1251
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Chronic herpesvirus reactivation occurs in aging. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42:563-70. [PMID: 17337145 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aged immune system is characterized by clonal expansions of CD8+ T cells of which a substantial portion are directed against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). It is unknown if these expansions represent increased viral reactivation or simply reflect an accumulation over time. We investigated herpesvirus reactivation in young and old subjects co-infected with CMV and EBV. Using molecular and serological techniques, we found significant increases in both the frequency and magnitude of EBV and CMV reactivation in elderly subjects. CMV DNA was frequently detected in the urine of elderly subjects; EBV load in peripheral blood was also significantly increased. Notably, EBV DNA in plasma was detected in a majority of the elderly subjects which was supported by frequent transcription of late structural genes. Furthermore, CD8+ T cells specific for EBV structural antigens were detected in samples from the elderly. Samples from our younger control group were negative for EBV DNA in plasma, CMV DNA in urine, expression of structural transcripts, and lacked CD8+ T cells specific for EBV structural antigens. These findings indicate that the aged immune system is no longer able to control EBV and CMV reactivation that could now be characterized as chronic instead of latent.
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1252
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Danese A, Pariante CM, Caspi A, Taylor A, Poulton R. Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1319-24. [PMID: 17229839 PMCID: PMC1783123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610362104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in early life has been associated with insufficient glucocorticoid signaling in adulthood, possibly affecting inflammation processes. Childhood maltreatment has been linked to increased risk of adult disease with potential inflammatory origin. However, the impact of early life stress on adult inflammation is not known in humans. We tested the life-course association between childhood maltreatment and adult inflammation in a birth cohort followed to age 32 years as part of the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of maltreatment on inflammation, adjusting for co-occurring risk factors and potential mediating variables. Maltreated children showed a significant and graded increase in the risk for clinically relevant C-reactive protein levels 20 years later, in adulthood [risk ratio (RR)=1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.26-2.58]. The effect of childhood maltreatment on adult inflammation was independent of the influence of co-occurring early life risks (RR=1.58, 95% CI=1.08-2.31), stress in adulthood (RR=1.64, 95% CI=1.12-2.39), and adult health and health behavior (RR=1.76, 95% CI=1.23-2.51). More than 10% of cases of low-grade inflammation in the population, as indexed by high C-reactive protein, may be attributable to childhood maltreatment. The association between maltreatment and adult inflammation also generalizes to fibrinogen and white blood cell count. Childhood maltreatment is a previously undescribed, independent, and preventable risk factor for inflammation in adulthood. Inflammation may be an important developmental mediator linking adverse experiences in early life to poor adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Danese
- *Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre and
| | - Carmine M. Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- *Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre and
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Science, and Institute of Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086; and
| | - Alan Taylor
- *Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre and
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9015, New Zealand
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1253
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Abstract
Regular exercise is protective against several chronic diseases ranging from physiologic diseases such as cardiovascular disease to neurologic diseases such as dementia and depression. Exciting recent research points to chronic inflammation as an underlying contributor to many age-related chronic diseases. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in animals and humans have shown both an acute and a chronic anti-inflammatory effect. Because innate immunity is a key regulator of inflammatory processes, and chronic inflammation contributes to many illnesses, the effect of regular exercise on innate immunity, most importantly macrophages, holds much promise in terms of defining these mechanisms. Unfortunately, the mechanisms responsible for the observed anti-inflammatory effect of regular exercise have not been elucidated. This article presents several compelling potential mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise, including loss of body fat, reductions in macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue, altered macrophage phenotype in adipose tissue, exercise-induced muscle production of IL-6, or alterations in the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Further investigation to confirm or reject these testable hypotheses will allow better application of exercise therapy to treat and prevent illnesses associated with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 6180, USA.
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1254
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Abstract
Interactions between immune systems, nervous systems, and behavior are well established in vertebrates. A comparative examination of these interactions in other animals will help us understand their evolution and present adaptive functions. Insects show immune-behavioral interactions similar to those seen in vertebrates, suggesting that many of them may have a highly conserved function. Activation of an immune response in insects results in illness-induced anorexia, behavioral fever, changes in reproductive behavior, and decreased learning ability in a broad range of species. Flight-or-fight behaviors result in a decline in disease resistance. In insects, illness-induced anorexia may enhance immunity. Stress-induced immunosuppression is probably due to physiological conflicts between the immune response and those of other physiological processes. Because insects occupy a wide range of ecological niches, they will be useful in examining how some immune-behavioral interactions are sculpted by an animal's behavioral ecology.
