1151
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Mather M, Knight M, McCaffrey M. The allure of the alignable: younger and older adults' false memories of choice features. J Exp Psychol Gen 2005; 134:38-51. [PMID: 15702962 DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.134.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When making choices, people often try to directly compare the features of different options rather than evaluating each option separately. Not every feature has an analogous (or alignable) feature in the other option, however. In this study, both younger and older adults filled in such gaps when remembering, creating features in the other option to contrast with existing features. Thus, participants had a tendency to remember choice options as more comparable than they originally were. High performance on tasks tapping strategic processing was associated with a pattern of mostly feature-based comparisons during choice for older adults but with a pattern of mostly option-based comparisons for younger adults. This pattern suggests that younger and older adults' comparison processes are influenced by different goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mather
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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1152
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Conway ARA, Kane MJ, Engle RW. Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence. Trends Cogn Sci 2005; 7:547-52. [PMID: 14643371 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early investigations of working memory capacity (WMC) and reasoning ability suggested that WMC might be the basis of Spearman's g. However, recent work has uncovered details about the basic processes involved in working memory tasks, which has resulted in a more principled approach to task development. As a result, claims now being made about the relation between WMC and g are more cautious. A review of the recent research reveals that WMC and g are indeed highly related, but not identical. Furthermore, WM span tasks involve an executive-control mechanism that is recruited to combat interference and this ability is mediated by portions of the prefrontal cortex. More combined experimental-differential research is needed to understand better the basis of the WMC-g relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R A Conway
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology (M/C 285), 1007 W Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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1153
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De Neys W, Schaeken W, d'Ydewalle G. Working memory and counterexample retrieval for causal conditionals. THINKING & REASONING 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/13546780442000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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1154
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Sandi C, Woodson JC, Haynes VF, Park CR, Touyarot K, Lopez-Fernandez MA, Venero C, Diamond DM. Acute stress-induced impairment of spatial memory is associated with decreased expression of neural cell adhesion molecule in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:856-64. [PMID: 15820706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an extensive literature describing how stress disturbs cognitive processing and can exacerbate psychiatric disorders. There is, however, an insufficient understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in stress effects on brain and behavior. METHODS Rats were given spatial memory training in a hippocampus-dependent water maze task. We investigated how a fear-provoking experience (predator exposure) would affect their spatial memory and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) levels in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala, and cerebellum. RESULTS Whereas the control (nonstress) group exhibited excellent memory for the hidden platform location in the water maze, the cat-exposed (stress) group exhibited a profound impairment of memory and a marked suppression of levels of the NCAM-180 isoform in the hippocampus. Predator stress produced a more global reduction of NCAM levels in the PFC but had no effect on NCAM levels in the amygdala and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a novel perspective into dynamic and structure-specific changes in the molecular events involved in learning, memory, and stress. The selective suppression of NCAM-180 in the hippocampus and the more general suppression of NCAM in the PFC provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the great sensitivity of these two structures to be disturbed by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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1155
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Fink A, Grabner RH, Neuper C, Neubauer AC. EEG alpha band dissociation with increasing task demands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 24:252-9. [PMID: 15993763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In assuming functional differences between different EEG alpha frequency bands, recent studies emphasize the importance of using narrow (8-10 Hz or 10-12 Hz) instead of broad alpha frequency ranges (8-12 Hz). Due to individual differences in alpha activity, it has also been suggested to adjust alpha frequency bands individually for each participant. The present paper highlights the dissociating role of different task demands on the extent of event-related desynchronization (ERD) in different alpha frequency bands. In analyzing the data of four large-scale EEG studies (with sample sizes of 51, 58, 55, and 66, respectively) employing a wide range of cognitive tasks, we found evidence that the correlations between lower and upper alpha band ERD systematically decline as task demands increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fink
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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1156
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Kane MJ, Hambrick DZ, Conway ARA. Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are strongly related constructs: comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005). Psychol Bull 2005; 131:66-71. [PMID: 15631552 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors agree with P. L. Ackerman, M. E. Beier, and M. O. Boyle (2005; see record 2004-22408-002) that working memory capacity (WMC) is not isomorphic with general fluid intelligence (Gf) or reasoning ability. However, the WMC and Gf/reasoning constructs are more strongly associated than Ackerman et al. (2005) indicate, particularly when considering the outcomes of latent-variable studies. The authors' reanalysis of 14 such data sets from 10 published studies, representing more than 3,100 young-adult subjects, suggests a strong correlation between WMC and Gf/reasoning factors (median r=.72), indicating that the WMC and Gf constructs share approximately 50% of their variance. This comment also clarifies the authors' "executive attention" view of WMC, it demonstrates that WMC has greater discriminant validity than Ackerman et al. (2005) implied, and it suggests some future directions and challenges for the scientific study of the convergence of WMC, attention control, and intelligence.
