagnosis for cancer. Preliminary data have shown that the plasmatic levels of exosomes increase in cancer condition. This study investigates the relevance of plasmatic levels and size distribution of exosomes in 42 individuals with no signs of urological disease (CTR) as compared to 65 prostate cancer patients (PCa). It was used Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), a highly reliable and sensitive method for exosomes characterization and quantification. The relation structure among the NTA-derived parameters was assessed by means of Principal Component Analysis, which allowed detecting the global discriminant power of NTA test in terms of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the selection of cut-off thresholds. The results showed that PCa had significantly higher plasmatic levels of exosomes and that the exosomes were smaller in size as compared to the CTR; the values reached 89% sensitivity and 71% specificity, in distinguishing PCa from CTR. These results propose a new exosome-based non-invasive clinical approach for the clinical follow-up of prostate cancer undergoing surgical treatment; in addition this method may be developed as a new screening test for prostate cancer's early diagnosis. While this clinical study was performed in prostate cancer, it may represent a proof of concept extendable to virtually all cancers, as it is suggested by both pre-clinical evidence and clinical data obtained with different technical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Maggi
- Department of Urology, Policlinico Umberto I, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sciarra
- Department of Urology, Policlinico Umberto I, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Perera CJ, Falasca M, Chari ST, Greenfield JR, Xu Z, Pirola RC, Wilson JS, Apte MV. Role of Pancreatic Stellate Cell-Derived Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer-Related Diabetes: A Novel Hypothesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205224. [PMID: 34680372 PMCID: PMC8534084 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating condition characterised by vague symptomatology and delayed diagnosis. About 30% of PDAC patients report a history of new onset diabetes, usually diagnosed within 3 years prior to the diagnosis of cancer. Thus, new onset diabetes, which is also known as pancreatic cancer-related diabetes (PCRD), could be a harbinger of PDAC. Diabetes is driven by progressive β cell loss/dysfunction and insulin resistance, two key features that are also found in PCRD. Experimental studies suggest that PDAC cell-derived exosomes carry factors that are detrimental to β cell function and insulin sensitivity. However, the role of stromal cells, particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), in the pathogenesis of PCRD is not known. PSCs are present around the earliest neoplastic lesions and around islets. Given that PSCs interact closely with cancer cells to drive cancer progression, it is possible that exosomal cargo from both cancer cells and PSCs plays a role in modulating β cell function and peripheral insulin resistance. Identification of such mediators may help elucidate the mechanisms of PCRD and aid early detection of PDAC. This paper discusses the concept of a novel role of PSCs in the pathogenesis of PCRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamini J. Perera
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (C.J.P.); (Z.X.); (R.C.P.); (J.S.W.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney 2170, Australia
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia;
| | - Suresh T. Chari
- M.D Anderson Cancer Centre, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas, Houston, TX 75083, USA;
| | - Jerry R. Greenfield
- St Vincent Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia;
- Healthy Ageing, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2830, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst 3065, Australia
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (C.J.P.); (Z.X.); (R.C.P.); (J.S.W.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney 2170, Australia
| | - Romano C. Pirola
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (C.J.P.); (Z.X.); (R.C.P.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Jeremy S. Wilson
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (C.J.P.); (Z.X.); (R.C.P.); (J.S.W.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney 2170, Australia
| | - Minoti V. Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia; (C.J.P.); (Z.X.); (R.C.P.); (J.S.W.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney 2170, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-87389029
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75
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Oliveira FD, Castanho MARB, Neves V. Exosomes and Brain Metastases: A Review on Their Role and Potential Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10899. [PMID: 34639239 PMCID: PMC8509735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are a frequent complication in patients with advanced stages of cancer, associated with impairment of the neurological function, quality of life, prognosis, and survival. BM treatment consists of a combination of the available cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Even so, cancer patients with BM are still linked to poor prognosis, with overall survival being reported as 12 months or less. Intercellular communication has a pivotal role in the development of metastases, therefore, it has been extensively studied not only to better understand the metastization process, but also to further develop new therapeutic strategies. Exosomes have emerged as key players in intercellular communication being potential therapeutic targets, drug delivery systems (DDS) or biomarkers. In this Review, we focus on the role of these extracellular vesicles (EVs) in BM formation and their promising application in the development of new BM therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vera Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (F.D.O.); (M.A.R.B.C.)
