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Jiang Z, Guerrero-Netro HM, Juengel JL, Price CA. Divergence of intracellular signaling pathways and early response genes of two closely related fibroblast growth factors, FGF8 and FGF18, in bovine ovarian granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 375:97-105. [PMID: 23707615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) modulate ovarian function, including FGF8 and FGF18. These FGFs activate the same receptors, although FGF18 is unusual in that it increases apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells whereas the 'typical' response to FGF is increased proliferation. The objective of the present study was to determine which early response genes and pathways are activated by FGF8 and FGF18 in bovine granulosa cells. FGF8 increased abundance of mRNA encoding the FGF-responsive genes SPRY1, SPRY2, SPRY4, NR4A1 and NR4A3 whereas FGF18 did not. FGF8 increased but FGF18 decreased levels of mRNA encoding the growth arrest associated protein, GADD45B. FGF8 increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation but FGF18 did not. Microarray analysis identified EGR1, FOS, FOSL1, BAMBI, XIRP1 and PLK2 as other FGF8 immediate-early response genes, and FGF18 stimulated EGR1, FOSL1, BAMBI and PLK2, but not FOS or XIRP1. This study demonstrates that FGF8 and FGF18 signal through divergent pathways in ovarian granulosa cells, despite reportedly similar receptor activation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwestern Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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102
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Di Rosa M, Malaguarnera M, Zanghì A, Passaniti A, Malaguarnera L. Vitamin D3 insufficiency and colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:594-612. [PMID: 23941729 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally the main recognized function of vitamin D has been calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Nevertheless, recent evidences have highlighted the importance of vitamin D3 as a protective agent against various cancers. The association between CRC and vitamin D3 was first suggested in ecologic studies, but further was confirmed by observational studies in humans and experimental studies in both animal models and cellular lines. The protective role of vitamin D3 against cancer has been attributed to its influence of on cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, DNA repair mechanisms, inflammation and immune function. In its active (calcitriol) form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1α,25-(OH)2D3]) vitamin D3 and the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulate hundreds of genes including those coding for proteins involved in cell differentiation and cell proliferation. The current review addresses some of the key mechanisms that influence the biological actions of vitamin D and its metabolites. The insights derived from these mechanisms may aid in designing new uses for this hormone and its non-hypercalcemic derivatives in the treatment and/or prevention of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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103
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Full transcriptome analysis of early dorsoventral patterning in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70053. [PMID: 23922899 PMCID: PMC3726443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular interactions that lead to the establishment of the major body axes during embryogenesis is one of the main goals of developmental biology. Although the past two decades have revolutionized our knowledge about the genetic basis of these patterning processes, the list of genes involved in axis formation is unlikely to be complete. In order to identify new genes involved in the establishment of the dorsoventral (DV) axis during early stages of zebrafish embryonic development, we employed next generation sequencing for full transcriptome analysis of normal embryos and embryos lacking overt DV pattern. A combination of different statistical approaches yielded 41 differentially expressed candidate genes and we confirmed by in situ hybridization the early dorsal expression of 32 genes that are transcribed shortly after the onset of zygotic transcription. Although promoter analysis of the validated genes suggests no general enrichment for the binding sites of early acting transcription factors, most of these genes carry “bivalent” epigenetic histone modifications at the time when zygotic transcription is initiated, suggesting a “poised” transcriptional status. Our results reveal some new candidates of the dorsal gene regulatory network and suggest that a plurality of the earliest upregulated genes on the dorsal side have a role in the modulation of the canonical Wnt pathway.