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1157
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Abstract
Several investigators have claimed over the past decade that working memory (WM) and general intelligence (g) are identical, or nearly identical, constructs, from an individual-differences perspective. Although memory measures are commonly included in intelligence tests, and memory abilities are included in theories of intelligence, the identity between WM and intelligence has not been evaluated comprehensively. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 86 samples that relate WM to intelligence. The average correlation between true-score estimates of WM and g is substantially less than unity (p=.479). The authors also focus on the distinction between short-term memory and WM with respect to intelligence with a supplemental meta-analysis. The authors discuss how consideration of psychometric and theoretical perspectives better informs the discussion of WM-intelligence relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Ackerman
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA.
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1158
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Cowan N, Elliott EM, Scott Saults J, Morey CC, Mattox S, Hismjatullina A, Conway ARA. On the capacity of attention: its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cogn Psychol 2005; 51:42-100. [PMID: 16039935 PMCID: PMC2673732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Revised: 12/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is the set of mental processes holding limited information in a temporarily accessible state in service of cognition. We provide a theoretical framework to understand the relation between WM and aptitude measures. The WM measures that have yielded high correlations with aptitudes include separate storage-and-processing task components, on the assumption that WM involves both storage and processing. We argue that the critical aspect of successful WM measures is that rehearsal and grouping processes are prevented, allowing a clearer estimate of how many separate chunks of information the focus of attention circumscribes at once. Storage-and-processing tasks correlate with aptitudes, according to this view, largely because the processing task prevents rehearsal and grouping of items to be recalled. In a developmental study, we document that several scope-of-attention measures that do not include a separate processing component, but nevertheless prevent efficient rehearsal or grouping, also correlate well with aptitudes and with storage-and-processing measures. So does digit span in children too young to rehearse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 18 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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1159
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Hamilton AC, Martin RC. Dissociations among tasks involving inhibition: A single-case study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2005; 5:1-13. [PMID: 15913003 DOI: 10.3758/cabn.5.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent theories of working memory have emphasized the role of inhibition in suppressing irrelevant information. Moreover, psychometric studies have reported that several inhibition tasks with very diverse requirements load on a single inhibition factor. A patient with left inferior frontal damage, Patient M.L., previously reported to have a semantic short-term memory deficit (R. C. Martin & He, 2004), showed evidence of difficulty with inhibition on short-term memory tasks. We investigated whether he would show evidence of inhibition difficulty on two verbal tasks (a Stroop task and a recent-negatives task) and two nonverbal tasks (a nonverbal spatial Stroop task and an antisaccade task). M.L. was impaired on both verbal tasks but performed normally on the nonverbal tasks. M.L.'s data also represent a dissociation between Stroop and antisaccade performance, two tasks that load on a single factor in factor-analytic studies. The implications of these data for theories of inhibition and executive function are discussed.
