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Pamir N, Pan C, Plubell DL, Hutchins PM, Tang C, Wimberger J, Irwin A, Vallim TQDA, Heinecke JW, Lusis AJ. Genetic control of the mouse HDL proteome defines HDL traits, function, and heterogeneity. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:594-608. [PMID: 30622162 PMCID: PMC6399512 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m090555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HDLs are nanoparticles with more than 80 associated proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters. The potential inverse relation of HDL to coronary artery disease (CAD) and the effects of HDL on myriad other inflammatory conditions warrant a better understanding of the genetic basis of the HDL proteome. We conducted a comprehensive genetic analysis of the regulation of the proteome of HDL isolated from a panel of 100 diverse inbred strains of mice (the hybrid mouse diversity panel) and examined protein composition and efflux capacity to identify novel factors that affect the HDL proteome. Genetic analysis revealed widely varied HDL protein levels across the strains. Some of this variation was explained by local cis-acting regulation, termed cis-protein quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Variations in apoA-II and apoC-3 affected the abundance of multiple HDL proteins, indicating a coordinated regulation. We identified modules of covarying proteins and defined a protein-protein interaction network that describes the protein composition of the naturally occurring subspecies of HDL in mice. Sterol efflux capacity varied up to 3-fold across the strains, and HDL proteins displayed distinct correlation patterns with macrophage and ABCA1-specific cholesterol efflux capacity and cholesterol exchange, suggesting that subspecies of HDL participate in discrete functions. The baseline and stimulated sterol efflux capacity phenotypes were associated with distinct QTLs with smaller effect size, suggesting a multigenetic regulation. Our results highlight the complexity of HDL particles by revealing the high degree of heterogeneity and intercorrelation, some of which is associated with functional variation, and support the concept that HDL-cholesterol alone is not an accurate measure of HDL’s properties, such as protection against CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pamir
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Calvin Pan
- Departments of Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Deanna L Plubell
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Chongren Tang
- Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jake Wimberger
- Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Angela Irwin
- Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Genetics University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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52
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Hui ST, Kurt Z, Tuominen I, Norheim F, C.Davis R, Pan C, Dirks DL, Magyar CE, French SW, Chella Krishnan K, Sabir S, Campos‐Pérez F, Méndez‐Sánchez N, Macías‐Kauffer L, León‐Mimila P, Canizales‐Quinteros S, Yang X, Beaven SW, Huertas‐Vazquez A, Lusis AJ. The Genetic Architecture of Diet-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice. Hepatology 2018; 68:2182-2196. [PMID: 29907965 PMCID: PMC6269199 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the genetic analysis of a "humanized" hyperlipidemic mouse model for progressive nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. Mice carrying transgenes for human apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden and cholesteryl ester transfer protein and fed a "Western" diet were studied on the genetic backgrounds of over 100 inbred mouse strains. The mice developed hepatic inflammation and fibrosis that was highly dependent on genetic background, with vast differences in the degree of fibrosis. Histological analysis showed features characteristic of human NASH, including macrovesicular steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, inflammatory foci, and pericellular collagen deposition. Time course experiments indicated that while hepatic triglyceride levels increased steadily on the diet, hepatic fibrosis occurred at about 12 weeks. We found that the genetic variation predisposing to NASH and fibrosis differs markedly from that predisposing to simple steatosis, consistent with a multistep model in which distinct genetic factors are involved. Moreover, genome-wide association identified distinct genetic loci contributing to steatosis and NASH. Finally, we used hepatic expression data from the mouse panel and from 68 bariatric surgery patients with normal liver, steatosis, or NASH to identify enriched biological pathways. Conclusion: The pathways showed substantial overlap between our mouse model and the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T. Hui
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
| | - Zeyneb Kurt
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Iina Tuominen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases & Pfleger Liver Institute and Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health (COMET)David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
| | - Richard C.Davis
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
| | - Darwin L. Dirks
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
| | - Clara E. Magyar
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | | | - Simon Sabir
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
| | - Francisco Campos‐Pérez
- Clínica Integral de Cirugía para la Obesidad y Enfermedades MetabólicasHospital General Dr. Rubén LéneroMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Luis Macías‐Kauffer
- Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN)Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la SaludMexico CityMexico
| | - Paola León‐Mimila
- Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN)Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la SaludMexico CityMexico
| | - Samuel Canizales‐Quinteros
- Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN)Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la SaludMexico CityMexico
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Simon W. Beaven
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases & Pfleger Liver Institute and Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health (COMET)David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
| | | | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine, Division of CardiologyDavid Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCA
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53
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Leal-Gutiérrez JD, Rezende FM, Elzo MA, Johnson D, Peñagaricano F, Mateescu RG. Structural Equation Modeling and Whole-Genome Scans Uncover Chromosome Regions and Enriched Pathways for Carcass and Meat Quality in Beef. Front Genet 2018; 9:532. [PMID: 30555508 PMCID: PMC6282042 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural equation models involving latent variables are useful tools for formulating hypothesized models defined by theoretical variables and causal links between these variables. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify latent variables underlying carcass and meat quality traits and (2) to perform whole-genome scans for these latent variables in order to identify genomic regions and individual genes with both direct and indirect effects. A total of 726 steers from an Angus-Brahman multibreed population with records for 22 phenotypes were used. A total of 480 animals were genotyped with the GGP Bovine F-250. The single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction method was used to estimate the amount of genetic variance explained for each latent variable by chromosome regions of 20 adjacent SNP-windows across the genome. Three types of genetic effects were considered: (1) direct effects on a single latent phenotype; (2) direct effects on two latent phenotypes simultaneously; and (3) indirect effects. The final structural model included carcass quality as an independent latent variable and meat quality as a dependent latent variable. Carcass quality was defined by quality grade, fat over the ribeye and marbling, while the meat quality was described by juiciness, tenderness and connective tissue, all of them measured through a taste panel. From 571 associated genomic regions (643 genes), each one explaining at least 0.05% of the additive variance, 159 regions (179 genes) were associated with carcass quality, 106 regions (114 genes) were associated with both carcass and meat quality, 242 regions (266 genes) were associated with meat quality, and 64 regions (84 genes) were associated with carcass quality, having an indirect effect on meat quality. Three biological mechanisms emerged from these findings: postmortem proteolysis of structural proteins and cellular compartmentalization, cellular proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes, and fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda M. Rezende
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mauricio A. Elzo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dwain Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Francisco Peñagaricano
