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Sousa AP, Costa R, Alves MG, Soares R, Baylina P, Fernandes R. The Impact of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:843458. [PMID: 35399507 PMCID: PMC8992047 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.843458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most common type of cancer in men worldwide in 2020. Despite its low death rate, the need for new therapies or prevention strategies is critical. The prostate carcinogenesis process is complex and multifactorial. PCa is caused by a variety of mutations and carcinogenic events that constitutes the disease's multifactorial focus, capable of not only remodeling cellular activity, but also modeling metabolic pathways to allow adaptation to the nutritional requirements of the tumor, creating a propitious microenvironment. Some risk factors have been linked to the development of PCa, including Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). MetS is intrinsically related to PCa carcinogenic development, increasing its aggressiveness. On the other hand, T2DM has the opposite impact, although in other carcinomas its effect is similar to the MetS. Although these two metabolic disorders may share some developmental processes, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, their influence on PCa prognosis appears to have an inverse effect, which makes this a paradox. Understanding the phenomena behind this paradoxical behavior may lead to new concepts into the comprehension of the diseases, as well as to evaluate new therapeutical targets. Thus, this review aimed to evaluate the impact of metabolic disorders in PCa's aggressiveness state and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P. Sousa
- LaBMI-Laboratório de Biotecnologia Médica e Industrial, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- ESS-Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa
- LaBMI-Laboratório de Biotecnologia Médica e Industrial, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G. Alves
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pilar Baylina
- LaBMI-Laboratório de Biotecnologia Médica e Industrial, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- ESS-Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- LaBMI-Laboratório de Biotecnologia Médica e Industrial, Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal
- ESS-Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Antar SA, Abdo W, Taha RS, Farage AE, El-Moselhy LE, Amer ME, Abdel Monsef AS, Abdel Hamid AM, Kamel EM, Ahmeda AF, Mahmoud AM. Telmisartan attenuates diabetic nephropathy by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation, and upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in diabetic rats. Life Sci 2022; 291:120260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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A Meteorological Paradox: Low Atmospheric Pressure-Associated Decrease in Blood Pressure Is Accompanied by More Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Complications: Five-Year Follow-up of Elderly Hypertensive Patients. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Background: Variations in atmospheric pressure (AP) are known to affect blood pressure (BP). We assessed the effect of AP on BP, and the major fatal and nonfatal complications thereof (i.e., stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary emboli). Methods: In this observational cohort study, 250 hypertensive patients (aged 65–92 years old) were followed for 3.5–5.4 years in a primary care clinic. Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to define the associations between AP, clinical, demographic and environmental factors, and major complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, etc. Results: AP fluctuated between 1007 and 1024 millibars (MB). A total of 132 patients (53%) developed various complications, of which 13 (9.8%) were fatal. Among all fatalities, 93 of 119 nonfatal cases and 7 of 13 fatal cases occurred at AP < 1013 MB. A Cox regression analysis showed that low AP (AP < 1013 MB) had a higher hazard ratio (HR) on hypertension (HTN) complications among all demographic, clinical and environmental parameters. Conclusions: Most major complications were associated with very low APs. Low AP was the best predictive risk-factor for major complications of HTN.
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Kumar S, Verma R, Tyagi N, Gangenahalli G, Verma YK. Therapeutics effect of mesenchymal stromal cells in reactive oxygen species-induced damages. Hum Cell 2022; 35:37-50. [PMID: 34800267 PMCID: PMC8605474 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species are chemically unstable molecules generated during aerobic respiration, especially in the electron transport chain. ROS are involved in various biological functions; any imbalance in their standard level results in severe damage, for instance, oxidative damage, inflammation in a cellular system, and cancer. Oxidative damage activates signaling pathways, which result in cell proliferation, oncogenesis, and metastasis. Since the last few decades, mesenchymal stromal cells have been explored as therapeutic agents against various pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, acute and chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases, macular degeneration, and biliary diseases. Recently, the research community has begun developing several anti-tumor drugs, but these therapeutic drugs are ineffective. In this present review, we would like to emphasize MSCs-based targeted therapy against pathologies induced by ROS as cells possess regenerative potential, immunomodulation, and migratory capacity. We have also focused on how MSCs can be used as next-generation drugs with no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh Kumar
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Ranjan Verma
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Nishant Tyagi
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Gurudutta Gangenahalli
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Verma
- Stem Cell & Gene Therapy Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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Angiotensin System Modulations in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Consequences on Erythrocyte Properties; Action of MLN-4760 and Zofenopril. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121902. [PMID: 34944718 PMCID: PMC8698991 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various pathologies (COVID-19 including) are associated with abnormalities in erythrocyte properties. Hypertension represents an unfavorable condition for erythrocyte quality and is the most prevalent risk factor in COVID-19 patients. ACE2 downregulation that is typical of these patients can further deteriorate cardiovascular health; however, its consequences on erythrocyte properties are not known yet. The aim was to investigate the effect of ACE2 inhibition and the potential beneficial effect of zofenopril on erythrocytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ACE2 inhibition induced by MLN-4760 (1 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks) led to deterioration of erythrocyte morphology and osmotic resistance, but plasma markers of oxidative stress, erythrocyte deformability, nitric oxide production and Na,K-ATPase activity were not significantly affected. Zofenopril administration (10 mg/kg/day, initiated after 4-day-lasting ACE2 inhibition) resulted in unexpected increase in angiotensin II plasma levels in both control and ACE-inhibited spontaneously hypertensive rats, but in normalization of osmotic resistance in ACE2-inhibited rats. The overall effect of zofenopril on erythrocyte qualities could be evaluated as beneficial.
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Sileshi B, Urgessa F, Wordofa M. A comparative study of hematological parameters between hypertensive and normotensive individuals in Harar, eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260751. [PMID: 34874952 PMCID: PMC8651120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is the major public health concern; leading to cardiovascular disease. It is associated with alteration in hematological parameters which may lead to end-organ damage. Thus, this study aimed to compare hematological parameters between hypertensive and normotensive adult groups in Harar, eastern Ethiopia. METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March, 2020 at Jugel and Hiwotfana Specialized University hospital, Harar, eastern Ethiopia. Convenient sampling technique was used to recruit 102 hypertensive patients from the two hospitals and 102 apparently healthy blood donors. Participant's socio-demographic and clinical information were collected using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Blood sample were collected and analyzed by Beckman Coulter DxH 500 analyzer for complete blood count. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Independent t-test and Mann Whitney u-test was used for comparison between groups. Spearman's correlation was used for correlation test. P values less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULT 102 hypertensive and 102 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The median ± IQR value of white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (HCT), red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) were significantly higher in hypertensive group compared to apparently healthy control group. Additionally, RBC (red blood cell) count, HCT and RDW showed statistically significant positive correlations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. WBC count and RDW were significantly and positively correlated with body mass index (BMI). Platelet (PLT) count had a significant but negative correlation (r = -0.219, P = 0.027) with duration of hypertension illness while MPV showed positive and significant correlation (r = 0.255, P = 0.010). CONCLUSION The median values of WBC, Hgb, HCT, RDW and MPV were significantly higher in hypertensive patient compared to apparently healthy individuals. Hence, it is important to assess hematological parameters for hypertensive individuals which may help to prevent complications associated with hematological aberrations. However, further studies are required to understand hypertensive associated changes in hematological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beza Sileshi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Collage of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Urgessa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Collage of Health and Medical Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Wordofa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Collage of Health and Medical Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Leader CJ, Wilkins GT, Walker RJ. The effect of spironolactone on cardiac and renal fibrosis following myocardial infarction in established hypertension in the transgenic Cyp1a1Ren2 rat. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260554. [PMID: 34843581 PMCID: PMC8629264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis plays a key role in mediating cardiac and kidney injury. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism has beneficial effects on cardiac dysfunction, but effects are less well quantified in the cardiorenal syndrome. This study investigated cardiac and kidney pathophysiology following permanent surgical ligation to induce myocardial infarction (MI) in hypertensive animals with or without mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism. METHODS Hypertension was induced in adult male Cyp1a1Ren2 rats. Hypertensive animals underwent MI surgery (n = 6), and were then treated daily with spironolactone for 28 days with serial systolic blood pressure measurements, echocardiograms and collection of urine and serum biochemical data. They were compared to hypertensive animals (n = 4), hypertensive animals treated with spironolactone (n = 4), and hypertensive plus MI without spironolactone (n = 6). Cardiac and kidney tissue was examined for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS MI superimposed on hypertension resulted in an increase in interstitial cardiac fibrosis (p<0.001), renal cortical interstitial fibrosis (p<0.01) and glomerulosclerosis (p<0.01). Increased fibrosis was accompanied by myofibroblast and macrophage infiltration in the heart and the kidney. Spironolactone post-MI, diminished the progressive fibrosis (p<0.001) and inflammation (myofibroblasts (p<0.05); macrophages (p<0.01)) in both the heart and the kidney, despite persistently elevated SBP (182±19 mmHg). Despite the reduction in inflammation and fibrosis, spironolactone did not modify ejection fraction, proteinuria, or renal function when compared to untreated animals post MI. CONCLUSION This model of progressive cardiorenal dysfunction more closely replicates the clinical setting. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade at a clinically relevant dose, blunted progression of cardiac and kidney fibrosis with reduction in cardiac and kidney inflammatory myofibroblast and macrophage infiltration. Further studies are underway to investigate the combined actions of angiotensin blockade with mineralocorticoid receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Leader
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - G. T. Wilkins
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R. J. Walker
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Cai S, Pan N, Xu M, Su Y, Qiao K, Chen B, Zheng B, Xiao M, Liu Z. ACE Inhibitory Peptide from Skin Collagen Hydrolysate of Takifugu bimaculatus as Potential for Protecting HUVECs Injury. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19120655. [PMID: 34940654 PMCID: PMC8703921 DOI: 10.3390/md19120655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) is a crucial enzyme or receptor that catalyzes the generation of potent vasopressor angiotensin II (Ang II). ACE inhibitory peptides from fish showed effective ACE inhibitory activity. In this study, we reported an ACE inhibitory peptide from Takifugu bimaculatus (T. bimaculatus), which was obtained by molecular docking with acid-soluble collagen (ASC) hydrolysate of T. bimaculatus. The antihypertensive effects and potential mechanism were conducted using Ang-II-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as a model. The results showed that FNLRMQ alleviated the viability and facilitated apoptosis of Ang-II-induced HUVECs. Further research suggested that FNLRMQ may protect Ang-II-induced endothelial injury by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathways. This study, herein, reveals that collagen peptide FNLRMQ could be used as a potential candidate compound for antihypertensive treatment, and could provide scientific evidence for the high-value utilization of marine resources including T. bimaculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilin Cai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (S.C.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (N.P.); (M.X.); (K.Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Nan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (N.P.); (M.X.); (K.Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (N.P.); (M.X.); (K.Q.); (B.C.)
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yongchang Su
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (S.C.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (N.P.); (M.X.); (K.Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Kun Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (N.P.); (M.X.); (K.Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Bei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (N.P.); (M.X.); (K.Q.); (B.C.)
| | - Bingde Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (S.C.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (M.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Meitian Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (S.C.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (M.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen 361013, China; (N.P.); (M.X.); (K.Q.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (M.X.); (Z.L.)