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1255
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Dhabhar FS. Enhancing versus Suppressive Effects of Stress on Immune function. THE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7443(07)00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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1256
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Yang EV, Sood AK, Chen M, Li Y, Eubank TD, Marsh CB, Jewell S, Flavahan NA, Morrison C, Yeh PE, Lemeshow S, Glaser R. Norepinephrine up-regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10357-64. [PMID: 17079456 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies using ovarian cancer cells have shown that the catecholamine hormones norepinephrine (norepi) and epinephrine (epi) may influence cancer progression by modulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The purpose of this study is to determine if the stress hormone norepi can influence the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumors by using three NPC tumor cell lines. The NPC cell lines HONE-1, HNE-1, and CNE-1 were treated with norepi. The effects of norepi on MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF synthesis were measured by ELISA; functional MMP activity was measured by the invasive potential of the cells using a membrane invasion culture system whereas functional activity of VEGF was analyzed using a human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube formation assay. Norepi treatment increased MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF levels in culture supernatants of HONE-1 cells, which could be inhibited by the beta-blocker propranolol. Norepi induced the invasiveness of all NPC cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, which was blocked by CMT-3, an MMP inhibitor, and propranolol. Norepi stimulated the release of functional angiogenic VEGF by HONE-1 cells as well. Finally, HONE-1 cells were shown to express beta-adrenergic receptors as did seven of seven NPC biopsies examined. The data suggest that catecholamine hormones produced by the sympathetic-adrenal medullary axis may affect NPC tumor progression, in part, through modulation of key angiogenic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Yang
- Department of Molecular Virology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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1257
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Abstract
As these paired Commentaries discuss, neuroscientists and architects are just beginning to collaborate, each bringing what they know about their respective fields to the task of improving the environment of research buildings and laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Sternberg
- Integrative Neural Immune Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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1258
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Knijff EM, Breunis MN, van Geest MC, Kupka RW, Ruwhof C, de Wit HJ, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA. A relative resistance of T cells to dexamethasone in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8:740-50. [PMID: 17156159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A relative resistance of immune cells to steroids has been established in patients with major depression (MD). In this study, we investigated the in vitro responsiveness of T cells to dexamethasone (DEX) of patients with bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS T cells of outpatients with DSM-IV BD (n = 54) and of healthy control subjects (HC; n = 29) were isolated, cultured and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 72 h. The suppressive effect of graded concentrations of DEX (5 x 10(-9)-10(-5) M) on PHA-induced CD25 (IL-2R) expression was measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Data were correlated to the T-cell activation status in the peripheral blood of the same patients and to their diagnosis, current mood state, ultradian cycling pattern and current use of medication, including lithium. RESULTS T cells of patients with BD were less sensitive to DEX-induced suppressive effects as compared with T cells of HC. These data were particularly evident at 10(-7) M DEX (mean % suppression +/- SEM BD: 18.9% +/- 3.5 versus HC: 35.8% +/- 4.7, p = 0.001). We found no correlations of this relative in vitro DEX resistance of T cells neither with the previously mentioned clinical characteristics nor with the actual activation status of the T cells in the BD patients. CONCLUSION A relative T-cell resistance to steroids, as has been observed in MD previously, may be a trait phenomenon of BD, independent of mood state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Knijff
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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1259
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Tolleson DR, Teel PD, Stuth JW, Strey OF, Welsh TH, Carstens GE. Fecal NIRS: detection of tick infestations in cattle and horses. Vet Parasitol 2006; 144:146-52. [PMID: 17097809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tick treatments are often applied concurrent to routine livestock management practices with little regard to actual infestation levels. Prescription treatments against ticks on grazing cattle would be facilitated by non-invasive detection methods. One such method is fecal near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Four studies utilizing cattle (Bos spp.) and one with horses (Equus caballus) fed varying diets and infested with either Amblyomma americanum, A. maculatum, A. cajennense or Dermacentor albipictus were conducted to determine the ability of fecal NIRS to identify samples from animals with (High stress) and without (Low stress) a tick burden. Discriminant analysis of each individual trial resulted in R(2)>0.80. Similar analyses utilizing all combinations of four studies, predicting group membership in the remaining study, yielded R(2)>0.80, but correct determinations for Low and High tick stress samples of only 53.4 and 60.1%, respectively. All five trials were combined and a random 10 or 25% of the samples were removed from the calibration. As in the previous calibrations, a high degree of discrimination was achieved (R(2)>0.89). The validation samples were correctly identified at 91.7% for Low stress and 96.3% for High stress, respectively. Difficulties in detecting differences in fecal samples due to confounding effects of trial were overcome by combining calibration sets. Overall, differences in fecal NIR spectra apparently due to tick stress were accurately detected across diet, host species, and tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Tolleson
- Department of Rangeland Ecology & Management, Mail Stop 2126 Animal Industries Bldg., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2126, USA.