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1160
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1161
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Caffier PP, Erdmann U, Ullsperger P. The spontaneous eye-blink as sleepiness indicator in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome-a pilot study. Sleep Med 2005; 6:155-62. [PMID: 15716219 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2004.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To evaluate the spontaneous eye-blink as drowsiness/sleepiness indicator in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a contact-free sensor for the recording of spontaneous eye-blinks, we investigated the diagnostic value of spontaneous blink parameters in 21 OSA patients. Before the study, all patients underwent a night of polysomnography. Eye-blinks were studied the following morning before therapy, and again after the first therapy night with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP), to investigate whether blink parameters reflected changes of alertness pre- and post-nCPAP treatment. General daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The current subjective state was determined by means of standardised questionnaires directly before recording the eye-blinks. Studies were conducted in two sleep laboratories in hospitals. RESULTS In OSA patients with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS; ESS >10, respiratory disturbance index [RDI]=42.4) several parameters proved informative for sleepiness diagnostics. Reduction of blink duration and reopening time as well as increase in blink frequency were significant; furthermore, proportion of long-closure duration blinks indicated reduced sleepiness. OSA patients without EDS (ESS < or =10, RDI=33.5) did not reveal systematic changes of the blink parameters registered after one night of nCPAP intervention. CONCLUSIONS Specific parameters of the spontaneous eye-blink may be applied as a sleepiness index for diagnostics in OSA patients. Further studies are needed to prove the diagnostic value of blink parameters and their advantages in comparison to subjective measures commonly used in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp P Caffier
- ENT-Clinic Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Joint Facility of Free University and Humboldt-University, Campus Charité Mitte, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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1162
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Rhodes MG. Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Aging 2005; 19:482-94. [PMID: 15382998 DOI: 10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two meta-analyses investigating age-related differences in performance on a popular measure of executive function, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), are reported. The 1st meta-analysis examined age-related changes in performance for the number of categories achieved, and the 2nd meta-analysis examined performance for the number of perseverative errors committed. Results indicated that robust age differences were present on both measures. Further analysis of moderator variables revealed reliable effects of education and test version on both measures, whereas test modality led to marginally significant differences in effect sizes obtained only for the number of categories achieved. Findings are discussed along with current accounts of age differences in performance of the WCST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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1163
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D'Arcy RCN, Service E, Connolly JF, Hawco CS. The influence of increased working memory load on semantic neural systems: a high-resolution event-related brain potential study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:177-91. [PMID: 15653292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of working memory (WM) on the semantic N400 response were studied using high-resolution event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Participants were presented with semantically related sentence pairs and the terminal word congruence was varied in the second sentence. WM load was varied for the sentence pairs using a modified fan procedure [J.R. Anderson, Retrieval of propositional information from long-term memory. Cogn. Psychol., 6 (1974) 451-474; J.R. Anderson, A spreading activation theory of memory. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav., 22 (1983) 261-295]. ERPs were recorded to the onset of the terminal word (Congruent and Incongruent) for sentence pairs at two levels of WM load (WML1 and WML2). Behavioral data analysis revealed that reaction times (RTs) increased as a function of WM load (i.e., the fan effect). Semantically incongruent words elicited an N400 response. Increased WM load reduced the congruency effect and, importantly, resulted in a significant delay in N400 peak latency (approximately 50 ms). Moreover, the latency delay was correlated with a neuropsychological measure of individual WM capacity. WM load effects on the N400 were interpreted as a result of competing activation in WM, both modulating semantic expectancies and delaying semantic integration. Exploratory source analysis revealed activation in occipital, temporal, and parietal regions. Consistent with prior reports on the N400 and semantic processing, equivalent current dipoles were modeled in the left perisylvian region. Increased WM load led to novel source activation in the left inferior parietal region as well as increased activation levels in anterior temporal sources. The source modeling results were in agreement with the functional roles typically ascribed to these areas and confirmed that the scalp-recorded WM load effects on the N400 were present within the intracranial generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C N D'Arcy
- Institute for Biodiagnostics (Atlantic), National Research Council, Halifax, NS, Canada. Ryan.D'
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1164
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1165
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Previc FH, Declerck C, de Brabander B. Why your "head is in the clouds" during thinking: the relationship between cognition and upper space. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2005; 118:7-24. [PMID: 15627407 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order cognition in humans has not generally been viewed as closely entwined with the brain mechanisms mediating more basic perceptual-motor interactions in 3-D space. However, recent findings suggest that perceptual and oculomotor mechanisms that are biased toward the upper field (which disproportionately represents radially distant space) are activated during complex mental operations, ranging from semantic processing to mental arithmetic and memory search. The particularly close affinity with upward conjugate eye deviations--further confirmed in a study of 24 schoolchildren who responded to various mental questions and demands--suggests that active, abstract thinking in humans may have expropriated the focal-extrapersonal brain systems involved in saccadic exploration of the distant environment in other primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H Previc
- Northrop Grumman Information Technology, 4241 Woodcock Dr. Ste B100, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA.