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Alam MS, Czajkowsky DM. SARS-CoV-2 infection and oxidative stress: Pathophysiological insight into thrombosis and therapeutic opportunities. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 63:44-57. [PMID: 34836751 PMCID: PMC8591899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to global health. Although the majority of COVID-19 patients exhibit mild-to-no symptoms, many patients develop severe disease and need immediate hospitalization, with most severe infections associated with a dysregulated immune response attributed to a cytokine storm. Epidemiological studies suggest that overall COVID-19 severity and morbidity correlate with underlying comorbidities, including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and immunosuppressive conditions. Patients with such comorbidities exhibit elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress caused by an increased accumulation of angiotensin II and by activation of the NADPH oxidase pathway. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress coupled with the cytokine storm contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis and immunopathogenesis by causing endotheliitis and endothelial cell dysfunction and by activating the blood clotting cascade that results in blood coagulation and microvascular thrombosis. In this review, we survey the mechanisms of how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces oxidative stress and the consequences of this stress on patient health. We further shed light on aspects of the host immunity that are crucial to prevent the disease during the early phase of infection. A better understanding of the disease pathophysiology as well as preventive measures aimed at lowering ROS levels may pave the way to mitigate SARS-CoV-2-induced complications and decrease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shah Alam
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Lifestyle-Induced Redox-Sensitive Alterations: Cross-Talk among the RAAS, Antioxidant/Inflammatory Status, and Hypertension. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3080863. [PMID: 34733402 PMCID: PMC8560269 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development and progression of hypertension are closely linked to an unhealthy lifestyle; however, its underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Our aim was to assess the effects of diet and exercise on the elements of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), redox-sensitive parameters, and the expression of the vascular tone regulator endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Male control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats were randomized based on the type of diet (standard chow, high-fat diet: HT, and fructose-enriched diet: HF) and exercise (voluntary wheel-running exercise or lack of exercise). After 12 weeks of experimental period, the concentrations of the RAAS elements, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentrations, levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), and expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 as well as eNOS were measured in the cardiac tissue of WKY and SHRSP rats. We found that the RAAS elements were overactivated under hypertension and were further elevated by HT or HF diet, while HT and HF diet enhanced MPO and TNF-α parameters as well as the expression of pERK1/2; SOD, GSH, and eNOS levels were decreased. These changes occurred in WKKY rats and reached the statistically significant level in SHRSP animals. 12 weeks of exercise compensated the adverse effects of HT and HF via alleviating the concentrations of the RAAS elements and inflammatory markers as well as increasing of antioxidants. Our findings prove that SHRSP rats are more vulnerable to lifestyle changes. Both the type of diet and exercise, as a nonpharmacological therapeutic tool, can have a significant impact on the progression of hypertension.
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Nagarajan M, Maadurshni GB, Tharani GK, Udhayakumar I, Kumar G, Mani KP, Sivasubramanian J, Manivannan J. Exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) induces cardiovascular toxicity and exacerbates pathogenesis - Role of oxidative stress and MAPK signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 351:109719. [PMID: 34699767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The precise toxico-pathogenic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the cardiovascular system under normal and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor milieu are unclear. In this study, we have investigated the dose-dependent effects of ZnO-NPs on developing chicken embryo and cell culture (H9c2 cardiomyoblast, HUVEC and aortic VSMC) models. In addition, the potentiation effect of ZnO-NPs on simulated risk factor conditions was evaluated using; 1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced cardiac remodeling, 2. Angiotensin-II induced cardiac hypertrophy, 3. TNF-α induced HUVEC cell death and 4. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) induced aortic VSMC calcification models. The observed results illustrates that ZnO-NPs exposure down regulates vascular development and elevates oxidative stress in heart tissue. At the cellular level, ZnO-NPs exposure reduced the cell viability and increased the intracellular ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner in all three cell types. In addition, ZnO-NPs exposure significantly suppressed the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) generation, cardiac Ca2+ - ATPase activity and enhanced the cardiac mitochondrial swelling. Moreover, inhibition of p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways influence the cytotoxicity. Overall, ZnO-NPs exposure affects the cardiovascular system under normal conditions and it exacerbates the cardiovascular pathogenesis under selected risk factor milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Nagarajan
- Environmental Health and Toxicology Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ganeshmurthy Kanniamal Tharani
- Environmental Health and Toxicology Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Inbamani Udhayakumar
- Environmental Health and Toxicology Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gayathri Kumar
- Environmental Health and Toxicology Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishna Priya Mani
- Vascular Research Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Jeganathan Manivannan
- Environmental Health and Toxicology Lab, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abdrabbo M, Birch CM, Brandt M, Cicigoi KA, Coffey SJ, Dolan CC, Dvorak H, Gehrke AC, Gerzema AEL, Hansen A, Henseler EJ, Huelsbeck AC, LaBerge B, Leavens CM, Le CN, Lindquist AC, Ludwig RK, Reynolds JH, Severson NJ, Sherman BA, Sillman HW, Smith MA, Smith MA, Snortheim MJ, Svaren LM, Vanderpas EC, Wackett MJ, Wozney AJ, Bhattacharyya S, Hati S. Vitamin D and COVID-19: A review on the role of vitamin D in preventing and reducing the severity of COVID-19 infection. Protein Sci 2021; 30:2206-2220. [PMID: 34558135 PMCID: PMC8521296 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a pathogenic coronavirus causing COVID‐19 infection. The interaction between the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein and the human receptor angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, both of which contain several cysteine residues, is impacted by the disulfide‐thiol balance in the host cell. The host cell redox status is affected by oxidative stress due to the imbalance between the reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and antioxidants. Recent studies have shown that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce oxidative stress. It has also been proposed that vitamin D at physiological concentration has preventive effects on many viral infections, including COVID‐19. However, the molecular‐level picture of the interplay of vitamin D deficiency, oxidative stress, and the severity of COVID‐19 has remained unclear. Herein, we present a thorough review focusing on the possible molecular mechanism by which vitamin D could alter host cell redox status and block viral entry, thereby preventing COVID‐19 infection or reducing the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobeen Abdrabbo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cole M Birch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Brandt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kelsey A Cicigoi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephen J Coffey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Connor C Dolan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hannah Dvorak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ava C Gehrke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Audrey E L Gerzema
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abby Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ethan J Henseler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alyssa C Huelsbeck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ben LaBerge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Caterra M Leavens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christine N Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allison C Lindquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rickaela K Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacob H Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Severson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brandon A Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hunter W Sillman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Macey A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marissa J Snortheim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Levi M Svaren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily C Vanderpas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miles J Wackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alec J Wozney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sudeep Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sanchita Hati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
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Mathew R. Critical Role of Caveolin-1 Loss/Dysfunction in Pulmonary Hypertension. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9040058. [PMID: 34698188 PMCID: PMC8544475 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. A number of systemic diseases and genetic mutations are known to lead to PH. The main features of PH are altered vascular relaxation responses and the activation of proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways, resulting in pulmonary vascular remodeling, elevated pulmonary artery pressure, and right ventricular hypertrophy, ultimately leading to right heart failure and premature death. Important advances have been made in the field of pulmonary pathobiology, and several deregulated signaling pathways have been shown to be associated with PH. Clinical and experimental studies suggest that, irrespective of the underlying disease, endothelial cell disruption and/or dysfunction play a key role in the pathogenesis of PH. Endothelial caveolin-1, a cell membrane protein, interacts with and regulates several transcription factors and maintains homeostasis. Disruption of endothelial cells leads to the loss or dysfunction of endothelial caveolin-1, resulting in reciprocal activation of proliferative and inflammatory pathways, leading to cell proliferation, medial hypertrophy, and PH, which initiates PH and facilitates its progression. The disruption of endothelial cells, accompanied by the loss of endothelial caveolin-1, is accompanied by enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that leads to pro-proliferative and pro-migratory responses, subsequently leading to neointima formation. The neointimal cells have low caveolin-1 and normal eNOS expression that may be responsible for promoting nitrosative and oxidative stress, furthering cell proliferation and metabolic alterations. These changes have been observed in human PH lungs and in experimental models of PH. In hypoxia-induced PH, there is no endothelial disruption, loss of endothelial caveolin-1, or enhanced expression of caveolin-1 in SMCs. Hypoxia induces alterations in membrane composition without caveolin-1 or any other membrane protein loss. However, caveolin-1 is dysfunctional, resulting in cell proliferation, medial hypertrophy, and PH. These alterations are reversible upon removal of hypoxia, provided there is no associated EC disruption. This review examined the role of caveolin-1 disruption and dysfunction in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamma Mathew
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Goulding M, Goldberg R, Lemon SC. Differences in Blood Pressure Levels Among Children by Sociodemographic Status. Prev Chronic Dis 2021; 18:E88. [PMID: 34529555 PMCID: PMC8462283 DOI: 10.5888/pcd18.210058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) updated its blood pressure (BP) screening guidelines in 2017 to emphasize body weight as a risk factor. We provide contemporary, nationally representative estimates of prevalence of elevated and hypertensive BP among US children and examine sociodemographic prevalence differences, accounting for the influence of weight. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from children aged 8 to 17 years (N = 5,971; weighted N = 36,612,323) collected from 2011 through 2018 in 4 biennial cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Children's BP was categorized as normal, elevated, or hypertensive. Sociodemographic characteristics included were sex, age, race/ethnicity, family income, and education. Log binomial regression, with and without adjustment for weight (dichotomized at the 85th body mass index percentile), determined prevalence estimates and differences for elevated and hypertensive BPs with 95% CIs. RESULTS In NHANES data collected from 2011 through 2018, 7.2% (95% CI, 6.3%-8.3%) of US children had elevated BP, and 3.8% (95% CI, 3.3%-4.5%) had hypertensive BP according to 2017 AAP guidelines. Differences in prevalence of weight-adjusted elevated BP indicated higher prevalence among children aged 16 to 17 years compared with children aged 8 to 9 years (prevalence difference, +6.3%; 95% CI, 3.2%-9.4%), among males compared with females (+4.6%; 95% CI, 2.7%-6.4%), and among non-Latino Black children compared with non-Latino White children (+4.0%; 95% CI, 2.2%-5.8%). Crude hypertensive BP prevalence was highest among children aged 8 to 9 years, male children, and Mexican American children. The only difference remaining after weight adjustment was among children aged 8 to 9 years and 13 to 15 years. CONCLUSION Elevated BP was most prevalent among US children who were older, male, or non-Latino Black. Factors beyond inequalities in body weight may contribute to disparities in elevated BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Goulding
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation St, Worcester, MA 01605.
| | - Robert Goldberg
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Stephenie C Lemon
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Ramzan S, Tennstedt S, Tariq M, Khan S, Noor Ul Ayan H, Ali A, Munz M, Thiele H, Korejo AA, Mughal AR, Jamal SZ, Nürnberg P, Baig SM, Erdmann J, Ahmad I. A Novel Missense Mutation in TNNI3K Causes Recessively Inherited Cardiac Conduction Disease in a Consanguineous Pakistani Family. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081282. [PMID: 34440456 PMCID: PMC8395014 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac conduction disease (CCD), which causes altered electrical impulse propagation in the heart, is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality. It exhibits genetic and clinical heterogeneity with diverse pathomechanisms, but in most cases, it disrupts the synchronous activity of impulse-generating nodes and impulse-conduction underlying the normal heartbeat. In this study, we investigated a consanguineous Pakistani family comprised of four patients with CCD. We applied whole exome sequencing (WES) and co-segregation analysis, which identified a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.1531T>C;(p.Ser511Pro)) in the highly conserved kinase domain of the cardiac troponin I-interacting kinase (TNNI3K) encoding gene. The behaviors of mutant and native TNNI3K were compared by performing all-atom long-term molecular dynamics simulations, which revealed changes at the protein surface and in the hydrogen bond network. Furthermore, intra and intermolecular interaction analyses revealed that p.Ser511Pro causes structural variation in the ATP-binding pocket and the homodimer interface. These findings suggest p.Ser511Pro to be a pathogenic variant. Our study provides insights into how the variant perturbs the TNNI3K structure-function relationship, leading to a disease state. This is the first report of a recessive mutation in TNNI3K and the first mutation in this gene identified in the Pakistani population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaq Ramzan
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.R.); (S.T.); (H.N.U.A.); (M.M.); (J.E.)