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1260
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Beilin B, Greenfeld K, Abiri N, Yardeni IZ, Bessler H, Ben-Eliyahu S. Anesthesiologists at work: an increase in pro-inflammatory and Th2 cytokine production, and alterations in proliferative immune responses. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50:1223-8. [PMID: 17067322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthesiologists are a population at high risk of alcohol and drug abuse, depression, suicide, and psychiatric hospitalization. The impact of their working milieu on specific immune indices has scarcely been studied, and it is assumed that immune perturbations may contribute to some of the above risks. This study took advantage of an unplanned, 3-month long strike of anesthesiologists, and explored its relations to specific immune measures. METHODS We assessed induced cytokine production and lymphocytes proliferative responses in blood samples taken from 10 anesthesiologists just before the strike and at its end, after a long period of markedly reduced workload. RESULTS The results indicated that the proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) were significantly lower at the end of the strike. At this time point, we observed a significant decrease in the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 and IL1ra levels, and a significant increase in IL-2 production. A strong trend towards a decline in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels was evident, while levels of IL-1beta were unchanged. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the working conditions of anesthesiologists are associated with specific immune alterations, including a shift towards a Th2 cytokines' dominance, and an elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine response. A reduced Th1 profile has been related to increased susceptibility to infections, and high pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were recently proposed as etiological factors in cardiovascular diseases and in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Beilin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel
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1261
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Rensing L. Krank durch Stress: Molekulare Wirkmechanismen und Folgen für die Gesundheit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/biuz.200610315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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1262
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Vanden Berghe W, Ndlovu MN, Hoya-Arias R, Dijsselbloem N, Gerlo S, Haegeman G. Keeping up NF-κB appearances: Epigenetic control of immunity or inflammation-triggered epigenetics. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1114-31. [PMID: 16934762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlled expression of cytokine genes is an essential component of an immune response and is crucial for homeostasis. In order to generate an appropriate response to an infectious condition, the type of cytokine, as well as the cell type, dose range and the kinetics of its expression are of critical importance. The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) family of transcription factors has a crucial role in rapid responses to stress and pathogens (innate immunity), as well as in development and differentiation of immune cells (acquired immunity). Although quite a number of genes contain NF-kappaB-responsive elements in their regulatory regions, their expression pattern can significantly vary from both a kinetic and quantitative point of view, reflecting the impact of environmental and differentiative cues. At the transcription level, selectivity is conferred by the expression of specific NF-kappaB subunits and their respective posttranslational modifications, and by combinatorial interactions between NF-kappaB and other transcription factors and coactivators, that form specific enhanceosome complexes in association with particular promoters. These enhanceosome complexes represent another level of signaling integration, whereby the activities of multiple upstream pathways converge to impress a distinct pattern of gene expression upon the NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional network. Today, several pieces of evidence suggest that the chromatin structure and epigenetic settings are the ultimate integration sites of both environmental and differentiative inputs, determining proper expression of each NF-kappaB-dependent gene. We will therefore discuss in this review the multilayered interplay of NF-kappaB signaling and epigenome dynamics, in achieving appropriate gene expression responses and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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1263
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Rage F, Silhol M, Tapia-Arancibia L. IL-1β regulation of BDNF expression in rat cultured hypothalamic neurons depends on the presence of glial cells. Neurochem Int 2006; 49:433-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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1264
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Nantz MP, Rowe CA, Nieves C, Percival SS. Immunity and antioxidant capacity in humans is enhanced by consumption of a dried, encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate. J Nutr 2006; 136:2606-10. [PMID: 16988134 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.10.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The daily consumption of fruits and vegetables is a common dietary recommendation to support good health. We hypothesized that a commercially available encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice powder concentrate (FVJC) could support functional indices of health due to increased intake of various phytonutrients. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled investigation of 59 healthy law students who consumed either FVJC or placebo capsules for 77 d. Blood was collected on d 1, 35, and 77 to examine the number of circulating alphabeta- and gammadelta-T cells, cytokine production, lymphocyte DNA damage, antioxidant status, and levels of carotenoids and vitamin C. A log of illnesses and symptoms was also kept. The FVJC group tended to have fewer total symptoms than the placebo group (P < 0.076). By d 77 there was a 30% increase in circulating gammadelta-T cells and a 40% reduction in DNA damage in lymphocytes in the FVJC group relative to the placebo group. Plasma levels of vitamin C and of beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein increased significantly from baseline in the FVJC group as did plasma oxygen radical absorptive capacity (50%). Interferon-gamma produced by phorbol-stimulated lymphocytes was reduced 70% in the FVJC group, whereas other cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, transforming growth factor beta) were unchanged relative to treatment or time. FVJC consumption during this study period resulted in increased plasma nutrients and antioxidant capacity, reduction in DNA strand breaks, and an increase in circulating gammadelta-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri P Nantz
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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1265