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1166
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Kiefer M, Ahlegian M, Spitzer M. Working Memory Capacity, Indirect Semantic Priming, and Stroop Interference: Pattern of Interindividual Prefrontal Performance Differences in Healthy Volunteers. Neuropsychology 2005; 19:332-44. [PMID: 15910119 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Using neuropsychological models of prefrontal function, the authors investigated the pattern of interindividual prefrontal performance differences in healthy volunteers. Using a correlation and an extreme group approach, they compared verbal and visuospatial working memory capacity with performance on the Stroop interference task as a measure of executive control and on the direct and indirect semantic priming tasks as a measure of semantic access. Subjects with low visuospatial working memory capacity exhibited increased Stroop interference Subjects with low verbal memory capacity showed increased priming and Stroop interference only. The study shows that prefrontal functioning varies interindividually, forming patterns of performance differences. These findings suggest that working memory, executive control, and semantic retrieval are functionally related to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kiefer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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1167
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Bayliss DM, Jarrold C, Baddeley AD, Gunn DM, Leigh E. Mapping the Developmental Constraints on Working Memory Span Performance. Dev Psychol 2005; 41:579-97. [PMID: 16060806 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the constraints underlying developmental improvements in complex working memory span performance among 120 children of between 6 and 10 years of age. Independent measures of processing efficiency, storage capacity, rehearsal speed, and basic speed of processing were assessed to determine their contribution to age-related variance in complex span. Results showed that developmental improvements in complex span were driven by 2 age-related but separable factors: 1 associated with general speed of processing and 1 associated with storage ability. In addition, there was an age-related contribution shared between working memory, processing speed, and storage ability that was important for higher level cognition. These results pose a challenge for models of complex span performance that emphasize the importance of processing speed alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Bayliss
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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1168
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Espy KA, Bull R. Inhibitory processes in young children and individual variation in short-term memory. Dev Neuropsychol 2005; 28:669-88. [PMID: 16144432 PMCID: PMC2682441 DOI: 10.1207/s15326942dn2802_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A precise definition of executive control remains elusive, related in part to the variations among executive tasks in the nature of the task demands, which complicate the identification of test-specific versus construct-specific performance. In this study, tasks were chosen that varied in the nature of the stimulus (verbal, nonverbal), response (naming, somatic motor), conflict type (proactive interference, distraction), and inhibitory process (attention control, response suppression) required. Then performance differences were examined in 184 young children (age range = 3 years 6 months to 6 years 1 month), comparing those with high (5 or more digits) and low (3 or fewer digits) spans to determine the dependence on short-term memory. Results indicated that there was communality in inhibitory task demands across instruments, although the specific pattern of task intercorrelations varied in children with high and low spans. Furthermore, only performance on attention control tasks-that is, that require cognitive engagement/disengagement among an internally represented rule or response set that was previously active versus those currently active-differed between children of high and low spans. In contrast, there were differences neither between children with high and low spans on response suppression tasks nor on tasks when considered by type of stimulus, response, or conflict. Individual differences in well-regulated thought may rest in variations in the ability to maintain information in an active, quickly retrievable state that subserve controlling attention in a goal-relevant fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Office of Research and Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0433, USA.
