101
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Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) has evolved from a C3 ground state to increase water use efficiency of photosynthesis. During CAM evolution, selective pressures altered the abundance and expression patterns of C3 genes and their regulators to enable the trait. The circadian pattern of CO2 fixation and the stomatal opening pattern observed in CAM can be explained largely with a regulatory architecture already present in C3 plants. The metabolic CAM cycle relies on enzymes and transporters that exist in C3 plants and requires tight regulatory control to avoid futile cycles between carboxylation and decarboxylation. Ecological observations and modeling point to mesophyll conductance as a major factor during CAM evolution. The present state of knowledge enables suggestions for genes for a minimal CAM cycle for proof-of-concept engineering, assuming altered regulation of starch synthesis and degradation are not critical elements of CAM photosynthesis and sufficient malic acid export from the vacuole is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schiller
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; ,
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; ,
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102
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Tappiban P, Ying Y, Xu F, Bao J. Proteomics and Post-Translational Modifications of Starch Biosynthesis-Related Proteins in Developing Seeds of Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5901. [PMID: 34072759 PMCID: PMC8199009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a foremost staple food for approximately half the world's population. The components of rice starch, amylose, and amylopectin are synthesized by a series of enzymes, which are responsible for rice starch properties and functionality, and then affect rice cooking and eating quality. Recently, proteomics technology has been applied to the establishment of the differentially expressed starch biosynthesis-related proteins and the identification of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) target starch biosynthesis proteins as well. It is necessary to summarize the recent studies in proteomics and PTMs in rice endosperm to deepen our understanding of starch biosynthesis protein expression and regulation, which will provide useful information to rice breeding programs and industrial starch applications. The review provides a comprehensive summary of proteins and PTMs involved in starch biosynthesis based on proteomic studies of rice developing seeds. Starch biosynthesis proteins in rice seeds were differentially expressed in the developing seeds at different developmental stages. All the proteins involving in starch biosynthesis were identified using proteomics methods. Most starch biosynthesis-related proteins are basically increased at 6-20 days after flowering (DAF) and decreased upon the high-temperature conditions. A total of 10, 14, 2, 17, and 7 starch biosynthesis related proteins were identified to be targeted by phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and malonylation, respectively. The phosphoglucomutase is commonly targeted by five PTMs types. Research on the function of phosphorylation in multiple enzyme complex formation in endosperm starch biosynthesis is underway, while the functions of other PTMs in starch biosynthesis are necessary to be conducted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piengtawan Tappiban
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Yining Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Feifei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
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103
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Meng X, Wang X, Zhang Z, Xiong S, Wei Y, Guo J, Zhang J, Wang L, Ma X, Tegeder M. Transcriptomic, proteomic, and physiological studies reveal key players in wheat nitrogen use efficiency under both high and low nitrogen supply. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4435-4456. [PMID: 33829261 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effective use of available nitrogen (N) to improve crop grain yields provides an important strategy to reduce environmental N pollution and promote sustainable agriculture. However, little is known about the common genetic basis of N use efficiency (NUE) at varying N availability. Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were grown in the field with high, moderate, and low N supply. Cultivar Zhoumai 27 outperformed Aikang 58 independent of the N supply and showed improved growth, canopy leaf area index, flag leaf surface area, grain number, and yield, and enhanced NUE due to both higher N uptake and utilization efficiency. Further, transcriptome and proteome analyses were performed using flag leaves that provide assimilates for grain growth. The results showed that many genes or proteins that are up- or down-regulated under all N regimes are associated with N and carbon metabolism and transport. This was reinforced by cultivar differences in photosynthesis, assimilate phloem transport, and grain protein/starch yield. Overall, our study establishes that improving NUE at both high and low N supply requires distinct adjustments in leaf metabolism and assimilate partitioning. Identified key genes/proteins may individually or concurrently regulate NUE and are promising targets for maximizing crop NUE irrespective of the N supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WAUSA
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
| | - Shuping Xiong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
| | - Yihao Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
| | - Jianbiao Guo
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
| | - Lulu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
| | - Xinming Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, ZhengzhouChina
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WAUSA
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104
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Characterization of underutilized root starches from eight varieties of ramie (Boehmeria nivea) grown in China. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1475-1485. [PMID: 34023373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ramie root is an underutilized starch source. In this study, eight ramie varieties were investigated for starch properties. Starch content ranged from 18.6% to 50.1% in dry root. Starches from different varieties showed similar morphology including ellipsoidal, spherical and truncated granules with size D[4,3] from 10.1 to 14.1 μm. Starch had amylose content from 20.8% to 28.5%. All ramie varieties had B-type starches with relative crystallinity from 24.8% to 27.1%, ordered degree from 0.724 to 0.897 and lamellar thickness from 9.1 to 9.6 nm. Starches had gelatinization peak temperature from 70.5 to 73.8 °C and enthalpy from 14.9 to 15.8 J/g. Starches had swelling power and water solubility from 27.9 to 31.9 g/g and from 11.7% to 15.5%, respectively, at 95 °C, and exhibited different pasting properties with breakdown viscosity from 36 to 377 mPa s and setback viscosities from 1295 to 1863 mPa s. Starch pastes exhibited pseudoplastic behavior and different rheological properties. Native, gelatinized and retrograded starches had resistant starch from 81.7% to 83.9%, from 1.7% to 5.1% and from 5.6% to 13.3%, respectively. The eight varieties were divided into 3 groups according to starch properties. This study is helpful for selecting suitable ramie variety as starch source.
