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Wu C, Zhou Z, Ni L, Cao J, Tan M, Wu X, Xu Y, Hu J. Correlation between anxiety-depression symptoms and immune characteristics in inpatients with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 141:378-384. [PMID: 34325347 PMCID: PMC8279890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is widely acknowledged as a severe traumatic event, and depression, anxiety, and psychological distress are common in diagnosed patients. However, the correlations of biological indicators with emotion are rarely reported. The primary objective of this study was to explore the dysfunction of immune-inflammatory characteristics in patients with depression-anxiety symptoms. METHODS We investigated the mental status of inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and compared the differences in cytokines and lymphocytes between patients with and without depression-anxiety symptoms at admission. After two weeks of treatment, we evaluated the mental conditions and measured the cytokines and lymphocytes of the patients with depression and anxiety symptoms and explored the changes and their associations. RESULTS Approximately half of the patients with COVID-19 had depression and anxiety symptoms, and the symptoms were related to the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ and the level of CD4+T lymphocytes. When compared with patients without depression-anxiety symptoms, CD4+T lymphocytes level was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with depression-anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION This study provided novel evidence regarding the association between depression and anxiety symptoms and immune characteristics, especially CD4+T lymphocyte levels, in COVID-19 patients. We emphasized the importance of paying attention to the dynamic immune process of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with depression/anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congchong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhiying Zhou
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Li Ni
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People's Hospital of Fuyang; Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Lishui; Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Meifang Tan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiu Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Jianbo Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, 310003, China; The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management in Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, 310003, China; Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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52
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Schneider N, Greenstreet E, Deoni SCL. Connecting inside out: Development of the social brain in infants and toddlers with a focus on myelination as a marker of brain maturation. Child Dev 2021; 93:359-371. [PMID: 34463347 PMCID: PMC9290142 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Early childhood is a sensitive period for learning and social skill development. The maturation of cerebral regions underlying social processing lays the foundation for later social‐emotional competence. This study explored myelin changes in social brain regions and their association with changes in parent‐rated social‐emotional development in a cohort of 129 children (64 females, 0–36 months, 77 White). Results reveal a steep increase in myelination throughout the social brain in the first 3 years of life that is significantly associated with social‐emotional development scores. These findings add knowledge to the emerging picture of social brain development by describing neural underpinnings of human social behavior. They can contribute to identifying age‐/stage‐appropriate early life factors in this developmental domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Schneider
- Brain Health Department, Nestlé Institute of Health Science, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Switzerland
| | | | - Sean C L Deoni
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Radiology, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Dansu DK, Sauma S, Casaccia P. Oligodendrocyte progenitors as environmental biosensors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:38-44. [PMID: 33092959 PMCID: PMC8053729 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an important revision of the traditional concept of the role and function of glial cells. From "passive support" for neurons, oligodendrocyte lineage cells are now recognized as metabolic exchangers with neurons, a cellular interface with blood vessels and responders to gut-derived metabolites or changes in the social environment. In the developing brain, the differentiation of neonatal oligodendrocyte progenitors (nOPCs) is required for normal brain function. In adulthood, the differentiation of adult OPCs (aOPCs) serves an important role in learning, behavioral adaptation and response to myelin injury. Here, we propose the concept of OPCs as