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76
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Leonardi AA, Battaglia R, Morganti D, Lo Faro MJ, Fazio B, De Pascali C, Francioso L, Palazzo G, Mallardi A, Purrello M, Priolo F, Musumeci P, Di Pietro C, Irrera A. A Novel Silicon Platform for Selective Isolation, Quantification, and Molecular Analysis of Small Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5153-5165. [PMID: 34611399 PMCID: PMC8487288 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s310896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), thanks to their cargo, are involved in cellular communication and play important roles in cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, apoptosis, stemness and embryo development. Their contribution to human pathology has been widely demonstrated and they are emerging as strategic biomarkers of cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. However, the use of sEVs for medical applications is still limited due to the selectivity and sensitivity limits of the commonly applied approaches. Methods Novel sensing solutions based on nanomaterials are arising as strategic tools able to surpass traditional sensor limits. Among these, Si nanowires (Si NWs), realized with cost-effective industrially compatible metal-assisted chemical etching, are perfect candidates for sEV detection. Results In this paper, the realization of a selective sensor able to isolate, concentrate and quantify specific vesicle populations, from minimal volumes of biofluid, is presented. In particular, this Si NW platform has a detection limit of about 2×105 sEVs/mL and was tested with follicular fluid and blastocoel samples. Moreover, the possibility to detach the selectively isolated sEVs allowing further analyses with other approaches was demonstrated by SEM analysis and several PCRs performed on the RNA content of the detached sEVs. Discussion This platform overcomes the limit of detection of traditional methods and, most importantly, preserves the biological content of sEVs, opening the route toward a reliable liquid biopsy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alessio Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy.,CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, 98158, Italy.,CNR-IMM UoS Catania, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Rosalia Battaglia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Dario Morganti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy.,CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, 98158, Italy
| | - Maria Josè Lo Faro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy.,CNR-IMM UoS Catania, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Barbara Fazio
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, 98158, Italy
| | - Chiara De Pascali
- CNR-IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Via Monteroni, University Campus, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Luca Francioso
- CNR-IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Via Monteroni, University Campus, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Gerardo Palazzo
- Chemistry Department, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, 70125, Italy.,CSGI, Center for Colloid and Surface Science c/o Chemistry Department, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Antonia Mallardi
- CNR-IPCF, Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, c/o Chemistry Department, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Michele Purrello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Priolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Paolo Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessia Irrera
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, 98158, Italy
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77
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Izadirad M, Huang Z, Jafari F, Hamidieh AA, Gharehbaghian A, Li YD, Jafari L, Chen ZS. Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Leukemia: A Mesmerizing Journey With a Focus on Transferred microRNAs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:766371. [PMID: 34692712 PMCID: PMC8527035 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.766371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their small size, the membrane-bound particles named extracellular vesicles (EVs) seem to play an enormous role in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia. From oncogenic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to become leukemic cells to alter the architecture of bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, EVs are critical components of leukemia development. As a carrier of essential molecules, especially a group of small non-coding RNAs known as miRNA, recently, EVs have attracted tremendous attention as a prognostic factor. Given the importance of miRNAs in the early stages of leukemogenesis and also their critical parts in the development of drug-resistant phenotype, it seems that the importance of EVs in the development of leukemia is more than what is expected. To be familiar with the clinical value of leukemia-derived EVs, this review aimed to briefly shed light on the biology of EVs and to discuss the role of EV-derived miRNAs in the development of acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. By elaborating the advances and challenges concerning the isolation of EVs, we discuss whether EVs could have a prognostic value in the clinical setting for leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Izadirad
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zoufang Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Farideh Jafari
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Hamidieh
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gharehbaghian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yi-Dong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Leila Jafari
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Queens, NY, United States
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
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78
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Sharma SR, Paonessa NE, Casadei L, Costas De Faria F, Pollock RE, Grignol V. Clinical biomarkers in soft tissue sarcoma A comprehensive review of current soft tissue sarcoma biomarkers. J Surg Oncol 2021; 125:239-245. [PMID: 34586640 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise from mesenchymal tissue. Investigation at the molecular level has been challenging due to the rarity of STS and the number of histologic subtypes. However, recent research has provided new insight into potential genomic, proteomic, and immunological biomarkers of STS. The identification of biomarkers can improve diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of recurrence and treatment response. This review provides an understanding of biomarkers, discussing the current status of biomarker research in STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya R Sharma
- James Cancer Hospital Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nadia E Paonessa
- James Cancer Hospital Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lucia Casadei
- James Cancer Hospital Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Raphael E Pollock
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Valerie Grignol
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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79
