1301
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Abstract
Since the identification of the Id proteins over a decade ago, a great many cell cycle and cell fate decisions have been shown to be under the control of these proteins as described in other sections of this review issue. Perhaps the most unsuspected activity of this class of proteins has been their essential role in angiogenesis, both in the forebrain during development and during the growth and metastasis of tumors in adults. This section of the review issue will focus on the key observations which have led to these conclusions, speculations about potential mechanisms and the outlook for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benezra
- Department of Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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1302
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1303
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Matsumoto T, Claesson-Welsh L. VEGF receptor signal transduction. SCIENCE'S STKE : SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT 2001; 2001:re21. [PMID: 11741095 DOI: 10.1126/stke.2001.112.re21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The family of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) currently includes VEGF-A, -B, -C, -D, -E, and placenta growth factor (PlGF). Several of these factors, notably VEGF-A, exist as different isoforms, which appear to have unique biological functions. The VEGF family proteins bind in a distinct pattern to three structurally related receptor tyrosine kinases, denoted VEGF receptor-1, -2, and -3. Neuropilins, heparan-sulfated proteoglycans, cadherins, and integrin alphavbeta3 serve as coreceptors for certain but not all VEGF proteins. Moreover, the angiogenic response to VEGF varies between different organs and is dependent on the genetic background of the animal. Inactivation of the genes for VEGF-A and VEGF receptor-2 leads to embryonal death due to the lack of endothelial cells. Inactivation of the gene encoding VEGF receptor-1 leads to an increased number of endothelial cells, which obstruct the vessel lumen. Inactivation of VEGF receptor-3 leads to abnormally organized vessels and cardiac failure. Although VEGF receptor-3 normally is expressed only on lymphatic endothelial cells, it is up-regulated on vascular as well as nonvascular tumors and appears to be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. A large body of data, such as those on gene inactivation, indicate that VEGF receptor-1 exerts a negative regulatory effect on VEGF receptor-2, at least during embryogenesis. Recent data imply a positive regulatory role for VEGF receptor-1 in pathological angiogenesis. The VEGF proteins are in general poor mitogens, but binding of VEGF-A to VEGF receptor-2 leads to survival, migration, and differentiation of endothelial cells and mediation of vascular permeability. This review outlines the current knowledge about the signal transduction properties of VEGF receptors, with focus on VEGF receptor-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsumoto
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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1304
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Wulf GG, Jackson KA, Goodell MA. Somatic stem cell plasticity: current evidence and emerging concepts. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:1361-70. [PMID: 11750094 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G G Wulf
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex., 77030, USA
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1305
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Lissbrant IF, Lissbrant E, Damber JE, Bergh A. Blood vessels are regulators of growth, diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY AND NEPHROLOGY 2001; 35:437-52. [PMID: 11848422 DOI: 10.1080/003655901753367532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature plays an important role in the normal and malignant prostate. Under basal conditions both glandular epithelial and stromal prostate cells produce an abundance of blood flow and angiogenesis regulating substances and the expression of these is generally increased in prostate tumors. The proportion of proliferating endothelial cells is high in the normal prostate compared to other tissues in the body. After castration effects on the vasculature, such as decreased blood flow and vascular regression, precede effects on the glandular compartment. Correspondingly, hormone induced prostate growth is characterized by early effects on the vasculature such as increased blood flow and endothelial cell proliferation, thus indicating that the vasculature may be involved in the androgenic regulation of the prostate. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostate cancer are associated with increased vascular density and in experimental models prostate cancer growth is apparently angiogenesis-dependent since tumor growth and progression can be inhibited by antiangiogenic treatment. Moreover, vascular density has been related to prognosis in prostate cancer patients. A better understanding of the pathways regulating angiogenesis in the normal prostate and how these pathways change during malignant transformation can hopefully lead to better prognostic markers and therapies for the large group of patients with prostate cancer. The purpose of this review is therefore to summarize the current knowledge on the role and regulation of the vasculature in the prostate and its potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Lissbrant
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Sweden.
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1306
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Sasaki Y, Kawamoto A, Iwano M, Kurioka H, Takase E, Kawata H, Tsujimura S, Fukuhara S, Akai Y, Hashimoto T, Dohi K. Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2001; 81:51-60. [PMID: 11690665 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5273(01)00528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 30 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 20 healthy individuals. PBMCs were isolated from all patients on days 3 and 14 after the onset of aMI, and from all of control individuals. To prepare samples containing identical amounts of GAPDH cDNA, competitive PCR was performed by co-amplifying serial dilutions of GAPDH mutant templates. Next, to measure VEGF cDNA quantitatively in the samples containing identical amounts of GAPDH, we also used competitive PCR by co-amplifying mutant templates of VEGF. The serum VEGF concentrations on day 14 in patients with aMI were measured by an ELISA method. Higher levels of VEGF mRNA in PBMCs were present on day 14 than either on day 3 or in the control group. Serum VEGF concentrations correlated with the VEGF mRNA levels of PBMCs on day 14. Peak serum CK levels correlated well with VEGF mRNA levels of PBMCs on day 14. The present findings suggest that PBMCs may be one of the candidates responsible for elevated circulatory VEGF protein following aMI. In addition, VEGF mRNA may be overexpressed in PBMCs in response to cardiac muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sasaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
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1307
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Couffinhal T, Dufourcq P, Daret D, Duplaà C. [The mechanisms of angiogenesis. Medical and therapeutic applications]. Rev Med Interne 2001; 22:1064-82. [PMID: 11817119 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(01)00472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endothelial and smooth muscle cells interact with each other to form new blood vessels. In this review, the cellular and molecular mechanism underlying the formation of the primary vascular plexus (vasculogenesis), the sprouting of further blood vessels (angiogenesis) and their maturation via recruitment of smooth muscle cells (arteriogenesis) during physiological and pathological conditions are summarized. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINT The concept of angiogenesis is studied in tumoral and cardiovascular pathology. Promoting the formation of new collateral vessels in ischemic tissues using angiogenic growth factors (therapeutic angiogenesis) is a promising approach in cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, inhibition of the action of key regulators of angiogenesis is a new pathway for the treatment of solid tumors and metastasis. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND PROJECTS These concepts are being tested now in clinical trials in the oncology or cardiovascular fields. Some trials are reported in this review with their potential adverse effects, limits and developments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Couffinhal
- Service de cardiologie et de maladies vasculaires, hôpital cardiologique, avenue de Magellan, 33604 Pessac, France.