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105
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Garcia CA, Gardner JG. Bacterial α-diglucoside metabolism: perspectives and potential for biotechnology and biomedicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4033-4052. [PMID: 33961116 PMCID: PMC8237927 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In a competitive microbial environment, nutrient acquisition is a major contributor to the survival of any individual bacterial species, and the ability to access uncommon energy sources can provide a fitness advantage. One set of soluble carbohydrates that have attracted increased attention for use in biotechnology and biomedicine is the α-diglucosides. Maltose is the most well-studied member of this class; however, the remaining four less common α-diglucosides (trehalose, kojibiose, nigerose, and isomaltose) are increasingly used in processed food and fermented beverages. The consumption of trehalose has recently been shown to be a contributing factor in gut microbiome disease as certain pathogens are using α-diglucosides to outcompete native gut flora. Kojibiose and nigerose have also been examined as potential prebiotics and alternative sweeteners for a variety of foods. Compared to the study of maltose metabolism, our understanding of the synthesis and degradation of uncommon α-diglucosides is lacking, and several fundamental questions remain unanswered, particularly with regard to the regulation of bacterial metabolism for α-diglucosides. Therefore, this minireview attempts to provide a focused analysis of uncommon α-diglucoside metabolism in bacteria and suggests some future directions for this research area that could potentially accelerate biotechnology and biomedicine developments. KEY POINTS: • α-diglucosides are increasingly important but understudied bacterial metabolites. • Kinetically superior α-diglucoside enzymes require few amino acid substitutions. • In vivo studies are required to realize the biotechnology potential of α-diglucosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia A Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Gardner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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106
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Hanafy NAN. Starch based hydrogel NPs loaded by anthocyanins might treat glycogen storage at cardiomyopathy in animal fibrotic model. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:171-181. [PMID: 33901560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many reports have been published recently confirmed the limitation of cargo molecules delivered into the heart. This failure is mostly associated with lymphatic or vascular channels washing or to the immune system recognition. Delivery of anthocyanins by encapsulation may augment it retention in the heart at early time points as the capsules are too large to wash out by lymphatic or venous channels and the physical structure of the capsule may shield the anthocyanins from immunoglobulins and cellular components of the immune system. In the current study, the cardiac dysfunction was induced by using carbon tetrachloride and then animal were treated orally by using anthocyanins incorporated into hydrogel NPs twice time /week for 4 weeks. The results showed anthocyanin loaded hydrogel NPs has ability to re-maintain the glycogen content in the liver and heart tissues of fibrotic group (13 ± 1.4 and 5 ± 0.7 μmol glucose/g tissue). Additionally, MDA and hydroxyproline were significantly reduced. PAS stain showed depletion of glycogen granules from heart tissue. It is concluded that starch based hydrogel loaded by anthocyanins can improve histological cardiac functions after their injury .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemany A N Hanafy
- Nanomedicine group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
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107
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Nadia J, Bronlund J, Singh RP, Singh H, Bornhorst GM. Structural breakdown of starch-based foods during gastric digestion and its link to glycemic response: In vivo and in vitro considerations. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2660-2698. [PMID: 33884751 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The digestion of starch-based foods in the small intestine as well as factors affecting their digestibility have been previously investigated and reviewed in detail. Starch digestibility has been studied both in vivo and in vitro, with increasing interest in the use of in vitro models. Although previous in vivo studies have indicated the effect of mastication and gastric digestion on the digestibility of solid starch-based foods, the physical breakdown of starch-based foods prior to small intestinal digestion is often less considered. Moreover, gastric digestion has received little attention in the attempt to understand the digestion of solid starch-based foods in the digestive tract. In this review, the physical breakdown of starch-based foods in the mouth and stomach, the quantification of these breakdown processes, and their links to physiological outcomes, such as gastric emptying and glycemic response, are discussed. In addition, the physical breakdown aspects related to gastric digestion that need to be considered when developing in vitro-in vivo correlation in starch digestion studies are discussed. The discussion demonstrates that physical breakdown prior to small intestinal digestion, especially during gastric digestion, should not be neglected in understanding the digestion of solid starch-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nadia
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John Bronlund
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rajinder Paul Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Harjinder Singh
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gail M Bornhorst
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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108
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Biochemical Responses and Leaf Gas Exchange of Fig (Ficus carica L.) to Water Stress, Short-Term Elevated CO2 Levels and Brassinolide Application. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the key components in the response to drought stress is fundamental to upgrading drought tolerance of plants. In this study, biochemical responses and leaf gas exchange characteristics of fig (Ficus carica L.) to water stress, short-term elevated CO2 levels and brassinolide application were evaluated. The ‘Improved Brown Turkey’ cultivar of fig was propagated from mature two- to three-year-old plants using cuttings, and transferred into a substrate containing 3:2:1 mixed soil (top soil: organic matters: sand). The experiment was arranged as a nested design with eight replications. To assess changes in leaf gas exchange and biochemical responses, these plants were subjected to two levels of water stress (well-watered and drought-stressed) and grown under ambient CO2 and 800 ppm CO2. Water deficits led to effects on photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, vapour pressure deficit, water use efficiency (WUE), intercellular CO2, and intrinsic WUE, though often with effects only at ambient or elevated CO2. Some changes in content of chlorophyll, proline, starch, protein, malondialdehyde, soluble sugars, and activities of peroxidase and catalase were also noted but were dependent on CO2 level. Overall, fewer differences between well-watered and drought-stressed plants were evident at elevated CO2 than at ambient CO2. Under drought stress, elevated CO2 may have boosted physiological and metabolic activities through improved protein synthesis enabling maintenance of tissue water potential and activities of antioxidant enzymes, which reduced lipid peroxidation.
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109
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Wang R, Ren Y, Yan H, Teng X, Zhu X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Guo X, Lin Q, Cheng Z, Lei C, Wang J, Jiang L, Wang Y, Wan J. ENLARGED STARCH GRAIN1 affects amyloplast development and starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110831. [PMID: 33691965 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cereal crops accumulate large amounts of starch which is synthesized and stored in amyloplasts in the form of starch grains (SGs). Despite significant progress in deciphering starch biosynthesis, our understanding of amyloplast development in rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm remains largely unknown. Here, we report a novel rice floury mutant named enlarged starch grain1 (esg1). The mutant has decreased starch content, altered starch physicochemical properties, slower grain-filling rate and reduced 1000-grain weight. A distinctive feature in esg1 endosperm is that SGs are much larger, mainly due to an increased number of starch granules per SG. Spherical and loosely assembled granules, together with those weakly stained SGs may account for decreased starch content in esg1. Map-based cloning revealed that ESG1 encodes a putative permease subunit of a bacterial-type ABC (ATP-binding cassette) lipid transporter. ESG1 is constitutively expressed in various tissues. It encodes a protein localized to the chloroplast and amyloplast membranes. Mutation of ESG1 causes defective galactolipid synthesis. The overall study indicates that ESG1 is a newly identified protein affecting SG development and subsequent starch biosynthesis, which provides novel insights into amyloplast development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haigang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuan Teng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaopin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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110
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Chen J, Hawkins E, Seung D. Towards targeted starch modification in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:102013. [PMID: 33677239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic approaches to modify starch in crops have been limited by our knowledge of starch biosynthesis. Recent advances in Arabidopsis have revealed key genetic components determining the size, shape and number of granules in a plastid. This has opened the doors to new discoveries on granule initiation in crop species. In parallel, advances in genomic resources and gene editing technologies allow targeted manipulation of starch biosynthesis genes in isogenic crop backgrounds. Such technologies have been successfully deployed to alter starch composition, and can now be used to modify other starch traits. This will allow the complex relationships between starch structure and physicochemical properties to be elucidated, which will facilitate the rational manipulation of starches in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Chen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Erica Hawkins
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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111
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Zafeiri I, Beri A, Linter B, Norton I. Mechanical properties of starch-filled alginate gel particles. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 255:117373. [PMID: 33436205 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the mechanical behaviour of alginate-based composite particles. Alginate gel beads with entrapped starch were used as the replicates of storage cells of plant tissue. Beads were formulated using different ratios of both ingredients and were produced using two methods, resulting in particles in the macro- and micro-scale size range. Compression tests revealed an effect of bead size on mechanical properties and a dominant role of the alginate on the material properties. Starch was successfully encapsulated as native granules in the beads and once encompassed, it suffered restricted swelling, up to 45 % of its original size, after undergoing heating. Force versus displacement data were fitted to both an empirical and the Hertz model and Young's modulus was found to increase only with heated starch inclusions. Microscopy was deemed crucial for the interpretation of mechanical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Zafeiri
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Akash Beri
- PepsiCo International Ltd, 4 Leycroft Rd, Leicester, LE4 1ET, UK
| | - Bruce Linter
- PepsiCo International Ltd, 4 Leycroft Rd, Leicester, LE4 1ET, UK
| | - Ian Norton
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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112
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Lu X, Chen Z, Deng X, Gu M, Zhu Z, Ren J, Fu S. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of non-structural carbohydrates in red maple leaves. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:265-281. [PMID: 33611764 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant sugars serve to balance nutrition, regulate development, and respond to biotic and abiotic stresses, whereas non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are essential energy sources that facilitate plant growth, metabolism, and environmental adaptation. To better elucidate the mechanisms of NSCs in red maple, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph Q extractive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS) and high-throughput RNA-sequencing were performed on green, red, and yellow leaves from a selected red maple mutant. In green leaves, the fructose phosphorylation process exhibited greater flux. In yellow leaves, sucrose and starch had a stronger capacity for synthesis and degradation, whereas in red leaves, there was a greater accumulation of trehalose and manninotriose. ArTPS5 positively regulated amylose, which was negatively regulated by ArFBP2, whereas ArFRK2 and ArFBP13 played a positive role in the biosynthesis of Sucrose-6P. Sucrose-6P also regulated anthocyanins and abscisic acid in red maple by affecting transcription factors. The results of this paper can assist with the control and optimization of the biosynthesis of NSCs in red maple, which may ultimately provide the foundation for influencing sugar production in Acer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230036, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Agricultural Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Agricultural Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Deng
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Gu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Ningbo City College of Vocational Technology, Ningbo, 315502, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Agricultural Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Songling Fu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Rd., Hefei, Anhui, 230036, People's Republic of China.