environmental biosensors, which "sense" chemical and physical stimuli over time and adjust to the new challenges by modifying their epigenome and consequent transcriptome. Because epigenetics defines the ability of the cell to "adapt" gene expression to changes in the environment, we propose a model of OPC differentiation resulting from time-dependent changes of the epigenomic landscape in response to declining mitogens, raising hormone levels, neuronal activity, changes in space constraints or stiffness of the extracellular matrix. We propose that the intrinsically different functional properties of aOPCs compared to nOPCs result from the accrual of "epigenetic memories" of distinct events, which are "recorded" in the nuclei of OPCs as histone and DNA marks, defining a "unique epigenomic landscape" over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Dansu
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sami Sauma
- Graduate Program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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Disturbance of prefrontal cortical myelination in olfactory bulbectomized mice is associated with depressive-like behavior. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105112. [PMID: 34171413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that demyelination is associated with the development of depression. Olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) rodents are a useful experimental animal model for depressive disorder. However, little is known about the change in myelination in the brain of OBX mice. To address this question, we observed depressive-like behavior of OBX mice in the tail-suspension test, and determined the quantity of myelin proteins in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum and hippocampus on day 14 or 21 after surgery. The number of nodes of Ranvier paired with the paranodal marker contactin-associated protein (Caspr), as well as the numbers of immature and mature oligodendrocytes in the PFC, were also measured on day 21 after surgery. We examined whether these behavioral and neurochemical changes observed in OBX mice were reversed by chronic administration of imipramine. OBX mice showed depressive-like behavior in the tail-suspension test together with a decrease in the levels of myelin proteins such as myelin basic protein, myelin-associated glycoprotein and cyclicnucleotide phosphodiesterase in the PFC on day 21 after surgery. The number of nodes of Ranvier and mature oligodendrocytes were also decreased in the PFC of OBX mice, while the number of immature oligodendrocytes was increased on day 21 after surgery. However, the number of immature oligodendrocytes in the PFC of OBX mice was decreased on day 35 after surgery. Administration of imipramine (20 mg/kg) for 2 weeks from day 21 after surgery improved OBX-induced depressive-like behavior and abnormal myelination in the PFC. The present findings suggest that the disturbance of myelin function in the PFC may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression, and further support the notion that it plays an important role in the psychological state.
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Preference uncertainty accounts for developmental effects on susceptibility to peer influence in adolescence. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3823. [PMID: 34158482 PMCID: PMC8219700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescents are prone to social influence from peers, with implications for development, both adaptive and maladaptive. Here, using a computer-based paradigm, we replicate a cross-sectional effect of more susceptibility to peer influence in a large dataset of adolescents 14 to 24 years old. Crucially, we extend this finding by adopting a longitudinal perspective, showing that a within-person susceptibility to social influence decreases over a 1.5 year follow-up time period. Exploiting this longitudinal design, we show that susceptibility to social influences at baseline predicts an improvement in peer relations over the follow-up period. Using a Bayesian computational model, we demonstrate that in younger adolescents a greater tendency to adopt others’ preferences arises out of a higher uncertainty about their own preferences in the paradigmatic case of delay discounting (a phenomenon called ‘preference uncertainty’). This preference uncertainty decreases over time and, in turn, leads to a reduced susceptibility of one’s own behaviour to an influence from others. Neuro-developmentally, we show that a measure of myelination within medial prefrontal cortex, estimated at baseline, predicts a developmental decrease in preference uncertainty at follow-up. Thus, using computational and neural evidence, we reveal adaptive mechanisms underpinning susceptibility to social influence during adolescence. People often change their preferences to conform with others. Using a longitudinal design, the authors show that such conformity decreases over the course of adolescence and that this reduction in conformity is accompanied by a decreasing degree of uncertainty about what to like.