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1308
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Lyden D, Hattori K, Dias S, Costa C, Blaikie P, Butros L, Chadburn A, Heissig B, Marks W, Witte L, Wu Y, Hicklin D, Zhu Z, Hackett NR, Crystal RG, Moore MA, Hajjar KA, Manova K, Benezra R, Rafii S. Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and hematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumor angiogenesis and growth. Nat Med 2001; 7:1194-201. [PMID: 11689883 DOI: 10.1038/nm1101-1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1511] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of bone marrow (BM)-derived precursor cells in tumor angiogenesis is not known. We demonstrate here that tumor angiogenesis is associated with recruitment of hematopoietic and circulating endothelial precursor cells (CEPs). We used the angiogenic defective, tumor resistant Id-mutant mice to show that transplantation of wild-type BM or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mobilized stem cells restore tumor angiogenesis and growth. We detected donor-derived CEPs throughout the neovessels of tumors and Matrigel-plugs in an Id1+/-Id3-/- host, which were associated with VEGF-receptor-1-positive (VEGFR1+) myeloid cells. The angiogenic defect in Id-mutant mice was due to impaired VEGF-driven mobilization of VEGFR2+ CEPs and impaired proliferation and incorporation of VEGFR1+ cells. Although targeting of either VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 alone partially blocks the growth of tumors, inhibition of both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 was necessary to completely ablate tumor growth. These data demonstrate that recruitment of VEGF-responsive BM-derived precursors is necessary and sufficient for tumor angiogenesis and suggest new clinical strategies to block tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lyden
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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1309
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Vale PR, Losordo DW, Symes JF, Isner JM. [Growth factors for therapeutic angiogenesis in cardiovascular diseases]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2001; 54:1210-24. [PMID: 11591302 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(01)76480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis based on the administration of growth factors with angiogenic activity allows enhancement of collateral vessels able to palliate insufficient tissue perfusion secondary to obstruction of native arteries. At present, this type of therapy is addressed to patients that fail to respond to conventional treatment (surgical or percutaneous revascularization). The most extensively investigated angiogenic growth factors are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). These cytokines can be administered either as recombinant proteins or as the genes encoding for these proteins. Both approaches have pros and cons that are under investigation in animal models and in clinical studies. Although clinical trials consist so far of small, often non-randomized series, preliminary results are promising. For example, administration of VEGF or FGF has been associated to objective evidence of increased tissue perfusion in patients with myocardial ischemia, and to a significant improvement of pain and ischemia in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Contrarily to expected, these interventions have been associated to scant adverse side effects, although larger clinical trials will be necessary in order to prove the safety and effectiveness of these interventions. Nevertheless, it seems clear that it is feasible to induce effective therapeutic angiogenesis in selected patients without significant associated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Vale
- Departamento de Cardiología, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tuft's University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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1310
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Sylvén C, Sarkar N, Wärdell E, Jämsä A, Drvota V, Blomberg P, Bin Islam K. Protein and angiogenic dose-response expression of phVEGF-A(165) gene in rat myocardium. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2001; 12:151-6. [PMID: 11729366 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012971421128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic myocardial angiogenesis by means of transient overexpression of angiogenic growth factors is a potential treatment modality for severe ischemic heart disease. This study was undertaken in the rat to examine effects of phVEGF-A(165) myocardial transfection in terms of dose-response as regards the number of hVEGF-A expressing cells on one hand and on the other angiogenesis. Non-surgical echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection of phVEGF-A(165) was done into normoxic or hypoxic (10% O(2)) rats. Cardiomyocytes expressing VEGF-A protein, capillary morphology and density were determined after 5 days. VEGF protein expression was seen in rat cardiomyocytes located around the tip of the injection scar and increased dose-dependently (p<0.05). Microvessel density also increased dose-dependently with phVEGF(165) (p<0.05) and with hypoxia (p<0.05). No vascular tumours were observed. In conclusion, direct intramyocardial injection of phVEGF-A(165) in the rat results in a dose-dependent increase both in transfected hVEGF-A protein producing cells and in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sylvén
- Department of Cardiology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Novum SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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1311
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Kaushal S, Amiel GE, Guleserian KJ, Shapira OM, Perry T, Sutherland FW, Rabkin E, Moran AM, Schoen FJ, Atala A, Soker S, Bischoff J, Mayer JE. Functional small-diameter neovessels created using endothelial progenitor cells expanded ex vivo. Nat Med 2001; 7:1035-40. [PMID: 11533707 PMCID: PMC2818999 DOI: 10.1038/nm0901-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arterial conduits are increasingly preferred for surgical bypass because of inherent functional properties conferred by arterial endothelial cells, especially nitric oxide production in response to physiologic stimuli. Here we tested whether endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can replace arterial endothelial cells and promote patency in tissue-engineered small-diameter blood vessels (4 mm). We isolated EPCs from peripheral blood of sheep, expanded them ex vivo and then seeded them on decellularized porcine iliac vessels. EPC-seeded grafts remained patent for 130 days as a carotid interposition graft in sheep, whereas non-seeded grafts occluded within 15 days. The EPC-explanted grafts exhibited contractile activity and nitric-oxide-mediated vascular relaxation that were similar to native carotid arteries. These results indicate that EPCs can function similarly to arterial endothelial cells and thereby confer longer vascular-graft survival. Due to their unique properties, EPCs might have other general applications for tissue-engineered structures and in treating vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Kaushal
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gilad E. Amiel
- Department of Urology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Oz M. Shapira
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Tjorvi Perry
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Elena Rabkin
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Adrian M. Moran
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Anthony Atala
- Department of Urology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shay Soker
- Department of Urology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John E. Mayer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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1312
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Ojeifo JO, Lee HR, Rezza P, Su N, Zwiebel JA. Endothelial cell-based systemic gene therapy of metastatic melanoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2001; 8:636-48. [PMID: 11593332 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis accounts for a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality in patients. Effective means of treating disseminated disease remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetically modified endothelial cells (GMEC) can selectively target and deliver recombinant therapeutic molecules to sites of tumor metastases. Following the establishment of lung metastases of 4T1 mammary tumor in mice, intravenously (i.v.) administered, lacZ transgene-expressing endothelial cells (lacZ-GMEC) accumulated at the tumor sites. An average of 32% and 90% of the pulmonary metastases were X-gal stained following one and three tail vein injections of 10(5) lacZ-GMEC, respectively. The linear pattern of X-gal staining seen within the tumor sites and the histological appearance of the tumor vasculature were consistent with the incorporation of lacZ-GMEC into blood vessels. In C57Bl/6 mice harboring lung metastases of melanoma, the administration of three sequential i.v. injections of 10(5) endothelial cells expressing a human interleukin 2 transgene abrogated the tumor metastases and prolonged survival of the animals. These results demonstrate that i.v.-administered GMEC can selectively accumulate, survive, and stably express exogenous genes at multiple tumor sites. These findings support a role for i.v.-administered GMEC as a potential therapeutic strategy for the systemic treatment of cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Ojeifo
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, N.W. Washington, DC 20007, USA
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1313
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Dimmeler S, Aicher A, Vasa M, Mildner-Rihm C, Adler K, Tiemann M, Rütten H, Fichtlscherer S, Martin H, Zeiher AM. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 2001. [PMID: 11489932 DOI: 10.1172/jci200113152, 10.1172/jci13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been developed as lipid-lowering drugs and are well established to reduce morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease. Here we demonstrate that statins potently augment endothelial progenitor cell differentiation in mononuclear cells and CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells isolated from peripheral blood. Moreover, treatment of mice with statins increased c-kit(+)/Sca-1(+)--positive hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and further elevated the number of differentiated endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Statins induce EPC differentiation via the PI 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway as demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of pharmacological PI3K blockers or overexpression of a dominant negative Akt construct. Similarly, the potent angiogenic growth factor VEGF requires Akt to augment EPC numbers, suggesting an essential role for Akt in regulating hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. Given that statins are at least as potent as VEGF in increasing EPC differentiation, augmentation of circulating EPC might importantly contribute to the well-established beneficial effects of statins in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dimmeler