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Zhao Z, Yang S, Zhou A, Li X, Fang R, Zhang S, Zhao G, Li P. Small Extracellular Vesicles in the Development, Diagnosis, and Possible Therapeutic Application of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:732702. [PMID: 34527593 PMCID: PMC8435888 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.732702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) persists among the most lethal and broad-spreading malignancies in China. The exosome is a kind of extracellular vesicle (EV) from about 30 to 200 nm in diameter, contributing to the transfer of specific functional molecules, such as metabolites, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The paramount role of exosomes in the formation and development of ESCC, which relies on promoting intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME), is manifested with immense amounts. Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) participate in most hallmarks of ESCC, including tumorigenesis, invasion, angiogenesis, immunologic escape, metastasis, radioresistance, and chemoresistance. Published reports have delineated that exosome-encapsulated cargos like miRNAs may have utility in the diagnosis, as prognostic biomarkers, and in the treatment of ESCC. This review summarizes the function of exosomes in the neoplasia, progression, and metastasis of ESCC, which improves our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of ESCC, and presents a promising target for early diagnostics in ESCC. However, recent studies of exosomes in the treatment of ESCC are sparse. Thus, we introduce the advances in exosome-based methods and indicate the possible applications for ESCC therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anni Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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80
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Zhao A, Zhao Z, Liu W, Cui X, Wang N, Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun L, Xue H, Wu L, Cui S, Yang Y, Bai R. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts promote the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma by transferring exosomal LncRNA SNHG17. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:10094-10111. [PMID: 34650683 PMCID: PMC8507050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) serve as a predominant regulator in the tumor microenvironment. However, the crosstalk between CAFs and OS cells remains mostly unclear. Recent studies explored that long non-coding RNA (LncRNAs) involved in regulating osteosarcoma (OS) formation and development, but their functions in CAFs are unknown. Here, we first investigated the SNHG17 was upregulated in OS tissues and correlated with the poor prognosis through the integrating clinical data. We then evaluated the function of SNHG17 in vitro using the stable SNHG17-depleted OS cells. HOS cells with SNHG17 knocked down were performed to generate the OS xenograft model. Through immunohistochemistry assay and TUNEL apoptosis assay, the role of SNHG17 on OS development was assessed in vivo. We then examined the SNHG17 expression in exosomes derived from CAFs, normal fibroblasts (NFs), and tumor tissues from the OS clinical samples. The interaction among SNHG17, miR-2861, and MMP2 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and identified by RIP and luciferase assays. The cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of SJSA-1 and HOS cells co-cultured with CAFs-derived exosomes were assessed by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. We found that SNHG17 was upregulated in the tumor tissues and presented a pro-tumorigenic effect on OS both in vitro and in vivo. It also was an essential exosomal cargo of CAFs and could affect OS cell proliferation and migration in vitro. CAFs-released exosomal SNHG17 acted as an essential molecular sponge for miR-2861 in OS cells. Moreover, MMP2 was a direct target of miR-2861 and was regulated by SNHG17. Overall, our findings identified that SNHG17 was an essential exosomal cargo of OS-related CAFs that contributes to proliferation and metastasis of OS, supporting the therapeutic potency of targeting the crosstalk between cancer cells and CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhenqun Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Wanlin Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaolong Cui
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Na Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yong Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Liang Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Huiqin Xue
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lishuan Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shuxia Cui
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yun Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Rui Bai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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81
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Sourani A, Saghaei S, Sabouri M, Soleimani M, Dehghani L. A systematic review of extracellular vesicles as non-invasive biomarkers in glioma diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response monitoring. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6971-6985. [PMID: 34460059 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present systematic review was done to investigate the possible application of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response monitoring of gliomas using available literature to wrap up the final applicable conclusion in this regard. we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases. Authors evaluated the quality of the included studies by the QUADAS-2 tool. In total, 2037 published datasets were retrieved through systematic search. Upon screening for eligibility, 35 datasets were determined as eligible. Exosome was the EV-subtype described in the majority of studies, and most datasets used serum as the primary EVs isolation source. EVs isolation was primarily conducted by ultracentrifugation. 31 datasets reported that EVs hold considerable potential for being used in diagnostics, with the majority reporting different types of miRNAs as biomarkers. Besides, 8 datasets reported that EVs could be a potential source of prognostic biomarkers. And finally, 3 datasets reported that EVs might be a reliable strategy for monitoring therapy response in glioma patients. According to the findings of the current systematic review, it seems that miR-301, miR-21, and HOTAIR had the highest diagnostic accuracy. However, heterogeneous and limited evidence regarding prognosis and treatment response monitoring precludes us from drawing a practical conclusion regarding EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Sourani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Saeid Saghaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masih Sabouri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dehghani
- Neurosciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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82
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Dunphy K, O’Mahoney K, Dowling P, O’Gorman P, Bazou D. Clinical Proteomics of Biofluids in Haematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158021. [PMID: 34360786 PMCID: PMC8348619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of high-throughput proteomic techniques and advances in clinical technologies, there has been a steady rise in the number of cancer-associated diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers being identified and translated into clinical use. The characterisation of biofluids has become a core objective for many proteomic researchers in order to detect disease-associated protein biomarkers in a minimally invasive manner. The proteomes of biofluids, including serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, are highly dynamic with protein abundance fluctuating depending on the physiological and/or pathophysiological context. Improvements in mass-spectrometric technologies have facilitated the in-depth characterisation of biofluid proteomes which are now considered hosts of a wide array of clinically relevant biomarkers. Promising efforts are being made in the field of biomarker diagnostics for haematologic malignancies. Several serum and urine-based biomarkers such as free light chains, β-microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase are quantified as part of the clinical assessment of haematological malignancies. However, novel, minimally invasive proteomic markers are required to aid diagnosis and prognosis and to monitor therapeutic response and minimal residual disease. This review focuses on biofluids as a promising source of proteomic biomarkers in haematologic malignancies and a key component of future diagnostic, prognostic, and disease-monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Dunphy
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Kelly O’Mahoney
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.O.); (P.O.)
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Peter O’Gorman
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.O.); (P.O.)
| | - Despina Bazou
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.O.); (P.O.)