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Breton JM, Barraza M, Hu KY, Frias SJ, Long KL, Kaufer D. Juvenile exposure to acute traumatic stress leads to long-lasting alterations in grey matter myelination in adult female but not male rats. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100319. [PMID: 33937444 PMCID: PMC8079662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress early in life can have a major impact on brain development, and there is increasing evidence that childhood stress confers vulnerability for later developing psychiatric disorders. In particular, during peri-adolescence, brain regions crucial for emotional regulation, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HPC), are still developing and are highly sensitive to stress. Changes in myelin levels have been implicated in mental illnesses and stress effects on myelin and oligodendrocytes (OLs) are beginning to be explored as a novel and underappreciated mechanism underlying psychopathologies. Yet there is little research on the effects of acute stress on myelin during peri-adolescence, and even less work exploring sex-differences. Here, we used a rodent model to test the hypothesis that exposure to acute traumatic stress as a juvenile would induce changes in OLs and myelin content across limbic brain regions. Male and female juvenile rats underwent 3 h of restraint stress with exposure to a predator odor on postnatal day (p) 28. Acute stress induced a physiological response, increasing corticosterone release and reducing weight gain in stress-exposed animals. Brain sections containing the PFC, AMY and HPC were taken either in adolescence (p40), or in adulthood (p95) and stained for markers of OLs and myelin. We found that acute stress induced sex-specific changes in grey matter (GM) myelination and OLs in both the short- and long-term. Exposure to a single stressor as a juvenile increased GM myelin content in the AMY and HPC in p40 males, compared to the respective control group. At p40, corticosterone release during stress exposure was also positively correlated with GM myelin content in the AMY of male rats. Single exposure to juvenile stress also led to long-term effects exclusively in female rats. Compared to controls, stress-exposed females showed reduced GM myelin content in all three brain regions. Acute stress exposure decreased PFC and HPC OL density in p40 females, perhaps contributing towards this observed long-term decrease in myelin content. Overall, our findings suggest that the juvenile brain is vulnerable to exposure to a brief severe stressor. Exposure to a single short traumatic event during peri-adolescence produces long-lasting changes in GM myelin content in the adult brain of female, but not male, rats. These findings highlight myelin plasticity as a potential contributor to sex-specific sensitivity to perturbation during a critical window of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M. Breton
- University of California, Berkeley, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, United States
| | - Matthew Barraza
- University of California, Berkeley, Molecular and Cellular Biology, United States
| | - Kelsey Y. Hu
- University of California, Berkeley, Molecular and Cellular Biology, United States
| | - Samantha Joy Frias
- University of California, Berkeley, Molecular and Cellular Biology, United States
| | - Kimberly L.P. Long
- University of California, Berkeley, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, United States
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- University of California, Berkeley, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, United States
- University of California, Berkeley, Integrative Biology, United States
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, M5G1M1, Canada
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Khastkhodaei Z, Muthuraman M, Yang JW, Groppa S, Luhmann HJ. Functional and directed connectivity of the cortico-limbic network in mice in vivo. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:685-700. [PMID: 33442810 PMCID: PMC7981333 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Higher cognitive processes and emotional regulation depend on densely interconnected telencephalic and limbic areas. Central structures of this cortico-limbic network are ventral hippocampus (vHC), medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NAC). Human and animal studies have revealed both anatomical and functional alterations in specific connections of this network in several psychiatric disorders. However, it is often not clear whether functional alterations within these densely interconnected brain areas are caused by modifications in the direct pathways, or alternatively through indirect interactions. We performed multi-site extracellular recordings of spontaneous activity in three different brain regions to study the functional connectivity in the BLA-NAC-PFC-vHC network of the lightly anesthetized mouse in vivo. We show that BLA, NAC, PFC and vHC are functionally connected in distinct frequency bands and determined the influence of a third brain region on this connectivity. In addition to describing mutual synchronicity, we determined the strength of functional connectivity for each region in the BLA-NAC-PFC-vHC network. We find a region-specificity in the strength of feedforward and feedback connections for each region in its interaction with other areas in the network. Our results provide insights into functional and directed connectivity in the cortico-limbic network of adult wild-type mice, which may be helpful to further elucidate the pathophysiological changes of this network in psychiatric disorders and to develop target-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Khastkhodaei