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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1314
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Llevadot J, Murasawa S, Kureishi Y, Uchida S, Masuda H, Kawamoto A, Walsh K, Isner JM, Asahara T. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mobilizes bone marrow--derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 2001. [PMID: 11489933 DOI: 10.1172/jci200113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated from circulating mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and shown to incorporate into foci of neovascularization, consistent with postnatal vasculogenesis. These circulating EPCs are derived from bone marrow and are mobilized endogenously in response to tissue ischemia or exogenously by cytokine stimulation. We show here, using a chemotaxis assay of bone marrow mononuclear cells in vitro and EPC culture assay of peripheral blood from simvastatin-treated animals in vivo, that the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, augments the circulating population of EPCs. Direct evidence that this increased pool of circulating EPCs originates from bone marrow and may enhance neovascularization was demonstrated in simvastatin-treated mice transplanted with bone marrow from transgenic donors expressing beta-galactosidase transcriptionally regulated by the endothelial cell-specific Tie-2 promoter. The role of Akt signaling in mediating effects of statin on EPCs is suggested by the observation that simvastatin rapidly activates Akt protein kinase in EPCs, enhancing proliferative and migratory activities and cell survival. Furthermore, dominant negative Akt overexpression leads to functional blocking of EPC bioactivity. These findings establish that augmented mobilization of bone marrow-derived EPCs through stimulation of the Akt signaling pathway constitutes a novel function for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Llevadot
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA
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1315
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Llevadot J, Murasawa S, Kureishi Y, Uchida S, Masuda H, Kawamoto A, Walsh K, Isner JM, Asahara T. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mobilizes bone marrow--derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 2001. [PMID: 11489933 DOI: 10.1172/jci200113131, 10.1172/jci13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated from circulating mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and shown to incorporate into foci of neovascularization, consistent with postnatal vasculogenesis. These circulating EPCs are derived from bone marrow and are mobilized endogenously in response to tissue ischemia or exogenously by cytokine stimulation. We show here, using a chemotaxis assay of bone marrow mononuclear cells in vitro and EPC culture assay of peripheral blood from simvastatin-treated animals in vivo, that the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, augments the circulating population of EPCs. Direct evidence that this increased pool of circulating EPCs originates from bone marrow and may enhance neovascularization was demonstrated in simvastatin-treated mice transplanted with bone marrow from transgenic donors expressing beta-galactosidase transcriptionally regulated by the endothelial cell-specific Tie-2 promoter. The role of Akt signaling in mediating effects of statin on EPCs is suggested by the observation that simvastatin rapidly activates Akt protein kinase in EPCs, enhancing proliferative and migratory activities and cell survival. Furthermore, dominant negative Akt overexpression leads to functional blocking of EPC bioactivity. These findings establish that augmented mobilization of bone marrow-derived EPCs through stimulation of the Akt signaling pathway constitutes a novel function for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Llevadot
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA
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1316
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Kamihata H, Matsubara H, Nishiue T, Fujiyama S, Tsutsumi Y, Ozono R, Masaki H, Mori Y, Iba O, Tateishi E, Kosaki A, Shintani S, Murohara T, Imaizumi T, Iwasaka T. Implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells into ischemic myocardium enhances collateral perfusion and regional function via side supply of angioblasts, angiogenic ligands, and cytokines. Circulation 2001; 104:1046-52. [PMID: 11524400 DOI: 10.1161/hc3501.093817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow implantation (BMI) was shown to enhance angiogenesis in a rat ischemic heart model. This preclinical study using a swine model was designed to test the safety and therapeutic effectiveness of BMI. METHODS AND RESULTS BM-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) were injected into a zone made ischemic by coronary artery ligation. Three weeks after BMI, regional blood flow and capillary densities were significantly higher (4.6- and 2.8-fold, respectively), and cardiac function was improved. Angiography revealed that there was a marked increase (5.7-fold) in number of visible collateral vessels. Implantation of porcine coronary microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) did not cause any significant increase in capillary densities. Labeled BM-MNCs were incorporated into approximately 31% of neocapillaries and corresponded to approximately 8.7% of macrophages but did not actively survive as myoblasts or fibroblasts. There was no bone formation by osteoblasts or malignant ventricular arrhythmia. Time-dependent changes in plasma levels for cardiac enzymes (troponin I and creatine kinase-MB) did not differ between the BMI, CMEC, and medium-alone implantation groups. BM-MNCs contained 16% of endothelial-lineage cells and expressed basic fibroblast growth factor>>vascular endothelial growth factor>angiopoietin 1 mRNAs, and their cardiac levels were significantly upregulated by BMI. Cardiac interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression were also induced by BMI but not by CMEC implantation. BM-MNCs were actively differentiated to endothelial cells in vitro and formed network structure with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS BMI may constitute a novel safety strategy for achieving optimal therapeutic angiogenesis by the natural ability of the BM cells to secrete potent angiogenic ligands and cytokines as well as to be incorporated into foci of neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kamihata
- Department of Medicine II and Cardiovascular Center, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
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1317
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Dimmeler S, Aicher A, Vasa M, Mildner-Rihm C, Adler K, Tiemann M, Rütten H, Fichtlscherer S, Martin H, Zeiher AM. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 2001. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200113152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 913] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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1318
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Llevadot J, Murasawa S, Kureishi Y, Uchida S, Masuda H, Kawamoto A, Walsh K, Isner JM, Asahara T. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor mobilizes bone marrow--derived endothelial progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:399-405. [PMID: 11489933 PMCID: PMC209363 DOI: 10.1172/jci13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated from circulating mononuclear cells in peripheral blood and shown to incorporate into foci of neovascularization, consistent with postnatal vasculogenesis. These circulating EPCs are derived from bone marrow and are mobilized endogenously in response to tissue ischemia or exogenously by cytokine stimulation. We show here, using a chemotaxis assay of bone marrow mononuclear cells in vitro and EPC culture assay of peripheral blood from simvastatin-treated animals in vivo, that the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, augments the circulating population of EPCs. Direct evidence that this increased pool of circulating EPCs originates from bone marrow and may enhance neovascularization was demonstrated in simvastatin-treated mice transplanted with bone marrow from transgenic donors expressing beta-galactosidase transcriptionally regulated by the endothelial cell-specific Tie-2 promoter. The role of Akt signaling in mediating effects of statin on EPCs is suggested by the observation that simvastatin rapidly activates Akt protein kinase in EPCs, enhancing proliferative and migratory activities and cell survival. Furthermore, dominant negative Akt overexpression leads to functional blocking of EPC bioactivity. These findings establish that augmented mobilization of bone marrow-derived EPCs through stimulation of the Akt signaling pathway constitutes a novel function for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Llevadot
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA
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1319
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Rissanen TT, Vajanto I, Ylä-Herttuala S. Gene therapy for therapeutic angiogenesis in critically ischaemic lower limb - on the way to the clinic. Eur J Clin Invest 2001; 31:651-66. [PMID: 11473566 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2001.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, no effective pharmacological treatment is available for vascularisation defects in lower limbs. Many patients presenting with persistent pain and ischaemic ulcers are not suitable candidates for surgical or endovascular approaches. Further refinement of the available methods will undoubtedly lead to a more active approach towards treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). Recently, therapeutic angiogenesis, in the form of recombinant growth factor administration or gene therapy, has emerged as a novel tool to treat these patients. However, improved gene transfer methods and better understanding of blood vessel formation are required to bring therapeutic angiogenesis to clinical practice. Here we review the clinical problem (PAOD), mechanisms of blood vessel formation (angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and arteriogenesis), experimental evidence and clinical trials for therapeutic angiogenesis in critically ischaemic lower limbs. Also, angiogenic growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), delivery methods, and vectors for gene transfer in skeletal muscle, are discussed. In addition to vascular growth, gene transfer of growth factors may enhance regeneration, survival, and innervation of ischaemic skeletal muscle. Nitric oxide (NO) appears to be a key mediator in vascular homeostasis and growth, and a reduction in its production by age, hypercholesterolemia or diabetes leads to the impairment of ischaemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Rissanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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1320