- Correspondence:
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83
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Gwak H, Park S, Kim J, Lee JD, Kim IS, Kim SI, Hyun KA, Jung HI. Microfluidic chip for rapid and selective isolation of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles for early diagnosis and metastatic risk evaluation of breast cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113495. [PMID: 34273737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) index in cancer is a complementary approach for estimating metastatic risk. Considering the demand for evaluating metastatic risk based on liquid biopsies, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be exploited to generate the EMT index. For the generation of EVs-based EMT index, it is essential to selectively isolate each epithelial cell and mesenchymal cell-derived EVs. This study proposes a novel microfluidic chip for selectively separating two types of EVs in an efficient and timely manner. The microfluidic chip is fully integrated with a micromixer for the creation of efficient collision between EVs and specific antibody-coated microbeads (7 and 15 μm in diameter) and a hydrodynamic particle separator for the stratification of EVs bound microbeads according to the sizes of microbeads. Using this chip, over 90% of EVs expressing the epithelial marker (epithelial cell adhesion molecule, EpCAM) and the mesenchymal marker (CD49f) can be selectively isolated within 6.7 min per 100 μL of sample volume. The clinical relevance of EMT is investigated using plasma samples from 20 breast cancer patients and 10 age-matched controls. The EMT index produced from the microfluidic chip is in a good agreement with the conventional tissue-based EMT index and is significantly high in patients with aggressive breast cancer subtypes, compared with healthy controls. In addition, the patients with high scores on the EMT index (≥5) shows recurrence within 5 years after adjuvant treatment. Predicting EMT-index-based metastatic risk using our microfluidic chip can be beneficial for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hogyeong Gwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Dong Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Kim
- EUDIPIA Inc., Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-A Hyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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84
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Burgos-Ravanal R, Campos A, Díaz-Vesga MC, González MF, León D, Lobos-González L, Leyton L, Kogan MJ, Quest AFG. Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Cancer Disease and as Nanosystems in Theranostic Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3324. [PMID: 34283059 PMCID: PMC8268753 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide despite decades of intense efforts to understand the molecular underpinnings of the disease. To date, much of the focus in research has been on the cancer cells themselves and how they acquire specific traits during disease development and progression. However, these cells are known to secrete large numbers of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are now becoming recognized as key players in cancer. EVs contain a large number of different molecules, including but not limited to proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs, and they are actively secreted by many different cell types. In the last two decades, a considerable body of evidence has become available indicating that EVs play a very active role in cell communication. Cancer cells are heterogeneous, and recent evidence reveals that cancer cell-derived EV cargos can change the behavior of target cells. For instance, more aggressive cancer cells can transfer their "traits" to less aggressive cancer cells and convert them into more malignant tumor cells or, alternatively, eliminate those cells in a process referred to as "cell competition". This review discusses how EVs participate in the multistep acquisition of specific traits developed by tumor cells, which are referred to as "the hallmarks of cancer" defined by Hanahan and Weinberg. Moreover, as will be discussed, EVs play an important role in drug resistance, and these more recent advances may explain, at least in part, why pharmacological therapies are often ineffective. Finally, we discuss literature proposing the use of EVs for therapeutic and prognostic purposes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Burgos-Ravanal
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - América Campos
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4029, Australia
| | - Magda C. Díaz-Vesga
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Clínicas de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Cali, Cali 760008, Colombia
| | - María Fernanda González
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Daniela León
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo-Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7590943, Chile;
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Marcelo J. Kogan
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Andrew F. G. Quest
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (R.B.-R.); (A.C.); (M.C.D.-V.); (M.F.G.); (L.L.)
- Centro Avanzado para Estudios en Enfermedades Crónicas (ACCDIS), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
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Mbugua SN, Njenga LW, Odhiambo RA, Wandiga SO, Onani MO. Beyond DNA-targeting in Cancer Chemotherapy. Emerging Frontiers - A Review. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:28-47. [PMID: 32814532 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200819160213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modern anti-cancer drugs target DNA specifically for rapid division of malignant cells. One downside of this approach is that they also target other rapidly dividing healthy cells, such as those involved in hair growth leading to serious toxic side effects and hair loss. Therefore, it would be better to develop novel agents that address cellular signaling mechanisms unique to cancerous cells, and new research is now focussing on such approaches. Although the classical chemotherapy area involving DNA as the set target continues to produce important findings, nevertheless, a distinctly discernible emerging trend is the divergence from the cisplatin operation model that uses the metal as the primary active center of the drug. Many successful anti-cancer drugs present are associated with elevated toxicity levels. Cancers also develop immunity against most therapies and the area of cancer research can, therefore, be seen as an area with a high unaddressed need. Hence, ongoing work into cancer pathogenesis is important to create accurate preclinical tests that can contribute to the development of innovative drugs to manage and treat cancer. Some of the emergent frontiers utilizing different approaches include nanoparticles delivery, use of quantum dots, metal complexes, tumor ablation, magnetic hypothermia and hyperthermia by use of Superparamagnetic Iron oxide Nanostructures, pathomics and radiomics, laser surgery and exosomes. This review summarizes these new approaches in good detail, giving critical views with necessary comparisons. It also delves into what they carry for the future, including their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Mbugua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lydia W Njenga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth A Odhiambo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shem O Wandiga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin O Onani
- Organometallics and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
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86