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Raluca G. Mateescu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Mouse genome-wide association studies and systems genetics uncover the genetic architecture associated with hepatic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a constrained ethyl antisense oligonucleotide targeting Malat1. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007732. [PMID: 30372444 PMCID: PMC6224167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have demonstrated variation of efficacy in patient populations. This has prompted our investigation into the contribution of genetic architecture to ASO pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Genome wide association (GWA) and transcriptomic analysis in a hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP) were used to identify and validate novel genes involved in the uptake and efficacy of a single dose of a Malat1 constrained ethyl (cEt) modified ASO. The GWA of the HMDP identified two significant associations on chromosomes 4 and 10 with hepatic Malat1 ASO concentrations. Stabilin 2 (Stab2) and vesicle associated membrane protein 3 (Vamp3) were identified by cis-eQTL analysis. HMDP strains with lower Stab2 expression and Stab2 KO mice displayed significantly lower PK than strains with higher Stab2 expression and the wild type (WT) animals respectively, confirming the role of Stab2 in regulating hepatic Malat1 ASO uptake. GWA examining ASO efficacy uncovered three loci associated with Malat1 potency: Small Subunit Processome Component (Utp11l) on chromosome 4, Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (Rock2) and Aci-reductone dioxygenase (Adi1) on chromosome 12. Our results demonstrate the utility of mouse GWAS using the HMDP in detecting genes capable of impacting the uptake of ASOs, and identifies genes critical for the activity of ASOs in vivo. Previous work in the clinic has clearly demonstrated differential patient response to antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs. However, to date there has been no systematic evaluation of genes associated with this response in vivo. In this study, we utilized an advanced genetic methodology in mice to identify genes involved with the heterogeneity in both accumulation and potency of an ASO targeting metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1) in liver. Detailed analysis of ASO functionality in livers from 100 genetically distinct strains of inbred mice treated with either Malat1 or control ASO led to the selection of specific genetic regions associated with variation in ASO uptake and potency. Specifically, we identified regions on chromosomes 4 and 10 which highlighted two genes associated with variations in hepatic drug accumulation. Further, we established three regions on chromosome 4 and 12 linked to three genes associated with variability in hepatic ASO efficacy. We carried out additional functional validation of the isolated genes in mouse models and cell lines and confirmed that this methodology can be used to identify genes affecting ASO drug response. These results are particularly important for the design of antisense drugs with improved efficacy, safety, and tolerability.
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55
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Kurt Z, Barrere-Cain R, LaGuardia J, Mehrabian M, Pan C, Hui ST, Norheim F, Zhou Z, Hasin Y, Lusis AJ, Yang X. Tissue-specific pathways and networks underlying sexual dimorphism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:46. [PMID: 30343673 PMCID: PMC6196429 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses benign steatosis and more severe conditions such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and liver cancer. This chronic liver disease has a poorly understood etiology and demonstrates sexual dimorphisms. We aim to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphisms in NAFLD pathogenesis through a comprehensive multi-omics study. We integrated genomics (DNA variations), transcriptomics of liver and adipose tissue, and phenotypic data of NAFLD derived from female mice of ~ 100 strains included in the hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP) and compared the NAFLD molecular pathways and gene networks between sexes. RESULTS We identified both shared and sex-specific biological processes for NAFLD. Adaptive immunity, branched chain amino acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and cell cycle/apoptosis were shared between sexes. Among the sex-specific pathways were vitamins and cofactors metabolism and ion channel transport for females, and phospholipid, lysophospholipid, and phosphatidylinositol metabolism and insulin signaling for males. Additionally, numerous lipid and insulin-related pathways and inflammatory processes in the adipose and liver tissue appeared to show more prominent association with NAFLD in male HMDP. Using data-driven network modeling, we identified plausible sex-specific and tissue-specific regulatory genes as well as those that are shared between sexes. These key regulators orchestrate the NAFLD pathways in a sex- and tissue-specific manner. Gonadectomy experiments support that sex hormones may partially underlie the sexually dimorphic genes and pathways involved in NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Our multi-omics integrative study reveals sex- and tissue-specific genes, processes, and networks underlying sexual dimorphism in NAFLD and may facilitate sex-specific precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyneb Kurt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Rio Barrere-Cain
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jonnby LaGuardia
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Simon T Hui
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yehudit Hasin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
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56
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Norheim F, Bjellaas T, Hui ST, Chella Krishnan K, Lee J, Gupta S, Pan C, Hasin-Brumshtein Y, Parks BW, Li DY, Bui HH, Mosier M, Wu Y, Huertas-Vazquez A, Hazen SL, Gundersen TE, Mehrabian M, Tang WHW, Hevener AL, Drevon CA, Lusis AJ. Genetic, dietary, and sex-specific regulation of hepatic ceramides and the relationship between hepatic ceramides and IR. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1164-1174. [PMID: 29739864 PMCID: PMC6027922 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated hepatic ceramide levels have been implicated in both insulin resistance (IR) and hepatic steatosis. To understand the factors contributing to hepatic ceramide levels in mice of both sexes, we have quantitated ceramides in a reference population of mice, the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel that has been previously characterized for a variety of metabolic syndrome traits. We observed significant positive correlations between Cer(d18:1/16:0) and IR/hepatic steatosis, consistent with previous findings, although the relationship broke down between sexes, as females were less insulin resistant, but had higher Cer(d18:1/16:0) levels than males. The sex difference was due in part to testosterone-mediated repression of ceramide synthase 6. One ceramide species, Cer(d18:1/20:0), was present at higher levels in males and was associated with IR only in males. Clear evidence of gene-by-sex and gene-by-diet interactions was observed, including sex-specific genome-wide association study results. Thus, our studies show clear differences in how hepatic ceramides are regulated between the sexes, which again suggests that the physiological roles of certain hepatic ceramides differ between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Norheim
- Division of Cardiology University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Simon T Hui
- Division of Cardiology University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jakleen Lee
- Division of Cardiology University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sonul Gupta
- Division of Cardiology University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Division of Cardiology University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Brian W Parks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Daniel Y Li
- Division of Cardiology University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hai H Bui
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Yuping Wu
- Department of Mathematics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland OH
| | | | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Division of Cardiology University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Andrea L Hevener
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christian A Drevon
- VITAS Analytical Services, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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57
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Systems Analyses Reveal Physiological Roles and Genetic Regulators of Liver Lipid Species. Cell Syst 2018; 6:722-733.e6. [PMID: 29909277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genetics of individual lipid species and their relevance in disease is largely unresolved. We profiled a subset of storage, signaling, membrane, and mitochondrial liver lipids across 385 mice from 47 strains of the BXD mouse population fed chow or high-fat diet and integrated these data with complementary multi-omics datasets. We identified several lipid species and lipid clusters with specific phenotypic and molecular signatures and, in particular, cardiolipin species with signatures of healthy and fatty liver. Genetic analyses revealed quantitative trait loci for 68% of the lipids (lQTL). By multi-layered omics analyses, we show the reliability of lQTLs to uncover candidate genes that can regulate the levels of lipid species. Additionally, we identified lQTLs that mapped to genes associated with abnormal lipid metabolism in human GWASs. This work provides a foundation and resource for understanding the genetic regulation and physiological significance of lipid species.