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104
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Sprouty2 Is Associated With Prognosis and Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Urology 2013; 82:253.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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105
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Pozo N, Zahonero C, Fernández P, Liñares JM, Ayuso A, Hagiwara M, Pérez A, Ricoy JR, Hernández-Laín A, Sepúlveda JM, Sánchez-Gómez P. Inhibition of DYRK1A destabilizes EGFR and reduces EGFR-dependent glioblastoma growth. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2475-87. [PMID: 23635774 PMCID: PMC3668845 DOI: 10.1172/jci63623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are very aggressive tumors that are resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. New molecular therapeutic strategies are required to effectively eliminate the subpopulation of GBM tumor-initiating cells that are responsible for relapse. Since EGFR is altered in 50% of GBMs, it represents one of the most promising targets; however, EGFR kinase inhibitors have produced poor results in clinical assays, with no clear explanation for the observed resistance. We uncovered a fundamental role for the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase, DYRK1A, in regulating EGFR in GBMs. We found that DYRK1A was highly expressed in these tumors and that its expression was correlated with that of EGFR. Moreover, DYRK1A inhibition promoted EGFR degradation in primary GBM cell lines and neural progenitor cells, sharply reducing the self-renewal capacity of normal and tumorigenic cells. Most importantly, our data suggest that a subset of GBMs depends on high surface EGFR levels, as DYRK1A inhibition compromised their survival and produced a profound decrease in tumor burden. We propose that the recovery of EGFR stability is a key oncogenic event in a large proportion of gliomas and that pharmacological inhibition of DYRK1A could represent a promising therapeutic intervention for EGFR-dependent GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Pozo
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Zahonero
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Liñares
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Ayuso
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Pérez
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose R. Ricoy
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hernández-Laín
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M. Sepúlveda
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Gómez
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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106
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Zhu W, Nelson CM. PI3K regulates branch initiation and extension of cultured mammary epithelia via Akt and Rac1 respectively. Dev Biol 2013; 379:235-45. [PMID: 23665174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tree-like architecture of the mammary gland is generated by branching morphogenesis, which is regulated by many signals from the microenvironment. Here we examined how signaling downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) regulates different steps of mammary branching using three-dimensional culture models of the mammary epithelial duct. We found that PI3K was required for both branch initiation and elongation. Activated Akt was enhanced at branch initiation sites where its negative regulator, PTEN, was blocked by signaling via Sprouty2 (SPRY2); inhibiting Akt prevented branch initiation. The pattern of SPRY2 expression, and thus of Akt activation and branch initiation, was controlled by mechanical signaling from endogenous cytoskeletal contractility. In contrast, activated GTP-bound Rac1 localized to the leading edge of nascent branches and was required for branch elongation. These data suggest that the PI3K network integrates mechanical and biochemical signaling to control branching morphogenesis of mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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107
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SPROUTY2 is a β-catenin and FOXO3a target gene indicative of poor prognosis in colon cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:1975-85. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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108
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Khor SS, Miyagawa T, Toyoda H, Yamasaki M, Kawamura Y, Tanii H, Okazaki Y, Sasaki T, Lin L, Faraco J, Rico T, Honda Y, Honda M, Mignot E, Tokunaga K. Genome-wide association study of HLA-DQB1*06:02 negative essential hypersomnia. PeerJ 2013; 1:e66. [PMID: 23646285 PMCID: PMC3642778 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential hypersomnia (EHS), a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, can be divided into two broad classes based on the presence or absence of the HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele. HLA-DQB1*06:02-positive EHS and narcolepsy with cataplexy are associated with the same susceptibility genes. In contrast, there are fewer studies of HLA-DQB1*06:02 negative EHS which, we hypothesized, involves a different