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113
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Starch physicochemical properties of double recessive sweet-waxy maize. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:219-224. [PMID: 33482214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sweet-waxy is a new type of maize with waxy and sugary double recessive genes. This study aims to clarify starch structural and functional properties of this maize type. Grains with sweet-waxy and waxy phenotypes were separated from an ear using the two sweet-waxy maize hybrids of ATN and NKY as materials. Compared with waxy maize starch, the sweet-waxy maize starch mainly comprises small-sized round granules despite the typical waxy character of both starches. Mw, Mn, and relative crystallinity of sweet-waxy starch were higher than those of waxy starch in both hybrids. The average chain length of waxy starch was higher in ATN but lower in NKY compared with that of sweet-waxy starch. However, polydispersity (Mw/Mn) and F1 fraction were high in sweet-waxy and waxy starches in ATN and NKY, respectively. Breakdown viscosity, gelatinization enthalpy and temperatures of both hybrids were low in sweet-waxy starch. Peak viscosity was higher in waxy starch in NKY and similar between sweet-waxy and waxy starches in ATN. Retrogradation percentage was high and low for sweet-waxy starches in ATN and NKY, respectively.
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114
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Zhang G, Zhang G, Zeng X, Xu Q, Wang Y, Yuan H, Zhang Y, Nyima T. Quantitative Proteome Profiling Provides Insight into the Proteins Associated with β-Glucan Accumulation in Hull-less Barley Grains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:568-583. [PMID: 33371680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The hull-less barley (Qingke) is widely planted as a staple food crop in the Tibetan area, China, and the grains contains high content of β-glucan (BG). The mechanisms of BG synthesis and accumulation in qingke has not been studied at the protein level. This study characterized the proteins associated with BG synthesis and accumulation during qingke seed development. The proteome profiles of qingke seeds taken at 20, 30, and 40 days after flowering were compared using the TMT-based quantitative proteomics. A total of 4283 proteins were identified, with 759 being differentially expressed (DEPs) throughout seed development. Comparisons of protein expression pattern, functions, and pathway enrichment tests highlight cell wall modification, carbon and energy metabolism, polysaccharide metabolism, post-transcriptional modifications, and vesicular transport as critical biological processes related to qingke BG accumulation. Furthermore, induction of starch synthase, starch branching enzyme, pectin acetyl esterases, beta-glucosidases, beta-amylases, 1,4-beta-xylan, xyloglucan, α-amylase inhibitors, and glycosyltransferases underpinned BG synthesis. The results also indicated that the proteins involved in glycolytic, gluconeogenesis, and glyoxylate bypass pathways provided energy and reducing power for BG storage. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses confirmed the expression profile of the proteins obtained by TMT-based proteomics. The current results provided an insight into the mechanisms of BG synthesis and accumulation during qingke seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, Tibet 850002, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang Province, Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingquan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, Tibet 850002, China
| | - Qijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, Tibet 850002, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, Tibet 850002, China
| | - Hongjun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, Tibet 850002, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, Tibet 850002, China
| | - Tashi Nyima
- State Key Laboratory of Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa, Tibet 850002, China
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115
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Sapkota S, Boatwright JL, Jordan K, Boyles R, Kresovich S. Identification of Novel Genomic Associations and Gene Candidates for Grain Starch Content in Sorghum. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1448. [PMID: 33276449 PMCID: PMC7760202 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch accumulated in the endosperm of cereal grains as reserve energy for germination serves as a staple in human and animal nutrition. Unraveling genetic control for starch metabolism is important for breeding grains with high starch content. In this study, we used a sorghum association panel with 389 individuals and 141,557 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to fit linear mixed models (LMM) for identifying genomic regions and potential candidate genes associated with starch content. Three associated genomic regions, one in chromosome (chr) 1 and two novel associations in chr-8, were identified using combination of LMM and Bayesian sparse LMM. All significant SNPs were located within protein coding genes, with SNPs ∼ 52 Mb of chr-8 encoding a Casperian strip membrane protein (CASP)-like protein (Sobic.008G111500) and a heat shock protein (HSP) 90 (Sobic.008G111600) that were highly expressed in reproductive tissues including within the embryo and endosperm. The HSP90 is a potential hub gene with gene network of 75 high-confidence first interactors that is enriched for five biochemical pathways including protein processing. The first interactors of HSP90 also showed high transcript abundance in reproductive tissues. The candidates of this study are likely involved in intricate metabolic pathways and represent candidate gene targets for source-sink activities and drought and heat stress tolerance during grain filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirjan Sapkota
- Advanced Plant Technology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (J.L.B.); (K.J.); (S.K.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - J. Lucas Boatwright
- Advanced Plant Technology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (J.L.B.); (K.J.); (S.K.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Kathleen Jordan
- Advanced Plant Technology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (J.L.B.); (K.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Richard Boyles
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
- Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29506, USA
| | - Stephen Kresovich
- Advanced Plant Technology Program, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (J.L.B.); (K.J.); (S.K.)