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Arck PC, Slominski A, Theoharides TC, Peters EMJ, Paus R. Neuroimmunology of stress: skin takes center stage. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1697-704. [PMID: 16845409 PMCID: PMC2232898 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Like few other organs, the skin is continuously exposed to multiple exogenous and endogenous stressors. Superimposed on this is the impact of psychological stress on skin physiology and pathology. Here, we review the "brain-skin connection," which may underlie inflammatory skin diseases triggered or aggravated by stress, and we summarize relevant general principles of skin neuroimmunology and neuroendocrinology. Specifically, we portray the skin and its appendages as both a prominent target of key stress mediators (such as corticotropin-releasing hormone, ACTH, cortisol, catecholamines, prolactin, substance P, and nerve growth factor) and a potent source of these prototypic, immunomodulatory mediators of the stress responses. We delineate current views on the role of mast cell-dependent neurogenic skin inflammation and discuss the available evidence that the skin has established a fully functional peripheral equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as an independent, local stress response system. To cope with stress-induced oxidative damage, the skin and hair follicles also express melatonin, probably the most potent neuroendocrine antioxidant. Lastly, we outline major, as-yet unmet challenges in cutaneous stress research, particularly in the study of the cross-talk between peripheral and systemic responses to psychological stress and in the identification of promising molecular targets for therapeutic stress intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C Arck
- Biomedical Research Center, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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1266
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Simon NM, Smoller JW, McNamara KL, Maser RS, Zalta AK, Pollack MH, Nierenberg AA, Fava M, Wong KK. Telomere shortening and mood disorders: preliminary support for a chronic stress model of accelerated aging. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:432-5. [PMID: 16581033 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the biological mechanisms underlying the excess medical morbidity and mortality associated with mood disorders. Substantial evidence supports abnormalities in stress-related biological systems in depression. Accelerated telomere shortening may reflect stress-related oxidative damage to cells and accelerated aging, and severe psychosocial stress has been linked to telomere shortening. We propose that chronic stress associated with mood disorders may contribute to excess vulnerability for diseases of aging such as cardiovascular disease and possibly some cancers through accelerated organismal aging. METHODS Telomere length was measured by Southern Analysis in 44 individuals with chronic mood disorders and 44 nonpsychiatrically ill age-matched control subjects. RESULTS Telomere length was significantly shorter in those with mood disorders, representing as much as 10 years of accelerated aging. CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary evidence that mood disorders are associated with accelerated aging and may suggest a novel mechanism for mood disorder-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Simon
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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1267
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Pacheco-López G, Engler H, Niemi MB, Schedlowski M. Expectations and associations that heal: Immunomodulatory placebo effects and its neurobiology. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:430-46. [PMID: 16887325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of placebo may have accompanied healing and medical practices since their origins (Plato; Charmides, 155-156). Recent experimental data indicate that we would be well advised to further consider placebo effects in future therapeutic strategies, with a better knowledge of their potency, psychological basis and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Current research in the areas of pain, depression and Parkinson's disease has uncovered some of the potential neurobiological mechanisms of placebo effects. These data indicate that conscious expectation and unconscious behavioral conditioning processes appear to be the major neurobiological mechanisms capable of releasing endogenous neurotransmitters and/or neurohormones that mimic the expected or conditioned pharmacological effects. To date, research on placebo responses affecting immune-related diseases is scarce, but there are consistent indications that skin and mucosal inflammatory diseases, in particular, are strongly modulated by placebo treatments. However, the brain's capability to modulate peripheral immune reactivity has been impressively demonstrated by paradigms of behavioral conditioning in animal experiments and human studies. Thus, placebo effects can benefit end organ functioning and the overall health of the individual through positive expectations and behavioral conditioning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Chair of Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Institute for Behavioral Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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1268
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Godbout JP, Glaser R. Stress-Induced Immune Dysregulation: Implications for Wound Healing, Infectious Disease and Cancer. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 1:421-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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1269
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Graham JE, Christian LM, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress, age, and immune function: toward a lifespan approach. J Behav Med 2006; 29:389-400. [PMID: 16715331 PMCID: PMC2805089 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-006-9057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Both aging processes and psychological stress affect the immune system: Each can dysregulate immune function with a potentially substantial impact on physical health. Worse, the effects of stress and age are interactive. Psychological stress can both mimic and exacerbate the effects of aging, with older adults often showing greater immunological impairment to stress than younger adults. In addition, stressful experiences very early in life can alter the responsiveness of the nervous system and immune system. We review the unique impact of aging and stress on immune function, followed by evidence of interactions between age and stress. Further, we suggest that prenatal or early life stress may increase the likelihood of maladaptive immune responses to stress in late life. An understanding of the interactive effects of stress and age is critical to efforts to determine underlying mechanisms, clarify the directionality of effects, and develop effective interventions in early and late life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Graham