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Dimmeler S, Aicher A, Vasa M, Mildner-Rihm C, Adler K, Tiemann M, Rütten H, Fichtlscherer S, Martin H, Zeiher AM. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase endothelial progenitor cells via the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:391-7. [PMID: 11489932 PMCID: PMC209365 DOI: 10.1172/jci13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been developed as lipid-lowering drugs and are well established to reduce morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease. Here we demonstrate that statins potently augment endothelial progenitor cell differentiation in mononuclear cells and CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells isolated from peripheral blood. Moreover, treatment of mice with statins increased c-kit(+)/Sca-1(+)--positive hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and further elevated the number of differentiated endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Statins induce EPC differentiation via the PI 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway as demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of pharmacological PI3K blockers or overexpression of a dominant negative Akt construct. Similarly, the potent angiogenic growth factor VEGF requires Akt to augment EPC numbers, suggesting an essential role for Akt in regulating hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. Given that statins are at least as potent as VEGF in increasing EPC differentiation, augmentation of circulating EPC might importantly contribute to the well-established beneficial effects of statins in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dimmeler
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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1321
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Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Number and Migratory Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Inversely Correlate With Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1161/hh1301.093953 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
—Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow–derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by ≈40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (
R
=−0.394,
P
=0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
R
=−0.537,
P
<0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (
P
<0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (
R
=−0.484,
P
=0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (
P
=0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariuca Vasa
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Fichtlscherer
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaudia Adler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Martin
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
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1322
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Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Number and Migratory Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Inversely Correlate With Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1161/hh1301.093953 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
—Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow–derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by ≈40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (
R
=−0.394,
P
=0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
R
=−0.537,
P
<0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (
P
<0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (
R
=−0.484,
P
=0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (
P
=0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariuca Vasa
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Fichtlscherer
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaudia Adler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Martin
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
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1323
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Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Number and Migratory Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Inversely Correlate With Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1161/hh1301.093953 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
—Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow–derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by ≈40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (
R
=−0.394,
P
=0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
R
=−0.537,
P
<0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (
P
<0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (
R
=−0.484,
P
=0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (
P
=0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariuca Vasa
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Fichtlscherer
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaudia Adler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Martin
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
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1324
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Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Number and migratory activity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circ Res 2001; 89:E1-7. [PMID: 11440984 DOI: 10.1161/hh1301.093953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1582] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by approximately 40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (R=-0.394, P=0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (R=-0.537, P<0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (P<0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (P=0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (P=0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (R=-0.484, P=0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (P=0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vasa
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Germany
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1325
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Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Number and Migratory Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Inversely Correlate With Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1161/hh1301.093953 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
—Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow–derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by ≈40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (
R
=−0.394,
P
=0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
R
=−0.537,
P
<0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (
P
<0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (
R
=−0.484,
P
=0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (
P
=0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariuca Vasa
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Fichtlscherer
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaudia Adler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Martin
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
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1326
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Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Number and Migratory Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Inversely Correlate With Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1161/hh1301.093953 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
—Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow–derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by ≈40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (
R
=−0.394,
P
=0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
R
=−0.537,
P
<0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (
P
<0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (
R
=−0.484,
P
=0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (
P
=0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariuca Vasa
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Fichtlscherer
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaudia Adler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Martin
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
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1327
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Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Number and Migratory Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Inversely Correlate With Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1161/hh1301.093953 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
—Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow–derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by ≈40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (
R
=−0.394,
P
=0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
R
=−0.537,
P
<0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (
P
<0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (
R
=−0.484,
P
=0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (
P
=0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariuca Vasa
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Fichtlscherer
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaudia Adler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Martin
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
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1328
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Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Aicher A, Adler K, Urbich C, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Number and Migratory Activity of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Inversely Correlate With Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease. Circ Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1161/hh1301.093953 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
—Recent studies provide increasing evidence that postnatal neovascularization involves bone marrow–derived circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The regulation of EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear at present. Therefore, we determined the number and functional activity of EPCs in 45 patients with CAD and 15 healthy volunteers. The numbers of isolated EPCs and circulating CD34/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR)-positive precursor cells were significantly reduced in patients with CAD by ≈40% and 48%, respectively. To determine the influence of atherosclerotic risk factors, a risk factor score including age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, positive family history of CAD, and LDL cholesterol levels was used. The number of risk factors was significantly correlated with a reduction of EPC levels (
R
=−0.394,
P
=0.002) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
R
=−0.537,
P
<0.001). Analysis of the individual risk factors demonstrated that smokers had significantly reduced levels of EPCs (
P
<0.001) and CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.003). Moreover, a positive family history of CAD was associated with reduced CD34-/KDR-positive cells (
P
=0.011). Most importantly, EPCs isolated from patients with CAD also revealed an impaired migratory response, which was inversely correlated with the number of risk factors (
R
=−0.484,
P
=0.002). By multivariate analysis, hypertension was identified as a major independent predictor for impaired EPC migration (
P