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58
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Jha P, McDevitt MT, Halilbasic E, Williams EG, Quiros PM, Gariani K, Sleiman MB, Gupta R, Ulbrich A, Jochem A, Coon JJ, Trauner M, Pagliarini DJ, Auwerx J. Genetic Regulation of Plasma Lipid Species and Their Association with Metabolic Phenotypes. Cell Syst 2018; 6:709-721.e6. [PMID: 29909275 PMCID: PMC6397773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genetic regulation and physiological impact of most lipid species are unexplored. Here, we profiled 129 plasma lipid species across 49 strains of the BXD mouse genetic reference population fed either chow or a high-fat diet. By integrating these data with genomics and phenomics datasets, we elucidated genes by environment (diet) interactions that regulate systemic metabolism. We found quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for ~94% of the lipids measured. Several QTLs harbored genes associated with blood lipid levels and abnormal lipid metabolism in human genome-wide association studies. Lipid species from different classes provided signatures of metabolic health, including seven plasma triglyceride species that associated with either healthy or fatty liver. This observation was further validated in an independent mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and in plasma from NAFLD patients. This work provides a resource to identify plausible genes regulating the measured lipid species and their association with metabolic traits. Jha et al. provide a resource of genetic loci regulating individual plasma lipid species identified by studying a large mouse population and demonstrate the potential of lipid species to reflect metabolic health status of individuals. Several lipid-regulating loci in the mouse population harbor genes associated with abnormal lipid metabolism in human GWAS. The potential of lipid species to reflect health status was validated in dietary and therapeutic models of NAFLD in mice and human NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jha
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytchnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Molly T McDevitt
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Emina Halilbasic
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evan G Williams
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytchnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Pedro M Quiros
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytchnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Karim Gariani
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytchnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maroun B Sleiman
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytchnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Arne Ulbrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Jochem
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytchnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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59
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Dietary Iron Supplementation Alters Hepatic Inflammation in a Rat Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020175. [PMID: 29401710 PMCID: PMC5852751 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common liver disease in the world. NAFLD can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Acquired hepatic iron overload is seen in a number of patients with NAFLD; however, its significance in the pathology of NAFLD is still debated. Here, we investigated the role of dietary iron supplementation in experimental steatohepatitis in rats. Rats were fed a control, high-fat (HF), high-fat high-iron (HFHI) and high-iron (HI) diet for 30 weeks. Blood biochemical, histopathological and gut microbiota analyses were performed. Rats in HF and HFHI groups showed an ALT-dominant elevation of serum transaminases, hepatic steatosis, hepatic inflammation, and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. The number of large inflammatory foci, corresponding to lobular inflammation in NASH patients, was significantly higher in HFHI than in HF group; within the lesion, macrophages with intense iron staining were observed. Hepatic expression of TNFα was higher in HFHI than that in HF group. There was no significant change in hepatic oxidative stress, gut microbiota or serum endotoxin levels between HF and HFHI groups. These results suggested that dietary iron supplementation enhances experimental steatohepatitis induced by long-term high-fat diet feeding in rats. Iron-laden macrophages can play an important role in the enhancement of hepatic inflammation.