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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1270
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Thaker PH, Han LY, Kamat AA, Arevalo JM, Takahashi R, Lu C, Jennings NB, Armaiz-Pena G, Bankson JA, Ravoori M, Merritt WM, Lin YG, Mangala LS, Kim TJ, Coleman RL, Landen CN, Li Y, Felix E, Sanguino AM, Newman RA, Lloyd M, Gershenson DM, Kundra V, Lopez-Berestein G, Lutgendorf SK, Cole SW, Sood AK. Chronic stress promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in a mouse model of ovarian carcinoma. Nat Med 2006; 12:939-44. [PMID: 16862152 DOI: 10.1038/nm1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 885] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress can alter immunological, neurochemical and endocrinological functions, but its role in cancer progression is not well understood. Here, we show that chronic behavioral stress results in higher levels of tissue catecholamines, greater tumor burden and more invasive growth of ovarian carcinoma cells in an orthotopic mouse model. These effects are mediated primarily through activation of the tumor cell cyclic AMP (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway by the beta(2) adrenergic receptor (encoded by ADRB2). Tumors in stressed animals showed markedly increased vascularization and enhanced expression of VEGF, MMP2 and MMP9, and we found that angiogenic processes mediated the effects of stress on tumor growth in vivo. These data identify beta-adrenergic activation of the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway as a major mechanism by which behavioral stress can enhance tumor angiogenesis in vivo and thereby promote malignant cell growth. These data also suggest that blocking ADRB-mediated angiogenesis could have therapeutic implications for the management of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premal H Thaker
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas (U.T.) M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Herman Pressler, Unit 1362, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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1271
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Dressler WW, Balieiro MC, Ribeiro RP, Dos-Santos JE. Depressive symptoms and C-reactive protein in a Brazilian urban community. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39:1013-9. [PMID: 16906275 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological depression is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. C-reactive protein has been implicated as a mediator of the effect of psychological depression. Several studies have found that individuals, especially men, who report higher levels of psychological depression also have higher levels of C-reactive protein. The current study was undertaken to replicate these results in a Brazilian population, in which there is a much wider range of variation in both background characteristics (such as socioeconomic status) and coronary artery disease risk factors. A sample of 271 individuals was interviewed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Fasting blood samples were obtained and evaluated for C-reactive protein (assessed by a turbidimetric immunoassay using a Dade Behring kit) analysis in a subsample (N = 258) of individuals. The mean +/- SD C-reactive protein for the entire sample was 0.43 +/- 0.44, with 0.42 +/- 0.48 for men and 0.43 +/- 0.42 mg/L for women. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, body mass index, socioeconomic status, tobacco use, and both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Higher reported depressive symptoms were correlated with higher C-reactive protein for men (partial r = 0.298, P = 0.004) and with lower C-reactive protein for women (partial r = -0.154, P = 0.059). The differences in the associations for men and women could be a result of differential effects of sex hormones on stress reactivity and immune response. On the other hand, this difference in the associations may be related to gender differences in the disclosure of emotion and the effect that self-disclosure has on physical health and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Dressler
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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1272
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MARTIN II LB, WEIL ZM, KUHLMAN JR, NELSON RJ. Trade-offs within the immune systems of female White-footed Mice, Peromyscus leucopus. Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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1273
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Peakman M, Skowera A, Hotopf M. Immunological dysfunction, vaccination and Gulf War illness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006; 361:681-7. [PMID: 16687270 PMCID: PMC1569620 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One candidate cause of Gulf War illness is vaccination against infectious diseases including medical counter-measures against biological weapons. One influential theory has suggested that such mass-vaccination caused a shift in immune response to a Type 2 cytokine pattern (Th2), which it was suggested was accompanied by a chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness. This article critically appraises this theory. We start by examining epidemiological evidence, which indicates that single vaccines are unlikely to be a substantial cause of Gulf War illness, but that there was a modest relationship with multiple vaccines, which was strongest in those vaccinated while deployed to the Gulf. These relationships may be affected by recall bias. We conclude by examining the results of immunological studies carried out in veterans or in a relevant setting in vitro. The balance of evidence from immunological studies on veterans returning from the War, including those developing multi-symptom illness, is that the immune response has not become polarized towards Th2. In summary, the epidemiological evidence for a multiple vaccine effect on Gulf War-related illness remains a potentially important aetiological lead, but mechanistic studies available at this stage do not identify any immunological basis for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College & St Thomas' HospitalLondon SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ania Skowera
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College & St Thomas' HospitalLondon SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- King's Centre for Military Health Research, King's College London, Weston Education CentreCutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
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1274
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Abstract
The competency of the adaptive immune function decreases with age, primarily because of the decline in production of naive lymphocytes in the bone marrow and thymus as well as the expansion of incompetent memory lymphocytes. Here I discuss the recent progress on age-associated changes in lymphocytes and their effect on the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Ping Weng
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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1275