=0.043). The present study demonstrates that patients with CAD revealed reduced levels and functional impairment of EPCs, which correlated with risk factors for CAD. Given the important role of EPCs for neovascularization of ischemic tissue, the decrease of EPC numbers and activity may contribute to impaired vascularization in patients with CAD. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariuca Vasa
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Fichtlscherer
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Aicher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaudia Adler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen Urbich
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Martin
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Zeiher
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV (M.V., S.F., A.A., K.A., C.U., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Department of Hematology, Internal Medicine III (H.M.), University of Frankfurt, Germany
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1329
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Imasawa T, Utsunomiya Y, Kawamura T, Zhong YU, Nagasawa R, Okabe M, Maruyama N, Hosoya T, Ohno T. The potential of bone marrow-derived cells to differentiate to glomerular mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:1401-1409. [PMID: 11423569 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v1271401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stem cells (BMC) develop into hematopoietic and mesenchymal lineages but have not been known to differentiate into glomerular cells. To investigate whether such differentiation is possible, a search was made for donor glomerular cells in lethally irradiated C57BL/6j (B6) mice given transplants of BMC from syngeneic mice transgenic for green fluorescence protein (GFP) ([GFP-->B6] mice). After the recipients of donor BMC manifested GFP-positive cells in their glomeruli, the numbers of such cells increased markedly, in a time-dependent manner, from 2 wk to 24 wk after bone marrow transplantation. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that most GFP-positive cells in the glomeruli were neither macrophages nor T cells. With the use of a laser-scanning confocal microscope, GFP-positive cells were observed within the mesangium of [GFP-->B6] mice. Furthermore, indirect immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that desmin-positive cells in the glomeruli of these chimeric mice were also positive for GFP. Among glomerular cells isolated from [GFP-->B6] mice 24 wk after bone marrow transplantation and then cultured, the majority of cells (approximately 84%) stained for desmin and approximately 60% of the desmin-positive cells expressed GFP. In addition, these GFP-positive cells in the cultures contracted in response to angiotensin II stimulation. These results suggest that bone marrow-derived cells may have the potential to differentiate into glomerular mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Imasawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Utsunomiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y U Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nagasawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical School, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Okabe
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hosoya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneya Ohno
- Department of Microbiology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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1330
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Vasa M, Fichtlscherer S, Adler K, Aicher A, Martin H, Zeiher AM, Dimmeler S. Increase in circulating endothelial progenitor cells by statin therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001; 103:2885-90. [PMID: 11413075 DOI: 10.1161/hc2401.092816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic neovascularization may constitute an important strategy to salvage tissue from critical ischemia. Circulating bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were shown to augment the neovascularization of ischemic tissue. In addition to lipid-lowering activity, hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) reportedly promote the neovascularization of ischemic tissue in normocholesterolemic animals. Methods and Results-Fifteen patients with angiographically documented stable coronary artery disease (CAD) were prospectively treated with 40 mg of atorvastatin per day for 4 weeks. Before and weekly after the initiation of statin therapy, EPCs were isolated from peripheral blood and counted. In addition, the number of hematopoietic precursor cells positive for CD34, CD133, and CD34/kinase insert domain receptor was analyzed. Statin treatment of patients with stable CAD was associated with an approximately 1.5-fold increase in the number of circulating EPCs by 1 week after initiation of treatment; this was followed by sustained increased levels to approximately 3-fold throughout the 4-week study period. Moreover, the number of CD34/kinase insert domain receptor-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells was significantly augmented after 4 weeks of therapy. Atorvastatin treatment increased the further functional activity of EPCs, as assessed by their migratory capacity. CONCLUSION The results of the present study define a novel mechanism of action of statin treatment in patients with stable CAD: the augmentation of circulating EPCs with enhanced functional activity. Given the well-established role of EPCs of participating in repair after ischemic injury, stimulation of EPCs by statins may contribute to the clinical benefit of statin therapy in patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vasa
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt, Germany
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1331
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Hillebrands JL, Klatter FA, van den Hurk BM, Popa ER, Nieuwenhuis P, Rozing J. Origin of neointimal endothelium and alpha-actin-positive smooth muscle cells in transplant arteriosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:1411-22. [PMID: 11390423 PMCID: PMC209313 DOI: 10.1172/jci10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of transplant arteriosclerosis (TA) is today's most important problem in clinical organ transplantation. Histologically, TA is characterized by perivascular inflammation and progressive intimal thickening. Current thought on this process of vascular remodeling assumes that neointimal vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells and endothelium in TA are graft-derived, holding that medial VSM cells proliferate and migrate into the subendothelial space in response to signals from inflammatory cells and damaged graft endothelium. Using MHC class I haplotype-specific immunohistochemical staining and single-cell PCR analyses, we show that the neointimal alpha-actin-positive VSM cells in rat aortic or cardiac allografts are of recipient and not of donor origin. In aortic but not in cardiac allografts, recipient-derived endothelial cells (ECs) replaced donor endothelium. Cyclosporine treatment prevents neointima formation and preserves the vascular media in aortic allografts. Recipient-derived ECs do not replace graft endothelium after cyclosporine treatment. We propose that, although it progresses beyond the needs of functional repair, TA reflects the activity of a normal healing process that restores vascular wall function following allograft-induced immunological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hillebrands
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology Section, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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1332
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Jackson KA, Majka SM, Wang H, Pocius J, Hartley CJ, Majesky MW, Entman ML, Michael LH, Hirschi KK, Goodell MA. Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:1395-402. [PMID: 11390421 PMCID: PMC209322 DOI: 10.1172/jci12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1293] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocyte loss in the ischemically injured mammalian heart often leads to irreversible deficits in cardiac function. To identify a source of stem cells capable of restoring damaged cardiac tissue, we transplanted highly enriched hematopoietic stem cells, the so-called side population (SP) cells, into lethally irradiated mice subsequently rendered ischemic by coronary artery occlusion for 60 minutes followed by reperfusion. The engrafted SP cells (CD34(-)/low, c-Kit(+), Sca-1(+)) or their progeny migrated into ischemic cardiac muscle and blood vessels, differentiated to cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, and contributed to the formation of functional tissue. SP cells were purified from Rosa26 transgenic mice, which express lacZ widely. Donor-derived cardiomyocytes were found primarily in the peri-infarct region at a prevalence of around 0.02% and were identified by expression of lacZ and alpha-actinin, and lack of expression of CD45. Donor-derived endothelial cells were identified by expression of lacZ and Flt-1, an endothelial marker shown to be absent on SP cells. Endothelial engraftment was found at a prevalence of around 3.3%, primarily in small vessels adjacent to the infarct. Our results demonstrate the cardiomyogenic potential of hematopoietic stem cells and suggest a therapeutic strategy that eventually could benefit patients with myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Jackson
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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1333
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Hattori K, Dias S, Heissig B, Hackett NR, Lyden D, Tateno M, Hicklin DJ, Zhu Z, Witte L, Crystal RG, Moore MA, Rafii S. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 stimulate postnatal hematopoiesis by recruitment of vasculogenic and hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med 2001; 193:1005-14. [PMID: 11342585 PMCID: PMC2193424 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.9.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2000] [Accepted: 03/12/2001] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors for angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) are expressed not only by endothelial cells but also by subsets of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). To further define their role in the regulation of postnatal hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis, VEGF and Ang-1 plasma levels were elevated by injecting recombinant protein or adenoviral vectors expressing soluble VEGF(165), matrix-bound VEGF(189), or Ang-1 into mice. VEGF(165), but not VEGF(189), induced a rapid mobilization of HSCs and VEGF receptor (VEGFR)2(+) circulating endothelial precursor cells (CEPs). In contrast, Ang-1 induced delayed mobilization of CEPs and HSCs. Combined sustained elevation of Ang-1 and VEGF(165) was associated with an induction of hematopoiesis and increased marrow cellularity followed by proliferation of capillaries and expansion of sinusoidal space. Concomitant to this vascular remodeling, there was a transient depletion of hematopoietic activity in the marrow, which was compensated by an increase in mobilization and recruitment of HSCs and CEPs to the spleen resulting in splenomegaly. Neutralizing monoclonal antibody to VEGFR2 completely inhibited VEGF(165), but not Ang-1-induced mobilization and splenomegaly. These data suggest that temporal and regional activation of VEGF/VEGFR2 and Ang-1/Tie-2 signaling pathways are critical for mobilization and recruitment of HSCs and CEPs and may play a role in the physiology of postnatal angiogenesis and hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hattori