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1169
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Kane MJ, Hambrick DZ, Tuholski SW, Wilhelm O, Payne TW, Engle RW. The generality of working memory capacity: a latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. J Exp Psychol Gen 2004; 133:189-217. [PMID: 15149250 DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 849] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A latent-variable study examined whether verbal and visuospatial working memory (WM) capacity measures reflect a primarily domain-general construct by testing 236 participants in 3 span tests each of verbal WM. visuospatial WM, verbal short-term memory (STM), and visuospatial STM. as well as in tests of verbal and spatial reasoning and general fluid intelligence (Gf). Confirmatory' factor analyses and structural equation models indicated that the WM tasks largely reflected a domain-general factor, whereas STM tasks, based on the same stimuli as the WM tasks, were much more domain specific. The WM construct was a strong predictor of Gf and a weaker predictor of domain-specific reasoning, and the reverse was true for the STM construct. The findings support a domain-general view of WM capacity, in which executive-attention processes drive the broad predictive utility of WM span measures, and domain-specific storage and rehearsal processes relate more strongly to domain-specific aspects of complex cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
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1170
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Colom R, Chun Shih P. Is working memory fractionated onto different components of intelligence? A reply to Mackintosh and Bennett (2003). INTELLIGENCE 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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1171
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D'Arcy RCN, Ryner L, Richter W, Service E, Connolly JF. The fan effect in fMRI: left hemisphere specialization in verbal working memory. Neuroreport 2004; 15:1851-5. [PMID: 15305123 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200408260-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We studied the fan effect of verbal working memory using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were presented with a sentence-pair matching task that described semantic relationships (e.g. classroom-school). Working memory load and semantic processing were manipulated by increasing the number of sentences to be remembered and varying whether they matched expectation. Increased working memory load elicited activation in left dorsal frontal and left inferior parietal regions, and also delayed the hemodynamic responses. Convergent results from semantic matches occurred in the left parietal lobe, whereas, left ventral frontal activation from mismatches diverged from working memory results. The findings were consistent with behavioural and electrophysiological evidence, with the fan effect in fMRI providing novel insight into the spatiotemporal nature of verbal working memory in the left hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C N D'Arcy
- National Research Council, Institute for Biodiagnostics, Dalhousie University, Halifax Infirmary, Suite 3900, 1796 Summer Street, Halifax, NS B3 H 3A7, Canada. Ryan.D'
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1172
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Wynn T, Coolidge FL. The expert Neandertal mind. J Hum Evol 2004; 46:467-87. [PMID: 15066380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuropsychology, cognitive anthropology, and cognitive archaeology are combined to yield a picture of Neandertal cognition in which expert performance via long-term working memory is the centerpiece of problem solving. This component of Neandertal cognition appears to have been modern in scope. However, Neandertals' working memory capacity, which is the ability to hold a variety of information in active attention, may not have been as large as that of modern humans. This characteristic helps us understand features of the archaeological record, such as the rarity of innovation, and allows us to make empirically based speculations about Neandertal personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wynn
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80933-7150, USA.
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1173
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Barrett LF, Tugade MM, Engle RW. Individual differences in working memory capacity and dual-process theories of the mind. Psychol Bull 2004; 130:553-73. [PMID: 15250813 PMCID: PMC1351135 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dual-process theories of the mind are ubiquitous in psychology. A central principle of these theories is that behavior is determined by the interplay of automatic and controlled processing. In this article, the authors examine individual differences in the capacity to control attention as a major contributor to differences in working memory capacity (WMC). The authors discuss the enormous implications of this individual difference for a host of dual-process theories in social, personality, cognitive, and clinical psychology. In addition, the authors propose several new areas of investigation that derive directly from applying the concept of WMC to dual-process theories of the mind.
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1174
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Gray
- Psychology Department, Yale University, Box 208205, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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1175
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Markovits H, Doyon C. Information processing and reasoning with premises that are empirically false: Interference, working memory, and processing speed. Mem Cognit 2004; 32:592-601. [PMID: 15478753 DOI: 10.3758/bf03195850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we looked at the contributions of individual differences in susceptibility to interference and working memory to logical reasoning with premises that were empirically false (i.e., not necessarily true). A total of 97 university students were given a sentence completion task for which a subset of stimuli was designed to generate inappropriate semantic activation that interfered with the correct response, a measure of working memory capacity, and a series of logical reasoning tasks with premises that were not always true. The results indicate that susceptibility to interference, as measured by the error rate on the relevant subset of the sentence completion task, and working memory independently account for variation in reasoning performance. The participants who made more errors in the relevant portion of the sentence completion task also showed more empirical intrusions in the deductive reasoning task, even when the effects of working memory were partialed out. Working memory capacity was more clearly related to processes involved in generating uncertainty responses to inferences for which there was no certain conclusion. A comparison of the results of this study with studies of children's reasoning suggests that adults are capable of more selective executive processes than are children. An analysis of latency measures on the sentence completion task indicated that high working memory participants who made no errors on the sentence completion task used a strategy that involved slower processing speed, as compared with participants with similar levels of working memory who did make errors. In contrast, low working memory participants who made no errors on the sentence completion task had relatively shorter reaction times than did comparable participants who did make errors.