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and MULTIMODAL Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and MULTIMODAL Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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Kaul D, Schwab SG, Mechawar N, Matosin N. How stress physically re-shapes the brain: Impact on brain cell shapes, numbers and connections in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:193-215. [PMID: 33556389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe stress is among the most robust risk factors for the development of psychiatric disorders. Imaging studies indicate that life stress is integral to shaping the human brain, especially regions involved in processing the stress response. Although this is likely underpinned by changes to the cytoarchitecture of cellular networks in the brain, we are yet to clearly understand how these define a role for stress in human psychopathology. In this review, we consolidate evidence of macro-structural morphometric changes and the cellular mechanisms that likely underlie them. Focusing on stress-sensitive regions of the brain, we illustrate how stress throughout life may lead to persistent remodelling of the both neurons and glia in cellular networks and how these may lead to psychopathology. We support that greater translation of cellular alterations to human cohorts will support parsing the psychological sequalae of severe stress and improve our understanding of how stress shapes the human brain. This will remain a critical step for improving treatment interventions and prevention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Kaul
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Sibylle G Schwab
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle blvd, Verdun, Qc, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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Pruvost M, Moyon S. Oligodendroglial Epigenetics, from Lineage Specification to Activity-Dependent Myelination. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:62. [PMID: 33467699 PMCID: PMC7830029 DOI: 10.3390/life11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendroglial cells are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. While myelination is crucial to axonal activity and conduction, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes have also been shown to be essential for neuronal support and metabolism. Thus, a tight regulation of oligodendroglial cell specification, proliferation, and myelination is required for correct neuronal connectivity and function. Here, we review the role of epigenetic modifications in oligodendroglial lineage cells. First, we briefly describe the epigenetic modalities of gene regulation, which are known to have a role in oligodendroglial cells. We then address how epigenetic enzymes and/or marks have been associated with oligodendrocyte progenitor specification, survival and proliferation, differentiation, and finally, myelination. We finally mention how environmental cues, in particular, neuronal signals, are translated into epigenetic modifications, which can directly influence oligodendroglial biology.
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60
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Baranger DAA, Halchenko YO, Satz S, Ragozzino R, Iyengar S, Swartz HA, Manelis A. Aberrant levels of cortical myelin distinguish individuals with depressive disorders from healthy controls. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2021; 32:102790. [PMID: 34455188 PMCID: PMC8406024 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between depressive disorders and measures reflecting myelin content is underexplored, despite growing evidence of associations with white matter tract integrity. We characterized the T1w/T2w ratio using the Glasser atlas in 39 UD and 47 HC participants (ages = 19-44, 75% female). A logistic elastic net regularized regression with nested cross-validation and a subsequent linear discriminant analysis conducted on held-out samples were used to select brain regions and classify patients vs. healthy controls (HC). True-label model performance was compared against permuted-label model performance. The T1w/T2w ratio distinguished patients from HC with 68% accuracy (p < 0.001; sensitivity = 63.8%, specificity = 71.5%). Brain regions contributing to this classification performance were located in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, extended visual, and auditory cortices, and showed statistically significant differences in the T1w/T2w ratio for patients vs. HC. As the T1w/T2w ratio is thought to characterize cortical myelin, patterns of cortical myelin in these regions may be a biomarker distinguishing individuals with depressive disorders from HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A A Baranger
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | - Skye Satz
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Ragozzino
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satish Iyengar
- Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Holly A Swartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anna Manelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Liu J, Likhtik E, Shereen AD, Dennis-Tiwary TA, Casaccia P. White Matter Plasticity in Anxiety: Disruption of Neural Network Synchronization During Threat-Safety Discrimination. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:587053. [PMID: 33250713 PMCID: PMC7674975 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.587053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence highlighted the importance of white matter tracts in typical and atypical behaviors. White matter dynamically changes in response to learning, stress, and social experiences. Several lines of evidence have reported white matter dysfunction in psychiatric conditions, including depression, stress- and anxiety-related disorders. The mechanistic underpinnings of these associations, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we outline an integrative perspective positing a link between aberrant myelin plasticity and anxiety. Drawing on extant literature and emerging new findings, we suggest that in anxiety, unique changes may occur in response to threat and to safety learning and the ability to discriminate between both types of stimuli. We propose that altered myelin plasticity in the neural circuits underlying these two forms of learning relates to the emergence of anxiety-related disorders, by compromising mechanisms of neural network synchronization. The clinical and translational implications of this model for anxiety-related disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, Neuroscience Initiative, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ekaterina Likhtik
- Department of Biology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate Program in Biology at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - A. Duke Shereen
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, Neuroscience Initiative, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tracy A. Dennis-Tiwary