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Critical Care Medicine and Genetic Medicine Program, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10021
| | - Sergio Dias
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Critical Care Medicine and Genetic Medicine Program, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Beate Heissig
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Critical Care Medicine and Genetic Medicine Program, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Neil R. Hackett
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine and Genetic Medicine Program, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - David Lyden
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10021
| | - Masatoshi Tateno
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo 060-8604, Japan
| | | | | | - Larry Witte
- ImClone Systems Inc., New York, New York 10014
| | - Ronald G. Crystal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine and Genetic Medicine Program, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | | | - Shahin Rafii
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Critical Care Medicine and Genetic Medicine Program, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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1334
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Kocher AA, Schuster MD, Szabolcs MJ, Takuma S, Burkhoff D, Wang J, Homma S, Edwards NM, Itescu S. Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone-marrow-derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function. Nat Med 2001; 7:430-6. [PMID: 11283669 DOI: 10.1038/86498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1759] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular remodeling is a major cause of progressive heart failure and death after myocardial infarction. Although neoangiogenesis within the infarcted tissue is an integral component of the remodeling process, the capillary network is unable to support the greater demands of the hypertrophied myocardium, resulting in progressive loss of viable tissue, infarct extension and fibrous replacement. Here we show that bone marrow from adult humans contains endothelial precursors with phenotypic and functional characteristics of embryonic hemangioblasts, and that these can be used to directly induce new blood vessel formation in the infarct-bed (vasculogenesis) and proliferation of preexisting vasculature (angiogenesis) after experimental myocardial infarction. The neoangiogenesis resulted in decreased apoptosis of hypertrophied myocytes in the peri-infarct region, long-term salvage and survival of viable myocardium, reduction in collagen deposition and sustained improvement in cardiac function. The use of cytokine-mobilized autologous human bone-marrow-derived angioblasts for revascularization of infarcted myocardium (alone or in conjunction with currently used therapies) has the potential to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with left ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kocher
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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1335
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Chen J, Li Y, Wang L, Zhang Z, Lu D, Lu M, Chopp M. Therapeutic benefit of intravenous administration of bone marrow stromal cells after cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 2001; 32:1005-11. [PMID: 11283404 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.32.4.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1325] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that intravenous infusion of bone marrow derived-marrow stromal cells (MSCs) enter the brain and reduce neurological functional deficits after stroke in rats. METHODS Rats (n=32) were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Test groups consisted of MCAO alone (group 1, n=6); intravenous infusion of 1x10(6) MSCs at 24 hours after MCAO (group 2, n=6); or infusion of 3x10(6) MSCs (group 3, n=7). Rats in groups 1 to 3 were euthanized at 14 days after MCAO. Group 4 consisted of MCAO alone (n=6) and group 5, intravenous infusion of 3x10(6) MSCs at 7 days after MCAO (n=7). Rats in groups 4 and 5 were euthanized at 35 days after MCAO. For cellular identification, MSCs were prelabeled with bromodeoxyuridine. Behavioral tests (rotarod, adhesive-removal, and modified Neurological Severity Score [NSS]) were performed before and at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after MCAO. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify MSCs or cells derived from MSCs in brain and other organs. RESULTS Significant recovery of somatosensory behavior and Neurological Severity Score (P<0.05) were found in animals infused with 3x10(6) MSCs at 1 day or 7 days compared with control animals. MSCs survive and are localized to the ipsilateral ischemic hemisphere, and a few cells express protein marker phenotypic neural cells. CONCLUSIONS MSCs delivered to ischemic brain tissue through an intravenous route provide therapeutic benefit after stroke. MSCs may provide a powerful autoplastic therapy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurology, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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1336
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Ikenaga S, Hamano K, Nishida M, Kobayashi T, Li TS, Kobayashi S, Matsuzaki M, Zempo N, Esato K. Autologous bone marrow implantation induced angiogenesis and improved deteriorated exercise capacity in a rat ischemic hindlimb model. J Surg Res 2001; 96:277-83. [PMID: 11266284 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2000.6080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow possesses endothelial progenitor cells that secrete several growth factors and can contribute to the formation of new capillaries. In the present study, we investigated the extent of angiogenesis induced by implantation of autologous bone marrow cells (BMCs) in a rat ischemic hindlimb model and studied whether the increased collateral vessels can improve deteriorated physical function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ischemic hindlimb was created by ligation of the femoral artery and its branches in Dark Agouti (DA) rats. BMCs (1 x 10(7)) were injected percutaneously at six points into the gastrocnemius muscle. To assess angiogenesis, histologic evaluation and microangiography were performed at 2 weeks postligation. Severity of the ischemic insult was evaluated by measuring blood flow in the adductor and gastrocnemius muscles using nonradioactive colored microspheres and by determining the femoral arteriovenous oxygen difference (AVDO(2)) at 2 weeks postligation. Running time on a motor-driven treadmill was used to represent exercise capacity. RESULTS The histologic evaluation and microangiogram showed that the implanted BMCs induce angiogenesis. Blood flow to the adductor muscle on the treated side in the bone marrow cell implantation (BMI) group was significantly restored to 77.3 +/- 19.3% of that of the normally perfused limb in comparison to that in control groups (P < 0.05). AVDO(2) in the BMI group significantly decreased when compared with AVDO(2) in control groups. Rats in the BMI group ran approximately 1.5 times longer than rats in control groups at 2 and 4 weeks postligation (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Implantation of autologous BMCs induced angiogenesis and improved deteriorated exercise capacity in our rat ischemic hindlimb model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ikenaga
- First Department of Surgery, First Department of Physiology, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
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1337
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Yang J, Nagavarapu U, Relloma K, Sjaastad MD, Moss WC, Passaniti A, Herron GS. Telomerized human microvasculature is functional in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19:219-24. [PMID: 11231553 DOI: 10.1038/85655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed the superior in vitro survival of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-transduced human endothelial cells (EC). Here we show that retroviral-mediated transduction of hTERT in human dermal microvascular EC (HDMEC) results in cell lines that form microvascular structures when subcutaneously implanted in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Anti-human type IV collagen basement membrane immunoreactivity and visualization of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-labeled microvessels confirmed the human origin of these capillaries. No human vasculature was observed after implantation of HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, 293 human embryonic kidney cells, or human skin fibroblasts. Intravascular red fluorescent microspheres injected into host circulation were found within green "telomerized" microvessels, indicating functional murine-human vessel anastamoses. Whereas primary HDMEC-derived vessel density decreased with time, telomerized HDMEC maintained durable vessels six weeks after xenografting. Modulation of implant vessel density by exposure to different angiogenic and angiostatic factors demonstrated the utility of this system for the study of human microvascular remodeling in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Basement Membrane/chemistry
- Capillaries/drug effects
- Capillaries/growth & development
- Cells, Cultured
- Chimera
- Collagen/analysis
- Collagen/pharmacology
- Collagen Type XVIII
- Dermis/blood supply
- Endostatins
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/transplantation
- Fibroblasts
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Microcirculation/drug effects
- Microcirculation/growth & development
- Microspheres
- Models, Animal
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Telomere/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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1338
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Pardanaud L, Dieterlen-Lièvre F. Ontogeny of the endothelial system in the avian model. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 476:67-78. [PMID: 10949656 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4221-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The avian model provides an experimental approach for dissecting the origin, migrations and differentiation of cell lineages in early embryos. In this model, the endothelial network was shown to take place through two processes depending on the origin of endothelial precursors: vasculogenesis when angioblasts emerge in situ, angiogenesis when angioblasts are extrinsic. Two different mesodermal territories produce angioblasts, the somite which only gives rise to endothelial cells and the splanchnopleural mesoderm which also produces hemopoietic stem cells. Potentialities of the mesoderm are determined by a positive influence from the endoderm and a negative control from the ectoderm. The presence of circulating endothelial precursors in the embryonic blood stream is also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pardanaud
- Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du CNRS, Nogent-sur-Marne, France.