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Sanders VM. Epigenetic regulation of Th1 and Th2 cell development. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:317-24. [PMID: 16226007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells of the body, regardless of the tissue type, contain the same genetic material, but express this genetic material differently. Epigenetics is one process by which differential gene expression within a cell is regulated. Epigenetic mechanisms involve postsynthetic modifications to DNA and/or DNA-associated histones that do not change the DNA sequence itself, but which remodel chromatin, are passed along at each cell division, and occur during and after early development. The CD4+ T cell best represents a cell in which epigenetic mechanisms are used to affect mature cell physiology. As a naïve CD4+ T cell develops into either a Th1 or Th2 cell that secretes predominantly IFN-gamma or IL-4, respectively, the expression of one cytokine gene and the permanent silencing of the other is orchestrated using epigenetic mechanisms. Because there appears to be an association between Th1/Th2 cell immunity, behavior, and/or disease, it is possible that an environmentally induced epigenetic change that occurs during Th1/Th2 cell development could explain how certain Th1/Th2-associated conditions develop. This article will review basic epigenetic mechanisms and what is known about how these mechanisms influence cytokine gene expression in a naïve CD4+ T cell as it develops into a Th1 or Th2 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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1276
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Sternberg EM. Neural regulation of innate immunity: a coordinated nonspecific host response to pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:318-28. [PMID: 16557263 PMCID: PMC1783839 DOI: 10.1038/nri1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 697] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) regulates innate immune responses through hormonal and neuronal routes. The neuroendocrine stress response and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems generally inhibit innate immune responses at systemic and regional levels, whereas the peripheral nervous system tends to amplify local innate immune responses. These systems work together to first activate and amplify local inflammatory responses that contain or eliminate invading pathogens, and subsequently to terminate inflammation and restore host homeostasis. Here, I review these regulatory mechanisms and discuss the evidence indicating that the CNS can be considered as integral to acute-phase inflammatory responses to pathogens as the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Sternberg
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behaviour, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 4N-13, MSC-9401, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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1277
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1278
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Truckenmiller ME, Bonneau RH, Norbury CC. Stress presents a problem for dendritic cells: corticosterone and the fate of MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:210-8. [PMID: 16504465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosterone (cortisol in humans), a glucocorticoid hormone released into circulation in response to psychological stress via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, can undermine primary and memory CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. These CTL responses are vital for fighting intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, and some tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the generation of both primary and memory CTL responses. DCs are specialized for antigen acquisition (by direct infection or uptake from neighboring cells), transport, processing, and MHC class I-restricted presentation of antigen to CTL. These are critical events that are an absolute requirement for the generation of CTL responses regardless of any other immune responses that may be occurring. This minireview provides an overview of the components of MHC class I antigen processing and presentation pathway and describes our recent published work on the effects of corticosterone on this process in virally infected DCs. Corticosterone impairs the efficiency with which antigen is presented on DCs. The mechanism of this impairment is shown to be via a reduction in the generation of antigenic peptide from virally expressed protein. This impairment of antigen processing and presentation by corticosterone was also observed in non-immune cells, suggesting that stress may affect essential cellular protein management functions in all cells, and having possible implications for neurological or other diseases that may result from aberrant protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Truckenmiller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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1279
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Martin LB, Glasper ER, Nelson RJ, Devries AC. Prolonged separation delays wound healing in monogamous California mice, Peromyscus californicus, but not in polygynous white-footed mice, P. leucopus. Physiol Behav 2006; 87:837-41. [PMID: 16616944 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Social interactions are often stressful, but under certain circumstances, they may be beneficial for health and well-being. In a previous study, wound healing was slowed after mate separation (2 days) in monogamous California mice, Peromyscus californicus, but not polygynous white-footed mice, P. leucopus. Although these results indicate that positive social interaction is critical for immune activity in some species, the extent to which such social effects are enduring remains unspecified. The goal of the present experiments was to determine whether a period representing approximately 20% of expected adult lifespan of these species in the wild (8 weeks) would affect wound healing. Because our experimental design required that the same animals were wounded twice, we were also able to determine the extent to which wound healing is repeatable. Wound healing remained delayed after 8 weeks of separation in P. californicus, and healing scores were not correlated between first and second wounds within individuals. In P. leucopus however, housing conditions did not influence wound healing, but first and second wound healings were correlated indicating repeatability. In sum, our results suggest that positive social interactions may be important for promoting immune activity in some species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Martin
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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1280
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Antoni MH, Lutgendorf SK, Cole SW, Dhabhar FS, Sephton SE, McDonald PG, Stefanek M, Sood AK. The influence of bio-behavioural factors on tumour biology: pathways and mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6:240-8. [PMID: 16498446 PMCID: PMC3146042 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that stress, chronic depression and lack of social support might serve as risk factors for cancer development and progression. Recent cellular and molecular studies have identified biological processes that could potentially mediate such effects. This review integrates clinical, cellular and molecular studies to provide a mechanistic understanding of the interface between biological and behavioural influences in cancer, and identifies novel behavioural or pharmacological interventions that might help improve cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Antoni