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate Program in Psychology and Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, Neuroscience Initiative, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate Program in Biology at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Colizzi M, Weltens N, Lythgoe DJ, Williams SC, Van Oudenhove L, Bhattacharyya S. Differential sensitivity to the acute psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol associated with its differential acute effects on glial function and cortisol. Psychol Med 2020; 52:1-8. [PMID: 33107418 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720003827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use has been associated with psychosis through exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), its key psychoactive ingredient. Although preclinical and human evidence suggests that Δ9-THC acutely modulates glial function and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, whether differential sensitivity to the acute psychotomimetic effects of Δ9-THC is associated with differential effects of Δ9-THC on glial function and HPA-axis response has never been tested. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study investigated whether sensitivity to the psychotomimetic effects of Δ9-THC moderates the acute effects of a single Δ9-THC dose (1.19 mg/2 ml) on myo-inositol levels, a surrogate marker of glia, in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), and circadian cortisol levels, the key neuroendocrine marker of the HPA-axis, in a set of 16 healthy participants (seven males) with modest previous cannabis exposure. RESULTS The Δ9-THC-induced change in ACC myo-inositol levels differed significantly between those sensitive to (Δ9-THC minus placebo; M = -0.251, s.d. = 1.242) and those not sensitive (M = 1.615, s.d. = 1.753) to the psychotomimetic effects of the drug (t(14) = 2.459, p = 0.028). Further, the Δ9-THC-induced change in cortisol levels over the study period (baseline minus 2.5 h post-drug injection) differed significantly between those sensitive to (Δ9-THC minus placebo; M = -275.4, s.d. = 207.519) and those not sensitive (M = 74.2, s.d. = 209.281) to the psychotomimetic effects of the drug (t(13) = 3.068, p = 0.009). Specifically, Δ9-THC exposure lowered ACC myo-inositol levels and disrupted the physiological diurnal cortisol decrease only in those subjects developing transient psychosis-like symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The interindividual differences in transient psychosis-like effects of Δ9-THC are the result of its differential impact on glial function and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colizzi
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Nathalie Weltens
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - David J Lythgoe
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Steve Cr Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies (LaBGAS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, and Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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63
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Gellner AK, Voelter J, Schmidt U, Beins EC, Stein V, Philipsen A, Hurlemann R. Molecular and neurocircuitry mechanisms of social avoidance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1163-1189. [PMID: 32997200 PMCID: PMC7904739 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humans and animals live in social relationships shaped by actions of approach and avoidance. Both are crucial for normal physical and mental development, survival, and well-being. Active withdrawal from social interaction is often induced by the perception of threat or unpleasant social experience and relies on adaptive mechanisms within neuronal networks associated with social behavior. In case of confrontation with overly strong or persistent stressors and/or dispositions of the affected individual, maladaptive processes in the neuronal circuitries and its associated transmitters and modulators lead to pathological social avoidance. This review focuses on active, fear-driven social avoidance, affected circuits within the mesocorticolimbic system and associated regions and a selection of molecular modulators that promise translational potential. A comprehensive review of human research in this field is followed by a reflection on animal studies that offer a broader and often more detailed range of analytical methodologies. Finally, we take a critical look at challenges that could be addressed in future translational research on fear-driven social avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Gellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jella Voelter
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 7, 26160, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry Und Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Carolina Beins
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valentin Stein
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - René Hurlemann
- Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 7, 26160, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany. .,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
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64
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Abstract
The central nervous system is simply divided into two distinct anatomical regions based on the color of tissues, i.e. the gray and white matter. The gray matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies, glial cells, dendrites, immune cells, and the vascular system, while the white matter is composed of concentrated myelinated axonal fibers extending from neuronal soma and glial cells, such as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. As neuronal cell bodies are located in the gray matter, great attention has been focused mainly on the gray matter regarding the understanding of the functions of the brain throughout the neurophysiological areas, leading to a scenario in which the function of the white matter is relatively underestimated or has not received much attention. However, increasing evidence shows that the white matter plays highly significant and pivotal functions in the brain based on the fact that its abnormalities are associated with numerous neurological diseases. In this review, we will broadly discuss the pathways and functions of myelination, which is one of the main processes that modulate the functions of the white matter, as well as the manner in which its abnormalities are related to neurological disorders.