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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116
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Chervin C. Should Starch Metabolism Be a Key Point of the Climacteric vs. Non-climacteric Fruit Definition? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:609189. [PMID: 33343608 PMCID: PMC7738325 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chervin
- University of Toulouse, Toulouse INP, INRA, CNRS, ENSAT, GBF, LRSV, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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117
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Seung D. Amylose in starch: towards an understanding of biosynthesis, structure and function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1490-1504. [PMID: 32767769 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules are composed of two distinct glucose polymers - amylose and amylopectin. Amylose constitutes 5-35% of most natural starches and has a major influence over starch properties in foods. Its synthesis and storage occurs within the semicrystalline amylopectin matrix of starch granules, this poses a great challenge for biochemical and structural analyses. However, the last two decades have seen vast progress in understanding amylose synthesis, including new insights into the action of GRANULE BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE (GBSS), the major glucosyltransferase that synthesises amylose, and the discovery of PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH1 (PTST1) that targets GBSS to starch granules. Advances in analytical techniques have resolved the fine structure of amylose, raising new questions on how structure is determined during biosynthesis. Furthermore, the discovery of wild plants that do not produce amylose revives a long-standing question of why starch granules contain amylose, rather than amylopectin alone. Overall, these findings contribute towards a full understanding of amylose biosynthesis, structure and function that will be essential for future approaches to improve starch quality in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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118
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Miroshnichenko D, Firsov A, Timerbaev V, Kozlov O, Klementyeva A, Shaloiko L, Dolgov S. Evaluation of Plant-Derived Promoters for Constitutive and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression in Potato. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111520. [PMID: 33182387 PMCID: PMC7696379 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Various plant-derived promoters can be used to regulate ectopic gene expression in potato. In the present study, four promoters derived from the potato genome have been characterized by the expression of identical cassettes carrying the fusion with the reporter β-glucuronidase (gusA) gene. The strengths of StUbi, StGBSS, StPat, and StLhca3 promoters were compared with the conventional constitutive CaMV 35S promoter in various organs (leaves, stems, roots, and tubers) of greenhouse-grown plants. The final amount of gene product was determined at the post-transcriptional level using histochemical analysis, fluorometric measurements, and Western blot analysis. The promoter strength comparison demonstrated that the StUbi promoter generally provided a higher level of constitutive β-glucuronidase accumulation than the viral CaMV 35S promoter. Although the StLhca3 promoter was predominantly expressed in a green tissue-specific manner (leaves and stems) while StGBSS and StPat mainly provided tuber-specific activity, a “promoter leakage” was also found. However, the degree of unspecific activity depended on the particular transgenic line and tissue. According to fluorometric data, the functional activity of promoters in leaves could be arranged as follows: StLhca3 > StUbi > CaMV 35S > StPat > StGBSS (from highest to lowest). In tubers, the higher expression was detected in transgenic plants expressing StPat-gusA fusion construct, and the strength order was as follows: StPat > StGBSS > StUbi > CaMV 35S > StLhca3. The observed differences between expression patterns are discussed considering the benefits and limitations for the usage of each promoter to regulate the expression of genes in a particular potato tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Miroshnichenko
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksey Firsov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Timerbaev
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Kozlov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Anna Klementyeva
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov Shaloiko
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Sergey Dolgov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.F.); (V.T.); (O.K.); (A.K.); (L.S.); (S.D.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Street 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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119
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Artavia G, Cortés-Herrera C, Granados-Chinchilla F. Total and resistant starch from foodstuff for animal and human consumption in Costa Rica. Curr Res Food Sci 2020; 3:275-283. [PMID: 33305294 PMCID: PMC7711177 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Starchy ingredients are a key source of carbohydrates and have an essential role in a healthy diet. Starch amount in foodstuffs is paramount as it allows diet professionals to base their formulations on scientific data. Herein, the total (TS) and resistant starch (RS) content, in a selection of typical starchy foods available on the Costa Rican market, for both human and animal consumption, is reported. The major types of starch, including physically encapsulated starch, were determined using in vitro methods AOAC OMASM methods 996.11, 2014.10, 996.11, 2002.02 and AACC 76-13.01 and 32-40.01. Samples were collected during 5 years as part of national surveillance plans. For feedstuffs, n = 252 feed ingredients (e.g., cornmeal and wheat products), n = 103 feeds (e.g., dairy and beef cattle), and n = 150 feed ingredient samples (selected based on their usage in feed formulations) were assessed for RS. In food commodities, sample numbers ascended to n = 287 and n = 371 for TS and RS, respectively (e.g. bananas). Feed ingredients with higher TS values were cassava meal, bakery by-products, rice/broken, sweet potato, and cornmeal (93.37, 81.67, 72.33, 66.66, and 61.43 g/100 g, respectively). TS for beef and dairy cattle, pig, and calf feeds, ranged from 30.26 to 34.46 g/100 g. Plantain/green banana flour, as a feed ingredient, exhibited RS absolute and relative contributions of 37.04 g/100 g and 53.89%, respectively. Products with a higher TS content included banana flour, green plantain flour, japonica rice, and cassava flour (62.87, 63.10, 72.90, 83.37 g/100 g). The primary RS sources in the Costa Rican diet are, in absolute terms, green plantain and malanga (50.41 and 56.59 g/100 g). Depending on a person's food habits, these sources may contribute in the range of 20-30 grams of RS per day. TS and RS intake may vary considerably among ingredients, and the contribution of RS may be of nutritional importance for specific individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Artavia
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carolina Cortés-Herrera
- Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fabio Granados-Chinchilla
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio San José, Costa Rica
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120
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Tetlow IJ, Bertoft E. A Review of Starch Biosynthesis in Relation to the Building Block-Backbone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7011. [PMID: 32977627 PMCID: PMC7582286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polymer of glucose synthesized as discrete granules inside the stroma of plastids in plant cells. Starch reserves provide a source of carbohydrate for immediate growth and development, and act as long term carbon stores in endosperms and seed tissues for growth of the next generation, making starch of huge agricultural importance. The starch granule has a highly complex hierarchical structure arising from the combined actions of a large array of enzymes as well as physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. Understanding the precise nature of granule architecture, and how both biological and abiotic factors determine this structure is of both fundamental and practical importance. This review outlines current knowledge of granule architecture and the starch biosynthesis pathway in relation to the building block-backbone model of starch structure. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge in relation to our understanding of the structure and synthesis of starch, and argue that the building block-backbone model takes accurate account of both structural and biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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121
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Cho YG, Kang KK. Functional Analysis of Starch Metabolism in Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091152. [PMID: 32899939 PMCID: PMC7569781 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In plants, starch is synthesized in leaves during the day-time from fixed carbon through photosynthesis and is mobilized at night to support continued respiration, sucrose export, and growth in the dark. The main crops where starch is biosynthesized and stored are corn, rice, wheat, and potatoes, and they are mainly used as food resources for humankind. There are many genes that are involved in starch biosynthesis from cytosol to storage organs in plants. ADP-glucose, UDP- glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate are synthesized catalyzed by UDP-invertase, AGPase, hexokinase, and P- hexose-isomerase in cytosol. Starch composed of amylopectin and amylose is synthesized by starch synthase, granule bound starch synthase, starch-branching enzyme, debranching enzyme, and pullulanase, which is primarily responsible for starch production in storage organs. Recently, it has been uncovered that structural genes are controlled by proteins derived from other genes such as transcription factors. To obtain more precise information on starch metabolism, the functions of genes and transcription factors need to be studied to understand their roles and functions in starch biosynthesis in plants. However, the roles of genes related to starch biosynthesis are not yet clearly understood. The papers of this special issue contain reviews and research articles on these topics and will be a useful resource for researchers involved in the quality improvement of starch storage crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gu Cho
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-G.C.); (K.-K.K.)
| | - Kwon-Kyoo Kang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-G.C.); (K.-K.K.)