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE-C), Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.T.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Stephanie Tennstedt
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.R.); (S.T.); (H.N.U.A.); (M.M.); (J.E.)
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Center Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE-C), Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.T.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Sheraz Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE-C), Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.T.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Hafiza Noor Ul Ayan
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.R.); (S.T.); (H.N.U.A.); (M.M.); (J.E.)
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE-C), Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.T.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Aamir Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE-C), Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.T.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Matthias Munz
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.R.); (S.T.); (H.N.U.A.); (M.M.); (J.E.)
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (H.T.); (P.N.)
| | - Asad Aslam Korejo
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Karachi 75510, Pakistan; (A.A.K.); (S.Z.J.)
| | | | - Syed Zahid Jamal
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Karachi 75510, Pakistan; (A.A.K.); (S.Z.J.)
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (H.T.); (P.N.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE-C), Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.T.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
- Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF), 1-Constitution Avenue, G-5/2, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.R.); (S.T.); (H.N.U.A.); (M.M.); (J.E.)
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Center Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ilyas Ahmad
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.R.); (S.T.); (H.N.U.A.); (M.M.); (J.E.)
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- University Heart Center Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)451-3101-8320
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Bai J, Lu Y, Zhu Y, Wang H, Yin D, Zhang H, Franco D, Zhao J. Understanding PITX2-Dependent Atrial Fibrillation Mechanisms through Computational Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7681. [PMID: 34299303 PMCID: PMC8307824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia. Better prevention and treatment of AF are needed to reduce AF-associated morbidity and mortality. Several major mechanisms cause AF in patients, including genetic predispositions to AF development. Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of genetic variants in association with AF populations, with the strongest hits clustering on chromosome 4q25, close to the gene for the homeobox transcription PITX2. Because of the inherent complexity of the human heart, experimental and basic research is insufficient for understanding the functional impacts of PITX2 variants on AF. Linking PITX2 properties to ion channels, cells, tissues, atriums and the whole heart, computational models provide a supplementary tool for achieving a quantitative understanding of the functional role of PITX2 in remodelling atrial structure and function to predispose to AF. It is hoped that computational approaches incorporating all we know about PITX2-related structural and electrical remodelling would provide better understanding into its proarrhythmic effects leading to development of improved anti-AF therapies. In the present review, we discuss advances in atrial modelling and focus on the mechanistic links between PITX2 and AF. Challenges in applying models for improving patient health are described, as well as a summary of future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyun Bai
- College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Yaosheng Lu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yijie Zhu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Huijin Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Dechun Yin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China;
| | - Henggui Zhang
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Diego Franco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain;
| | - Jichao Zhao
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Wogonin Inhibits Cardiac Hypertrophy by Activating Nrf-2-Mediated Antioxidant Responses. Cardiovasc Ther 2021; 2021:9995342. [PMID: 34290825 PMCID: PMC8266446 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9995342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac hypertrophy is one of the initial disorders of the cardiovascular system and can induce heart failure. Oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy. Wogonin (Wog), an important flavonoid derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is known to possess antioxidant properties. Methods An in vitro model of cardiac hypertrophy was established by stimulating H9C2 cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) with angiotensin II (AngII). The indices related to myocardial hypertrophy and oxidative stress were detected. An in vivo model of cardiac hypertrophy was induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in C57BL/6 mice. Cardiac function was monitored by chest echocardiography, and the hypertrophy index was measured. The mice were then sacrificed for histological assays, with mRNA and protein detection. To further explore the role of nuclear factor- (erythroid-derived 2-) like 2 (Nrf-2) in regulating the antioxidant effects of Wog in cardiac hypertrophy, siRNA analysis was conducted. Results Our results showed that Wog significantly ameliorated AngII-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by inhibiting oxidative stress in H9C2 cells and NRCMs. In addition, Wog treatment prevented oxidative stress and improved cardiac hypertrophy in mice that underwent TAC. Using gene-specific siRNA for Nrf-2, we discovered that these antioxidative effects of Wog are mediated through Nrf-2 induction. Conclusions Our results provide further evidence for the potential use of Wog as an antioxidative agent for treatment of cardiac hypertrophy, and Nrf-2 might serve as a therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Li Q, Dibus M, Casey A, Yee CSK, Vargas SO, Luo S, Rosen SM, Madden JA, Genetti CA, Brabek J, Brownstein CA, Kazerounian S, Raby BA, Schmitz-Abe K, Kennedy JC, Fishman MP, Mullen MP, Taylor JM, Rosel D, Agrawal PB. A homozygous stop-gain variant in ARHGAP42 is associated with childhood interstitial lung disease, systemic hypertension, and immunological findings. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009639. [PMID: 34232960 PMCID: PMC8289122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ARHGAP42 encodes Rho GTPase activating protein 42 that belongs to a member of the GTPase Regulator Associated with Focal Adhesion Kinase (GRAF) family. ARHGAP42 is involved in blood pressure control by regulating vascular tone. Despite these findings, disorders of human variants in the coding part of ARHGAP42 have not been reported. Here, we describe an 8-year-old girl with childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD), systemic hypertension, and immunological findings who carries a homozygous stop-gain variant (c.469G>T, p.(Glu157Ter)) in the ARHGAP42 gene. The family history is notable for both parents with hypertension. Histopathological examination of the proband lung biopsy showed increased mural smooth muscle in small airways and alveolar septa, and concentric medial hypertrophy in pulmonary arteries. ARHGAP42 stop-gain variant in the proband leads to exon 5 skipping, and reduced ARHGAP42 levels, which was associated with enhanced RhoA and Cdc42 expression. This is the first report linking a homozygous stop-gain variant in ARHGAP42 with a chILD disorder, systemic hypertension, and immunological findings in human patient. Evidence of smooth muscle hypertrophy on lung biopsy and an increase in RhoA/ROCK signaling in patient cells suggests the potential mechanistic link between ARHGAP42 deficiency and the development of chILD disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michal Dibus
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Alicia Casey
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christina S. K. Yee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sara O. Vargas
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samantha M. Rosen
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Madden
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Casie A. Genetti
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan Brabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Catherine A. Brownstein
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shideh Kazerounian
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Raby
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Klaus Schmitz-Abe
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John C. Kennedy
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martha P. Fishman
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary P. Mullen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joan M. Taylor
- Dept. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Centre of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Czech Republic
| | - Pankaj B. Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Endocrine hypertension secondary to adrenal tumors: clinical course and predictive factors of clinical remission. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2021; 406:2027-2035. [PMID: 34159439 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-021-02245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endocrinopathies constitute ~ 10% of secondary hypertension (SH) etiologies. Primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma (PHEO), and Cushing's syndrome are common causes. Early identification and treatment result in resolution/improvement of SH. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical course, outcomes, and remission-associated prognostic factors of SH related to adrenal tumors. METHODS Retrospective cohort study including patients with SH who underwent adrenalectomy from 2000 to 2019. Postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Remission was defined as normalization of blood pressure without drug use. RESULTS Eighty-three patients with SH were included. Mean ± SD age was 38.8 ± 14.2 years and 75.9% were women. Diagnosis was PHEO in 35 patients (42.2%), aldosteronoma (APA) in 28 (33.7%), cortisol producing adenoma (CPA) in 16 (19.3%), and ACTH-dependent Cushing's in 4 (4.8%). Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed in 81 (97.6%) patients. Mean ± SD follow-up was 57.4 ± 49.6 months (range 1-232). Surgical morbidity occurred in 7.2% of patients and there was no mortality. Remission of SH occurred in 61(73.5%): 100% of ACTH-dependent Cushing's, 85.7% of PHEO, 68.8% of CPA, and 57.1% of APA. Biochemical phenotype and the combination of larger tumor size, number of antihypertensive drugs, male gender, older age, obesity, and preoperative SH for more than 5 years were associated with less likely clinical remission in patients with APA (p = 0.004), CPA (p < 0.0001), and PHEO (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION SH remission rates are 57-100% after adrenalectomy. Several prognostic factors could be used to predict SH control. Adrenalectomy provides good clinical outcome and must be considered a treatment option in all surgical candidates.
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Anjos M, Fontes-Oliveira M, Costa VM, Santos M, Ferreira R. An update of the molecular mechanisms underlying doxorubicin plus trastuzumab induced cardiotoxicity. Life Sci 2021; 280:119760. [PMID: 34166713 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity is a major side effect of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (Dox), which is further exacerbated when it is combined with trastuzumab, a standard care approach for Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor-type 2 (HER2) positive cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanisms of the underlying cardiotoxicity of this combination are still mostly elusive. Increased oxidative stress, impaired energetic substrate uses and topoisomerase IIB inhibition are among the biological processes proposed to explain Dox-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Since cardiomyocytes express HER2, trastuzumab can also damage these cells by interfering with neuroregulin-1 signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent pathways. Nevertheless, Dox and trastuzumab target other cardiac cell types, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, cardiac progenitor cells and leukocytes, which can contribute to the clinical cardiotoxicity observed. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the cardiac signaling pathways modulated by these two antineoplastic drugs highly used in the management of breast cancer, not only focusing on cardiomyocytes but also to broaden the knowledge of the potential impact on other cells found in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Anjos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Vera M Costa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Santos
- Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal; UMIB, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Bandala C, Vanoye-Carlo A, Ignacio-Mejía I, Gómez-Manzo S, Hernández-Cruz EY, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Carmona-Aparicio L, Hernández-Ochoa B. Use of Antioxidants for the Neuro-Therapeutic Management of COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:971. [PMID: 34204362 PMCID: PMC8235474 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an emergent infectious disease that has caused millions of deaths throughout the world. COVID-19 infection's main symptoms are fever, cough, fatigue, and neurological manifestations such as headache, myalgias, anosmia, ageusia, impaired consciousness, seizures, and even neuromuscular junctions' disorders. In addition, it is known that this disease causes a series of systemic complications such as adverse respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, and liver dysfunction. Due to the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, damage in the central nervous system has been suggested as well as the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. It is known that CoV infections are associated with an inflammation process related to the imbalance of the antioxidant system; cellular changes caused by oxidative stress contribute to brain tissue damage. Although anti-COVID-19 vaccines are under development, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 and its clinical manifestations and complications; only supportive treatments with immunomodulators, anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, modulating drugs, statins, or nutritional supplements have been used. In the present work, we analyzed the potential of antioxidants as adjuvants for the treatment of COVID-19 and specifically their possible role in preventing or decreasing the neurological manifestations and neurological complications present in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secreatría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.)
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico;
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - América Vanoye-Carlo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secreatría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.)
| | - Iván Ignacio-Mejía
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, SEDENA, Ciudad de México 11200, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | | | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04150, Mexico; (E.Y.H.-C.); (J.P.-C.)
| | - Liliana Carmona-Aparicio
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secreatría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.)