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Di W, Zhang W, Zhu B, Li X, Tang Q, Zhou Y. Colorectal cancer prompted adipose tissue browning and cancer cachexia through transferring exosomal miR-146b-5p. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5399-5410. [PMID: 33368224 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex syndrome that is associated with thermogenic gene regulation. Currently, although some studies have reported the link between exosomes and cancer cachexia in a few types of cancer, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we tried to identify whether exosomes derived from colorectal cancer could affect lipolysis in vitro and in vivo. Here, we collected the tissue samples from 48 patients with colorectal cancer (47.91% females and mean age 55 ± 8.20) and 48 healthy people at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University to detect the miR-146-5p expression. Here, we found that cancer cells released exosomes induced white adipose tissues (WATs) browning and accelerated lipolysis. We also demonstrated that miR-146b-5p was enriched in cancer-related exosomes. Overexpression miR-146b-5p resulted in increased WAT browning, decreased oxygen consumption, and fat mass loss (14.57%). The further study identified that miR-146b-5p could directly repress the downstream gene homeodomain-containing gene C10 (HOXC10), thereby regulating lipolysis. Therefore, our results indicated that cancer cells derived from exosomal miR-146b-5p played an essential role in WAT browning. Inhibition of cancer-related exosomes might be necessary for improving the cachexia condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Di
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Bei Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qiyun Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yichan Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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87
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Whiteside TL, Diergaarde B, Hong CS. Tumor-Derived Exosomes (TEX) and Their Role in Immuno-Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126234. [PMID: 34207762 PMCID: PMC8229953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in health and disease, including cancer. Tumors produce a mix of EVs differing in size, cellular origin, biogenesis and molecular content. Small EVs (sEV) or exosomes are a subset of 30-150 nm (virus-size) vesicles originating from the multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and carrying a cargo that in its content and topography approximates that of a parent cell. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) present in all body fluids of cancer patients, are considered promising candidates for a liquid tumor biopsy. TEX also mediate immunoregulatory activities: they maintain a crosstalk between the tumor and various non-malignant cells, including immunocytes. Effects that EVs exert on immune cells may be immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory. Here, we review the available data for TEX interactions with immunocytes, focusing on strategies that allow isolation from plasma and separation of TEX from sEV produced by non-malignant cells. Immune effects mediated by either of the subsets can now be distinguished and measured. The approach has allowed for the comparison of molecular and functional profiles of the two sEV fractions in plasma of cancer patients. While TEX carried an excess of immunosuppressive proteins and inhibited immune cell functions in vitro and in vivo, the sEV derived from non-malignant cells, including CD3(+)T cells, were variably enriched in immunostimulatory proteins and could promote functions of immunocytes. Thus, sEV in plasma of cancer patients are heterogenous, representing a complex molecular network which is not evident in healthy donors' plasma. Importantly, TEX appear to be able to reprogram functions of non-malignant CD3(+)T cells inducing them to produce CD3(+)sEV enriched in immunosuppressive proteins. Ratios of stimulatory/inhibitory proteins carried by TEX and by CD3(+)sEV derived from reprogrammed non-malignant cells vary broadly in patients and appear to negatively correlate with disease progression. Simultaneous capture from plasma and functional/molecular profiling of TEX and the CD3(+)sEV fractions allows for defining their role as cancer biomarkers and as monitors of cancer patients' immune competence, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Whiteside
- Department of Pathology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(412)-624-0096; Fax: +1-(412)-623-0264
| | - Brenda Diergaarde
- Department of Human Genetics and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
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88
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Xing M, Wang X, Kiken RA, He L, Zhang JY. Immunodiagnostic Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): The First Step in Detection and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6139. [PMID: 34200243 PMCID: PMC8201127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exerts huge effects on the health burden of the world because of its high mortality and poor prognosis. HCC is often clinically detected late in patients. If HCC could be detected and treated earlier, the survival rate of patients will be greatly improved. Therefore, identifying specific biomarkers is urgent and important for HCC. The liver is also recognized as an immune organ. The occurrence of HCC is related to exacerbation of immune tolerance and/or immunosurveillance escape. The host immune system plays an important role in the recognition and targeting of tumor cells in cancer immunotherapy, as can be seen from the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Thus, there is a pressing medical need to discover immunodiagnostic biomarkers specific to HCC for understanding the pathological mechanisms of HCC, especially for immunotherapy targets. We have reviewed the existing literature to summarize the immunodiagnostic markers of HCC, including autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and exosomes, to provide new insights into HCC and early detection of this deadly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtao Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (X.W.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (X.W.); (R.A.K.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Robert A. Kiken
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (X.W.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences & NIH-Sponsored Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA; (X.W.); (R.A.K.)
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Chen T, Liu Y, Li C, Xu C, Ding C, Chen J, Zhao J. Tumor-derived exosomal circFARSA mediates M2 macrophage polarization via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway to promote non-small cell lung cancer metastasis. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 28:100412. [PMID: 34119765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) facilitate tumor progression by enabling inter-cellular communication. Tumor cell-derived exosomes can polarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. The aim of this study was to determine the role of exosomal circFARSA in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS In situ circFARSA expression in NSCLC tissues was analyzed using qRT-PCR. The in vitro migration of NSCLC cells was evaluated using a transwell assay or through indirect co-culture with M2 macrophages, as appropriate. Immunoprecipitation (IP), western blotting, RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), and RNA pull down assays were conducted for mechanistic studies. RESULTS CircFARSA was significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues, and the ectopic overexpression of circFARSA enhanced NSCLC cell metastasis. Furthermore, NSCLC cell-derived exosomal circFARSA polarized the macrophages to a M2 phenotype. The NSCLC cells co-cultured with macrophages transfected with circFARSA or pre-treated with exosomal circFARSA showed enhanced EMT and metastasis. Mechanistically, exosomal circFARSA induced M2 polarization via PTEN ubiquitination and degradation, which further activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In addition, eIF4A3 promoted circRNA biogenesis and cyclization by binding to its flanking sequences. CONCLUSION Exosomal circFARSA plays a crucial role in cross-talk between macrophages and NSCLC cells through the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and is a promising diagnostic/prognostic biomarker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Jouida A, McCarthy C, Fabre A, Keane MP. Exosomes: a new perspective in EGFR-mutated lung cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:589-601. [PMID: 33855679 PMCID: PMC8213600 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are major contributors in cell to cell communication due to their ability to transfer biological material such as protein, RNA, DNA, and miRNA. Additionally, they play a role in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, and recently, they have emerged as a potential source of information on tumor detection and may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tools. This review focuses on exosomes from lung cancer with a focus on EGFR mutations. Here, we outline the role of exosomes and their functional effect in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exosomes as novel biomarkers in early detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Jouida