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65
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Antontseva E, Bondar N, Reshetnikov V, Merkulova T. The Effects of Chronic Stress on Brain Myelination in Humans and in Various Rodent Models. Neuroscience 2020; 441:226-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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66
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Lehmann ML, Poffenberger CN, Elkahloun AG, Herkenham M. Analysis of cerebrovascular dysfunction caused by chronic social defeat in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:735-747. [PMID: 32413560 PMCID: PMC7416466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress and affective disorders are clinically associated with hypertension and vascular disease, but the biological links between the conditions have not been fully explored. To examine this relationship, we used chronic social defeat (CSD) stress, which produces anxiety-like and depressive-like behavioral declines in susceptible mice. In such mice, CSD also produces cerebrovascular microbleeds in scattered locations. Here, we showed further evidence of vascular pathology and blood-brain barrier breakdown by visualizing plasma immunoglobulins and erythrocytes within the parenchyma and perivascular spaces of CSD brains. To further characterize the impact of stress on the cerebrovasculature, brain endothelial cells (bECs) were isolated, and global gene expression profiles were generated. Bioinformatic analysis of CSD-induced transcriptional changes in bECs showed enrichment in pathways that delineate the vascular response to injury. These pathways followed a temporal sequence of inflammation, oxidative stress, growth factor signaling, and wound healing (i.e., platelet aggregation, hemostasis, fibrinogen deposition, and angiogenesis). Immunohistochemical staining for markers of fibrinogen deposition and angiogenesis confirmed the existence of the markers at the sites of vascular disruptions. Recovery after CSD cessation was marked by recruitment of leukocytes perhaps participating in vascular repair. The data suggest that co-morbidity of affective disorders and vascular diseases may be attributed in part to a common link in altered endothelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Lehmann
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Chelsie N Poffenberger
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abdel G Elkahloun
- Division of Intramural Research Programs Microarray Core Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miles Herkenham
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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67
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Nagy SA, Vranesics A, Varga Z, Csabai D, Bruszt N, Bali ZK, Perlaki G, Hernádi I, Berente Z, Miseta A, Dóczi T, Czéh B. Stress-Induced Microstructural Alterations Correlate With the Cognitive Performance of Rats: A Longitudinal in vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:474. [PMID: 32581670 PMCID: PMC7283577 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stress-induced cellular changes in limbic brain structures contribute to the development of various psychopathologies. In vivo detection of these microstructural changes may help us to develop objective biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced neuroimaging technique that enables the non-invasive examination of white matter integrity and provides insights into the microstructure of pathways connecting brain areas. Objective: Our aim was to examine the temporal dynamics of stress-induced structural changes with repeated in vivo DTI scans and correlate them with behavioral alterations. Methods: Out of 32 young adult male rats, 16 were exposed to daily immobilization stress for 3 weeks. Four DTI measurements were done: one before the stress exposure (baseline), two scans during the stress (acute and chronic phases), and a last one 2 weeks after the end of the stress protocol (recovery). We used a 4.7T small-animal MRI system and examined 18 gray and white matter structures calculating the following parameters: fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD). T2-weighted images were used for volumetry. Cognitive performance and anxiety levels of the animals were assessed in the Morris water maze, novel object recognition, open field, and elevated plus maze tests. Results: Reduced FA and increased MD and RD values were found in the corpus callosum and external capsule of stressed rats. Stress increased RD in the anterior commissure and reduced MD and RD in the amygdala. We observed time-dependent changes in several DTI parameters as the rats matured, but we found no evidence of stress-induced volumetric alterations in the brains. Stressed rats displayed cognitive impairments and we found numerous correlations between the cognitive performance of the animals and between various DTI metrics of the inferior colliculus, corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and amygdala. Conclusions: Our data provide further support to the translational value of DTI studies and suggest that chronic stress exposure results in similar white matter microstructural alterations that have been documented in stress-related psychiatric disorders. These DTI findings imply microstructural abnormalities in the brain, which may underlie the cognitive deficits that are often present in stress-related mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Anett Nagy
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA-PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anett Vranesics
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Research Group for Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Varga
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dávid Csabai
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Bruszt
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kristóf Bali
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Grastyán Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Perlaki
- MTA-PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Hernádi