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1176
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Mecklinger A, Weber K, Gunter TC, Engle RW. Dissociable brain mechanisms for inhibitory control: effects of interference content and working memory capacity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 18:26-38. [PMID: 14659494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, event-related fMRI was used to examine whether the resolution of interference arising from two different information contents activates the same or different neuronal circuitries. In addition, we examined the extent to which these inhibitory control mechanisms are modulated by individual differences in working memory capacity. Two groups of participants with high and low working memory capacity [high span (HS) and low span (LS) participants, respectively] performed two versions of an item recognition task with familiar letters and abstract objects as stimulus materials. Interference costs were examined by means of the recent negative probe technique with otherwise identical testing conditions across both tasks. While the behavioral interference costs were of similar magnitude in both tasks, the underlying brain activation pattern differed between tasks: The object task interference-effects (higher activation in interference trials than in control trials) were restricted to the anterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Interference effects for familiar letters were obtained in the anterior IPS, the left postero-ventral and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) as well as the precuneus. As the letters were more discernible than the objects, the results suggest that the critical feature for PFC and precuneus involvement in interference resolution is the saliency of stimulus-response mappings. The interference effects in the letter task were modulated by working memory capacity: LS participants showed enhanced activation for interference trials only, whereas for HS participants, who showed better performance and also lower interference costs in the letter task, the above-mentioned neuronal circuitry was activated for interference and control trials, thereby attenuating the interference effects. The latter results support the view that HS individuals allocate more attentional resources for the maintenance of task goals in the face of interfering information from preceding trials with familiar stimulus materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mecklinger
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Im Stadtwald, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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1177
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Morrison RG, Krawczyk DC, Holyoak KJ, Hummel JE, Chow TW, Miller BL, Knowlton BJ. A Neurocomputational Model of Analogical Reasoning and its Breakdown in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. J Cogn Neurosci 2004; 16:260-71. [PMID: 15068596 DOI: 10.1162/089892904322984553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Analogy is important for learning and discovery and is considered a core component of intelligence. We present a computational account of analogical reasoning that is compatible with data we have collected from patients with cortical degeneration of either their frontal or anterior temporal cortices due to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). These two patient groups showed different deficits in picture and verbal analogies: frontal lobe FTLD patients tended to make errors due to impairments in working memory and inhibitory abilities, whereas temporal lobe FTLD patients tended to make errors due to semantic memory loss. Using the “Learning and Inference with Schemas and Analogies” model, we provide a specific account of how such deficits may arise within neural networks supporting analogical problem solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Morrison
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angelesm 90095-1563, USA.
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1178
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Dobbins IG, Schnyer DM, Verfaellie M, Schacter DL. Cortical activity reductions during repetition priming can result from rapid response learning. Nature 2004; 428:316-9. [PMID: 14990968 DOI: 10.1038/nature02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent observation of objects speeds up their subsequent identification and classification. This common form of learning, known as repetition priming, can operate in the absence of explicit memory for earlier experiences, and functional neuroimaging has shown that object classification improved in this way is accompanied by 'neural priming' (reduced neural activity) in prefrontal, fusiform and other cortical regions. These observations have led to suggestions that cortical representations of items undergo 'tuning', whereby neurons encoding irrelevant information respond less as a given object is observed repeatedly, thereby facilitating future availability of pertinent object knowledge. Here we provide experimental support for an alternative hypothesis, in which reduced cortical activity occurs because subjects rapidly learn their previous responses. After a primed object classification (such as 'bigger than a shoebox'), cue reversal ('smaller than a shoebox') greatly slowed performance and completely eliminated neural priming in fusiform cortex, which suggests that these cortical item representations were no more available for primed objects than they were for new objects. In contrast, prefrontal cortex activity tracked behavioural priming and predicted the degree to which cue reversal would slow down object classification--highlighting the role of the prefrontal cortex in executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Dobbins