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122
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Bischof S. Which Factors Control Starch Granule Initiation? THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2449-2450. [PMID: 32605916 PMCID: PMC7401012 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Bischof
- Assistant Features EditorDepartment of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of Zürich, Switzerland
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123
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Abt MR, Pfister B, Sharma M, Eicke S, Bürgy L, Neale I, Seung D, Zeeman SC. STARCH SYNTHASE5, a Noncanonical Starch Synthase-Like Protein, Promotes Starch Granule Initiation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2543-2565. [PMID: 32471861 PMCID: PMC7401018 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
What determines the number of starch granules in plastids is an enigmatic aspect of starch metabolism. Several structurally and functionally diverse proteins have been implicated in the granule initiation process in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), with each protein exerting a varying degree of influence. Here, we show that a conserved starch synthase-like protein, STARCH SYNTHASE5 (SS5), regulates the number of starch granules that form in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Among the starch synthases, SS5 is most closely related to SS4, a major determinant of granule initiation and morphology. However, unlike SS4 and the other starch synthases, SS5 is a noncanonical isoform that lacks catalytic glycosyltransferase activity. Nevertheless, loss of SS5 reduces starch granule numbers that form per chloroplast in Arabidopsis, and ss5 mutant starch granules are larger than wild-type granules. Like SS4, SS5 has a conserved putative surface binding site for glucans and also interacts with MYOSIN-RESEMBLING CHLOROPLAST PROTEIN, a proposed structural protein influential in starch granule initiation. Phenotypic analysis of a suite of double mutants lacking both SS5 and other proteins implicated in starch granule initiation allows us to propose how SS5 may act in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Abt
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Pfister
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mayank Sharma
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Léo Bürgy
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Neale
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Seung
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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124
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Shafqat A, Tahir A, Mahmood A, Tabinda AB, Yasar A, Pugazhendhi A. A review on environmental significance carbon foot prints of starch based bio-plastic: A substitute of conventional plastics. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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125
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Pfister B, Zeeman SC, Rugen MD, Field RA, Ebenhöh O, Raguin A. Theoretical and experimental approaches to understand the biosynthesis of starch granules in a physiological context. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:55-70. [PMID: 31955343 PMCID: PMC7308250 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00704-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Starch, a plant-derived insoluble carbohydrate composed of glucose polymers, is the principal carbohydrate in our diet and a valuable raw material for industry. The properties of starch depend on the arrangement of glucose units within the constituent polymers. However, key aspects of starch structure and the underlying biosynthetic processes are not well understood, limiting progress towards targeted improvement of our starch crops. In particular, the major component of starch, amylopectin, has a complex three-dimensional, branched architecture. This architecture stems from the combined actions of a multitude of enzymes, each having broad specificities that are difficult to capture experimentally. In this review, we reflect on experimental approaches and limitations to decipher the enzymes' specificities and explore possibilities for in silico simulations of these activities. We believe that the synergy between experimentation and simulation is needed for the correct interpretation of experimental data and holds the potential to greatly advance our understanding of the overall starch biosynthetic process. We furthermore propose that the formation of glucan secondary structures, concomitant with its synthesis, is a previously overlooked factor that directly affects amylopectin architecture through its impact on enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael D Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Department of Biology, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Adélaïde Raguin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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126
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Singh R, Rathore D. Role of transitory starch on growth, development and metal accumulation of Triticum aestivum cultivars grown under textile effluent fertilization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24201-24217. [PMID: 32304058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of transitory starch in leaves is an environment-dependent multifaceted process affected through stress caused by nutrient deficiency or excess of heavy metals in growing medium. On the other hand, textile effluent is one of the major pollution causing industrial waste due to the presence of heavy metal and organic contaminants. Besides the presence of higher pollution load, this effluent also contains some minerals essential for plant growth and metabolism and can serve as source of nutrients to plants. In presented experiment, a mesocosm study was conducted to evaluate the phenotypic, biochemical performance and trace element status of Triticum aestivum (cv. LOK-101 and GW-496) cultivars in response to transitory starch activity grown under textile effluent fertilization. Improved activity of transitory starch under textile effluent fertilization deals with plant growth by providing carbon in the form of soluble sugar. Study also finds a strong correlation of photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates and plant biomass to transitory starch. As expected, the elemental concentration (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Pb, Cd, and As) in plants increased with increasing dose of textile effluent. The study concluded that the transitory starch is one of the key components in plant leaves that regulate plant growth under stress condition. Furthermore, the study also concluded that the lower dose of textile effluent significantly favours growth and nutrient status of plants without any negative impact. Therefore, the application of lower concentration of textile effluent as basal dose in agriculture may serve as source of nutrient/micronutrient to plants and also can be a sustainable way for effluent management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratan Singh
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Dheeraj Rathore
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India.
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127
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EE KY, ENG MK, LEE ML. Physicochemical, thermal and rheological properties of commercial wheat flours and corresponding starches. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.39718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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128
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Complete chloroplast genome sequencing of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.): Molecular structures, comparative analysis and evolutionary significance. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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129
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Abt MR, Zeeman SC. Evolutionary innovations in starch metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 55:109-117. [PMID: 32428846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view of starch metabolism has focused on the multiplicity of enzymes and enzyme isoforms contributing to the production of the constituent polymers, amylopectin and amylose. However, knowledge of these enzymes has not provided a full insight into many aspects of starch biosynthesis. This enzyme-centered view has recently been augmented by the discovery and characterization of novel proteins with proposed regulatory, scaffolding, and interactive roles. This begins to reveal an unprecedented level of complexity beyond mere glucan biosynthesis, enabling us to envisage how starch granules are initiated and grow into specific forms, allowing it to serve biological roles beyond just carbohydrate storage. This review focuses on very recent findings in this vibrant field, highlighting the evolutionary novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Abt
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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130
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Smith AM, Zeeman SC. Starch: A Flexible, Adaptable Carbon Store Coupled to Plant Growth. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:217-245. [PMID: 32075407 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research in the past decade has uncovered new and surprising information about the pathways of starch synthesis and degradation. This includes the discovery of previously unsuspected protein families required both for processes and for the long-sought mechanism of initiation of starch granules. There is also growing recognition of the central role of leaf starch turnover in making carbon available for growth across the day-night cycle. Sophisticated systems-level control mechanisms involving the circadian clock set rates of nighttime starch mobilization that maintain a steady supply of carbon until dawn and modulate partitioning of photosynthate into starch in the light, optimizing the fraction of assimilated carbon that can be used for growth. These discoveries also uncover complexities: Results from experiments with Arabidopsis leaves in conventional controlled environments are not necessarily applicable to other organs or species or to growth in natural, fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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131
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do Carmo CD, Sousa MBE, Dos Santos Silva PP, Oliveira GAF, Ceballos H, de Oliveira EJ. Identification and validation of mutation points associated with waxy phenotype in cassava. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:164. [PMID: 32293293 PMCID: PMC7160975 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of amylose, and therefore, its absence results in individuals with a waxy starch phenotype in various amylaceous crops. The validation of mutation points previously associated with the waxy starch phenotype in cassava, as well as the identification of alternative mutant alleles in the GBSSI gene, can allow the development of molecular-assisted selection to introgress the waxy starch mutation into cassava breeding populations. RESULTS A waxy cassava allele has been identified previously, associated with several SNPs. A particular SNP (intron 11) was used to develop SNAP markers for screening heterozygote types in cassava germplasm. Although the molecular segregation corresponds to the expected segregation at 3:1 ratio (dominant gene for the presence of amylose), the homozygotes containing the SNP associated with the waxy mutation did not show waxy phenotypes. To identify more markers, we sequenced the GBSS gene from 89 genotypes, including some that were segregated from a cross with a line carrying the known waxy allele. As a result, 17 mutations in the GBSSI gene were identified, in which only the deletion in exon 6 (MeWxEx6-del-C) was correlated with the waxy phenotype. The evaluation of mutation points by discriminant analysis of principal component analysis (DAPC) also did not completely discriminate the waxy individuals. Therefore, we developed Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers that allowed discrimination between WX and wx alleles. The results demonstrated the non-existence of heterozygous individuals of the MeWxEx6-del-C deletion in the analyzed germplasm. Therefore, the deletion MeWxEx6-del-C should not be used for assisted selection in genetic backgrounds different from the original source of waxy starch. Also, the alternative SNPs identified in this study were not associated with the waxy phenotype when compared to a panel of accessions with high genetic diversity. CONCLUSION Although the GBSSI gene can exhibit several mutations in cassava, only the deletion in exon 6 (MeWxEx6-del-C) was correlated with the waxy phenotype in the original AM206-5 source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Dias do Carmo
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Campus Cruz das Almas, CEP, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil
| | - Massaine Bandeira E Sousa
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Campus Cruz das Almas, CEP, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hernán Ceballos
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), A.A 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Eder Jorge de Oliveira
- Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua da Embrapa, Caixa Postal 007, CEP, Cruz das Almas, BA, 44380-000, Brazil.