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60
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Chella Krishnan K, Kurt Z, Barrere-Cain R, Sabir S, Das A, Floyd R, Vergnes L, Zhao Y, Che N, Charugundla S, Qi H, Zhou Z, Meng Y, Pan C, Seldin MM, Norheim F, Hui S, Reue K, Lusis AJ, Yang X. Integration of Multi-omics Data from Mouse Diversity Panel Highlights Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Syst 2018; 6:103-115.e7. [PMID: 29361464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common form of chronic liver disease, is poorly understood. To understand the causal mechanisms underlying NAFLD, we conducted a multi-omics, multi-tissue integrative study using the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel, consisting of ∼100 strains of mice with various degrees of NAFLD. We identified both tissue-specific biological processes and processes that were shared between adipose and liver tissues. We then used gene network modeling to predict candidate regulatory genes of these NAFLD processes, including Fasn, Thrsp, Pklr, and Chchd6. In vivo knockdown experiments of the candidate genes improved both steatosis and insulin resistance. Further in vitro testing demonstrated that downregulation of both Pklr and Chchd6 lowered mitochondrial respiration and led to a shift toward glycolytic metabolism, thus highlighting mitochondria dysfunction as a key mechanistic driver of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthickeyan Chella Krishnan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zeyneb Kurt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rio Barrere-Cain
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon Sabir
- Department of Psychology, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Psychology, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raquel Floyd
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nam Che
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarada Charugundla
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Qi
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yonghong Meng
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcus M Seldin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon Hui
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Castaño-Rodríguez N, Mitchell HM, Kaakoush NO. NAFLD, Helicobacter species and the intestinal microbiome. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:657-668. [PMID: 29566909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. It is well-accepted that gut dysbiosis is associated with NAFLD, however, there is some conflicting evidence regarding the nature of these alterations. Infection with Helicobacter species, mainly H. pylori, has also been associated with increased NAFLD risk, however, some studies have failed to reproduce this finding. Further studies including large study samples and standardised procedures for microbiota analyses, H. pylori detection and NAFLD diagnostic criteria, are required. The mechanisms involving Helicobacter species and the intestinal microbiome in NAFLD pathogenesis appear to be part of the multiple-hit theory, in which increased intestinal permeability, inflammatory responses, altered choline, bile acids and carbohydrate metabolism, production of short-chain fatty acids, urea cycle and urea transport systems, altered maintenance of hepatic γδT-17 cells, insulin resistance, hormones secreted by the adipose tissue, metabolic hormones, bacterial metabolites and Helicobacter toxins, are all implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Widenmaier SB, Snyder NA, Nguyen TB, Arduini A, Lee GY, Arruda AP, Saksi J, Bartelt A, Hotamisligil GS. NRF1 Is an ER Membrane Sensor that Is Central to Cholesterol Homeostasis. Cell 2017; 171:1094-1109.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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63
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Cichocki JA, Furuya S, Luo YS, Iwata Y, Konganti K, Chiu WA, Threadgill DW, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is a Susceptibility Factor for Perchloroethylene-Induced Liver Effects in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:102-113. [PMID: 28903486 PMCID: PMC5837635 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent pathological liver condition in developed countries. NAFLD results in severe alterations in liver function, including xenobiotic metabolism. Perchloroethylene (PERC) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, a known hepatotoxicant in rodents, and a probable human carcinogen. It is known that PERC disposition and metabolism are affected by NAFLD in mice; here, we examined how NAFLD changes PERC-associated liver effects. Male C57Bl6/J mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), or methionine/folate/choline-deficient diet (MCD) to model a healthy liver, or mild and severe forms of NAFLD, respectively. After 8 weeks on diets, mice were orally administered PERC (300 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (5% aqueous Alkamuls-EL620) for 5 days. PERC-induced liver effects were exacerbated in both NAFLD groups. PERC exposure was associated with up-regulation of genes involved in xenobiotic, lipid, and glutathione metabolism, and down-regulation of the complement and coagulation cascades, regardless of the diet. Interestingly, HFD-fed mice, not MCD-fed mice, were generally more sensitive to PERC-induced liver effects. This was indicated by histopathology and transcriptional responses, where induction of genes associated with cell cycle and inflammation were prominent. Liver effects positively correlated with diet-specific differences in liver concentrations of PERC. We conclude that NAFLD alters the toxicodynamics of PERC and that NAFLD is a susceptibility factor that should be considered in future risk management decisions for PERC and other chlorinated solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Cichocki
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Shinji Furuya
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yasuhiro Iwata
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Igor P. Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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64
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Org E, Blum Y, Kasela S, Mehrabian M, Kuusisto J, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Wang Z, Ala-Korpela M, Hazen SL, Laakso M, Lusis AJ. Relationships between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and metabolic syndrome traits in the METSIM cohort. Genome Biol 2017; 18:70. [PMID: 28407784 PMCID: PMC5390365 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome is a complex and metabolically active community that directly influences host phenotypes. In this study, we profile gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in 531 well-phenotyped Finnish men from the Metabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) study. RESULTS We investigate gut microbiota relationships with a variety of factors that have an impact on the development of metabolic and cardiovascular traits. We identify novel associations between gut microbiota and fasting serum levels of a number of metabolites, including fatty acids, amino acids, lipids, and glucose. In particular, we detect associations with fasting plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels, a gut microbiota-dependent metabolite associated with coronary artery disease and stroke. We further investigate the gut microbiota composition and microbiota-metabolite relationships in subjects with different body mass index and individuals with normal or altered oral glucose tolerance. Finally, we perform microbiota co-occurrence network analysis, which shows that certain metabolites strongly correlate with microbial community structure and that some of these correlations are specific for the pre-diabetic state. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies novel relationships between the composition of the gut microbiota and circulating metabolites and provides a resource for future studies to understand host-gut microbiota relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Org
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
| | - Yuna Blum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Silva Kasela
- Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,NMR metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Attie AD, Churchill GA, Nadeau JH. How mice are indispensable for understanding obesity and diabetes genetics. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2017; 24:83-91. [PMID: 28107248 PMCID: PMC5837807 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The task of cataloging human genetic variation and its relation to disease is rapidly approaching completion. The new challenge is to discover the function of disease-associated genes and to understand the pathways that lead to human disease. We propose that achieving this new level of understanding will increasingly rely on the use of model organisms. We discuss the advantages of the mouse as a model organism to our understanding of human disease. RECENT FINDINGS The collection of available mouse strains represents as much genetic and phenotypic variation as is found in the human population. However, unlike humans, mice can be subjected to experimental breeding protocols and the availability of tissues allows for a far greater and deeper level of phenotyping. New methods for gene editing make it relatively easy to create mouse models of known human mutations. The distinction between genetic and epigenetic inheritance can be studied in great detail. Various experimental protocols enable the exploration of the role of the microbiome in physiology and disease. SUMMARY We propose that there will be an interdependence between human and model organism research. Technological advances and new genetic screening platforms in the mouse have greatly improved the path to gene discovery and mechanistic studies of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Attie
- aDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin bThe Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine cPacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Lede V, Meusel A, Garten A, Popkova Y, Penke M, Franke C, Ricken A, Schulz A, Kiess W, Huster D, Schöneberg T, Schiller J. Altered hepatic lipid metabolism in mice lacking both the melanocortin type 4 receptor and low density lipoprotein receptor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172000. [PMID: 28207798 PMCID: PMC5313158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with dyslipidemia and hepatosteatosis. A number of animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are established but they significantly differ in the molecular and biochemical changes depending on the genetic modification and diet used. Mice deficient for melanocortin type 4 receptor (Mc4rmut) develop hyperphagia, obesity, and subsequently NAFLD already under regular chow and resemble more closely the energy supply-driven obesity found in humans. This animal model was used to assess the molecular and biochemical consequences of hyperphagia-induced obesity on hepatic lipid metabolism. We analyzed transcriptome changes in Mc4rmut mice by RNA sequencing and used high resolution 1H magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to assess changes in the lipid composition. On the transcriptomic level we found significant changes in components of the triacylglycerol metabolism, unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathways, and lipid transport and storage compared to the wild-type. These findings were supported by increases in triacylglycerol, monounsaturated fatty acid, and arachidonic acid levels. The transcriptome signatures significantly differ from those of other NAFLD mouse models supporting the concept of hepatic subphenotypes depending on the genetic background and diet. Comparative analyses of our data with previous studies allowed for the identification of common changes and genotype-specific components and pathways involved in obesity-associated NAFLD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Hypercholesterolemia/etiology
- Hypercholesterolemia/metabolism
- Hypercholesterolemia/pathology
- Lipid Metabolism
- Lipogenesis/genetics
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation/genetics
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
- Obesity/complications
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/deficiency
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Lede
- Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrej Meusel
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Garten
- Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Department of Women and Child Health, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yulia Popkova
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Penke
- Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Department of Women and Child Health, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Albert Ricken
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Department of Women and Child Health, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: (JS); (TS)
| | - Jürgen Schiller
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: (JS); (TS)
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67
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Rau CD, Civelek M, Pan C, Lusis AJ. A Suite of Tools for Biologists That Improve Accessibility and Visualization of Large Systems Genetics Datasets: Applications to the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1488:153-188. [PMID: 27933524 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6427-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter we address the recent explosion in large multilevel population studies such as the METSIM study in humans as well as large panels of animal models such as the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel or the BXD set of recombinant inbred strains. These studies have harnessed the increasing affordability of large-scale high-throughput profiling to gather massive quantities of data. These datasets, spread across different -omics levels (genome, transcriptome, etc.), different tissues (e.g. heart, plasma, bone) and different environmental factors (e.g. diet, drugs) each individually have led to a number of novel findings relevant to a variety of complex diseases and other phenotypes. The analysis of these results, however, is often limited to individuals with a comprehensive understanding of database languages such as SQL. In this chapter, we describe the development of a GUI-based database analysis suite, using the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel as an example to lay out a series of methods for visualization and integration of large systems genetics datasets. The database is based on the Shiny suite of tools in R, and is transferrable to other SQL-based datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph D Rau
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Campus - 167917, BH-307 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Campus - 167917, BH-307 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, University of California, Campus - 167917, BH-307 CHS, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Norheim F, Hui ST, Kulahcioglu E, Mehrabian M, Cantor RM, Pan C, Parks BW, Lusis AJ. Genetic and hormonal control of hepatic steatosis in female and male mice. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:178-187. [PMID: 27811231 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is complex and influenced by factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and sex. We now report a study on sex difference in hepatic steatosis in the context of genetic variation using a population of inbred strains of mice. While male mice generally exhibited higher concentration of hepatic TG levels on a high-fat high-sucrose diet, sex differences showed extensive interaction with genetic variation. Differences in percentage body fat were the best predictor of hepatic steatosis among the strains and explained about 30% of the variation in both sexes. The difference in percent gonadal fat and HDL explained 9.6% and 6.7% of the difference in hepatic TGs between the sexes, respectively. Genome-wide association mapping of hepatic TG revealed some striking differences in genetic control of hepatic steatosis between females and males. Gonadectomy increased the hepatic TG to body fat percentage ratio among male, but not female, mice. Our data suggest that the difference between the sexes in hepatic TG can be partly explained by differences in body fat distribution, plasma HDL, and genetic regulation. Future studies are required to understand the molecular interactions between sex, genetics, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Norheim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Simon T Hui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Emre Kulahcioglu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rita M Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brian W Parks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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69
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Yang W, He Y, Liu S, Gan L, Zhang Z, Wang J, Liang J, Dong Y, Wang Q, Hou Z, Yang L. Integrative transcriptomic analysis of NAFLD animal model reveals dysregulated genes and pathways in metabolism. Gene 2016; 595:99-108. [PMID: 27697615 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of metabolism in hepatocytes leads to hepatic diseases such as hepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is likely to progress to cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, which lead to poor long-term prognosis. However, the exact mechanism of development of NAFLD is not well elucidated. In order to better understand the pathogenesis of NAFLD, we have performed an integrative analysis to livers from NAFLD rat models in a global view of the transcriptome. By systemic and integrative analyses, we have found that transport, angiogenesis and cell adhesion were upregulated in response to high fat diet feeding, which may cause a large amount of free fatty acid transport, hepatic fibrosis and hepatocytes injury. GO tree analysis has shown that angiogenesis was upregulated. GO term in response to high fat diet which may cause fibrosis. The pathway interaction network has indicated that upregulated "valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism" may decrease the serum concentration of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA). The enhanced degradation of BCAA in NAFLD animal models may lead to inhibition of the regeneration of hepatocytes, reducing the production of albumin, attenuating the inhibition of liver cancer and decreasing immunity. Overall, high fat diet upregulated a variety of metabolism which have converged at TCA cycle. High fatty has pushed the hepatic mitochondria to a "busy state". Comprehensively, genes participated in dysregulated biological process and metabolisms may be served as indicators for evaluation of NAFLD progression and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Gan
- Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650223, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongliu Hou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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Genome-Wide Association Analysis Identifies Dcc as an Essential Factor in the Innervation of the Peripheral Vestibular System in Inbred Mice. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2016; 17:417-31. [PMID: 27539716 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-016-0578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the genetic causes of vestibular dysfunction. We used vestibular sensory-evoked potentials (VsEPs) to characterize the vestibular function of 35 inbred mouse strains selected from the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel and demonstrated strain-dependent phenotypic variation in vestibular function. Using these phenotypic data, we performed the first genome-wide association study controlling for population structure that has revealed two highly suggestive loci, one of which lies within a haplotype block containing five genes (Stard6, 4930503L19Rik, Poli, Mbd2, Dcc) on Chr. 18 (peak SNP rs29632020), one gene, deleted in colorectal carcinoma (Dcc) has a well-established role in nervous system development. An in-depth analysis of Dcc-deficient mice demonstrated elevation in mean VsEP threshold for Dcc (+/-) mice (-11.86 dB) compared to wild-type (-9.68 dB) littermates. Synaptic ribbon studies revealed Dcc (-/-) (P0) and Dcc (+/-) (6-week-old) mice showed lower density of the presynaptic marker (CtBP2) as compared to wild-type controls. Vestibular ganglion cell counts of Dcc (-/-) (P0) was lower than controls. Whole-mount preparations showed abnormal innervation of the utricle, saccule, and crista ampullaris at E14.5, E16.5, and E18.5. Postnatal studies were limited by the perinatal lethality in Dcc (-/-) mice. Expression analyses using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed Dcc expression in the mouse vestibular ganglion (E15.5), and utricle and crista ampullaris (6-week-old), respectively. In summary, we report the first GWAS for vestibular functional variation in inbred mice and provide evidence for the role of Dcc in the normal innervation of the peripheral vestibular system.