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
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Valizadeh R, Karampour S, Saiiari A, Sadeghi S. The effect of one bout submaximal endurance exercise on the innate and adaptive immune responses of hypertensive patients. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:244-249. [PMID: 34028235 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in some of the immune system factors are associated with a risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one bout submaximal endurance exercise (OBSEE) on the innate and adaptive responses of hypertensive patients. METHODS From among 70 men with hypertension, 20 men (Mean ± SD, age: 60.25 ± 4.59 yrs, body mass index (BMI): 29.57 ± 3.68 k/m2, and the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 34.83 ± 2.11 ml/kg/min) were chosen. The statistical sample performed OBSEE for 30 minutes and at 60-65% of the maximum heart rate reserve (MHRR). Blood sampling was performed to measure the response of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophil (NEUT), basophil (BASO), eosinophil (EO), monocyte (MONO) and lymphocyte (LYMPH) of hypertensive patients before and immediately after exercise. Plasma volume changes (PVCs) were also calculated in order to find out accurate effectiveness of exercise. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to normalize the research data. To analyze the data, paired sample t-test was used at significant level (P ≤ 0.05). The hypothesis test was performed using SPSS software version 19. RESULTS The results after adjusting for PVCs showed that OBSEE significantly increased WBCs (P = 0.001) in hypertensive patients. On the other hand, a significant decrease was observed in EO (P = 0.001) and MONO (P = 0.001) levels after OBSEE. Significant changes were not found in NEUT (P = 0.072), BASO (P = 0.106), LYMPH (P = 0.440), IgA (P = 0.382), IgG (P = 0.245) and IgM (P = 0.081) levels. CONCLUSIONS It seems that OBSEE can reduce the risk of hypertension caused by elevated EO and MONO in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohollah Valizadeh
- Department of Physical Education, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran -
| | - Sepideh Karampour
- Department of Physical Education, Karoon City, Education Office, Karoon, Iran
| | - Abdulamir Saiiari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Sadeghi
- Department of Physical Education, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran
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73
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The Impact of microRNAs in Renin-Angiotensin-System-Induced Cardiac Remodelling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094762. [PMID: 33946230 PMCID: PMC8124994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) indicates its central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular remodelling via both hemodynamic alterations and direct growth and the proliferation effects of angiotensin II or aldosterone resulting in the hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and inflammatory immune cell activation. The noncoding regulatory microRNAs has recently emerged as a completely novel approach to the study of the RAS. A growing number of microRNAs serve as mediators and/or regulators of RAS-induced cardiac remodelling by directly targeting RAS enzymes, receptors, signalling molecules, or inhibitors of signalling pathways. Specifically, microRNAs that directly modulate pro-hypertrophic, pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory signalling initiated by angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) stimulation are of particular relevance in mediating the cardiovascular effects of the RAS. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge in the field that is still in the early stage of preclinical investigation with occasionally conflicting reports. Understanding the big picture of microRNAs not only aids in the improved understanding of cardiac response to injury but also leads to better therapeutic strategies utilizing microRNAs as biomarkers, therapeutic agents and pharmacological targets.
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74
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Lins BB, Casare FAM, Fontenele FF, Gonçalves GL, Oliveira-Souza M. Long-Term Angiotensin II Infusion Induces Oxidative and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Modulates Na + Transporters Through the Nephron. Front Physiol 2021; 12:642752. [PMID: 33868007 PMCID: PMC8046928 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.642752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
High plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) levels are related to many diseases, including hypertension, and chronic kidney diseases (CKDs). Here, we investigated the relationship among prolonged Ang II infusion/AT1 receptor (AT1R) activation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in kidney tissue. In addition, we explored the chronic effects of Ang II on tubular Na+ transport mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were subjected to sham surgery as a control or prolonged Ang II treatment (200 ng⋅kg–1⋅min–1, 42 days) with or without losartan (10 mg⋅kg–1⋅day–1) for 14 days. Ang II/AT1R induced hypertension with a systolic blood pressure of 173.0 ± 20 mmHg (mmHg, n = 9) compared with 108.0 ± 7 mmHg (mmHg, n = 7) in sham animals. Under these conditions, gene and protein expression levels were evaluated. Prolonged Ang II administration/AT1R activation induced oxidative stress and ER stress with increased Nox2, Nox4, Cyba and Ncf1 mRNA expression, phosphorylated PERK and eIF2α protein expression as well as Atf4 mRNA expression. Ang II/AT1R also raised Il1b, Nfkb1 and Acta2 mRNA expression, suggesting proinflammatory, and profibrotic effects. Regarding Na+ tubular handling, Ang II/AT1R enhanced cortical non-phosphorylated and phospho/S552/NHE3, NHE1, ENaC β, NKCC2, and NCC protein expression. Our results also highlight the therapeutic potential of losartan, which goes beyond the antihypertensive effect, playing an important role in kidney tissue. This treatment reduced oxidative stress and ER stress signals and recovered relevant parameters of the maintenance of renal function, preventing the progression of Ang II-induced CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bezerra Lins
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Malavazzi Casare
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Ferreira Fontenele
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Oliveira-Souza
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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75
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Basso C, Michaud K, d'Amati G, Banner J, Lucena J, Cunningham K, Leone O, Vink A, van der Wal AC, Sheppard MN. Cardiac hypertrophy at autopsy. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:79-94. [PMID: 33740097 PMCID: PMC8298245 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since cardiac hypertrophy may be considered a cause of death at autopsy, its assessment requires a uniform approach. Common terminology and methodology to measure the heart weight, size, and thickness as well as a systematic use of cut off values for normality by age, gender, and body weight and height are needed. For these reasons, recommendations have been written on behalf of the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology. The diagnostic work up implies the search for pressure and volume overload conditions, compensatory hypertrophy, storage and infiltrative disorders, and cardiomyopathies. Although some gross morphologic features can point to a specific diagnosis, systematic histologic analysis, followed by possible immunostaining and transmission electron microscopy, is essential for a final diagnosis. If the autopsy is carried out in a general or forensic pathology service without expertise in cardiovascular pathology, the entire heart (or pictures) together with mapped histologic slides should be sent for a second opinion to a pathologist with such an expertise. Indication for postmortem genetic testing should be integrated into the multidisciplinary management of sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Katarzyna Michaud
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne - Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia d'Amati
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jytte Banner
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joaquin Lucena
- Forensic Pathology Service, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Seville, Spain
| | - Kristopher Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Ontario Forensic Pathology Service, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ornella Leone
- Cardiovascular and Cardiac Transplant Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aryan Vink
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mary N Sheppard
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's Medical School, London, UK
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Bousquet J, Anto JM, Czarlewski W, Haahtela T, Fonseca SC, Iaccarino G, Blain H, Vidal A, Sheikh A, Akdis CA, Zuberbier T, Hamzah Abdul Latiff A, Abdullah B, Aberer W, Abusada N, Adcock I, Afani A, Agache I, Aggelidis X, Agustin J, Akdis M, Al‐Ahmad M, Al‐Zahab Bassam A, Alburdan H, Aldrey‐Palacios O, Alvarez Cuesta E, Alwan Salman H, Alzaabi A, Amade S, Ambrocio G, Angles R, Annesi‐Maesano I, Ansotegui IJ, Anto J, Ara Bardajo P, Arasi S, Arshad H, Cristina Artesani M, Asayag E, Avolio F, Azhari K, Bachert C, Bagnasco D, Baiardini I, Bajrović N, Bakakos P, Bakeyala Mongono S, Balotro‐Torres C, Barba S, Barbara C, Barbosa E, Barreto B, Bartra J, Bateman ED, Battur L, Bedbrook A, Bedolla Barajas M, Beghé B, Bekere A, Bel E, Ben Kheder A, Benson M, Berghea EC, Bergmann K, Bernardini R, Bernstein D, Bewick M, Bialek S, Białoszewski A, Bieber T, Billo NE, Bilo MB, Bindslev‐Jensen C, Bjermer L, Bobolea I, Bochenska Marciniak M, Bond C, Boner A, Bonini M, Bonini S, Bosnic‐Anticevich S, Bosse I, Botskariova S, Bouchard J, Boulet L, Bourret R, Bousquet P, Braido F, Briggs A, Brightling CE, Brozek J, Brussino L, Buhl R, Bumbacea R, Buquicchio R, Burguete Cabañas M, Bush A, Busse WW, Buters J, Caballero‐Fonseca F, Calderon MA, Calvo M, Camargos P, Camuzat T, Canevari F, Cano A, Canonica GW, Capriles‐Hulett A, Caraballo L, Cardona V, Carlsen K, Carmon Pirez J, Caro J, Carr W, Carreiro‐Martins P, Carreon‐Asuncion F, Carriazo A, Casale T, Castor M, Castro E, Caviglia A, Cecchi L, Cepeda Sarabia A, Chandrasekharan R, Chang Y, Chato‐Andeza V, Chatzi L, Chatzidaki C, Chavannes NH, Chaves Loureiro C, Chelninska M, Chen Y, Cheng L, Chinthrajah S, Chivato T, Chkhartishvili E, Christoff G, Chrystyn H, Chu DK, Chua A, Chuchalin A, Chung KF, Cicerán A, Cingi C, Ciprandi G, Cirule I, Coelho AC, Compalati E, Constantinidis J, Correia de Sousa J, Costa EM, Costa D, Costa Domínguez MDC, Coste A, Cottini M, Cox L, Crisci C, Crivellaro MA, Cruz AA, Cullen J, Custovic A, Cvetkovski B, Czarlewski W, D'Amato G, Silva J, Dahl R, Dahlen S, Daniilidis V, DarjaziniNahhas L, Darsow U, Davies J, Blay F, De Feo G, De Guia E, los Santos C, De Manuel Keenoy E, De Vries G, Deleanu D, Demoly P, Denburg J, Devillier P, Didier A, Dimic Janjic S, Dimou M, Dinh‐Xuan AT, Djukanovic R, Do Ceu Texeira M, Dokic D, Dominguez Silva MG, Douagui H, Douladiris N, Doulaptsi M, Dray G, Dubakiene R, Dupas E, Durham S, Duse M, Dykewicz M, Ebo D, Edelbaher N, Eiwegger T, Eklund P, El‐Gamal Y, El‐Sayed ZA, El‐Sayed SS, El‐Seify M, Emuzyte R, Enecilla L, Erhola M, Espinoza H, Espinoza Contreras JG, Farrell J, Fernandez L, Fink Wagner A, Fiocchi A, Fokkens WJ, Lenia F, Fonseca JA, Fontaine J, Forastiere F, Fuentes Pèrez JM, Gaerlan–Resureccion E, Gaga M, Gálvez Romero JL, Gamkrelidze A, Garcia A, García Cobas CY, García Cruz MDLLH, Gayraud J, Gelardi M, Gemicioglu B, Gennimata D, Genova S, Gereda J, Gerth van Wijk R, Giuliano A, Gomez M, González Diaz S, Gotua M, Grigoreas C, Grisle I, Gualteiro L, Guidacci M, Guldemond N, Gutter Z, Guzmán A, Halloum R, Halpin D, Hamelmann E, Hammadi S, Harvey R, Heffler E, Heinrich J, Hejjaoui A, Hellquist‐Dahl B, Hernández Velázquez L, Hew M, Hossny E, Howarth P, Hrubiško M, Huerta Villalobos YR, Humbert M, Salina H, Hyland M, Ibrahim M, Ilina N, Illario M, Incorvaia C, Infantino A, Irani C, Ispayeva Z, Ivancevich J, E.J. Jares E, Jarvis D, Jassem E, Jenko K, Jiméneracruz Uscanga RD, Johnston SL, Joos G, Jošt M, Julge K, Jung