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1339
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Young MR, Kolesiak K, Wright MA, Gabrilovich DI. Chemoattraction of femoral CD34+ progenitor cells by tumor-derived vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Clin Exp Metastasis 2001; 17:881-8. [PMID: 11089887 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006708607666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients and animals with GM-CSF-producing tumors have an increased number of mobilized CD34+ progenitor cells within their peripheral blood and tumor tissue. These CD34+ cells are inhibitory to the activity of intratumoral T-cells. The present study used the murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model to assess mechanisms that could lead to the accumulation of CD34+ cells within the tumor tissue. In vitro analyses showed that LLC tumor explants released chemoattractants for normal femoral CD34+ cells. The LLC tumor cells contributed to the production of this activity since CD34+ cell chemoattractants were also released by cultured LLC cells. Antibody neutralization studies showed that most, although not all, of the chemotactic activity that was produced by LLC cells could be attributed to VEGF. In vivo studies with fluorescent-tagged CD34+ cells showed their accumulation within the tumor tissue, but not within the lungs, spleen or bone marrow, suggesting a selective accumulation within the tumor. Whether or not VEGF could chemoattract CD34+ cells in vivo was measured with a VEGF-containing Matrigel plug assay. Infusion of fluorescent-tagged CD34+ cells into mice after the plugs became vascularized revealed the accumulation of fluorescent-tagged cells within the plugs. However, these CD34+ cells failed to accumulate within the VEGF-containing Matrigel plugs when they were infused together with neutralizing anti-VEGF antibody. Through a combination of in vitro and in vivo analyses, the LLC cells were shown to be capable of chemoattracting CD34+ cells, with most of the tumor-derived chemotactic activity being due to tumor release of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Young
- Research Services, Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital, Illinois 60141, USA.
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1340
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Shintani S, Murohara T, Ikeda H, Ueno T, Sasaki K, Duan J, Imaizumi T. Augmentation of postnatal neovascularization with autologous bone marrow transplantation. Circulation 2001; 103:897-903. [PMID: 11171801 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.6.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been identified in adult human peripheral blood. Because circulating EPCs should originate from bone marrow (BM), we examined whether BM mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) can give rise to functional EPCs and whether transplantation of autologous BM-MNCs might augment angiogenesis and collateral vessel formation in a rabbit model of hindlimb ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Rabbit BM-MNCs were isolated by centrifugation through a Histopaque density gradient and cultured on fibronectin. EPCs developed from BM-MNCs in vitro, as assessed by acetylated LDL incorporation, nitric oxide (NO) release, and expression of von Willebrand factor and lectin binding. Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was surgically induced in rabbits (n=8), and fluorescence-labeled autologous BM-MNCs were transplanted into the ischemic tissues. Two weeks after transplantation, fluorescence microscopy revealed that transplanted cells were incorporated into the capillary network among preserved skeletal myocytes. In contrast, transplanted autologous BM-fibroblasts did not participate in EC capillary network formation (n=5). Then, in an additional 27 rabbits, saline (control; n=8), autologous BM-MNCs (n=13; 6.9+/-2.2x10(6) cells/animal), or BM-fibroblasts (n=6; 6.5+/-1.5x10(6) cells/animal) were injected into the ischemic tissues at postoperative day 7. Four weeks after transplantation, the BM-MNC-transplanted group had more angiographically detectable collateral vessels (angiographic score: 1.5+/-0.34 versus 0.94+/-0.26 and 1.1+/-0.14; P:<0.05), a higher capillary density (23+/-5.8 versus 10+/-1.9 and 11+/-0.8 per field; P:<0.001), and a greater laser Doppler blood perfusion index (505+/-155 versus 361+/-35 and 358+/-22 U; P:<0.05) than the control and BM-fibroblast-transplanted groups. CONCLUSIONS Direct local transplantation of autologous BM-MNCs seems to be a useful strategy for therapeutic neovascularization in ischemic tissues in adults, consistent with "therapeutic vasculogenesis."
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shintani
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Internal Medicine III, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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1341
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Gill M, Dias S, Hattori K, Rivera ML, Hicklin D, Witte L, Girardi L, Yurt R, Himel H, Rafii S. Vascular trauma induces rapid but transient mobilization of VEGFR2(+)AC133(+) endothelial precursor cells. Circ Res 2001; 88:167-74. [PMID: 11157668 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.88.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived circulating endothelial precursor cells (CEPs) are thought to play a role in postnatal angiogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that angiogenic stress of vascular trauma may induce mobilization of CEPs to the peripheral circulation. In this regard, we studied the kinetics of CEP mobilization in two groups of patients who experienced acute vascular insult secondary to burns or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In both burn and CABG patients, there was a consistent, rapid increase in the number of CEPs, determined by their surface expression pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), and AC133. Within the first 6 to 12 hours after injury, the percentage of CEPs in the peripheral blood of burn or CABG patients increased almost 50-fold, returning to basal levels within 48 to 72 hours. Mobilized cells also formed late-outgrowth endothelial colonies (CFU-ECs) in culture, indicating that a small, but significant, number of circulating endothelial cells were BM-derived CEPs. In parallel to the mobilization of CEPs, there was also a rapid elevation of VEGF plasma levels. Maximum VEGF levels were detected within 6 to 12 hours of vascular trauma and decreased to baseline levels after 48 to 72 hours. Acute elevation of VEGF in the mice plasma resulted in a similar kinetics of mobilization of VEGFR2(+) cells. On the basis of these results, we propose that vascular trauma may induce release of chemokines, such as VEGF, that promotes rapid mobilization of CEPs to the peripheral circulation. Strategies to improve the mobilization and incorporation of CEPs may contribute to the acceleration of vascularization of the injured vascular tissue.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Blood Vessels/metabolism
- Burns/blood
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Cells, Cultured
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Coronary Artery Bypass
- Endothelial Growth Factors/blood
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lewis X Antigen/metabolism
- Lymphokines/blood
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/metabolism
- Mice
- Peptides/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
- von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gill
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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1342
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Gunsilius E, Duba HC, Petzer AL, Kähler CM, Gastl GA. Contribution of endothelial cells of hematopoietic origin to blood vessel formation. Circ Res 2001; 88:E1. [PMID: 11139484 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.88.1.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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1343
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Folkman J. Can mosaic tumor vessels facilitate molecular diagnosis of cancer? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:398-400. [PMID: 11209044 PMCID: PMC33361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.2.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Folkman
- Departments of Surgery and Cellular Biology, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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1344
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Hattori K, Muta M, Toi M, Iizasa H, Shinsei M, Terasaki T, Obinata M, Ueda M, Nakashima E. Establishment of bone marrow-derived endothelial cell lines from ts-SV40 T-antigen gene transgenic rats. Pharm Res 2001; 18:9-15. [PMID: 11336358 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011062307374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postneonatal neovascularization is thought to result exclusively from the proliferation, migration, and remodeling of fully differentiated endothelial cells (ECs). Recently, it has been reported that bone marrow contains cells which can differentiate into ECs and contribute to neoangiogenesis in adult species. In this study, we tried to establish conditionally immortalized endothelial cell lines (TR-BME) derived from rat bone marrow. METHODS Mononuclear cells were isolated and differentiated into ECs at 37 degrees C from the bone marrow of a transgenic rat harboring temperature-sensitive SV40 large T-antigen (ts T-Ag) gene. Then, the cells were transferred and incubated at 33 degrees C, a permissive temperature for ts T-Ag. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR)-1, 2, Tie-1, 2 and von Willebrand factor (VWF) were assayed by reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS We have established three cell lines incorporating 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate (DiI-Ac-LDL) with a spindle shape. One of these, clone 2, strongly expressed VEGFR-2, and weakly expressed VEGFR-1 and VWF. In contrast, clone 8 showed strong expression of Tie-1, 2, and VWF, and weak expression of VEGFR-1,2. All markers were expressed strongly in clone 3. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm that the above three TR-BME cells are novel ECs derived from bone marrow progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hattori