- Department of Psychology, Sylvestor Cancer Center, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248185, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA
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1281
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Sood AK, Bhatty R, Kamat AA, Landen CN, Han L, Thaker PH, Li Y, Gershenson DM, Lutgendorf S, Cole SW. Stress hormone-mediated invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:369-75. [PMID: 16428474 PMCID: PMC3141061 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is growing evidence that stress and other behavioral factors may affect cancer progression and patient survival. The underlying mechanisms for this association are poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of stress-associated hormones norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol on the invasive potential of ovarian cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The ovarian cancer cells EG, SKOV3, and 222 were exposed to increasing levels of either norepinephrine, epinephrine, or cortisol, and the in vitro invasive potential was determined using the membrane invasion culture system. Additionally, the effects of these stress hormones on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were determined by ELISA. The effects of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol on in vivo tumor growth were determined using nude mice. RESULTS Stress levels of norepinephrine increased the in vitro invasiveness of ovarian cancer cells by 89% to 198%. Epinephrine also induced significant increases in invasion in all three cell lines ranging from 64% to 76%. Cortisol did not significantly affect invasiveness of the EG and 222 cell lines but increased invasion in the SKOV3 cell line (P = 0.01). We have previously shown that ovarian cancer cells express beta-adrenergic receptors. The beta-adrenergic antagonist propanolol (1 mumol/L) completely blocked the norepinephrine-induced increase in invasiveness. Norepinephrine also increased tumor cell expression of MMP-2 (P = 0.02 for both SKOV3 and EG cells) and MMP-9 (P = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively), and pharmacologic blockade of MMPs abrogated the effects of norepinephrine on tumor cell invasive potential. Isoproterenol treatment resulted in a significant increase in tumor volume and infiltration in the SKOV3ip1 in vivo model, which was blocked by propranolol. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide direct experimental evidence that stress hormones can enhance the invasive potential of ovarian cancer cells. These effects are most likely mediated by stimulation of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, PO Box 301439, Houston, TX 77230, USA.
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1282
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Ceballos RM, Faraday MM, Cousino Klein L. Rat Strain and Sex Differences in Leptin Responses to Immobilization Stress. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001.27.3.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of immobilization (IM) stress on plasma leptin levels and bodyweight in adult Sprague-Dawley (19 males, 20 females) and Long-Evans (20 males, 20 females) rats were investigated. Following a 10-day baseline period, half the animals from each experimental group were exposed to immobilization stress or no-stress 20 min/day for 21 days. Plasma leptin and corticosterone levels were measured following stress or no-stress exposure on the last day of the experiment. Corticosterone levels confirmed stress exposure. Important interactive effects of stress, strain, and sex on leptin and corticosterone levels were also observed. Specifically, females displayed higher leptin levels than did males, regardless of stress exposure. Strain interacted with stress such that stressed Long-Evans rats displayed higher leptin levels than did stressed Sprague-Dawley rats; there were no strain differences in leptin levels among nonstressed rats. Also, correlations between leptin and corticosterone were strain-specific. Results are discussed with respect to previously unreported strain differences in the effects of immobilization stress on circulating plasma leptin and the relevance to inconsistent findings in the human literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Ceballos
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martha M. Faraday
- Data Management Services, Inc., National Cancer Center Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Laura Cousino Klein
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Center for Developmental and Health Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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1283
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Durie BGM. New Approaches to Treatment for Multiple Myeloma: Durable Remission and Quality of Life as Primary Goals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 6:181-90. [PMID: 16354323 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2005.n.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
New treatment approaches are changing the traditional paradigm for myeloma management. Partial or complete response with first-line therapy is now highly attainable. The focus of attention has thus shifted to obtaining the most durable remissions with the highest quality of life. A critical open question is whether more arduous and toxic therapies are justified with the intent to seek a cure. Patients with minimal symptoms at diagnosis are particularly reluctant to pursue aggressive strategies without documented long-term benefit. Conversely, patients with poor-risk molecular features, such as 13q deletion or t(4;14) translocation, can hopefully benefit from novel targeted therapies. New combinations incorporating bortezomib, thalidomide, and/or lenalidomide plus other novel agents offer the opportunity to explore therapy that is more effective and less toxic than in the past. The efficacy of single and tandem transplantation, which have documented long-term survival benefit, need to be compared with regimens integrating novel therapies. Whether true complete remission is a prerequisite for substantially improved survival is a central question in the framework of planned trials. The ultimate goal is to achieve clinical response (complete or partial) that offers the best quality remission for the longest period. Ideally, more effective induction and/or consolidation treatments will avoid concomitant toxicities and the need for maintenance therapies. Fortunately, new agents already offer longer-term disease control. The ongoing search for a cure will undoubtedly demand courage and dedication on the part of investigators and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G M Durie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Outpatient Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048-1804, USA.