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132
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Jr. VMB, Luo J, Li Z, Gidley MJ, Bird AR, Tetlow IJ, Fitzgerald M, Jobling SA, Rahman S. Functional Genomic Validation of the Roles of Soluble Starch Synthase IIa in Japonica Rice Endosperm. Front Genet 2020; 11:289. [PMID: 32300357 PMCID: PMC7142255 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) in cereals has catalytic and regulatory roles during the synthesis of amylopectin that influences the functional properties of the grain. Rice endosperm SSIIa is more active in indica accessions compared to japonica lines due to functional SNP variations in the coding region of the structural gene. In this study, downregulating the expression of japonica-type SSIIa in Nipponbare endosperm resulted in either shrunken or opaque grains with an elevated proportion of A-type starch granules. Shrunken seeds had severely reduced starch content and could not be maintained in succeeding generations. In comparison, the opaque grain morphology was the result of weaker down-regulation of SSIIa which led to an elevated proportion of short-chain amylopectin (DP 6-12) and a concomitant reduction in the proportion of medium-chain amylopectin (DP 13-36). The peak gelatinization temperature of starch and the estimated glycemic score of cooked grain as measured by the starch hydrolysis index were significantly reduced. These results highlight the important role of medium-chain amylopectin in influencing the functional properties of rice grains, including its digestibility. The structural, regulatory and nutritional implications of down-regulated japonica-type SSIIa in rice endosperm are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito M. Butardo Jr.
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Jixun Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ian J. Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Fitzgerald
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sadequr Rahman
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Science and the Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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133
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Farahi R, Lereu AL, Charrier AM, Kalluri UC, Davison BH, Passian A. Nanomechanics and Raman Spectroscopy of in Situ Native Carbohydrate Storage Granules for Enhancing Starch Quality and Lignocellulosic Biomass Production. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2594-2602. [PMID: 32095683 PMCID: PMC7033668 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alternative energy strategies based on plant biomass-derived bioenergy and biofuels rely on understanding and optimization of plant structure, chemistry, and performance. Starch, a constitutive element of all green plants, is important to food, biofuels, and industrial applications. Models of carbohydrate storage granules are highly heterogeneous in representing morphology and structure, though a deeper understanding of the role of structure in functional behavior is emerging. A better understanding of the in situ nanoscale properties of native granules is needed to help improve the starch quality in food crops as well as optimize lignocellulosic biomass production in perennial nonfood crops. Here, we present a new technique called soft mechanical nano-ablation (sMNA) for accessing the interior of the granules without compromising the inner nanostructure. We then explore the nanomechanics of granules within the ray parenchyma cells of Populus xylem, a desirable woody biofuel feedstock. The employed soft outer layer nanoablation and atomic force microscopy reveal that the inner structure comprises 156 nm blocklets arranged in a semicrystalline organization. The nanomechanical properties of the inner and outer structures of a single starch granule are measured and found to exhibit large variations, changing by a factor of 3 in Young's modulus and a factor of 2 in viscoplastic index. These findings demonstrate how the introduced approach facilitates studies of structure-function relationships among starch granules and more complex secondary cell wall features as they relate to plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubye
H. Farahi
- Computational
Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Aude L. Lereu
- Aix
Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille 13397, France
| | | | - Udaya C. Kalluri
- BioEnergy
Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Brian H. Davison
- BioEnergy
Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ali Passian
- Computational
Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- BioEnergy
Science Center, Biosciences Division, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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134
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Young LE, Brizzee CO, Macedo JKA, Murphy RD, Contreras CJ, DePaoli-Roach AA, Roach PJ, Gentry MS, Sun RC. Accurate and sensitive quantitation of glucose and glucose phosphates derived from storage carbohydrates by mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115651. [PMID: 31887930 PMCID: PMC7018519 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The addition of phosphate groups into glycogen modulates its branching pattern and solubility which all impact its accessibility to glycogen interacting enzymes. As glycogen architecture modulates its metabolism, it is essential to accurately evaluate and quantify its phosphate content. Simultaneous direct quantitation of glucose and its phosphate esters requires an assay with high sensitivity and a robust dynamic range. Herein, we describe a highly-sensitive method for the accurate detection of both glycogen-derived glucose and glucose-phosphate esters utilizing gas-chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Using this method, we observed higher glycogen levels in the liver compared to skeletal muscle, but skeletal muscle contained many more phosphate esters. Importantly, this method can detect femtomole levels of glucose and glucose phosphate esters within an extremely robust dynamic range with excellent accuracy and reproducibility. The method can also be easily adapted for the quantification of plant starch, amylopectin or other biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay E.A. Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Corey O. Brizzee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jessica K. A. Macedo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Robert D. Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Christopher J. Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Anna A. DePaoli-Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter J. Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202,Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Matthew S. Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,University of Kentucky Epilepsy & Brain Metabolism Alliance, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ramon C. Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ramon Sun: Department of Neuroscience BBSRB B179, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0509 USA; ; Tel. +1 (859)562-2298 Fax. +1 (859)323-5505
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135
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Monroe JD. Involvement of five catalytically active Arabidopsis β-amylases in leaf starch metabolism and plant growth. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00199. [PMID: 32072133 PMCID: PMC7011640 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Starch degradation in chloroplasts requires β-amylase (BAM) activity, but in Arabidopsis, there are nine BAM proteins, five of which are thought to be catalytic. Although single-gene knockouts revealed the necessity of BAM3 for starch degradation, contributions of other BAMs are poorly understood. Moreover, it is not possible to detect the contribution of individual BAMs in plants containing multiple active BAMs. Therefore, we constructed a set of five quadruple mutants each expressing only one catalytically active BAM, and a quintuple mutant missing all of these BAMs (B-Null). Using these mutants, we assessed the influence of each individual BAM on plant growth and on leaf starch degradation. Both BAM1 and BAM3 alone support wild-type (WT) levels of growth. BAM3 alone is sufficient to degrade leaf starch completely whereas BAM1 alone can only partially degrade leaf starch. In contrast, BAM2, BAM5, and BAM6 have no detectable effect on starch degradation or plant growth, being comparable with the B-Null plants. B-Null plant extracts contained no measurable amylase activity, whereas BAM3 and BAM1 contributed about 70% and 14% of the WT activity, respectively. BAM2 activity was low but detectable and BAM6 contributed no measurable activity. Interestingly, activity of BAM1 and BAM3 in the mutants varied little developmentally or diurnally, and did not increase appreciably in response to osmotic or cold stress. With these genetic lines, we now have new opportunities to investigate members of this diverse gene family.