K, Just J, Jutel M, Kaidashev I, Kalayci O, Kalyoncu F, Kapsali J, Kardas P, Karjalainen J, Kasala CA, Katotomichelakis M, Kavaliukaite L, Kazi BS, Keil T, Keith P, Khaitov M, Khaltaev N, Kim Y, Kirenga B, Kleine‐Tebbe J, Klimek L, Koffi N’Goran B, Kompoti E, Kopač P, Koppelman G, KorenJeverica A, Koskinen S, Košnik M, Kostov KV, Kowalski ML, Kralimarkova T, Kramer Vrščaj K, Kraxner H, Kreft S, Kritikos V, Kudlay D, Kuitunen M, Kull I, Kuna P, Kupczyk M, Kvedariene V, Kyriakakou M, Lalek N, Landi M, Lane S, Larenas‐Linnemann D, Lau S, Laune D, Lavrut J, Le L, Lenzenhuber M, Lessa M, Levin M, Li J, Lieberman P, Liotta G, Lipworth B, Liu X, Lobo R, Lodrup Carlsen KC, Lombardi C, Louis R, Loukidis S, Lourenço O, Luna Pech JA, Madjar B, Maggi E, Magnan A, Mahboub B, Mair A, Mais Y, Maitland van der Zee A, Makela M, Makris M, Malling H, Mandajieva M, Manning P, Manousakis M, Maragoudakis P, Marseglia G, Marshall G, Reza Masjedi M, Máspero JF, Matta Campos JJ, Maurer M, Mavale‐Manuel S, Meço C, Melén E, Melioli G, Melo‐Gomes E, Meltzer EO, Menditto E, Menzies‐Gow A, Merk H, Michel J, Micheli Y, Miculinic N, Midão L, Mihaltan F, Mikos N, Milanese M, Milenkovic B, Mitsias D, Moalla B, Moda G, Mogica Martínez MD, Mohammad Y, Moin M, Molimard M, Momas I, Mommers M, Monaco A, Montefort S, Mora D, Morais‐Almeida M, Mösges R, Mostafa B, Mullol J, Münter L, Muraro A, Murray R, Musarra A, Mustakov T, Naclerio R, Nadeau KC, Nadif R, Nakonechna A, Namazova‐Baranova L, Navarro‐Locsin G, Neffen H, Nekam K, Neou A, Nettis E, Neuberger D, Nicod L, Nicola S, Niederberger‐Leppin V, Niedoszytko M, Nieto A, Novellino E, Nunes E, Nyembue D, O’Hehir R, Odjakova C, Ohta K, Okamoto Y, Okubo K, Oliver B, Onorato GL, Pia Orru M, Ouédraogo S, Ouoba K, Paggiaro PL, Pagkalos A, Pajno G, Pala G, Palaniappan S, Pali‐Schöll I, Palkonen S, Palmer S, Panaitescu Bunu C, Panzner P, Papadopoulos NG, Papanikolaou V, Papi A, Paralchev B, Paraskevopoulos G, Park H, Passalacqua G, Patella V, Pavord I, Pawankar R, Pedersen S, Peleve S, Pellegino S, Pereira A, Pérez T, Perna A, Peroni D, Pfaar O, Pham‐Thi N, Pigearias B, Pin I, Piskou K, Pitsios C, Plavec D, Poethig D, Pohl W, Poplas Susic A, Popov TA, Portejoie F, Potter P, Poulsen L, Prados‐Torres A, Prarros F, Price D, Prokopakis E, Puggioni F, Puig‐Domenech E, Puy R, Rabe K, Raciborski F, Ramos J, Recto MT, Reda SM, Regateiro FS, Reider N, Reitsma S, Repka‐Ramirez S, Ridolo E, Rimmer J, Rivero Yeverino D, Angelo Rizzo J, Robalo‐Cordeiro C, Roberts G, Roche N, Rodríguez González M, Rodríguez Zagal E, Rolla G, Rolland C, Roller‐Wirnsberger R, Roman Rodriguez M, Romano A, Romantowski J, Rombaux P, Romualdez J, Rosado‐Pinto J, Rosario N, Rosenwasser L, Rossi O, Rottem M, Rouadi P, Rovina N, Rozman Sinur I, Ruiz M, Ruiz Segura LT, Ryan D, Sagara H, Sakai D, Sakurai D, Saleh W, Salimaki J, Samitas K, Samolinski B, Sánchez Coronel MG, Sanchez‐Borges M, Sanchez‐Lopez J, Sarafoleanu C, Sarquis Serpa F, Sastre‐Dominguez J, Savi E, Sawaf B, Scadding GK, Scheire S, Schmid‐Grendelmeier P, Schuhl JF, Schunemann H, Schvalbová M, Schwarze J, Scichilone N, Senna G, Sepúlveda C, Serrano E, Shields M, Shishkov V, Siafakas N, Simeonov A, FER Simons E, Carlos Sisul J, Sitkauskiene B, Skrindo I, SokličKošak T, Solé D, Sooronbaev T, Soto‐Martinez M, Soto‐Quiros M, Sousa Pinto B, Sova M, Soyka M, Specjalski K, Spranger O, Stamataki S, Stefanaki L, Stellato C, Stelmach R, Strandberg T, Stute P, Subramaniam A, Suppli Ulrik C, Sutherland M, Sylvestre S, Syrigou A, Taborda Barata L, Takovska N, Tan R, Tan F, Tan V, Ping Tang I, Taniguchi M, Tannert L, Tantilipikorn P, Tattersall J, Tesi F, Thijs C, Thomas M, To T, Todo‐Bom A, Togias A, Tomazic P, Tomic‐Spiric V, Toppila‐Salmi S, Toskala E, Triggiani M, Triller N, Triller K, Tsiligianni I, Uberti M, Ulmeanu R, Urbancic J, Urrutia Pereira M, Vachova M, Valdés F, Valenta R, Valentin Rostan M, Valero A, Valiulis A, Vallianatou M, Valovirta E, Van Eerd M, Van Ganse E, Hage M, Vandenplas O, Vasankari T, Vassileva D, Velasco Munoz C, Ventura MT, Vera‐Munoz C, Vicheva D, Vichyanond P, Vidgren P, Viegi G, Vogelmeier C, Von Hertzen L, Vontetsianos T, Vourdas D, Tran Thien Quan V, Wagenmann M, Walker S, Wallace D, Wang DY, Waserman S, Wickman M, Williams S, Williams D, Wilson N, Wong G, Woo K, Wright J, Wroczynski P, Xepapadaki P, Yakovliev P, Yamaguchi M, Yan K, Yeow Yap Y, Yawn B, Yiallouros P, Yorgancioglu A, Yoshihara S, Young I, Yusuf OB, Zaidi A, Zaitoun F, Zar H, Zedda M, Zernotti ME, Zhang L, Zhong N, Zidarn M, Zubrinich C. Cabbage and fermented vegetables: From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19. Allergy 2021; 76:735-750. [PMID: 32762135 PMCID: PMC7436771 DOI: 10.1111/all.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Large differences in COVID‐19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS‐CoV‐2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID‐19. The nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT1R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof‐of‐concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2‐associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID‐19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bousquet
- Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Berlin Institute of HealthComprehensive Allergy Center Berlin Germany
- MACVIA‐France and CHU Montpellier France
| | - Josep M. Anto
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL) ISGlobAL Barcelona Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute) Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital Helsinki University Hospital University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Susana C. Fonseca
- Faculty of Sciences GreenUPorto ‐ Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre DGAOTUniversity of Porto Porto Portugal
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences Federico II University Napoli Italy
| | - Hubert Blain
- Department of Geriatrics Montpellier University hospital and MUSE Montpellier France
| | - Alain Vidal
- World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Geneva Switzerland
- AgroParisTech ‐ Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences Paris France
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute University of Edinburgh Scotland, UK
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Charité Universitätsmedizin BerlinHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Berlin Institute of HealthComprehensive Allergy Center Berlin Germany
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Lee J, Ha J, Lee SK, Park HL, Kim SH, Lim DJ, Lee JM, Chang SA, Kang MI, Kim MH. Feasibility of Iodine-131 6β-Methyl-Iodo-19 Norcholesterol (NP-59) Scintigraphy to Complement Adrenal Venous Sampling in Management of Primary Aldosteronism: A Case Series. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:673-680. [PMID: 33688238 PMCID: PMC7935438 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s288774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Primary aldosteronism (PA) is mainly comprised of aldosterone-producing adenoma and bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia. Current guidelines recommend adrenal venous sampling (AVS) as a gold standard method to classify the subtypes. However, because of technical challenges in AVS including invasiveness of AVS and a wide range of success rate for cannulation, it is not uncommon that appropriate decisions could not be made depending on AVS. The aim of this study is to elucidate the proper role of I‑131‑6β‑iodomethyl‑norcholesterol (NP-59) scintigraphy in management of PA. Patients and Methods Between January 2009 and October 2018, patients with PA were retrospectively reviewed for the study. Five patients were included in the study who had NP-59 scintigraphy with non-conclusive AVS results or without AVS. We described the clinical outcome of patients in whom clinical decisions were made according to NP-59 scintigraphy results. Results Patients in the presenting cases were diagnosed for PA. AVS, the most reliable test to identify unilateral APA, were not applicable because of hypersensitivity to contrast dye (patient 1), and use of antiplatelet agents after acute cerebral infarction (patient 2). NP-59 scintigraphy was performed in patients 3 and 4 whose result of AVS and CT scan were inconsistent. In patient 5, who had bilateral adrenal adenomas (two in the left and one in the right adrenal gland), both unsuccessful catheterization and coexistence of cortisol overproduction made AVS results unreliable. Conclusion Based on clinical outcomes of these case series, it is noticeable that NP-59 scintigraphy could play a substantial role in management of PA in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Ha
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kuon Lee
- Division of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Park
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Il Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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78
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Zhong P, Zeng G, Lei C, Tian G, Ouyang S, Liu F, Peng J. Ciliary neurotrophic factor overexpression protects the heart against pathological remodelling in angiotensin II-infused mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 547:15-22. [PMID: 33588234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), which is a neural peptide, has been reported to confer cardioprotective effects. However, whether CNTF-based gene therapy could prevent cardiac remodelling remains incompletely clear. In this study, we used adeno-associated viral vector serotype 9 (AAV9)-based cardiac gene therapy to test the effects of CNTF overexpression on adverse ventricular remodelling in angiotensin II (Ang II)-infused mice. METHODS First, AAV9-EGFP and AAV9-CNTF constructs were generated with virus concentration at 5 × 1012 vg/ml. Next, postnatal (P3-P10) mice with C57BL/6J background were administered with 5 × 1011 vg of AAV9 recombinant genome diluted in 50 μl of saline, and delivered through intraperitoneal injection. Implantation of osmotic minipumps was performed in 8-week-old male mice and human Ang II solution was administrated in the mice subcutaneously for 14 days through the pumps. Finally, we evaluated the effects of CNTF overexpression on mouse cardiac function, hypertrophy and fibrosis, as well as investigated the possible mechanisms. RESULTS Our data showed that CNTF overexpression in mouse cardiomyocytes prevents cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis induced by chronic Ang II stimulation. Mechanistic study found that CNTF overexpression upregulated NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway, coupled with decreased ROS level in the cardiac tissues. Additionally, inflammatory cytokines were found to be reduced upon cardiac CNTF overexpression in response to chronic Ang II stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results provide further evidence that CNTF can alleviate the condition of cardiac remodelling induced by chronic Ang II stimulation. Therefore, our results suggest a potential therapeutic role of CNTF in cardiac pathological remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, PR China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart Failure Prevention & Treatment of Hengyang, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Jiefang Road 30, Hengyang, 421000, Hunan, PR China
| | - ChangCheng Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart Failure Prevention & Treatment of Hengyang, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Jiefang Road 30, Hengyang, 421000, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guoping Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart Failure Prevention & Treatment of Hengyang, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Jiefang Road 30, Hengyang, 421000, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shao Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart Failure Prevention & Treatment of Hengyang, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Jiefang Road 30, Hengyang, 421000, Hunan, PR China
| | - Fangyao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart Failure Prevention & Treatment of Hengyang, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Jiefang Road 30, Hengyang, 421000, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jianye Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart Failure Prevention & Treatment of Hengyang, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Jiefang Road 30, Hengyang, 421000, Hunan, PR China.