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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1179
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Osaka N, Osaka M, Kondo H, Morishita M, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H. The neural basis of executive function in working memory: an fMRI study based on individual differences. Neuroimage 2004; 21:623-31. [PMID: 14980565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Revised: 08/24/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using fMRI, neural substrates of the executive system were investigated with respect to differences in working memory capacity. To explore the executive control processes, reading span test (RST) and read conditions were performed. Two subject groups were selected: those with large working memory capacities, labeled high-span subjects (HSS) according to the reading span test, and those with small working memory capacities, labeled low-span subjects (LSS). Significant activation was found mainly in three regions in comparison with the control: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), visual association cortex (VAC) and superior parietal lobule (SPL). For both groups, the fMRI signal intensity increased in ACC and IFG during the RST condition compared to that under the read condition. A group difference was also found in the ACC and IFG region, specifically a significant increase in signal intensity was observed only for the HSS group but not for the LSS group. Behavioral data also showed that the performance was better in HSS than in LSS. Moreover, the cross correlation of signal change between ACC and IFG was higher in HSS than in LSS, indicating that the network system between ACC and IFG was more activated in HSS compared to that of LSS. These results suggest that executive function, that is, working attention controlling system is more active in HSS than in LSS. Moreover, the results confirmed our hypothesis that there is a general neural basis for the central executive function in both RST and previous LST (listening span test) tasks despite differences in modality-specific buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Osaka
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Psychology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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1180
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Stacy AW, Ames SL, Knowlton BJ. Neurologically plausible distinctions in cognition relevant to drug use etiology and prevention. Subst Use Misuse 2004; 39:1571-623. [PMID: 15587946 DOI: 10.1081/ja-200033204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This article outlines several distinctions in cognition and related topics in emotion that receive support from work in cognitive neuroscience and have important implications for prevention: implicit cognition, working memory, nonverbal memory, and neurobiological systems of habit. These distinctions have not been widely acknowledged or applied in drug use prevention research, despite their neural plausibility and the availability of methods to make this link. The authors briefly review the basis for the distinctions and indicate general implications and assessment possibilities for prevention researchers conducting large-scale field trials. Subse-quently, the article outlines a connectionist framework for specific applications in prevention interventions. These possibilities begin the attempt to derive useful fusions of normally distinct areas of prevention and cognitive neuroscience, in the spirit of a transdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Stacy
- Institute for Prevention Research and Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Alhambra, California 91803, USA.
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1181
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Geary DC. The motivation to control and the origin of mind: Exploring the life–mind joint point in the Tree of Knowledge System. J Clin Psychol 2004; 61:21-46. [PMID: 15558620 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The evolved function of brain, cognitive, affective, conscious-psychological, and behavioral systems is to enable animals to attempt to gain control of the social (e.g., mates), biological (e.g., prey), and physical (e.g., nesting spots) resources that have tended to covary with survival and reproductive outcomes during the species' evolutionary history. These resources generate information patterns that range from invariant to variant. Invariant information is consistent across generations and within lifetimes (e.g., the prototypical shape of a human face) and is associated with modular brain and cognitive systems that coalesce around the domains of folk psychology, folk biology, and folk physics. The processing of information in these domains is implicit and results in automatic bottom-up behavioral responses. Variant information varies across generations and within lifetimes (e.g., as in social dynamics) and is associated with plastic brain and cognitive systems and explicit, consciously driven top-down behavioral responses. The fundamentals of this motivation-to-control model are outlined and links are made to Henriques' (2004) Tree of Knowledge System and Behavioral Investment Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Geary
- University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211-2500, USA.