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136
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Seung D, Echevarría-Poza A, Steuernagel B, Smith AM. Natural Polymorphisms in Arabidopsis Result in Wide Variation or Loss of the Amylose Component of Starch. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:870-881. [PMID: 31694903 PMCID: PMC6997676 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules contain two Glc polymers, amylopectin and amylose. Amylose makes up approximately 10% to 30% (w/w) of all natural starches thus far examined, but mutants of crop and model plants that produce amylose-free starch are generally indistinguishable from their wild-type counterparts with respect to growth, starch content, and granule morphology. Since the function and adaptive significance of amylose are unknown, we asked whether there is natural genetic variation in amylose synthesis within a wild, uncultivated species. We examined polymorphisms among the 1,135 sequenced accessions of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in GRANULE-BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE (GBSS), encoding the enzyme responsible for amylose synthesis. We identified 18 accessions that are predicted to have polymorphisms in GBSS that affect protein function, and five of these accessions produced starch with no or extremely low amylose (< 0.5% [w/w]). Eight further accessions had amylose contents that were significantly lower or higher than that of Col-0 (9% [w/w]), ranging from 5% to 12% (w/w). We examined the effect of the polymorphisms on GBSS function and uncovered three mechanisms by which GBSS sequence variation led to different amylose contents: (1) altered GBSS abundance, (2) altered GBSS activity, and (3) altered affinity of GBSS for binding PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH1-a protein that targets GBSS to starch granules. These findings demonstrate that amylose in leaves is not essential for the viability of some naturally occurring Arabidopsis genotypes, at least over short timescales and under some environmental conditions and open an opportunity to explore the adaptive significance of amylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seung
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alison M Smith
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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137
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HMDSO plasma treatment as alternative to modify structural properties of granular starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 144:682-689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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138
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Zhang CW, Nair SS, Chen H, Yan N, Farnood R, Li FY. Thermally stable, enhanced water barrier, high strength starch bio-composite reinforced with lignin containing cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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139
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Huang LF, Liu YK, Su SC, Lai CC, Wu CR, Chao TJ, Yang YH. Genetic engineering of transitory starch accumulation by knockdown of OsSEX4 in rice plants for enhanced bioethanol production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:933-944. [PMID: 31889302 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rice straw, a common agricultural waste, is used as a potential feedstock for bioethanol production. Currently, bioethanol is made mostly from the microbial fermentation of starch-containing raw materials. Therefore, genetically engineered starch-excess rice straw through interference of starch degradation as a potential strategy to enhance bioethanol production was evaluated in this study. Arabidopsis Starch Excess 4 (SEX4) encodes a chloroplast-localized glucan phosphatase and plays a role in transitory starch degradation. Despite the identification of a SEX4 homolog in rice, OsSEX4, its biological function remains uncertain. Ectopic expression of OsSEX4 complementary DNA complemented the leaf starch-excess phenotype of the Arabidopsis sex4-4 mutant. OsSEX4-knockdown transgenic rice plants were generated using the RNA interference approach. Starch accumulation was higher in OsSEX4-knockdown suspension-cultured cells, leaves, and rice straw compared with the wild type, suggesting that OsSEX4 plays an important role in degradation of transitory starch. The OsSEX4-knockdown rice plants showed normal plant growth and no yield penalty. Starch-excess OsSEX4-knockdown rice straw used as feedstock for fermentation resulted in improved bioethanol yield, with a 50% increase in ethanol production in a vertical mass-flow type bioreactor, compared with that of the wild-type straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fen Huang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kuo Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Bioengineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chieh Su
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chang Lai
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Rong Wu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Jang Chao
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsing Yang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Bioengineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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140
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Zhong Y, Sagnelli D, Topbjerg HB, Hasler-Sheetal H, Andrzejczak OA, Hooshmand K, Gislum R, Jiang D, Møller IM, Blennow A, Hebelstrup KH. Expression of starch-binding factor CBM20 in barley plastids controls the number of starch granules and the level of CO2 fixation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:234-246. [PMID: 31494665 PMCID: PMC6913705 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of starch granules in plant plastids is coordinated by the orchestrated action of transferases, hydrolases, and dikinases. These enzymes either contain starch-binding domain(s) themselves, or are dependent on direct interactions with co-factors containing starch-binding domains. As a means to competitively interfere with existing starch-protein interactions, we expressed the protein module Carbohydrate-Binding Motif 20 (CBM20), which has a very high affinity for starch, ectopically in barley plastids. This interference resulted in an increase in the number of starch granules in chloroplasts and in formation of compound starch granules in grain amyloplasts, which is unusual for barley. More importantly, we observed a photosystem-independent inhibition of CO2 fixation, with a subsequent reduced growth rate and lower accumulation of carbohydrates with effects throughout the metabolome, including lower accumulation of transient leaf starch. Our results demonstrate the importance of endogenous starch-protein interactions for controlling starch granule morphology and number, and plant growth, as substantiated by a metabolic link between starch-protein interactions and control of CO2 fixation in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Domenico Sagnelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bak Topbjerg
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Harald Hasler-Sheetal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Nordcee, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Olga Agata Andrzejczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kourosh Hooshmand
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - René Gislum
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ian Max Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim Henrik Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
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141
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Rosado‐Souza L, David LC, Drapal M, Fraser PD, Hofmann J, Klemens PAW, Ludewig F, Neuhaus HE, Obata T, Perez‐Fons L, Schlereth A, Sonnewald U, Stitt M, Zeeman SC, Zierer W, Fernie AR. Cassava Metabolomics and Starch Quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:e20102. [DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laure C. David
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology Zurich Switzerland
| | - Margit Drapal
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Fraser
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Frank Ludewig
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska
| | - Laura Perez‐Fons
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham United Kingdom
| | - Armin Schlereth
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
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142
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Lin L, Huang J, Zhang L, Zhang C, Liu Q, Wei C. Effects of inhibiting starch branching enzymes on molecular and crystalline structures of starches from endosperm different regions in rice. Food Chem 2019; 301:125271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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143
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Ancín M, Larraya L, Fernández-San Millán A, Veramendi J, Burch-Smith T, Farran I. NTRC and Thioredoxin f Overexpression Differentially Induces Starch Accumulation in Tobacco Leaves. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120543. [PMID: 31779140 PMCID: PMC6963466 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) f and NADPH-dependent Trx reductase C (NTRC) have both been proposed as major redox regulators of starch metabolism in chloroplasts. However, little is known regarding the specific role of each protein in this complex mechanism. To shed light on this point, tobacco plants that were genetically engineered to overexpress the NTRC protein from the chloroplast genome were obtained and compared to previously generated Trx f-overexpressing transplastomic plants. Likewise, we investigated the impact of NTRC and Trx f deficiency on starch metabolism by generating Nicotiana benthamiana plants that were silenced for each gene. Our results demonstrated that NTRC overexpression induced enhanced starch accumulation in tobacco leaves, as occurred with Trx f. However, only Trx f silencing leads to a significant decrease in the leaf starch content. Quantitative analysis of enzyme activities related to starch synthesis and degradation were determined in all of the genotypes. Zymographic analyses were additionally performed to compare the amylolytic enzyme profiles of both transplastomic tobacco plants. Our findings indicated that NTRC overexpression promotes the accumulation of transitory leaf starch as a consequence of a diminished starch turnover during the dark period, which seems to be related to a significant reductive activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and/or a deactivation of a putative debranching enzyme. On the other hand, increased starch content in Trx f-overexpressing plants was connected to an increase in the capacity of soluble starch synthases during the light period. Taken together, these results suggest that NTRC and the ferredoxin/Trx system play distinct roles in starch turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ancín
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Luis Larraya
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Alicia Fernández-San Millán
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Jon Veramendi
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Tessa Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Inmaculada Farran
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-168-034
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144
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Ma ZH, Wang YB, Cheng HT, Zhang GC, Lyu WY. Biochemical composition distribution in different grain layers is associated with the edible quality of rice cultivars. Food Chem 2019; 311:125896. [PMID: 31791726 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clarifying the association of differences in endosperm biochemical composition with nutrient and edible quality can guide rice breeding and cultivation. In this study, very-low-amylose-content (LAC), Japanese good-taste (JTC), Northeast China good-taste (CTC), and Northeast China high-yield (CHC) cultivars were milled to obtain four layers (L1-L4) from outside-in, and then analyzed for apparent amylose content (AAC), protein content (PC), amino acids, soluble sugars, and minerals. The association of these compositions and Rapid-Visco analysis values with taste was also examined. LAC had low AAC, high amino acid and mineral content, and the highest taste value. Taste was significantly affected by AAC and soluble sugar in L3, and by PC in the L2 layer. High levels of amino acid in L2 and L3 improved the taste, as did Mg, P, and Ca in L1. On the whole, starch factors had the highest contribution to taste, followed by minerals, amino acids, and PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Ma
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China.