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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1345
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Embryonic central nervous system angiogenesis does not involve blood-borne endothelial progenitors. J Comp Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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1346
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Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated and are unable to proliferate in response to injury. Genetic modulation, cell transplantation and tissue engineering promise a revolutionary approach for myocardial regeneration and tissue repair after myocardial injury. Current data derived from animal models suggest that it may be possible to treat heart failure by inserting genetic materials or myogenic cells into injured myocardium. Success with animal models has raised the hope for new treatment after heart attacks and could prove an alternative to transplantation, particularly in elderly patients for whom there is often a lack of donor hearts. This exciting research, however, still faces significant difficulties before it can develop into a clinical therapeutic tool and many challenges need to be overcome before cell transplantation, gene therapy and tissue engineering can be considered efficient, therapeutic strategies for myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Etzion
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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1347
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Saaristo A, Karpanen T, Alitalo K. Mechanisms of angiogenesis and their use in the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. Oncogene 2000; 19:6122-9. [PMID: 11156525 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a constant requirement for vascular supply in solid tumors. Tumor-associated neovascularization allows the tumor cells to express their critical growth advantage. Axillary lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in operable breast cancer, and experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the process of metastasis is also angiogenesis-dependent. Various angiogenic growth factors and cytokines induce neovascularization in tumors, namely members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin (Ang) gene families. A strong correlation has been found between VEGF expression and increased tumor microvasculature, malignancy, and metastasis in breast cancer. Anti-angiogenic therapy approaches offer a new promising anti-cancer strategy and a remarkably diverse group of over 20 such drugs is currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saaristo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
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1348
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Donor stromal cells from human blood engraft in NOD/SCID mice. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.12.3971.h8003971_3971_3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the presence, frequency, and in vivo proliferative potential of stromal cells within blood-derived hematopoietic transplants. In this study, nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice were injected with human CD34+ peripheral blood cells (PBCs) or cord blood cells (CBCs, either enriched for CD34 or density-gradient separated mononuclear cells). Flow cytometric analysis 5 to 11 weeks after transplantation revealed the presence of a human lymphomyeloid hematopoiesis within the murine bone marrow. Immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow cell suspensions using human-specific antibodies showed human cells staining positive for human fibroblast markers, human von Willebrand factor (vWF) and human KDR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) in mice transplanted with CD34+ PBCs or CBCs, with mean frequencies between 0.6% and 2.4%. In stromal layers of bone marrow cultures established from the mice, immunohistochemical staining using human-specific antibodies revealed flattened reticular cells or spindle-shaped cells staining positive with human-specific antifibroblast antibodies (mean frequency, 2.2%). Cell populations of more rounded cells stained positive with human-specific antibodies recognizing CD34 (1.5%), vWF (2.2%), and KDR (1.6%). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and subsequent complementary DNA sequencing detected transcripts of human KDR (endothelial specific) and human proline hydroxylase-α (fibroblast specific) within the bone marrow and spleen of transplanted mice. Analysis of nontransplanted control mice yielded negative results in immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Cells expressing endothelial and fibroblast markers were also detected in the grafts before transplantation, and their numbers increased up to 3 log in vivo after transplantation. These results indicate that stromal progenitor cells are present in human cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood or cord blood that engraft in NOD/SCID mice.
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1349
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Abstract
Abstract
Little is known about the presence, frequency, and in vivo proliferative potential of stromal cells within blood-derived hematopoietic transplants. In this study, nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice were injected with human CD34+ peripheral blood cells (PBCs) or cord blood cells (CBCs, either enriched for CD34 or density-gradient separated mononuclear cells). Flow cytometric analysis 5 to 11 weeks after transplantation revealed the presence of a human lymphomyeloid hematopoiesis within the murine bone marrow. Immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow cell suspensions using human-specific antibodies showed human cells staining positive for human fibroblast markers, human von Willebrand factor (vWF) and human KDR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) in mice transplanted with CD34+ PBCs or CBCs, with mean frequencies between 0.6% and 2.4%. In stromal layers of bone marrow cultures established from the mice, immunohistochemical staining using human-specific antibodies revealed flattened reticular cells or spindle-shaped cells staining positive with human-specific antifibroblast antibodies (mean frequency, 2.2%). Cell populations of more rounded cells stained positive with human-specific antibodies recognizing CD34 (1.5%), vWF (2.2%), and KDR (1.6%). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and subsequent complementary DNA sequencing detected transcripts of human KDR (endothelial specific) and human proline hydroxylase-α (fibroblast specific) within the bone marrow and spleen of transplanted mice. Analysis of nontransplanted control mice yielded negative results in immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Cells expressing endothelial and fibroblast markers were also detected in the grafts before transplantation, and their numbers increased up to 3 log in vivo after transplantation. These results indicate that stromal progenitor cells are present in human cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood or cord blood that engraft in NOD/SCID mice.
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1350
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Crosby JR, Kaminski WE, Schatteman G, Martin PJ, Raines EW, Seifert RA, Bowen-Pope DF. Endothelial cells of hematopoietic origin make a significant contribution to adult blood vessel formation. Circ Res 2000; 87:728-30. [PMID: 11055974 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.87.9.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Granulation tissue formation is an example of new tissue development in an adult. Its rich vascular network has been thought to derive via angiogenic sprouting and extension of preexisting vessels from the surrounding tissue. The possibility that circulating cells of hematopoietic origin can differentiate into vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in areas of vascular remodeling has recently gained credibility. However, no quantitative data have placed the magnitude of this contribution into a physiological perspective. We have used hematopoietic chimeras to determine that 0.2% to 1.4% of ECs in vessels in control tissues derived from hematopoietic progenitors during the 4 months after irradiation and hematopoietic recovery. By contrast, 8.3% to 11.2% of ECs in vessels that developed in sponge-induced granulation tissue during 1 month derived from circulating hematopoietic progenitors. This recruitment of circulating progenitors to newly forming vessels would be difficult to observe in standard histological studies, but it is large enough to be encouraging for attempts to manipulate this contribution for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Crosby
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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