pathophysiological pathway than does narcolepsy with cataplexy. In order to identify susceptibility genes associated with HLA-DQB1*06:02 negative EHS, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 125 unrelated Japanese EHS patients lacking the HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele and 562 Japanese healthy controls. A comparative study was also performed on 268 HLA-DQB1*06:02 negative Caucasian hypersomnia patients and 1761 HLA-DQB1*06:02 negative Caucasian healthy controls. We identified three SNPs that each represented a unique locus— rs16826005 (P = 1.02E-07; NCKAP5), rs11854769 (P = 6.69E-07; SPRED1), and rs10988217 (P = 3.43E-06; CRAT) that were associated with an increased risk of EHS in this Japanese population. Interestingly, rs10988217 showed a similar tendency in its association with both HLA-DQB1*06:02 negative EHS and narcolepsy with cataplexy in both Japanese and Caucasian populations. This is the first GWAS of HLA-DQB1*06:02 negative EHS, and the identification of these three new susceptibility loci should provide additional insights to the pathophysiological pathway of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seik-Soon Khor
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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109
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Nowaczyk MJM, Thompson BA, Zeesman S, Moog U, Sanchez-Lara PA, Magoulas PL, Falk RE, Hoover-Fong JE, Batista DAS, Amudhavalli SM, White SM, Graham GE, Rauen KA. Deletion of MAP2K2/MEK2: a novel mechanism for a RASopathy? Clin Genet 2013; 85:138-46. [PMID: 23379592 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies are a class of genetic syndromes caused by germline mutations in genes encoding Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/MAPK) pathway components. Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a RASopathy characterized by distinctive craniofacial features, skin and hair abnormalities, and congenital heart defects caused by activating mutations of BRAF, MEK1, MEK2, and KRAS. We define the phenotype of seven patients with de novo deletions of chromosome 19p13.3 including MEK2; they present with a distinct phenotype but have overlapping features with CFC syndrome. Phenotypic features of all seven patients include tall forehead, thick nasal tip, underdeveloped cheekbones, long midface, sinuous upper vermilion border, tall chin, angular jaw, and facial asymmetry. Patients also have developmental delay, hypotonia, heart abnormalities, failure to thrive, obstructive sleep apnea, gastroesophageal reflux and integument abnormalities. Analysis of epidermal growth factor-stimulated fibroblasts revealed that P-MEK1/2 was ∼50% less abundant in cells carrying the MEK2 deletion compared to the control. Significant differences in total MEK2 and Sprouty1 abundance were also observed. Our cohort of seven individuals with MEK2 deletions has overlapping features associated with RASopathies. This is the first report suggesting that, in addition to activating mutations, MEK2 haploinsufficiency can lead to dysregulation of the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J M Nowaczyk
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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110
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Wietecha MS, DiPietro LA. Therapeutic Approaches to the Regulation of Wound Angiogenesis. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:81-86. [PMID: 24527330 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2011.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Re-establishment of a functional vascular network is a critical component of successful wound repair. One of the most potent pro-angiogenic agents is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which, from a basic science and pre-clinical perspective, seems ideal for the therapeutic stimulation of blood vessel growth in non-healing wounds. CRITICAL ISSUES Current strategies to improve the dysfunctional angiogenesis that occurs in non-healing wounds are inadequate with regard to the nature and magnitude of the clinical problem. However, VEGF therapy has so far been unsuccessful in promoting healing in the clinic. More effective means of delivery to the wound, which take into account the biochemical and spatio-temporal aspects of angiogenesis, may be necessary to realize VEGF's therapeutic potential. Reviewed approaches for the regulation of wound angiogenesis include: targeting regulators of intracellular VEGF signaling, making use of collagen-binding VEGF fusion proteins for increased retention in the wound, and implantation of heterogeneous scaffold systems for spatial control of angiogenesis with simultaneous use of VEGF and its inhibitor. FUTURE DIRECTIONS To maximize efficacy of therapeutic VEGF, it may be necessary to also target its intracellular inhibitory mechanisms. Immobilizing VEGF to the wound matrix may increase its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Gaining spatial control of angiogenesis opens up possibilities for advanced directed therapy. The reviewed studies present innovative approaches to in vivo directed modulation of angiogenesis utilizing VEGF biology which can, if taken further and validated in human subjects, have significant impact on clinical wound care in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz S. Wietecha