| | - Yong-Bing Wang
- Gansu Yasheng Agricultural Research Institute Co., Ltd, Lanzhou, Gansu 730010, China
| | - Hai-Tao Cheng
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China
| | - Guang-Cai Zhang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China
| | - Wen-Yan Lyu
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China.
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145
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Zhu J, Yu W, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Xu J, Li E, Gilbert RG, Liu Q. New insights into amylose and amylopectin biosynthesis in rice endosperm. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 230:115656. [PMID: 31887861 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
How various isoforms of rice-starch biosynthesis enzymes interact during amylose and amylopectin synthesis is explored. The chain-length distributions of amylopectin and amylose from 95 varieties with different environmental and genetic backgrounds were obtained using size- exclusion chromatography, and fitted with biosynthesis-derived models based on isoforms of starch synthase (SSI-SSIV), starch branching enzyme (SBE, including SBEI and SBEII) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) that are involved in amylose and amylopectin synthesis. It is usually thought that these are synthesized by separate enzymes. However, the amount of longer amylopectin chains correlated with that of shorter amylose chains, indicating that GBSS, SBE and SS affect both amylose and amylopectin synthesis. Further, the activity of GBSS in amylose correlated with that of SS in amylopectin. This new understanding of which enzymes are suggested by the statistics to be involved in both amylose and amylopectin synthesis could help rice breeders develop cereals with targeted properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu West Avenue 601, Guangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yajun Zhu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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146
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Starch branching enzymes contributing to amylose and amylopectin fine structure in wheat. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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147
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Iuga M, Mironeasa S. A review of the hydrothermal treatments impact on starch based systems properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3890-3915. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1664978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina Iuga
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
| | - Silvia Mironeasa
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
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148
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Vandromme C, Kasprowicz A, Courseaux A, Trinel D, Facon M, Putaux JL, D’Hulst C, Wattebled F, Spriet C. NegFluo, a Fast and Efficient Method to Determine Starch Granule Size and Morphology In Situ in Plant Chloroplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1075. [PMID: 31552073 PMCID: PMC6746253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules that accumulate in the plastids of plants vary in size, shape, phosphate, or protein content according to their botanical origin. Depending on their size, the applications in food and nonfood industries differ. Being able to master starch granule size for a specific plant, without alteration of other characteristics (phosphate content, protein content, etc.), is challenging. The development of a simple and effective screening method to determine the size and shape of starch granules in a plant population is therefore of prime interest. In this study, we propose a new method, NegFluo, that combines negative confocal autofluorescence imaging in leaf and machine learning (ML)-based image analysis. It provides a fast, automated, and easy-to-use pipeline for both in situ starch granule imaging and its morphological analysis. NegFluo was applied to Arabidopsis leaves of wild-type and ss4 mutant plants. We validated its accuracy by comparing morphological quantifications using NegFluo and state-of-the-art methods relying either on starch granule purification or on preparation-intensive electron microscopy combined with manual image analysis. NegFluo thus opens the way to fast in situ analysis of starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Vandromme
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 – UGSF – Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Angelina Kasprowicz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 – UGSF – Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Adeline Courseaux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 – UGSF – Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Dave Trinel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 – UGSF – Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Maud Facon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 – UGSF – Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | | | - Christophe D’Hulst
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 – UGSF – Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Wattebled
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 – UGSF – Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Corentin Spriet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR8576 – UGSF – Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
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149
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Intra-Sample Heterogeneity of Potato Starch Reveals Fluctuation of Starch-Binding Proteins According to Granule Morphology. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090324. [PMID: 31487879 PMCID: PMC6784226 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Starch granule morphology is highly variable depending on the botanical origin. Moreover, all investigated plant species display intra-tissular variability of granule size. In potato tubers, the size distribution of starch granules follows a unimodal pattern with diameters ranging from 5 to 100 µm. Several evidences indicate that granule morphology in plants is related to the complex starch metabolic pathway. However, the intra-sample variability of starch-binding metabolic proteins remains unknown. Here, we report on the molecular characterization of size-fractionated potato starch granules with average diameters of 14.2 ± 3.7 µm, 24.5 ± 6.5 µm, 47.7 ± 12.8 µm, and 61.8 ± 17.4 µm. In addition to changes in the phosphate contents as well as small differences in the amylopectin structure, we found that the starch-binding protein stoichiometry varies significantly according to granule size. Label-free quantitative proteomics of each granule fraction revealed that individual proteins can be grouped according to four distinct abundance patterns. This study corroborates that the starch proteome may influence starch granule growth and architecture and opens up new perspectives in understanding the dynamics of starch biosynthesis.
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150
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Schreier TB, Umhang M, Lee SK, Lue WL, Shen Z, Silver D, Graf A, Müller A, Eicke S, Stadler-Waibel M, Seung D, Bischof S, Briggs SP, Kötting O, Moorhead GBG, Chen J, Zeeman SC. LIKE SEX4 1 Acts as a β-Amylase-Binding Scaffold on Starch Granules during Starch Degradation. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2169-2186. [PMID: 31266901 PMCID: PMC6751131 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves, starch is synthesized during the day and degraded at night to fuel growth and metabolism. Starch is degraded primarily by β-amylases, liberating maltose, but this activity is preceded by glucan phosphorylation and is accompanied by dephosphorylation. A glucan phosphatase family member, LIKE SEX4 1 (LSF1), binds starch and is required for normal starch degradation, but its exact role is unclear. Here, we show that LSF1 does not dephosphorylate glucans. The recombinant dual specificity phosphatase (DSP) domain of LSF1 had no detectable phosphatase activity. Furthermore, a variant of LSF1 mutated in the catalytic cysteine of the DSP domain complemented the starch-excess phenotype of the lsf1 mutant. By contrast, a variant of LSF1 with mutations in the carbohydrate binding module did not complement lsf1 Thus, glucan binding, but not phosphatase activity, is required for the function of LSF1 in starch degradation. LSF1 interacts with the β-amylases BAM1 and BAM3, and the BAM1-LSF1 complex shows amylolytic but not glucan phosphatase activity. Nighttime maltose levels are reduced in lsf1, and genetic analysis indicated that the starch-excess phenotype of lsf1 is dependent on bam1 and bam3 We propose that LSF1 binds β-amylases at the starch granule surface, thereby promoting starch degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B Schreier
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Umhang
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wei-Ling Lue
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Zhouxin Shen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0380
| | - Dylan Silver
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alexander Graf
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia Müller
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - David Seung
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Bischof
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven P Briggs
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0380
| | - Oliver Kötting
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Greg B G Moorhead
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jychian Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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