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71
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: Pathophysiological mechanisms and implications. J Hepatol 2016; 65:425-43. [PMID: 27091791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most frequent chronic liver diseases in the Western society and its prevalence is likely to rise even further. An increasing body of evidence shows that NAFLD is not only a potentially progressive liver disease, but also has systemic consequences. More specifically, evidence points out that NAFLD has to be considered as a significant independent risk factor for subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Long-term follow-up studies demonstrate cardiovascular mortality to be the most important cause of death in NAFLD patients. Moreover, ample evidence associates NAFLD with endothelial dysfunction, increased pulse wave velocity, increased coronary arterial calcifications and increased carotid intima media thickness, all established markers for CVD. Despite of all this evidence, the mechanisms by which NAFLD causally contributes to CVD are not fully elucidated. Furthermore, an extensive overview of all potential pathophysiological mechanisms and the corresponding current data are lacking. In this review we summarise current knowledge, originating from fundamental and clinical research, that mechanistically links NAFLD to CVD. Subsequently, the impact of CVD on current clinical practice and future research in the area of NALFD are discussed.
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Rusli F, Deelen J, Andriyani E, Boekschoten MV, Lute C, van den Akker EB, Müller M, Beekman M, Steegenga WT. Fibroblast growth factor 21 reflects liver fat accumulation and dysregulation of signalling pathways in the liver of C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30484. [PMID: 27470139 PMCID: PMC4965761 DOI: 10.1038/srep30484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) has emerged as a potential plasma marker to diagnose non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To study the molecular processes underlying the association of plasma Fgf21 with NAFLD, we explored the liver transcriptome data of a mild NAFLD model of aging C57BL/6J mice at 12, 24, and 28 months of age. The plasma Fgf21 level significantly correlated with intrahepatic triglyceride content. At the molecular level, elevated plasma Fgf21 levels were associated with dysregulated metabolic and cancer-related pathways. The up-regulated Fgf21 levels in NAFLD were implied to be a protective response against the NAFLD-induced adverse effects, e.g. lipotoxicity, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. An in vivo PPARα challenge demonstrated the dysregulation of PPARα signalling in the presence of NAFLD, which resulted in a stochastically increasing hepatic expression of Fgf21. Notably, elevated plasma Fgf21 was associated with declining expression of Klb, Fgf21’s crucial co-receptor, which suggests a resistance to Fgf21. Therefore, although liver fat accumulation is a benign stage of NAFLD, the elevated plasma Fgf21 likely indicated vulnerability to metabolic stressors that may contribute towards progression to end-stage NAFLD. In conclusion, plasma levels of Fgf21 reflect liver fat accumulation and dysregulation of metabolic pathways in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenni Rusli
- Nutrition, Metabolism &Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Deelen
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Evi Andriyani
- Nutrition, Metabolism &Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism &Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien Lute
- Nutrition, Metabolism &Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik B van den Akker
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,The Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma T Steegenga
- Nutrition, Metabolism &Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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73
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Chella Krishnan K, Mukundan S, Alagarsamy J, Hur J, Nookala S, Siemens N, Svensson M, Hyldegaard O, Norrby-Teglund A, Kotb M. Genetic Architecture of Group A Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections in the Mouse. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005732. [PMID: 27399650 PMCID: PMC4939974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetic variations play an important role in several pathogenic diseases, and we have previously provided strong evidences that these genetic variations contribute significantly to differences in susceptibility and clinical outcomes of invasive Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections, including sepsis and necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs). Our initial studies with conventional mouse strains revealed that host genetic variations and sex differences play an important role in orchestrating the severity, susceptibility and outcomes of NSTIs. To understand the complex genetic architecture of NSTIs, we utilized an unbiased, forward systems genetics approach in an advanced recombinant inbred (ARI) panel of mouse strains (BXD). Through this approach, we uncovered interactions between host genetics, and other non-genetic cofactors including sex, age and body weight in determining susceptibility to NSTIs. We mapped three NSTIs-associated phenotypic traits (i.e., survival, percent weight change, and lesion size) to underlying host genetic variations by using the WebQTL tool, and identified four NSTIs-associated quantitative genetic loci (QTL) for survival on mouse chromosome (Chr) 2, for weight change on Chr 7, and for lesion size on Chr 6 and 18 respectively. These QTL harbor several polymorphic genes. Identification of multiple QTL highlighted the complexity of the host-pathogen interactions involved in NSTI pathogenesis. We then analyzed and rank-ordered host candidate genes in these QTL by using the QTLminer tool and then developed a list of 375 candidate genes on the basis of annotation data and biological relevance to NSTIs. Further differential expression analyses revealed 125 genes to be significantly differentially regulated in susceptible strains compared to their uninfected controls. Several of these genes are involved in innate immunity, inflammatory response, cell growth, development and proliferation, and apoptosis. Additional network analyses using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of these 125 genes revealed interleukin-1 beta network as key network involved in modulating the differential susceptibility to GAS NSTIs. GAS bacteria are major human pathogens that are responsible for millions of infections worldwide, including severe and deadly NSTIs. Several studies have identified numerous GAS secreted virulence factors including proteases, DNases, and superantigens, which mediate several pathologic features of GAS NSTIs. However, the exact role of host genetic and/or nongenetic factors in GAS NSTIs has not been studied so far. To understand these contributions, we undertook the present study utilizing the ARI panel of BXD strains. We found that host genetic context and sex differences can modulate host-pathogen interplay and accordingly potentiate disease severity, manifestations, and outcomes. We also mapped the genetic susceptibility loci of GAS NSTIs to four mouse chromosomes, namely 2, 6, 7 and 18, harboring several polymorphic genes. We believe that these findings will be helpful in uncovering further regulatory events of host-mediated GAS pathogenesis that may occur once the pathogen becomes invasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthickeyan Chella Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Santhosh Mukundan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jeyashree Alagarsamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Suba Nookala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malak Kotb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Du J, Leung A, Trac C, Lee M, Parks BW, Lusis AJ, Natarajan R, Schones DE. Chromatin variation associated with liver metabolism is mediated by transposable elements. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:28. [PMID: 27398095 PMCID: PMC4939004 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Functional regulatory regions in eukaryotic genomes are characterized by the disruption of nucleosomes leading to accessible chromatin. The modulation of chromatin accessibility is one of the key mediators of transcriptional regulation, and variation in chromatin accessibility across individuals has been linked to complex traits and disease susceptibility. While mechanisms responsible for chromatin variation across individuals have been investigated, the overwhelming majority of chromatin variation remains unexplained. Furthermore, the processes through which the variation of chromatin accessibility contributes to phenotypic diversity remain poorly understood. Results We profiled chromatin accessibility in liver from seven strains of mice with phenotypic diversity in response to a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet and identified reproducible chromatin variation across the individuals. We found that sites of variable chromatin accessibility were more likely to coincide with particular classes of transposable elements (TEs) than sites with common chromatin signatures. Evolutionarily younger long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) are particularly likely to harbor variable chromatin sites. These younger LINEs are enriched for binding sites of immune-associated transcription factors, whereas older LINEs are enriched for liver-specific transcription factors. Genomic region enrichment analysis indicates that variable chromatin sites at TEs may function to regulate liver metabolic pathways. CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of a number of variable chromatin sites at TEs altered expression of nearby metabolic genes. Finally, we show that polymorphism of TEs and differential DNA methylation at TEs can both influence chromatin variation. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that specific classes of TEs show variable chromatin accessibility across strains of mice that display phenotypic diversity in response to a HF/HS diet. These results indicate that chromatin variation at TEs is an important contributor to phenotypic variation among populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0078-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA ; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Amy Leung
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Candi Trac
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA ; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Brian W Parks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA ; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
| | - Dustin E Schones
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA ; Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA USA
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Lusis AJ, Seldin MM, Allayee H, Bennett BJ, Civelek M, Davis RC, Eskin E, Farber CR, Hui S, Mehrabian M, Norheim F, Pan C, Parks B, Rau CD, Smith DJ, Vallim T, Wang Y, Wang J. The Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel: a resource for systems genetics analyses of metabolic and cardiovascular traits. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:925-42. [PMID: 27099397 PMCID: PMC4878195 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r066944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP) is a collection of approximately 100 well-characterized inbred strains of mice that can be used to analyze the genetic and environmental factors underlying complex traits. While not nearly as powerful for mapping genetic loci contributing to the traits as human genome-wide association studies, it has some important advantages. First, environmental factors can be controlled. Second, relevant tissues are accessible for global molecular phenotyping. Finally, because inbred strains are renewable, results from separate studies can be integrated. Thus far, the HMDP has been studied for traits relevant to obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, heart failure, immune regulation, fatty liver disease, and host-gut microbiota interactions. High-throughput technologies have been used to examine the genomes, epigenomes, transcriptomes, proteomes, metabolomes, and microbiomes of the mice under various environmental conditions. All of the published data are available and can be readily used to formulate hypotheses about genes, pathways and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Microbiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Marcus M Seldin
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mete Civelek
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Richard C Davis
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Departments of Computer Science, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Charles R Farber
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Simon Hui
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Frode Norheim
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Human Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brian Parks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Christoph D Rau
- Anesthesiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Desmond J Smith
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Thomas Vallim
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Anesthesiology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jessica Wang
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Matz-Soja M, Rennert C, Schönefeld K, Aleithe S, Boettger J, Schmidt-Heck W, Weiss TS, Hovhannisyan A, Zellmer S, Klöting N, Schulz A, Kratzsch J, Guthke R, Gebhardt R. Hedgehog signaling is a potent regulator of liver lipid metabolism and reveals a GLI-code associated with steatosis. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27185526 PMCID: PMC4869931 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in industrialized countries and is increasing in prevalence. The pathomechanisms, however, are poorly understood. This study assessed the unexpected role of the Hedgehog pathway in adult liver lipid metabolism. Using transgenic mice with conditional hepatocyte-specific deletion of Smoothened in adult mice, we showed that hepatocellular inhibition of Hedgehog signaling leads to steatosis by altering the abundance of the transcription factors GLI1 and GLI3. This steatotic 'Gli-code' caused the modulation of a complex network of lipogenic transcription factors and enzymes, including SREBP1 and PNPLA3, as demonstrated by microarray analysis and siRNA experiments and could be confirmed in other steatotic mouse models as well as in steatotic human livers. Conversely, activation of the Hedgehog pathway reversed the "Gli-code" and mitigated hepatic steatosis. Collectively, our results reveal that dysfunctions in the Hedgehog pathway play an important role in hepatic steatosis and beyond. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13308.001 The liver is one of the main organs responsible for processing everything that mammals eat and drink. Nutrients absorbed by the gut like sugars and lipids (fats) are processed by the liver and are stored or distributed to provide energy to other organs. Sometimes these metabolic processes become unbalanced. This can lead to lipids accumulating in the liver – a process known as steatosis, which is a feature of human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In organs like the liver, cells are instructed how to behave via signaling pathways. A protein outside the cell signals to specific proteins inside, which switch on a set of target genes. One such pathway is the Hedgehog pathway, which primarily regulates tissue regeneration and the development of embryos. A component of this pathway is the Smoothened gene, which indirectly switches on proteins called GLI factors that regulate metabolic genes, including those involved in lipid metabolism. The Hedgehog pathway has been found to control the metabolism of lipids in fat tissue but it is not known whether it is important for lipid metabolism in the liver. Matz-Soja et al. investigated this possible role of the Hedgehog pathway in the liver using mice with a Smoothened gene that could be deleted specifically in that organ. This deletion disrupted Hedgehog signaling and led to lipids accumulating in the liver and eventually to steatosis. These changes were associated with an increase in the amounts and activityof several enzymes (and the proteins that regulate these enzymes) that help to synthesize lipids. Steatosis was also associated with low amounts of two of the three GLI factors; indeed, this seems to be key for triggering problems with lipid metabolism. Human livers with steatosis showed the same changes in levels of the GLI factors. Increasing the amount of GLI factors in liver cells taken from mice with steatosis reduced the accumulation of lipids and brought lipid metabolism back to its normal balance. A focus of future studies will be to understand how the Hedgehog signaling pathway interacts with other signaling pathways known to regulate liver lipid metabolism, such as insulin signaling. This knowledge will help clinicians to design new treatments for lipid-associated diseases like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13308.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane Rennert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schönefeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Aleithe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Boettger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schmidt-Heck