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac McCarthy
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aurelie Fabre
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Keane
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- St. Vincent's University Hospital and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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91
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Chen H, Luo C, Zhang S. Intracellular imaging and concurrent pH sensing of cancer-derived exosomes using surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4091-4101. [PMID: 34014359 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have attracted significant attention as cancer diagnostic targets and therapeutic agents due to their unique biogenesis and structure. To clarify the biological activities of exosomes, it is important to obtain a picture of their intracellular distribution and how they evolve over time. In this work, a new kind of intracellular exosome imaging and concurrent pH sensing method is demonstrated by using the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. Specifically, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4MBA)-tagged silver nanoparticles are attached onto the outer surfaces of exosomes, in which silver nanoparticles are employed as SERS generators. Raman agents 4MBA are susceptible to a specific intracellular stimulus, that is, undergo a protonation or deprotonation in response to intracellular pH variation, which correspondingly exhibit different vibrational spectra features. By using the SERS spectroscopy, tracking of the intracellular distribution of exosomes and the concurrent quantitative sensing of environmental pH were achieved, which demonstrated that, as time prolonged, exosomes first attached with the tumor cell surfaces, and then entered into the cells and accumulated in lysosomes. Such SERS-active hybridized exosomes, that are sensitive to discrete variations in intracellular pH, have proved their capability for the investigation of interactions between exosomes and cells. The spectral diversity and flexible surface modification of these hybridized exosomes are also highly expected in developing multifunctional exosome-based nanoplatforms, which offers great potential to promote the exosome-based therapeutics forward into an advanced stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Caixia Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shangtao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
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Sun Z, Yang J, Li H, Wang C, Fletcher C, Li J, Zhan Y, Du L, Wang F, Jiang Y. Progress in the research of nanomaterial-based exosome bioanalysis and exosome-based nanomaterials tumor therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120873. [PMID: 33989972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes and their internal components have been proven to play critical roles in cell-cell interactions and intrinsic cellular regulations, showing promising prospects in both biomedical and clinical fields. Although conventional methods have so far been utilized to great effect, accurate bioanalysis remains a major challenge. In recent years, the fast-paced development of nanomaterials with unique physiochemical properties has led to a boom in the potential bioapplications of such materials. In particular, the application of nanomaterials in exosome bioanalysis provides a great opportunity to overcome the current challenges and limitations of conventional methods. A timely review of the research progress in this field is thus of great significance to the continued development of new methods. This review outlines the properties and potential uses of exosomes, and discusses the conventional methods currently used for their analysis. We then focus on exploring the current state of the art regarding the use of nanomaterials for the isolation, detection and even the subsequent profiling of exosomes. The main methods are based on principles including fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, colorimetry, electrochemistry, and surface plasmon resonance. Additionally, research on exosome-based nanomaterials tumor therapy is also promising from a clinical perspective, so the research progress in this branch is also summarized. Finally, we look at ways in which the field might develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Cameron Fletcher
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China.
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Guerrini L, Garcia-Rico E, O’Loghlen A, Giannini V, Alvarez-Puebla RA. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Spectroscopy for Sensing and Characterization of Exosomes in Cancer Diagnosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092179. [PMID: 33946619 PMCID: PMC8125149 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The distinct molecular and biological properties of exosomes, together with their abundance and stability, make them an ideal target in liquid biopsies for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. On the other hand, in recent years, nanomaterial-based optical biosensors have been extensively investigated as novel, rapid and sensitive tools for exosome detection and discrimination. The scope of this review is to summarize and coherently discussed the diverse applications, challenges and limitations of nanosensors based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as the optosensing technique. Abstract Exosomes are emerging as one of the most intriguing cancer biomarkers in modern oncology for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring. Concurrently, several nanoplasmonic methods have been applied and developed to tackle the challenging task of enabling the rapid, sensitive, affordable analysis of exosomes. In this review, we specifically focus our attention on the application of plasmonic devices exploiting surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as the optosensing technique for the structural interrogation and characterization of the heterogeneous nature of exosomes. We summarized the current state-of-art of this field while illustrating the main strategic approaches and discuss their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guerrini
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer de Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (R.A.A.-P.)
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Rico
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, San Bernardo 101, 28015 Madrid, Spain;
- School of Medicine, San Pablo CEU, Calle Julian Romea, 18, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana O’Loghlen
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Vincenzo Giannini
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Technology Innovation Institute, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi 9639, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer de Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (R.A.A.-P.)