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79
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Pincemail J, Cavalier E, Charlier C, Cheramy–Bien JP, Brevers E, Courtois A, Fadeur M, Meziane S, Goff CL, Misset B, Albert A, Defraigne JO, Rousseau AF. Oxidative Stress Status in COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit for Severe Pneumonia. A Pilot Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:257. [PMID: 33562403 PMCID: PMC7914603 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key role of oxidative stress has been highlighted in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. However, little has been said about oxidative stress status (OSS) of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS Biomarkers of the systemic OSS included antioxidants (9 assays), trace elements (3 assays), inflammation markers (4 assays) and oxidative damage to lipids (3 assays). RESULTS Blood samples were drawn after 9 (7-11) and 41 (39-43) days of ICU stay, respectively in 3 and 6 patients. Vitamin C, thiol proteins, reduced glutathione, γ-tocopherol, β-carotene and PAOT® score were significantly decreased compared to laboratory reference values. Selenium concentration was at the limit of the lower reference value. By contrast, the copper/zinc ratio (as a source of oxidative stress) was higher than reference values in 55% of patients while copper was significantly correlated with lipid peroxides (r = 0.95, p < 0.001). Inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein and myeloperoxidase) were significantly increased when compared to normals. CONCLUSIONS The systemic OSS was strongly altered in critically ill COVID-19 patients as evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation but also by deficits in some antioxidants (vitamin C, glutathione, thiol proteins) and trace elements (selenium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Pincemail
- Clinical Chemistry, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.C.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.)
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Clinical Chemistry, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.C.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.)
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Toxicology Department, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Jean-Paul Cheramy–Bien
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.-P.C.-B.); (A.C.); (J.-O.D.)
| | - Eric Brevers
- Clinical Chemistry, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.C.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.)
| | - Audrey Courtois
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.-P.C.-B.); (A.C.); (J.-O.D.)
| | - Marjorie Fadeur
- Service of Diabetology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Smail Meziane
- Institut Européen des Antioxydants, 54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Caroline Le Goff
- Clinical Chemistry, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.C.); (E.B.); (C.L.G.)
| | - Benoît Misset
- Intensive Care Department, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.M.); (A.-F.R.)
| | - Adelin Albert
- Biostatistics and Medico-economic Information Department, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Jean-Olivier Defraigne
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.-P.C.-B.); (A.C.); (J.-O.D.)
| | - Anne-Françoise Rousseau
- Intensive Care Department, CHU of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.M.); (A.-F.R.)
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80
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Collazo BJ, Morales-Vázquez D, Álvarez-Del Valle J, Sierra-Pagan JE, Medina JC, Méndez-Álvarez J, Gerena Y. Angiotensin II Induces Differentiation of Human Neuroblastoma Cells by Increasing MAP2 and ROS Levels. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:6191417. [PMID: 34285710 PMCID: PMC8265025 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6191417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the brain are still under investigation. In this study, we investigated if Ang II influences differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells with simultaneous activation of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, we investigated the Ang II receptor type involved during differentiation. METHODS Human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y; 5 × 105 cells) were exposed to Ang II (600 nM) for 24 h. Differentiation was monitored by measuring MAP2 and NF-H levels. Cell size and ROS were analyzed by flow cytometry, and NADPH oxidase activation was assayed using apocynin (500 μM). Ang II receptors (ATR) activation was assayed using ATR blockers or Ang II metabolism inhibitors (10-7 M). RESULTS (1) Cell size decreased significantly in Ang II-treated cells; (2) MAP2 and ROS increased significantly in Ang II-treated cells with no changes in viability; (3) MAP2 and ROS decreased significantly in cells incubated with Ang II plus apocynin. (4) A significant decrease in MAP2 was observed in cells exposed to Ang II plus PD123.319 (AT2R blocker). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that Ang II influences differentiation of SH-SY5Y by increasing MAP2 through the AT2R. The increase in MAP2 and ROS were also mediated through NADPH oxidase with no cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Jael Collazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Dariana Morales-Vázquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Jaylene Álvarez-Del Valle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Javier E. Sierra-Pagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Juan Carlos Medina
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Jarold Méndez-Álvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Yamil Gerena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
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81
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Bousquet J, Czarlewski W, Zuberbier T, Mullol J, Blain H, Cristol JP, De La Torre R, Le Moing V, Pizarro Lozano N, Bedbrook A, Agache I, Akdis CA, Canonica GW, Cruz AA, Fiocchi A, Fonseca JA, Fonseca S, Gemicioğlu B, Haahtela T, Iaccarino G, Ivancevich JC, Jutel M, Klimek L, Kuna P, Larenas-Linnemann DE, Melén E, Okamoto Y, Papadopoulos NG, Pfaar O, Reynes J, Rolland Y, Rouadi PW, Samolinski B, Sheikh A, Toppila-Salmi S, Valiulis A, Choi HJ, Kim HJ, Anto JM. Spices to Control COVID-19 Symptoms: Yes, but Not Only…. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 182:489-495. [PMID: 33352565 PMCID: PMC7900475 DOI: 10.1159/000513538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There are large country variations in COVID-19 death rates that may be partly explained by diet. Many countries with low COVID-19 death rates have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented vegetables such as cabbage and, in some continents, various spices. Fermented vegetables and spices are agonists of the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and spices are transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and vanillin 1 (TRPA1/V1) agonists. These mechanisms may explain many COVID-19 symptoms and severity. It appears that there is a synergy between Nrf2 and TRPA1/V1 foods that may explain the role of diet in COVID-19. One of the mechanisms of COVID-19 appears to be an oxygen species (ROS)-mediated process in synergy with TRP channels, modulated by Nrf2 pathways. Spicy foods are likely to desensitize TRP channels and act in synergy with exogenous antioxidants that activate the Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bousquet
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Berlin, Germany, .,University hospital and MACVIA France, Montpellier, France,
| | | | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic-Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hubert Blain
- Department of Geriatrics, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Paul Cristol
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Hormonologie, PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rafael De La Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Pizarro Lozano
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bedbrook
- University hospital and MACVIA France, Montpellier, France.,MASK-air, Montpellier, France
| | - Ioana Agache
- Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University, Brasov, Romania
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich-Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - G Walter Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Alvaro A Cruz
- Fundação ProAR, Federal University of Bahia and GARD/WHO Planning Group, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatric Medicine-The Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital Holy see, Rome, Italy
| | - Joao A Fonseca
- CINTESIS, Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal and MEDIDA, Lda, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Fonseca
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Bilun Gemicioğlu
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center of Research on Hypertension and Related Conditions CIRIAPA, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Marek Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Wrocław Medical University and ALL-MED Medical Research Institute, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ludger Klimek
- Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Piotr Kuna
- Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Désirée E Larenas-Linnemann
- Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy, Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Division of Infection, Allergy Department, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,2nd Pediatric Clinic, Athens General Children's Hospital "P&A Kyriakou," University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Oliver Pfaar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Rhinology and Allergy, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jacques Reynes
- Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philip W Rouadi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Boleslaw Samolinski
- Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- The Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arunas Valiulis
- Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine & Institute of Health Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kim
- SME Service Department, Strategy and Planning Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Josep M Anto
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobAL, Barcelona, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
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82
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Keihanian F, Moohebati M, Saeidinia A, Mohajeri SA, Madaeni S. Therapeutic effects of medicinal plants on isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111101. [PMID: 33338752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Natural products still serves as a hope for some illnesses which modern medicine fails to cure. Many people, either knowing their effects or not, are using these herbal products. Treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) is yet a complicated clinical challenge and there is need to improve or make new therapeutic targets. Finding new agents for CHF is an important subject in cardiovascular drug research. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ten herbals on treatment of CHF on isoproterenol-induced model. METHODS AND RESULTS Ninety-six male Wistar rats (16 weeks old) were used in 12 groups. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed on the rats for confirmation of CHF model by decreasing ejection fraction. After 4 weeks' treatment, hearts were removed and blood samples were collected in tubes to measure plasma levels of laboratory findings. Our results showed that the mean of ejection fraction in model rats was 51.82 ± 3.49 percent and all of our used natural products could significantly increase the ejection fraction (P < 0.01). The most effective herbals in improving the ejection fraction were Allium sativum (30.69 %), Peganum harmala (26.08 %) and Apium graveolens (24.09 %). The best results in decreasing NT-ProBNP, was obtained from Allium sativum, Peganum harmala and Berberis vulgaris respectively. Our results showed that none of natural products had toxic effect on renal and liver tissues. CONCLUSION Our results showed that Allium sativum, Peganum harmala and Berberis vulgaris could significantly improve cardiac function by improvement of left ventricular remodeling, lowering hs-CRP and NT-ProBNP and echocardiographic indexes without liver or renal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Keihanian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Cardiovascular Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moohebati
- Cardiovascular Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Saeidinia
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pediatric Department, Akbar Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Saeid Madaeni
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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83
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Bousquet J, Cristol JP, Czarlewski W, Anto JM, Martineau A, Haahtela T, Fonseca SC, Iaccarino G, Blain H, Fiocchi A, Canonica GW, Fonseca JA, Vidal A, Choi HJ, Kim HJ, Le Moing V, Reynes J, Sheikh A, Akdis CA, Zuberbier T. Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19: time for research to develop adaptation strategies. Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:58. [PMID: 33292691 PMCID: PMC7711617 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPARγ:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NFκB: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2α:Elongation initiation factor 2α). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT1R axis (AT1R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bousquet
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Berlin, Germany. .,University Hospital Montpellier, 273 avenue d'Occitanie, 34090, Montpellier, France. .,MACVIA-France, Montpellier, France.