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Grastyán Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Berente
- Research Group for Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dóczi
- MTA-PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Boldizsár Czéh
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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68
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Iemolo A, Montilla-Perez P, Lai IC, Meng Y, Nolan S, Wen J, Rusu I, Dulcis D, Telese F. A cell type-specific expression map of NCoR1 and SMRT transcriptional co-repressors in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2218-2238. [PMID: 32072640 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly change gene expression patterns is essential for differentiation, development, and functioning of the brain. Throughout development, or in response to environmental stimuli, gene expression patterns are tightly regulated by the dynamic interplay between transcription activators and repressors. Nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR1) and silencing mediator for retinoid or thyroid-hormone receptors (SMRT) are the best characterized transcriptional co-repressors from a molecular point of view. They mediate epigenetic silencing of gene expression in a wide range of developmental and homeostatic processes in many tissues, including the brain. For instance, NCoR1 and SMRT regulate neuronal stem cell proliferation and differentiation during brain development and they have been implicated in learning and memory. However, we still have a limited understanding of their regional and cell type-specific expression in the brain. In this study, we used fluorescent immunohistochemistry to map their expression patterns throughout the adult mouse brain. Our findings reveal that NCoR1 and SMRT share an overall neuroanatomical distribution, and are detected in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. However, we observed striking differences in their cell type-specific expression in glial cells. Specifically, all oligodendrocytes express NCoR1, but only a subset express SMRT. In addition, NCoR1, but not SMRT, was detected in a subset of astrocytes and in the microglia. These novel observations are corroborated by single cell transcriptomics and emphasize how NCoR1 and SMRT may contribute to distinct biological functions, suggesting an exclusive role of NCoR1 in innate immune responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Iemolo
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - I-Chi Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yinuo Meng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Syreeta Nolan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Junneng Wen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Iulia Rusu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Davide Dulcis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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69
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Xu Y, Fang Z, Wu C, Xu H, Kong J, Huang Q, Zhang H. The Long-Term Effects of Adolescent Social Defeat Stress on Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells and Neuroinflammatory Mediators in Mice. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1321-1330. [PMID: 32547035 PMCID: PMC7250299 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s247497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adverse childhood and adolescent experiences are associated with the emergences of psychopathology later in life and have negative consequences on white matter integrity. However, this adversity-induced white matter impairment remains not fully investigated. METHODS Adolescent Balb/c mice were subjected to intermittent social defeat stress once a day during postnatal days 25 to 40. Then, the subjects were allowed to recover for three weeks before sacrifice. At the end, oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells, cell proliferation, and microglia activation, as well as myelin basic protein (MBP) levels in frontal cortex and hippocampus were evaluated. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the brain regions were assessed. RESULTS MBP protein level in frontal cortex, but not in the hippocampus of defeated mice, decreased significantly compared to controls. The numeral densities of mature OLs, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and proliferating cells in medial prefrontal cortex were comparable between the defeated mice and controls. The defeated mice, however, showed significantly higher IL-1β level, although IL-6 level and numeral density of microglia in frontal cortex did not change relative to controls. CONCLUSION These results indicate that effects of intermittent social defeat stress on the white matter integrity and OL lineage cells in mouse brain are region- and developmental stage-specific. Upregulated IL-1β may contribute to this negative consequence though the underlying mechanism remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Xu
- Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeman Fang
- Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cairu Wu
- Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Xu
- Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Kangning Hospital, School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Qingjun Huang
- Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Handi Zhang
- Shantou University Mental Health Center, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Shaw GA, Dupree JL, Neigh GN. Adolescent maturation of the prefrontal cortex: Role of stress and sex in shaping adult risk for compromise. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 19:e12626. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys A. Shaw
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
| | - Jeffrey L. Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
- Research ServiceHunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center Richmond Virginia
| | - Gretchen N. Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyVirginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
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