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luisa A. DiPietro
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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111
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Liu MH, Tang ZH, Li GH, Qu SL, Zhang Y, Ren Z, Liu LS, Jiang ZS. Janus-like role of fibroblast growth factor 2 in arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease: atherogenesis and angiogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:10-7. [PMID: 23578358 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenic stimulation is a promising new strategy for treating patients with arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease. This strategy aims to ameliorate cardiac function by improving myocardial perfusion and lowering the risk of myocardial infarction. However, angiogenesis may contribute to the growth of atherosclerotic lesions. Atherogenesis is also a potential side effect of angiogenic therapy. Early clinical trials were performed using fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) protein, which enhances the formation of new collateral vessels to reduce ischaemic symptoms. Conversely, angiogenic stimulation by FGF2 is a dilemma because it could cause negative angiogenic effects, such as atherosclerosis. Thus far, clinical trials in patients with recombinant FGF2 protein therapy have not yet yielded undisputable beneficial effects. Future trials should determine whether an improvement can be obtained in patients with coronary artery disease using a combination of FGF2 and other growth factors or a combination of the FGF2 gene and stem cell therapy. This review summarises the multiple roles of FGF2 in the progression of atherosclerosis, its effect on pro-angiogenesis and improvement of cardiac function in coronary artery disease, and the potentially unfavourable effect of angiogenesis on the prevention and treatment of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hua Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province 421001, PR China
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112
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Zakrzewska M, Haugsten EM, Nadratowska-Wesolowska B, Oppelt A, Hausott B, Jin Y, Otlewski J, Wesche J, Wiedlocha A. ERK-Mediated Phosphorylation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 on Ser777 Inhibits Signaling. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra11. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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113
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Peier M, Walpen T, Christofori G, Battegay E, Humar R. Sprouty2 expression controls endothelial monolayer integrity and quiescence. Angiogenesis 2012; 16:455-68. [PMID: 23232625 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular integrity is fundamental to the formation of mature blood vessels and depends on a functional, quiescent endothelial monolayer. However, how endothelial cells enter and maintain quiescence in the presence of angiogenic factors is still poorly understood. Here we identify the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) antagonist Sprouty2 (Spry2) as a key player in mediating endothelial quiescence and barrier integrity in mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAECs): Spry2 knockout MAECs show spindle-like shapes and are incapable of forming a functional, impermeable endothelial monolayer in the presence of FGF2. Whereas dense wild type cells exhibit contact inhibition and stop to proliferate, Spry2 knockout MAECs remain responsive to FGF2 and continue to proliferate even at high cell densities. Importantly, the anti-proliferative effect of Spry2 is absent in sparsely plated cells. This cell density-dependent Spry2 function correlates with highly increased Spry2 expression in confluent wild type MAECs. Spry2 protein expression is barely detectable in single cells but steadily increases in cells growing to high cell densities, with hypoxia being one contributing factor. At confluence, Spry2 expression correlates with intact cell-cell contacts, whereas disruption of cell-cell contacts by EGTA, TNFα and thrombin decreases Spry2 protein expression. In confluent cells, high Spry2 levels correlate with decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation. In contrast, dense Spry2 knockout MAECs exhibit enhanced signaling by Erk1/2. Moreover, inhibiting Erk1/2 activity in Spry2 knockout cells restores wild type cobblestone monolayer morphology. This study thus reveals a novel Spry2 function, which mediates endothelial contact inhibition and barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Peier
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30, GLO30 J14, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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114