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Sauer S, Reed DR, Ihnat M, Hurst RE, Warshawsky D, Barkan D. Innovative Approaches in the Battle Against Cancer Recurrence: Novel Strategies to Combat Dormant Disseminated Tumor Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:659963. [PMID: 33987095 PMCID: PMC8111294 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer recurrence remains a great fear for many cancer survivors following their initial, apparently successful, therapy. Despite significant improvement in the overall survival of many types of cancer, metastasis accounts for ~90% of all cancer mortality. There is a growing understanding that future therapeutic practices must accommodate this unmet medical need in preventing metastatic recurrence. Accumulating evidence supports dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) as a source of cancer recurrence and recognizes the need for novel strategies to target these tumor cells. This review presents strategies to target dormant quiescent DTCs that reside at secondary sites. These strategies aim to prevent recurrence by maintaining dormant DTCs at bay, or eradicating them. Various approaches are presented, including: reinforcing the niche where dormant DTCs reside in order to keep dormant DTCs at bay; promoting cell intrinsic mechanisms to induce dormancy; preventing the engagement of dormant DTCs with their supportive niche in order to prevent their reactivation; targeting cell-intrinsic mechanisms mediating long-term survival of dormant DTCs; sensitizing dormant DTCs to chemotherapy treatments; and, inhibiting the immune evasion of dormant DTCs, leading to their demise. Various therapeutic approaches, some of which utilize drugs that are already approved, or have been tested in clinical trials and may be considered for repurposing, will be discussed. In addition, clinical evidence for the presence of dormant DTCs will be reviewed, along with potential prognostic biomarkers to enable the identification and stratification of patients who are at high risk of recurrence, and who could benefit from novel dormant DTCs targeting therapies. Finally, we will address the shortcomings of current trial designs for determining activity against dormant DTCs and provide novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Sauer
- Vuja De Sciences Inc., Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - Damon R Reed
- Department of Individualized Cancer Management, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.,Adolescent and Young Adult Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Michael Ihnat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | | | | | - Dalit Barkan
- Department of Human Biology and Medical Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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95
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Shan Z, Wang H, Zhang Y, Min W. The Role of Tumor-Derived Exosomes in the Abscopal Effect and Immunotherapy. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050381. [PMID: 33922480 PMCID: PMC8145657 DOI: 10.3390/life11050381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are microvesicles that can be secreted by various cells and carry a variety of contents; thus, they play multiple biological functions. For instance, the tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have been proven to have the effect of immunostimulatory in addition to immunosuppression, making TEXs attractive in clinical immunotherapy and targeted therapy for cancer patients. In addition, TEXs as biomarkers have important clinical diagnostic and prognostic value. Recently, TEXs have been recognized to play important roles in the abscopal effect (AbE), a newly discovered mechanism by which the distant tumors are effectively targeted and repressed during immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, TEXs has demonstrated great clinical potential in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer patients in the future. This review summarizes and discusses the role of TEXs in clinical therapy and their role in AbE in recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechen Shan
- Academy of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (W.M.)
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Academy of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Weiping Min
- Academy of Queen Mary, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China; (Z.S.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- Department of Surgery, Pathology and Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (W.M.)
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96
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Salciccia S, Capriotti AL, Laganà A, Fais S, Logozzi M, De Berardinis E, Busetto GM, Di Pierro GB, Ricciuti GP, Del Giudice F, Sciarra A, Carroll PR, Cooperberg MR, Sciarra B, Maggi M. Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: From Current Knowledge to the Role of Metabolomics and Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094367. [PMID: 33922033 PMCID: PMC8122596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of prostate cancer (PC) is largely carried out using assessment of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level; yet it cannot reliably discriminate between benign pathologies and clinically significant forms of PC. To overcome the current limitations of PSA, new urinary and serum biomarkers have been developed in recent years. Although several biomarkers have been explored in various scenarios and patient settings, to date, specific guidelines with a high level of evidence on the use of these markers are lacking. Recent advances in metabolomic, genomics, and proteomics have made new potential biomarkers available. A number of studies focused on the characterization of the specific PC metabolic phenotype using different experimental approaches has been recently reported; yet, to date, research on metabolomic application for PC has focused on a small group of metabolites that have been known to be related to the prostate gland. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are secreted from all mammalian cells and virtually detected in all bio-fluids, thus allowing their use as tumor biomarkers. Thanks to a general improvement of the technical equipment to analyze exosomes, we are able to obtain reliable quantitative and qualitative information useful for clinical application. Although some pilot clinical investigations have proposed potential PC biomarkers, data are still preliminary and non-conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Salciccia
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Ettore De Berardinis
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Gian Maria Busetto
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, Policlinico Riuniti, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Battista Di Pierro
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Gian Piero Ricciuti
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Del Giudice
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Sciarra
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649974201; Fax: +39-0649970284
| | - Peter R. Carroll
- Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.R.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Matthew R. Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (P.R.C.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Beatrice Sciarra
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza Rome University, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Martina Maggi
- Department of Urology, Sapienza Rome University, Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (E.D.B.); (G.B.D.P.); (G.P.R.); (F.D.G.); (M.M.)