| | - Jean-Paul Cristol
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Hormonologie, PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Josep M Anto
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.,ISGlobAL, Barcelona, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Martineau
- Institute for Population Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tari Haahtela
- Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susana C Fonseca
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Hubert Blain
- Department of Geriatrics, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Bambino Gesu Children's Research Hospital Holy See, Rome, Italy
| | - G Walter Canonica
- Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy Clinic-Humanitas University & Research Hospital, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Joao A Fonseca
- CINTESIS, Center for Research in Health Technology and Information Systems, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto; and Medida,, Lda Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alain Vidal
- World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Maison de la Paix, Geneva, Switzerland.,AgroParisTech-Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences, Paris, France
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kim
- SME Service Department, Strategy and Planning Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | - Jacques Reynes
- Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- The Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Berlin, Germany
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84
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Chen Cardenas SM, Santhanam P. 11C-metomidate PET in the diagnosis of adrenal masses and primary aldosteronism: a review of the literature. Endocrine 2020; 70:479-487. [PMID: 32886316 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal masses are commonly encountered in clinical practice, many of whom are incidental. Identifying malignancy, and excess hormone production is essential for appropriate management. Biochemical workup and imaging tests (dedicated adrenal CT and/or MRI) are used to determine the likelihood of excessive hormone function and malignancy, respectively. However, imaging cannot provide information about function and biochemical workup cannot localize the source. Furthermore, in primary aldosteronism, adrenal vein sampling, the gold standard for lateralization, has important limitations such as the technical expertise required, the elevated costs, and potential complications. Over the last decades, there has been a renewed interest in alternative noninvasive imaging techniques that provide information about adrenal function without the need for invasive procedures. In this review, we will evaluate the evidence and the potential role of 11C-metomidate as a promising positron emission tomography (PET) tracer in clinical practice. METHODS A review of the English literature for articles describing the use of the tracer 11C-metomidate in adrenal disorders. RESULTS A total of 12 studies were included in the systematic review, which altogether addressed the use of 11C-metomidate in adrenal masses and the application of this tracer in primary aldosteronism. CONCLUSIONS 11C-metomidate, a selective inhibitor of 11-β-hydroxylase, demonstrated a high specificity for adrenocortical tissue. In addition, 11C-metomidate is correlated with this enzyme activity making it a potentially useful PET tracer for the identification primary aldosteronism, in addition to detection of adrenocortical masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley M Chen Cardenas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Prasanna Santhanam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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85
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Still CH, Margevicius S, Harwell C, Huang MC, Martin L, Dang PB, Wright Jnr JT. A Community and Technology-Based Approach for Hypertension Self-Management (COACHMAN) to Improve Blood Pressure Control in African Americans: Results from a Pilot Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:2301-2313. [PMID: 33262580 PMCID: PMC7695598 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s283086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adoption of technology has increased to support self-managing chronic diseases. However, behavioral interventions evaluating such technology have been understudied in African Americans with hypertension. The aim of this study was to explore a community and technology-based intervention for hypertension self-management (COACHMAN) intervention on blood pressure (BP) control and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in African Americans with hypertension. METHODS Sixty African Americans (mean age 60; 75% females) who were prescribed antihypertensive medications and owning a smartphone were randomized to the COACHMAN (n = 30) or enhanced usual care (n = 30) group for 12 weeks. COACHMAN is comprised of four components: web-based education, home BP monitoring, medication management application, and nurse counseling. Hypertension knowledge, self-efficacy, technology adoption/use, medication adherence, BP, and HRQoL scores were assessed. RESULTS Mean systolic and diastolic BP at baseline was 150.49 (SD = 13.89) and 86.80 (SD = 13.39), respectively. After completing the 3-month intervention to improve hypertension self-management, the groups did not significantly differ in BP control and HRQoL. Clinically relevant BP reduction was observed in the intervention group. Paired t-test showed that mean medication-taking adherence scores significantly improved in the intervention group (P = 0.023) compared to the control group (P = 0.075). CONCLUSION Using technology may have a positive impact on supporting hypertension self-management, particularly in medication-taking adherence. Further research is warranted in a larger sample and should include standardization of medication management to isolate the effects of behavioral interventions on changes in BP. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT03722667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn H Still
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Seunghee Margevicius
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carla Harwell
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ming-Chun Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - LaTonya Martin
- Community Partners, Cleveland Council of Black Nurses, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Phuong B Dang
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jackson T Wright Jnr
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Clinical Hypertension Program, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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86
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Apaydin DC, Jaramillo PAM, Corradi L, Cosco F, Rathjen FG, Kammertoens T, Filosa A, Sawamiphak S. Early-Life Stress Regulates Cardiac Development through an IL-4-Glucocorticoid Signaling Balance. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108404. [PMID: 33207196 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful experiences early in life can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, it remains largely unknown how stress influences susceptibility to the disease onset. Here, we show that exposure to brain-processed stress disrupts myocardial growth by reducing cardiomyocyte mitotic activity. Activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the primary stress response pathway, reduces cardiomyocyte numbers, disrupts trabecular formation, and leads to contractile dysfunction of the developing myocardium. However, a physiological level of GR signaling is required to prevent cardiomyocyte hyperproliferation. Mechanistically, we identify an antagonistic interaction between the GR and the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) as a key player in cardiac development. IL-4 signals transcription of key regulators of cell-cycle progression in cardiomyocytes via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3). GR, on the contrary, inhibits this signaling system. Thus, our findings uncover an interplay between stress and immune signaling pathways critical to orchestrating physiological growth of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilem C Apaydin
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Laura Corradi
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Cosco
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz G Rathjen
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammertoens
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Berlin Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Filosa
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Suphansa Sawamiphak
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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87
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Kotanidou EP, Giza S, Tsinopoulou VR, Vogiatzi M, Galli-Tsinopoulou A. Diagnosis and Management of Endocrine Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5591-5608. [PMID: 33185153 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201113103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension in childhood and adolescence has increased in prevalence. Interest in the disease was raised after the 2017 clinical practice guidelines of the American Academy of Paediatrics on the definition and classification of paediatric hypertension. Among the secondary causes of paediatric hypertension, endocrine causes are relatively rare but important due to their unique treatment options. Excess of catecholamine, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hyperaldosteronism, hyperthyroidism and other rare syndromes with specific genetic defects are endocrine disorders leading to paediatric and adolescent hypertension. Adipose tissue is currently considered the major endocrine gland. Obesity-related hypertension constitutes a distinct clinical entity leading to an endocrine disorder. The dramatic increase in the rates of obesity during childhood has resulted in a rise in obesity-related hypertension among children, leading to increased cardiovascular risk and associated increased morbidity and mortality. This review presents an overview of pathophysiology and diagnosis of hypertension resulting from hormonal excess, as well as obesity-related hypertension during childhood and adolescence, with a special focus on management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni P Kotanidou
- Second Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Styliani Giza
- Fourth Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki-Regina Tsinopoulou
- Second Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Vogiatzi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children' s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou
- Second Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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88
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Suhail S, Zajac J, Fossum C, Lowater H, McCracken C, Severson N, Laatsch B, Narkiewicz-Jodko A, Johnson B, Liebau J, Bhattacharyya S, Hati S. Role of Oxidative Stress on SARS-CoV (SARS) and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection: A Review. Protein J 2020; 39:644-656. [PMID: 33106987 PMCID: PMC7587547 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a global pandemic and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several studies have suggested that a precise disulfide-thiol balance is crucial for viral entry and fusion into the host cell and that oxidative stress generated from free radicals can affect this balance. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the role of oxidative stress on SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. We focused on the impact of antioxidants, like NADPH and glutathione, and redox proteins, such as thioredoxin and protein disulfide isomerase, that maintain the disulfide-thiol balance in the cell. The possible influence of these biomolecules on the binding of viral protein with the host cell angiotensin-converting enzyme II receptor protein as well as on the severity of COVID-19 infection was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzay Suhail
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Jonathan Zajac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Carl Fossum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Harrison Lowater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Cailin McCracken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Nathaniel Severson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Bethany Laatsch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Alex Narkiewicz-Jodko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Benjamin Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Jessica Liebau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Sudeep Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA
| | - Sanchita Hati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, USA.
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89
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Gan P, Baicu C, Watanabe H, Wang K, Tao G, Judge DP, Zile MR, Makita T, Mukherjee R, Sucov HM. The prevalent I686T human variant and loss-of-function mutations in the cardiomyocyte-specific kinase gene TNNI3K cause adverse contractility and concentric remodeling in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3504-3515. [PMID: 33084860 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
TNNI3K expression worsens disease progression in several mouse heart pathology models. TNNI3K expression also reduces the number of diploid cardiomyocytes, which may be detrimental to adult heart regeneration. However, the gene is evolutionarily conserved, suggesting a beneficial function that has remained obscure. Here, we show that C57BL/6J-inbred Tnni3k mutant mice develop concentric remodeling, characterized by ventricular wall thickening and substantial reduction of cardiomyocyte aspect ratio. This pathology occurs in mice carrying a Tnni3k null allele, a K489R point mutation rendering the protein kinase-dead, or an allele corresponding to human I686T, the most common human non-synonymous TNNI3K variant, which is hypomorphic for kinase activity. Mutant mice develop these conditions in the absence of fibrosis or hypertension, implying a primary cardiomyocyte etiology. In culture, mutant cardiomyocytes were impaired in contractility and calcium dynamics and in protein kinase A signaling in response to isoproterenol, indicating diminished contractile reserve. These results demonstrate a beneficial function of TNNI3K in the adult heart that might explain its evolutionary conservation and imply that human TNNI3K variants, in particular the widespread I686T allele, may convey elevated risk for altered heart geometry and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiheng Gan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catalin Baicu
- Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristy Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ge Tao
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Daniel P Judge
- Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael R Zile
- Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Takako Makita
- Darby Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rupak Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Henry M Sucov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Medicine Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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90
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Nägele MP, Haubner B, Tanner FC, Ruschitzka F, Flammer AJ. Endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: Current findings and therapeutic implications. Atherosclerosis 2020; 314:58-62. [PMID: 33161318 PMCID: PMC7554490 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) increases the risk of several non-pulmonary complications such as acute myocardial injury, renal failure or thromboembolic events. A possible unifying explanation for these phenomena may be the presence of profound endothelial dysfunction and injury. This review provides an overview on the association of endothelial dysfunction with COVID-19 and its therapeutic implications. Endothelial dysfunction is a common feature of the key comorbidities that increase risk for severe COVID-19 such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease or heart failure. Preliminary studies indicate that vascular endothelial cells can be infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and evidence of widespread endothelial injury and inflammation is found in advanced cases of COVID-19. Prior evidence has established the crucial role of endothelial cells in maintaining and regulating vascular homeostasis and blood coagulation. Aggravation of endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 may therefore impair organ perfusion and cause a procoagulatory state resulting in both macro- and microvascular thrombotic events. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and statins are known to improve endothelial dysfunction. Data from smaller observational studies and other viral infections suggests a possible beneficial effect in COVID-19. Other treatments that are currently under investigation for COVID-19 may also act by improving endothelial dysfunction in patients. Focusing therapies on preventing and improving endothelial dysfunction could improve outcomes in COVID-19. Several clinical trials are currently underway to explore this concept. New evidence implicates endothelial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. It may explain complications such as multi-organ damage or thrombotic events. Targeted interventions such as RAS inhibitors or statins may improve outcomes. Studies on interventions that affect endothelial dysfunction are underway in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P Nägele
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Haubner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix C Tanner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J Flammer
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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91
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Hoevenaar M, Goossens D, Roorda J. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the complement system, the kallikrein-kinin system, type-2 diabetes, interleukin-6, and their interactions regarding the complex COVID-19 pathophysiological crossroads. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2020; 21:1470320320979097. [PMID: 33283602 PMCID: PMC7724427 DOI: 10.1177/1470320320979097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the current COVID-19-pandemic, the world is currently being held hostage in various lockdowns. ACE2 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell-entry, and is at the very center of several pathophysiological pathways regarding the RAAS, CS, KKS, T2DM, and IL-6. Their interactions with severe COVID-19 complications (e.g. ARDS and thrombosis), and potential therapeutic targets for pharmacological intervention, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janne Roorda
- Medical Doctor, General Practice
van Dijk, Oisterwijk, The Netherlands
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92
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A Prospective Noninterventional, Observational Study to Describe the Effectiveness and Safety of Trandolapril and Verapamil Single-Pill Combination in the Management of Patients with Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Harvest TR Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2123601. [PMID: 32964020 PMCID: PMC7492926 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining regular blood pressure control usually requires multidrug regimens rather than monotherapy. The objective of this study was to describe the effectiveness and safety of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker in a single-tablet combination in patients with hypertension, a heart rate higher than 70 beats/min, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was conducted in Turkey as a prospective, noninterventional, observational study. At 22 clinical sites, the data of 200 patients with hypertension were used for efficacy analysis; however, 262 patients received at least one dose of trandolapril/verapamil fixed-dose combination at two dose strengths. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate, PR interval, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and albumin/creatinine ratios were recorded during 8 weeks of treatment. With treatment, the mean (±SD) SBP that was recorded as 162.8 (±14.642) mm Hg at baseline was reduced to 131.7 ± 11.1 mm Hg at week 8 (p < 0.05). Similarly, the mean DBP was reduced from 93.76 ± 9.16 mm Hg to 77.6 ± 7.6 mm Hg (p < 0.001). Following 8 weeks of treatment, SBP and DBP values were reduced below 140 mm Hg and 90 mm Hg in most patients (81.5%), respectively. The mean heart rate as evaluated using electrocardiography measurements was reduced to 78.25 beats/min at week 8 as compared with baseline during trandolapril/verapamil single-pill combination treatment (p < 0.001). Treatment with trandolapril and verapamil was well tolerated over 8 weeks with no unexpected safety signals. In conclusion, the single-pill combination of trandolapril and verapamil was considered effective in reducing and controlling blood pressure in patients with hypertension and T2DM. There was a significant improvement in HbA1c and ACR levels in a smaller subgroup of the patient cohort. The trandolapril/verapamil combination was evaluated as being safe and well-tolerated following a treatment period of 8 weeks. This trial was registered with NCT02298556.