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Sataranatarajan K, Feliers D, Mariappan MM, Lee HJ, Lee MJ, Day RT, Yalamanchili HB, Choudhury GG, Barnes JL, Van Remmen H, Richardson A, Kasinath BS. Molecular events in matrix protein metabolism in the aging kidney. Aging Cell 2012; 11:1065-73. [PMID: 23020145 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored molecular events associated with aging-induced matrix changes in the kidney. C57BL6 mice were studied in youth, middle age, and old age. Albuminuria and serum cystatin C level (an index of glomerular filtration) increased with aging. Renal hypertrophy was evident in middle-aged and old mice and was associated with glomerulomegaly and increase in mesangial fraction occupied by extracellular matrix. Content of collagen types I and III and fibronectin was increased with aging; increment in their mRNA varied with the phase of aging. The content of ZEB1 and ZEB2, collagen type I transcription inhibitors, and their binding to the collagen type Iα2 promoter by ChIP assay also showed age-phase-specific changes. Lack of increase in mRNA and data from polysome assay suggested decreased degradation as a potential mechanism for kidney collagen type I accumulation in the middle-aged mice. These changes occurred with increment in TGFβ mRNA and protein and activation of its SMAD3 pathway; SMAD3 binding to the collagen type Iα2 promoter was also increased. TGFβ-regulated microRNAs (miRs) exhibited selective regulation. The renal cortical content of miR-21 and miR-200c, but not miR-192, miR-200a, or miR-200b, was increased with aging. Increased miR-21 and miR-200c contents were associated with reduced expression of their targets, Sprouty-1 and ZEB2, respectively. These data show that aging is associated with complex molecular events in the kidney that are already evident in the middle age and progress to old age. Age-phase-specific regulation of matrix protein synthesis occurs and involves matrix protein-specific transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Feliers
- Department of Medicine; University of Texas Health Science Center; San Antonio; TX; 78229; USA
| | | | | | - Myung Ja Lee
- Department of Medicine; University of Texas Health Science Center; San Antonio; TX; 78229; USA
| | - Robert T. Day
- Department of Medicine; University of Texas Health Science Center; San Antonio; TX; 78229; USA
| | - Hima Bindu Yalamanchili
- Department of Medicine; University of Texas Health Science Center; San Antonio; TX; 78229; USA
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115
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Abstract
Because type 2 diabetes (T2D) is highly familial, there has been a concentrated effort to uncover the genetic basis of T2D worldwide over the last decade. In East Asians, T2D is experiencing a rapidly rising prevalence that is characterized by a relatively lower body mass index, as compared with that in Europeans. To date, at least 15 convincing T2D loci have been identified from large-scale genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses in East Asians. Many of these are likely responsible for pancreatic β cell function, as indicated in studies from Europeans. Many T2D loci have been replicated across the ethnic groups. There are, however, substantial interethnic differences in frequency and effect size of these risk alleles. Despite accumulating genetic information on T2D, there are still limitations in our ability to explain the rapidly rising prevalence and lean phenotype of disease observed in East Asians, suggesting that more extensive work using diverse research strategies is needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Shin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon, 200-702, Republic of Korea.
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116
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Abstract
Expression of Sprouty genes is frequently decreased or absent in human prostate cancer, implicating them as suppressors of tumorigenesis. Here we show they function in prostate tumor suppression in the mouse. Concomitant inactivation of Spry1 and Spry2 in prostate epithelium causes ductal hyperplasia and low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). However, when Spry1 and Spry2 loss-of-function occurs in the context of heterozygosity for a null allele of the tumor suppressor gene Pten, there is a striking increase in PIN and evidence of neoplastic invasion. Conversely, expression of a Spry2 gain-of-function transgene in Pten null prostatic epithelium suppresses the tumorigenic effects of loss of Pten function. We show that Sprouty gene loss-of-function results in hyperactive RAS/ERK1/2 signaling throughout the prostate epithelium and cooperates with heterozygosity for a Pten null allele to promote hyperactive PI3K/AKT signaling. Furthermore, Spry2 gain-of-function can suppress hyperactivation of AKT caused by the absence of PTEN. Together, these results point to a key genetic interaction between Sprouty genes and Pten in prostate tumorigenesis and provide strong evidence that Sprouty genes can function to modulate signaling via the RAS/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT pathways. The finding that Sprouty genes suppress tumorigenesis caused by Pten loss-of-function suggests that therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring normal feedback mechanisms triggered by receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, including Sprouty gene expression, may provide an effective strategy to delay or prevent high-grade PIN and invasive prostate cancer.