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1183
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Logie RH, Cocchini G, Delia Sala S, Baddeley AD. Is There a Specific Executive Capacity for Dual Task Coordination? Evidence From Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychology 2004; 18:504-13. [PMID: 15291728 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments compared groups of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and healthy older and younger participants on visuospatial tracking and digit sequence recall, as single tasks and performed concurrently. In Experiment 1, tasks were performed concurrently with very low demand relative to span. Only the AD patients showed a dual task deficit. In Experiment 2, single task demand was manipulated on each task from below span to above span for each individual. All groups showed the same performance reductions with increasing demand. In Experiment 3, demand on 1 task was constant, whereas demand on the concurrent task was varied. AD patients showed a clear dual task deficit but were no more sensitive than control groups to varying demand. Results suggest an identifiable cognitive resource for dual task coordination within a multiple component working memory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Logie
- Centre for Human Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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1184
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Richeson JA, Baird AA, Gordon HL, Heatherton TF, Wyland CL, Trawalter S, Shelton JN. An fMRI investigation of the impact of interracial contact on executive function. Nat Neurosci 2003; 6:1323-8. [PMID: 14625557 DOI: 10.1038/nn1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether individual differences in racial bias among white participants predict the recruitment, and potential depletion, of executive attentional resources during contact with black individuals. White individuals completed an unobtrusive measure of racial bias, then interacted with a black individual, and finally completed an ostensibly unrelated Stroop color-naming test. In a separate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, subjects were presented with unfamiliar black male faces, and the activity of brain regions thought to be critical to executive control was assessed. We found that racial bias predicted activity in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in response to black faces. Furthermore, activity in this region predicted Stroop interference after an actual interracial interaction, and it statistically mediated the relation between racial bias and Stroop interference. These results are consistent with a resource depletion account of the temporary executive dysfunction seen in racially biased individuals after interracial contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Richeson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, 6207 Moore Hall, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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1185
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Baddeley
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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1186
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Abstract
Can individual differences in general reasoning ability be reduced to an elementary cognitive process or isolated to a neural circuit? A breakthrough neuroimaging study finds that fluid intelligence and attention control are behaviorally linked via the neural activity in brain areas involved in resolving cognitive conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Kane
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, 27402-6170, Greensboro, NC, USA
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1187
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Gray JR, Chabris CF, Braver TS. Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence. Nat Neurosci 2003; 6:316-22. [PMID: 12592404 DOI: 10.1038/nn1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2002] [Accepted: 01/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We used an individual-differences approach to test whether general fluid intelligence (gF) is mediated by brain regions that support attentional (executive) control, including subregions of the prefrontal cortex. Forty-eight participants first completed a standard measure of gF (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices). They then performed verbal and nonverbal versions of a challenging working-memory task (three-back) while their brain activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Trials within the three-back task varied greatly in the demand for attentional control because of differences in trial-to-trial interference. On high-interference trials specifically, participants with higher gF were more accurate and had greater event-related neural activity in several brain regions. Multiple regression analyses indicated that lateral prefrontal and parietal regions may mediate the relation between ability (gF) and performance (accuracy despite interference), providing constraints on the neural mechanisms that support gF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Gray
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, Campus Box 1125, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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1188
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1189
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Executive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-7421(03)44005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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1190
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Kubat-Silman AK, Dagenbach D, Absher JR. Patterns of impaired verbal, spatial, and object working memory after thalamic lesions. Brain Cogn 2002; 50:178-93. [PMID: 12464188 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-2626(02)00502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Working memory processes in six individuals with isolated thalamic lesions were assessed. Participants were given a verbal, spatial, and object n-back task, each at three levels of task load (1-back, 2-back, and 3-back). Relative to a control group, the patients were impaired on the verbal and spatial n-back tasks, and possibly on the object n-back task as well. None of the patients showed impaired short-term memory as measured by digit span. Group differences on trials measuring matching, sequencing, and inhibitory abilities were consistent with other reports suggesting that thalamic lesions may impair the operation of executive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia K Kubat-Silman
- Psychology, Wake Forest University, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro 27403-26164, USA.
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1191
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Abstract
In the present experiments, we examined adult age differences in the ability to suppress false memories, using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). Participants studied lists of words (e.g., bed, rest, awake, etc.), each related to a nonpresented critical lure word (e.g., sleep). Typically, recognition tests reveal false alarms to critical lures at rates comparable to those for hits for studied words. In two experiments, separate groups of young and older adults were unwarned about the false memory effect, warned before studying the lists, or warned after study and before test. Lists were presented at either a slow rate (4 sec/word) or a faster rate (2 sec/word). Young adults were better able to discriminate between studied words and critical lures when warned about the DRM effect either before study or after study but before retrieval, and their performance improved with a slower presentation rate. Older adults were able to discriminate between studied words and critical lures when given warnings before study, but not when given warnings after study but before retrieval. Performance on a working memory capacity measure predicted false recognition following study and retrieval warnings. The results suggest that effective use of warnings to reduce false memories is contingent on the quality and type of encoded information, as well as on whether that information is accessed at retrieval. Furthermore, discriminating between similar sources of activation is dependent on working memory capacity, which declines with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P McCabe
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0170, USA.
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