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- University Children Hospital, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Amalya Hovhannisyan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reinhardt Guthke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Mahana D, Trent CM, Kurtz ZD, Bokulich NA, Battaglia T, Chung J, Müller CL, Li H, Bonneau RA, Blaser MJ. Antibiotic perturbation of the murine gut microbiome enhances the adiposity, insulin resistance, and liver disease associated with high-fat diet. Genome Med 2016; 8:48. [PMID: 27124954 PMCID: PMC4847194 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are serious health concerns, especially in Western populations. Antibiotic exposure and high-fat diet (HFD) are important and modifiable factors that may contribute to these diseases. Methods To investigate the relationship of antibiotic exposure with microbiome perturbations in a murine model of growth promotion, C57BL/6 mice received lifelong sub-therapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT), or not (control), and were fed HFD starting at 13 weeks. To characterize microbiota changes caused by STAT, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was examined from collected fecal samples and analyzed. Results In this model, which included HFD, STAT mice developed increased weight and fat mass compared to controls. Although results in males and females were not identical, insulin resistance and NAFLD were more severe in the STAT mice. Fecal microbiota from STAT mice were distinct from controls. Compared with controls, STAT exposure led to early conserved diet-independent microbiota changes indicative of an immature microbial community. Key taxa were identified as STAT-specific and several were found to be predictive of disease. Inferred network models showed topological shifts concurrent with growth promotion and suggest the presence of keystone species. Conclusions These studies form the basis for new models of type 2 diabetes and NAFLD that involve microbiome perturbation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0297-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Smith KR, Hussain T, Karimian Azari E, Steiner JL, Ayala JE, Pratley RE, Kyriazis GA. Disruption of the sugar-sensing receptor T1R2 attenuates metabolic derangements associated with diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E688-E698. [PMID: 26884387 PMCID: PMC4835941 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00484.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sweet taste receptors (STRs) on the tongue mediate gustatory sweet sensing, but their expression in the gut, pancreas, and adipose tissue suggests a physiological contribution to whole body nutrient sensing and metabolism. However, little is known about the function and contribution of these sugar sensors during metabolic stress induced by overnutrition and subsequent obesity. Here, we investigated the effects of high-fat/low-carbohydrate (HF/LC) diet on glucose homeostasis and energy balance in mice with global disruption of the sweet taste receptor protein T1R2. We assessed body composition, energy balance, glucose homeostasis, and tissue-specific nutrient metabolism in T1R2 knockout (T1R2-KO) mice fed a HF/LC diet for 12 wk. HF/LC diet-fed T1R2-KO mice gained a similar amount of body mass as did WT mice, but had reduced fat mass and increased lean mass relative to WT mice. T1R2-KO mice were also hyperphagic and hyperactive. Ablation of the T1R2 sugar sensor protected mice from HF/LC diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and altered substrate utilization, including increased rates of glucose oxidation and decreased liver triglyceride (TG) accumulation, despite normal intestinal fat absorption. Finally, STRs (T1r2/T1r3) were upregulated in the adipose tissue of WT mice in response to HF/LC diet, and their expression positively correlated with fat mass and glucose intolerance. The chemosensory receptor T1R2, plays an important role in glucose homeostasis during diet-induced obesity through the regulation of yet to be identified molecular mechanisms that alter energy disposal and utilization in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Smith
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida; and
| | - Tania Hussain
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida; and
| | - Elnaz Karimian Azari
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida; and
| | - Jennifer L Steiner
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida; and
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida; and
| | - Richard E Pratley
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida; and
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida
| | - George A Kyriazis
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida; and
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida
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Wilson CG, Tran JL, Erion DM, Vera NB, Febbraio M, Weiss EJ. Hepatocyte-Specific Disruption of CD36 Attenuates Fatty Liver and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in HFD-Fed Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:570-85. [PMID: 26650570 PMCID: PMC4733118 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD36/FAT (fatty acid translocase) is associated with human and murine nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but it has been unclear whether it is simply a marker or whether it directly contributes to disease pathogenesis. Mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2L mice) have increased circulating free fatty acids (FAs), dramatically increased hepatic CD36 expression and profound fatty liver. To investigate the role of elevated CD36 in the development of fatty liver, we studied two models of hepatic steatosis, a genetic model (JAK2L mice) and a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced steatosis model. We deleted Cd36 specifically in hepatocytes of JAK2L mice to generate double knockouts and from wild-type mice to generate CD36L single-knockout mice. Hepatic Cd36 disruption in JAK2L livers significantly improved steatosis by lowering triglyceride, diacylglycerol, and cholesterol ester content. The largest differences in liver triglycerides were in species comprised of oleic acid (C18:1). Reduction in liver lipids correlated with an improvement in the inflammatory markers that were elevated in JAK2L mice, namely aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase. Cd36 deletion in mice on HFD (CD36L-HFD) reduced liver lipid content and decreased hepatic 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene-FA uptake as compared with CON-HFD. Additionally, CD36L-HFD mice had improved whole-body insulin sensitivity and reduced liver and serum inflammatory markers. Therefore, CD36 directly contributes to development of fatty liver under conditions of elevated free FAs by modulating the rate of FA uptake by hepatocytes. In HFD-fed animals, disruption of hepatic Cd36 protects against associated systemic inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camella G Wilson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Jennifer L Tran
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Derek M Erion
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Nicholas B Vera
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Ethan J Weiss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (C.G.W., J.L.T., E.J.W.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals (D.M.E., N.B.V.), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; and School of Dentistry (M.F.), University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E1
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