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117
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Lambert B, Vandeputte J, Remacle S, Bergiers I, Simonis N, Twizere JC, Vidal M, Rezsohazy R. Protein interactions of the transcription factor Hoxa1. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 12:29. [PMID: 23088713 PMCID: PMC3514159 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-12-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Hox proteins are transcription factors involved in crucial processes during animal development. Their mode of action remains scantily documented. While other families of transcription factors, like Smad or Stat, are known cell signaling transducers, such a function has never been squarely addressed for Hox proteins. Results To investigate the mode of action of mammalian Hoxa1, we characterized its interactome by a systematic yeast two-hybrid screening against ~12,200 ORF-derived polypeptides. Fifty nine interactors were identified of which 45 could be confirmed by affinity co-purification in animal cell lines. Many Hoxa1 interactors are proteins involved in cell-signaling transduction, cell adhesion and vesicular trafficking. Forty-one interactions were detectable in live cells by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation which revealed distinctive intracellular patterns for these interactions consistent with the selective recruitment of Hoxa1 by subgroups of partner proteins at vesicular, cytoplasmic or nuclear compartments. Conclusions The characterization of the Hoxa1 interactome presented here suggests unexplored roles for Hox proteins in cell-to-cell communication and cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lambert
- Molecular and Cellular Animal Embryology group, Life Sciences Institute (ISV), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
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118
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Sharma B, Joshi S, Sassano A, Majchrzak B, Kaur S, Aggarwal P, Nabet B, Bulic M, Stein BL, McMahon B, Baker DP, Fukunaga R, Altman JK, Licht JD, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Sprouty proteins are negative regulators of interferon (IFN) signaling and IFN-inducible biological responses. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42352-60. [PMID: 23074222 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) have important antiviral and antineoplastic properties, but the precise mechanisms required for generation of these responses remain to be defined. We provide evidence that during engagement of the Type I IFN receptor (IFNR), there is up-regulation of expression of Sprouty (Spry) proteins 1, 2, and 4. Our studies demonstrate that IFN-inducible up-regulation of Spry proteins is Mnk kinase-dependent and results in suppressive effects on the IFN-activated p38 MAP kinase (MAPK), the function of which is required for transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Our data establish that ISG15 mRNA expression and IFN-dependent antiviral responses are enhanced in Spry1,2,4 triple knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts, consistent with negative feedback regulatory roles for Spry proteins in IFN-mediated signaling. In other studies, we found that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Spry1, Spry2, or Spry4 promotes IFN-inducible antileukemic effects in vitro and results in enhanced suppressive effects on malignant hematopoietic progenitors from patients with polycythemia vera. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that Spry proteins are potent regulators of Type I IFN signaling and negatively control induction of Type I IFN-mediated biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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119
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Alsina FC, Ledda F, Paratcha G. New insights into the control of neurotrophic growth factor receptor signaling: implications for nervous system development and repair. J Neurochem 2012; 123:652-61. [PMID: 22994539 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic growth factors control neuronal development by activating specific receptor tyrosine kinase positive signaling pathways, such as Ras-MAPK and PI3K-Akt cascades. Once activated, neurotrophic factor receptors also trigger a cascade of molecular events, named negative receptor signaling, that restricts the intensity of the positive signals and modulates cellular behavior. Thus, to avoid signaling errors that ultimately could lead to aberrant neuronal physiology and disease, negative signaling mechanisms have evolved to ensure that suitable thresholds of neuronal stimulation are achieved and maintained during right periods of time. Recent findings have revealed that neurotrophic factor receptor signaling is tightly modulated through the coordinated action of many different protein regulators that limit or potentiate signal propagation in spatially and temporally controlled manners, acting at specific points after receptor engagement. In this review, we discuss progress in this field, highlighting the importance of these modulators in axonal growth, guidance, neural connectivity, and nervous system regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Alsina