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93
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Tekos F, Skaperda Z, Goutzourelas N, Phelps DS, Floros J, Kouretas D. The Importance of Redox Status in the Frame of Lifestyle Approaches and the Genetics of the Lung Innate Immune Molecules, SP-A1 and SP-A2, on Differential Outcomes of COVID-19 Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090784. [PMID: 32854247 PMCID: PMC7554878 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19 is of great concern to the scientific community. This mainly affects the elderly and people with underlying diseases. People with obesity are more likely to experience unpleasant disease symptoms and increased mortality. The severe oxidative environment that occurs in obesity due to chronic inflammation permits viral activation of further inflammation leading to severe lung disease. Lifestyle affects the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. It has been shown that a careful diet rich in antioxidants, regular exercise, and fasting regimens, each and/or together, can reduce the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress and strengthen the immune system as they lead to weight loss and activate cellular antioxidant mechanisms and reduce oxidative damage. Thus, a lifestyle change based on the three pillars: antioxidants, exercise, and fasting could act as a proactive preventative measure against the adverse effects of COVID-19 by maintaining redox balance and well-functioning immunity. Moreover, because of the observed diversity in the expression of COVID-19 inflammation, the role of genetics of innate immune molecules, surfactant protein A (SP-A)1 and SP-A2, and their differential impact on the local lung microenvironment and host defense is reviewed as genetics may play a major role in the diverse expression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Tekos
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Zoi Skaperda
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nikolaos Goutzourelas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (N.G.)
| | - David S. Phelps
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) and Departments of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.S.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Joanna Floros
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) and Departments of Pediatrics, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.S.P.); (J.F.)
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece; (F.T.); (Z.S.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2410-565-277; Fax: +30-2410-565-290
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94
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Signaling Pathways Involved in the Development of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Pulmonary Hypertension. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7080100. [PMID: 32824651 PMCID: PMC7465273 DOI: 10.3390/children7080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The alveolar and vascular developmental arrest in the premature infants poses a major problem in the management of these infants. Although, with the current management, the survival rate has improved in these infants, but bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a serious complication associated with a high mortality rate. During the neonatal developmental period, these infants are vulnerable to stress. Hypoxia, hyperoxia, and ventilation injury lead to oxidative and inflammatory stress, which induce further damage in the lung alveoli and vasculature. Development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in infants with BPD worsens the prognosis. Despite considerable progress in the management of premature infants, therapy to prevent BPD is not yet available. Animal experiments have shown deregulation of multiple signaling factors such as transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), caveolin-1, wingless & Int-1 (WNT)/β-catenin, and elastin in the pathogenesis of BPD. This article reviews the signaling pathways entailed in the pathogenesis of BPD associated with PH and the possible management.
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95
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Hasan HF, Elgazzar EM, Mostafa DM. Diminazene aceturate extenuate the renal deleterious consequences of angiotensin-II induced by γ-irradiation through boosting ACE2 signaling cascade. Life Sci 2020; 253:117749. [PMID: 32380079 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM This work aims to explore the role of diminazene aceturate (DIZE) in the enhancement of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) to prevent the inflammatory and fibrotic response induced by γ-irradiation through activating the protective axis ACE2/angiotensin (1-7)/Mas receptor (ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas). METHODS Male rats were injected i.p. with 15 mg/kg DIZE daily for 7 days pre and post-irradiation, where 7.5 Gy of γ-radiation as a single dose was used. KEY FINDINGS Gamma radiation induced a significant elevation of renal biochemical parameters: urea, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum with a significant disturbance in oxidative stress markers: elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA) associated with a depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Beside elevation in the level of angiotensin II (AngII) that lead to remarkably increases in the levels of the renal inflammatory mediators: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as well as renal fibrogenic markers: transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and hydroxyproline content in the renal tissues. DIZE caused marked expansion in the expression of ACE2 consequently decreased the expression of AngII and increased the expression of Ang(1-7) which through its Mas receptor ameliorates the biochemical and histopathological damage induced by radiation. SIGNIFICANCE DIZE-induced stimulation of ACE2 subdues the renal deleterious consequences induced by γ-radiation via activation of ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas axis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Farouk Hasan
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Elgazzar
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia M Mostafa
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt
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96
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Flora GD, Nayak MK. A Brief Review of Cardiovascular Diseases, Associated Risk Factors and Current Treatment Regimes. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4063-4084. [PMID: 31553287 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190925163827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of premature death and disability in humans and their incidence is on the rise globally. Given their substantial contribution towards the escalating costs of health care, CVDs also generate a high socio-economic burden in the general population. The underlying pathogenesis and progression associated with nearly all CVDs are predominantly of atherosclerotic origin that leads to the development of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, venous thromboembolism and, peripheral vascular disease, subsequently causing myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias or stroke. The aetiological risk factors leading to the onset of CVDs are well recognized and include hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking and, lack of physical activity. They collectively represent more than 90% of the CVD risks in all epidemiological studies. Despite high fatality rate of CVDs, the identification and careful prevention of the underlying risk factors can significantly reduce the global epidemic of CVDs. Beside making favorable lifestyle modifications, primary regimes for the prevention and treatment of CVDs include lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensives, antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies. Despite their effectiveness, significant gaps in the treatment of CVDs remain. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology and pathology of the major CVDs that are prevalent globally. We also determine the contribution of well-recognized risk factors towards the development of CVDs and the prevention strategies. In the end, therapies for the control and treatment of CVDs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan D Flora
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Manasa K Nayak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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97
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Jha S, Taschler U, Domenig O, Poglitsch M, Bourgeois B, Pollheimer M, Pusch LM, Malovan G, Frank S, Madl T, Gruber K, Zimmermann R, Macheroux P. Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 modulates the renin-angiotensin system in mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13711-13723. [PMID: 32546481 PMCID: PMC7535908 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) is a zinc-dependent hydrolase involved in degrading oligopeptides with 4-12 amino acid residues. It has been associated with several pathophysiological processes, including blood pressure regulation, pain signaling, and cancer cell defense against oxidative stress. However, the physiological substrates and the cellular pathways that are potentially targeted by DPP3 to mediate these effects remain unknown. Here, we show that global DPP3 deficiency in mice (DPP3-/-) affects the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). LC-MS-based profiling of circulating angiotensin peptides revealed elevated levels of angiotensin II, III, IV, and 1-5 in DPP3-/- mice, whereas blood pressure, renin activity, and aldosterone levels remained unchanged. Activity assays using the purified enzyme confirmed that angiotensin peptides are substrates for DPP3. Aberrant angiotensin signaling was associated with substantially higher water intake and increased renal reactive oxygen species formation in the kidneys of DPP3-/- mice. The metabolic changes and altered angiotensin levels observed in male DPP3-/- mice were either absent or attenuated in female DPP3-/- mice, indicating sex-specific differences. Taken together, our observations suggest that DPP3 regulates the RAS pathway and water homeostasis by degrading circulating angiotensin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalinee Jha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Benjamin Bourgeois
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marion Pollheimer
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa M Pusch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazia Malovan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Saša Frank
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Macheroux
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.
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98
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Okamoto K, Kawamura S, Tagawa M, Mizuta T, Zahid HM, Nabika T. Production of an antihypertensive peptide from milk by the brown rot fungus Neolentinus lepideus. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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99
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Prognostic Value of Cardiovascular Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Review. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050527. [PMID: 32403242 PMCID: PMC7290838 DOI: 10.3390/v12050527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In early December 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged in Wuhan, China. As of May 10th, 2020, a total of over 4 million COVID-19 cases and 280,000 deaths have been reported globally, reflecting the raised infectivity and severity of this virus. Amongst hospitalised COVID-19 patients, there is a high prevalence of established cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is evidence showing that COVID-19 may exacerbate cardiovascular risk factors and preexisting CVD or may lead to cardiovascular complications. With intensive care units operating at maximum capacity and such staggering mortality rates reported, it is imperative during this time-sensitive COVID-19 outbreak to identify patients with an increased risk of adverse outcomes and/or myocardial injury. Preliminary findings from COVID-19 studies have shown the association of biomarkers of acute cardiac injury and coagulation with worse prognosis. While these biomarkers are recognised for CVD, there is emerging prospect that they may aid prognosis in COVID-19, especially in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities or risk factors that predispose to worse outcomes. Consequently, the aim of this review is to identify cardiovascular prognostic factors associated with morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 and to highlight considerations for incorporating laboratory testing of biomarkers of cardiovascular performance in COVID-19 to optimise outcomes.
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100
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Haidar MN, Islam MB, Chowdhury UN, Rahman MR, Huq F, Quinn JMW, Moni MA. Network-based computational approach to identify genetic links between cardiomyopathy and its risk factors. IET Syst Biol 2020; 14:75-84. [PMID: 32196466 PMCID: PMC8687405 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2019.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy (CMP) is a group of myocardial diseases that progressively impair cardiac function. The mechanisms underlying CMP development are poorly understood, but lifestyle factors are clearly implicated as risk factors. This study aimed to identify molecular biomarkers involved in inflammatory CMP development and progression using a systems biology approach. The authors analysed microarray gene expression datasets from CMP and tissues affected by risk factors including smoking, ageing factors, high body fat, clinical depression status, insulin resistance, high dietary red meat intake, chronic alcohol consumption, obesity, high-calorie diet and high-fat diet. The authors identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from each dataset and compared those from CMP and risk factor datasets to identify common DEGs. Gene set enrichment analyses identified metabolic and signalling pathways, including MAPK, RAS signalling and cardiomyopathy pathways. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified protein subnetworks and ten hub proteins (CDK2, ATM, CDT1, NCOR2, HIST1H4A, HIST1H4B, HIST1H4C, HIST1H4D, HIST1H4E and HIST1H4L). Five transcription factors (FOXC1, GATA2, FOXL1, YY1, CREB1) and five miRNAs were also identified in CMP. Thus the authors' approach reveals candidate biomarkers that may enhance understanding of mechanisms underlying CMP and their link to risk factors. Such biomarkers may also be useful to develop new therapeutics for CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nasim Haidar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - M Babul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Utpala Nanda Chowdhury
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezanur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biomedical Science, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajgonj 6751, Bangladesh
| | - Fazlul Huq
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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