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97
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Yurtsever A, Yoshida T, Badami Behjat A, Araki Y, Hanayama R, Fukuma T. Structural and mechanical characteristics of exosomes from osteosarcoma cells explored by 3D-atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6661-6677. [PMID: 33885545 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes have recently gained interest as mediators of cell-to-cell communication and as potential biomarkers for cancer and other diseases. They also have potential as nanocarriers for drug delivery systems. Therefore, detailed structural, molecular, and biomechanical characterization of exosomes is of great importance for developing methods to detect and identify the changes associated with the presence of cancer and other diseases. Here, we employed three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (3D-AFM) to reveal the structural and nanomechanical properties of exosomes at high spatial resolution in physiologically relevant conditions. The substructural details of exosomes released from three different cell types were determined based on 3D-AFM force mapping. The resulting analysis revealed the presence of distinct local domains bulging out from the exosome surfaces, which were associated with the exosomal membrane proteins present on the outer surface. The nanomechanical properties of individual exosomes were determined from the 3D-force maps. We found a considerably high elastic modulus, ranging from 50 to 350 MPa, as compared to that obtained for synthetic liposomes. Moreover, malignancy-dependent changes in the exosome mechanical properties were revealed by comparing metastatic and nonmetastatic tumor cell-derived exosomes. We found a clear difference in their Young's modulus values, suggesting differences in their protein profiles and other exosomal contents. Exosomes derived from a highly aggressive and metastatic k-ras-activated human osteosarcoma (OS) cell line (143B) showed a higher Young's modulus than that derived from a nonaggressive and nonmetastatic k-ras-wildtype human OS cell line (HOS). The increased elastic modulus of the 143B cell-derived exosomes was ascribed to the presence of abundant specific proteins responsible for elastic fiber formation as determined by mass spectroscopy and confirmed by western blotting and ELISA. Therefore, we conclude that exosomes derived from metastatic tumor cells carry an exclusive protein content that differs from their nonmetastatic counterparts, and thus they exhibit different mechanical characteristics. Discrimination between metastatic and nonmetastatic malignant cell-derived exosomes would be of great importance for studying exosome biological functions and using them as diagnostic biomarkers for various tumor types. Our findings further suggest that metastatic tumor cells release exosomes that express increased levels of elastic fiber-associated proteins to preserve their softness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Yurtsever
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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98
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Veryaskina YA, Titov SE, Kovynev IB, Fedorova SS, Pospelova TI, Zhimulev IF. MicroRNAs in the Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:4-15. [PMID: 34377552 PMCID: PMC8327150 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) holds a special place among blood cancers, as it represents a whole spectrum of hematological disorders with impaired differentiation of hematopoietic precursors, bone marrow dysplasia, genetic instability and is noted for an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia. Both genetic and epigenetic factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs), are involved in MDS development. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that are important regulators of normal hematopoiesis, and abnormal changes in their expression levels can contribute to hematological tumor development. To assess the prognosis of the disease, an international assessment system taking into account a karyotype, the number of blast cells, and the degree of deficiency of different blood cell types is used. However, the overall survival and effectiveness of the therapy offered are not always consistent with predictions. The search for new biomarkers, followed by their integration into the existing prognostic system, will allow for personalized treatment to be performed with more precision. Additionally, this paper explains how miRNA expression levels correlate with the prognosis of overall survival and response to the therapy offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. A. Veryaskina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
| | - S. E. Titov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Vector-Best, Novosibirsk, 630117 Russia
| | - I. B. Kovynev
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
| | - S. S. Fedorova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
| | - T. I. Pospelova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, 630091 Russia
| | - I. F. Zhimulev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
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99
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Akoto T, Saini S. Role of Exosomes in Prostate Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3528. [PMID: 33805398 PMCID: PMC8036381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a life-threatening disease among men worldwide. The majority of PCa-related mortality results from metastatic disease that is characterized by metastasis of prostate tumor cells to various distant organs, such as lung, liver, and bone. Bone metastasis is most common in prostate cancer with osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions. The precise mechanisms underlying PCa metastasis are still being delineated. Intercellular communication is a key feature underlying prostate cancer progression and metastasis. There exists local signaling between prostate cancer cells and cells within the primary tumor microenvironment (TME), in addition to long range signaling wherein tumor cells communicate with sites of future metastases to promote the formation of pre-metastatic niches (PMN) to augment the growth of disseminated tumor cells upon metastasis. Over the last decade, exosomes/ extracellular vesicles have been demonstrated to be involved in such signaling. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs), between 30 and 150 nm in thickness, that originate and are released from cells after multivesicular bodies (MVB) fuse with the plasma membrane. These vesicles consist of lipid bilayer membrane enclosing a cargo of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication by transferring their cargo to recipient cells to modulate target cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the contribution of exosomes/extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer progression, in pre-metastatic niche establishment, and in organ-specific metastases. In addition, we briefly discuss the clinical significance of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Akoto
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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100
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Exosomal miR-4443 promotes cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma by regulating FSP1 m6A modification-mediated ferroptosis. Life Sci 2021; 276:119399. [PMID: 33781830 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Exosomal transfer of miRNAs affects recipient cell proliferation and chemoresistance. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of exosomal miRNAs in controlling cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). MAIN METHODS Paired tumor and normal tissue-derived exosomes were collected from NSCLC patients with low or high responsiveness to cisplatin treatment. The results showed that the microRNA-4443 (miR-4443) level was upregulated in cisplatin-resistant NSCLC tumor tissue-derived exosomes compared with cisplatin-sensitive tissue-derived exosomes. Cisplatin-resistant cells (A549-R) were generated from the parental cells (A549-S). Resistant exosomes conferred cisplatin resistance by transferring miR-4443 to sensitive cells. Moreover, overexpression of miR-4443 inhibited FSP1-mediated ferroptosis induced by cisplatin treatment in vitro and enhanced tumor growth in vivo. KEY FINDINGS Through bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assays, METTL3 was confirmed as a direct target gene of miR-4443. Further mechanistic analysis showed that miR-4443 regulated the expression of FSP1 in an m6A manner via METLL3. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provide more in-depth insight into the chemoresistance of NSCLC and support the therapeutic potential of targeting ferroptosis.
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