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience Prof. Dr. E. De Robertis (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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120
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Abstract
Mutations in the SPRED1 (Sprouty-related protein with an EVH [Ena/Vasp homology] domain 1) and NF1 (neurofibromatosis 1) genes underlie clinically related human disorders. The NF1-encoded protein neurofibromin is a Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) and can directly limit Ras activity. Spred proteins also negatively regulate Ras signaling, but the mechanism by which they do so is not clear. In the July 1, 2012, issue of Genes & Development, Stowe and colleagues (pp. 1421-1426) present evidence that Spred1 recruits neurofibromin to the membrane, where it dampens growth factor-induced Ras activity, providing a satisfying explanation for the overlapping features of two human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I McClatchey
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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121
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Yue Z, Jiang TX, Wu P, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. Sprouty/FGF signaling regulates the proximal-distal feather morphology and the size of dermal papillae. Dev Biol 2012; 372:45-54. [PMID: 23000358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In a feather, there are distinct morphologies along the proximal-distal axis. The proximal part is a cylindrical stalk (calamus), whereas the distal part has barb and barbule branches. Here we focus on what molecular signaling activity can modulate feather stem cells to generate these distinct morphologies. We demonstrate the drastic tissue remodeling during feather cycling which includes initiation, growth and resting phases. In the growth phase, epithelial components undergo progressive changes from the collar growth zone to the ramogenic zone, to maturing barb branches along the proximal-distal axis. Mesenchymal components also undergo progressive changes from the dermal papilla, to the collar mesenchyme, to the pulp along the proximal-distal axis. Over-expression of Spry4, a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinases, promotes barb branch formation at the expense of the epidermal collar. It even induces barb branches from the follicle sheath (equivalent to the outer root sheath in hair follicles). The results are feathers with expanded feather vane regions and small or missing proximal feather shafts (the calamus). Spry4 also expands the pulp region while reducing the size of dermal papillae, leading to a failure to regenerate. In contrast, over-expressing Fgf10 increases the size of the dermal papillae, expands collar epithelia and mesenchyme, but also prevents feather branch formation and feather keratin differentiation. These results suggest that coordinated Sprouty/FGF pathway activity at different stages is important to modulate feather epidermal stem cells to form distinct feather morphologies along the proximal-distal feather axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicao Yue
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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122
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Jiang Z, Price CA. Differential actions of fibroblast growth factors on intracellular pathways and target gene expression in bovine ovarian granulosa cells. Reproduction 2012; 144:625-32. [PMID: 22956519 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), including FGF1, FGF4 and FGF10, alter ovarian granulosa cell function. These ligands exhibit different patterns of receptor activation, and their mechanisms of action on granulosa cells remain unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the major pathways and target genes activated by FGF1, FGF4 and FGF10 in primary oestrogenic granulosa cells cultured under serum-free conditions. FGF1 and FGF4 increased levels of mRNA encoding Sprouty family members, SPRY2 and SPRY4, and the orphan nuclear receptors NR4A1 and NR4A3. Both FGF1 and FGF4 decreased levels of mRNA encoding SPRY3 and the pro-apoptotic factor BAX. FGF1 but not FGF4 stimulated expression of the cell cycle regulator, GADD45B. In contrast, FGF10 altered the expression of none of these genes. Western blot demonstrated that FGF4 activated ERK1/2 and Akt signalling rapidly and transiently, whereas FGF10 elicited a modest and delayed activation of ERK1/2. These data show that FGF1 and FGF4 activate typical FGF signalling pathways in granulosa cells, whereas FGF10 activates atypical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, ShaanXi, China
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123