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1284
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Rokutan K, Morita K, Masuda K, Tominaga K, Shikishima M, Teshima-Kondo S, Omori T, Sekiyama A. Gene expression profiling in peripheral blood leukocytes as a new approach for assessment of human stress response. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2005; 52:137-44. [PMID: 16167530 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.52.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress is the coordinated physiological processes to maintain a dynamic equilibrium under stressful conditions. The equilibrium is threatened by certain physiological and psychological stressors. Stressors trigger physiological, behavioural, and metabolic responses that are aimed at reinstating homeostasis. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system play an essential role in the stress response. Excessive,prolonged, or inadequate response that is termed as "allostasis" or "allostatic load" leads to pathological outcomes. Dysregulation of the HPA axis activity is involved in the pathogenesis of stress-related disorders including major depression. The complex brain-immune-endocrine network regulates the HPA axis, and hereditary predisposition as well as environmental factors such as traumatic experiences in early life also modifies the capacity of an individual to cope. Therefore, it is difficult to correctly assess the complex stress response. We have developed a microarray carrying 1,467 cDNAs that were selected to specifically measure stress response in peripheral blood leukocytes. Using this tool, we have succeeded to objectively assess individual response to acute psychological stress and to detect unique expression profiles in patients with depression. Gene expression profile in peripheral blood leukocytes may be a potentially useful for the detection of disease-associated, abnormal stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Rokutan
- Department of Stress Science, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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1285
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McCain NL, Gray DP, Walter JM, Robins J. Implementing a comprehensive approach to the study of health dynamics using the psychoneuroimmunology paradigm. ANS Adv Nurs Sci 2005; 28:320-32. [PMID: 16292018 PMCID: PMC2213424 DOI: 10.1097/00012272-200510000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article addresses psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) as an integrative paradigm for advancing both theoretical and empirical knowledge of physiological patterns that contribute to the dynamics of health. We depict relationships among relevant psychobehavioral and physiological components in a PNI-based framework. We then provide examples of how this framework guided 2 clinical trials designed to assess the effectiveness of selected nursing interventions to reduce stress and enhance coping, one in persons with human immunodeficiency viral disease and the other in persons with cancer. The examples address disease-specific measures for assessing the components of the PNI-based framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L McCain
- Department of Adult Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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1286
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Reviews and comment from the nature publishing group. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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1287
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Fonseca ESM, Sakai M, Carvalho-Freitas MIR, Palermo Neto J. Naloxone treatment prevents prenatal stress effects on peritoneal macrophage activity in mice offspring. Neuroendocrinology 2005; 81:322-8. [PMID: 16210866 DOI: 10.1159/000088759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study analyzed the effects of maternal stress (PS) and/or naloxone treatment on the activity of peritoneal macrophage in male and female Swiss mice offspring. Pregnant female rats received a daily footshock (0.2 mA) and/or a naloxone injection from gestational day 15 to 19. Experiments were performed on postnatal day 30 on male and female pups. The following results were obtained in male offspring: (1) PS decreased both the index and the percentage of phagocytosis, this decrement being reversed by naloxone treatment, and (2) naloxone alone decreased the percentage of phagocytosis. The following results were obtained in female offspring: (1) PS decreased spontaneous and phorbol myristate acetate-induced macrophage oxidative burst, this decrement being reversed by naloxone pretreatment, and (2) PS decreased both the index and percentage of the phagocytosis, this effect was prevented by naloxone treatment. These data are discussed focussing on a putative neuroimmune interaction involving opioidergic systems during the ontogeny of the central nervous and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelise S M Fonseca
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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