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Gadd S, Beezhold P, Jennings L, George D, Leuer K, Huang CC, Huff V, Tognon C, Sorensen PHB, Triche T, Coffin CM, Perlman EJ. Mediators of receptor tyrosine kinase activation in infantile fibrosarcoma: a Children's Oncology Group study. J Pathol 2012; 228:119-30. [PMID: 22374738 DOI: 10.1002/path.4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS; also known as cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma, CMN, when in the kidney) is a rare, undifferentiated tumour often characterized by the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcript. Our goal was to identify downstream pathways, diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for IFS/CMN. Global gene expression, reverse-phase protein array and ETV6-NTRK3 fusion analyses were performed on 14 IFS/CMN and compared with 41 other paediatric renal tumours. These analyses confirm significant receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation, with evidence of PI3-Akt, MAPK and SRC activation. In particular, GAB2 docking protein, STAT5-pTyr-694, STAT3-pSer-729 and YAP-pSer-127 were elevated, and TAZ-pSer-89 was decreased. This provides mRNA and proteomic evidence that GAB2, STAT activation and phosphorylation of the Hippo pathway transcription co-activators YAP and TAZ contribute to the RTK signal transduction in IFS/CMN. All IFS/CMN tumours displayed a distinctive gene expression pattern that may be diagnostically useful. Unexpectedly, abundant ETV6-NTRK3 transcript copies were present in only 7/14 IFS, with very low copy number in 3/14. An additional 4/14 were negative by RT-PCR and absence of ETV6-NTRK3 was confirmed by FISH for both ETV6 and NTRK3. Therefore, molecular mechanisms other than ETV6-NTRK3 fusion are responsible for the development of some IFS/CMNs and the absence of ETV6-NTRK3 fusion products should not exclude IFS/CMN as a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gadd
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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124
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Macià A, Gallel P, Vaquero M, Gou-Fabregas M, Santacana M, Maliszewska A, Robledo M, Gardiner JR, Basson MA, Matias-Guiu X, Encinas M. Sprouty1 is a candidate tumor-suppressor gene in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Oncogene 2012; 31:3961-72. [PMID: 22158037 PMCID: PMC3378485 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignancy derived from the calcitonin-producing C-cells of the thyroid gland. Oncogenic mutations of the Ret proto-oncogene are found in all heritable forms of MTC and roughly one half of the sporadic cases. However, several lines of evidence argue for the existence of additional genetic lesions necessary for the development of MTC. Sprouty (Spry) family of genes is composed of four members in mammals (Spry1-4). Some Spry family members have been proposed as candidate tumor-suppressor genes in a variety of cancerous pathologies. In this work, we show that targeted deletion of Spry1 causes C-cell hyperplasia, a precancerous lesion preceding MTC, in young adult mice. Expression of Spry1 restrains proliferation of the MTC-derived cell line, TT. Finally, we found that the Spry1 promoter is frequently methylated in MTC and that Spry1 expression is consequently decreased. These findings identify Spry1 as a candidate tumor-suppressor gene in MTC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Medullary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Medullary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA Methylation
- Female
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/genetics
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Sequence Deletion
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Macià
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Pilar Gallel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Marta Vaquero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Myriam Gou-Fabregas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Agnieszka Maliszewska
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M. Albert Basson
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King’s College London, UK
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mario Encinas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Universitat de Lleida/Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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125
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Shin EHH, Basson MA, Robinson ML, McAvoy JW, Lovicu FJ. Sprouty is a negative regulator of transforming growth factor β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cataract. Mol Med 2012; 18:861-73. [PMID: 22517312 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis affects an extensive range of organs and is increasingly acknowledged as a major component of many chronic disorders. It is now well accepted that the elevated expression of certain inflammatory cell-derived cytokines, especially transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), is involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to the pathogenesis of a diverse range of fibrotic diseases. In lens, aberrant TGFβ signaling has been shown to induce EMT leading to cataract formation. Sproutys (Sprys) are negative feedback regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-signaling pathways in many vertebrate systems, and in this study we showed that they are important in the murine lens for promoting the lens epithelial cell phenotype. Conditional deletion of Spry1 and Spry2 specifically from the lens leads to an aberrant increase in RTK-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and, surprisingly, elevated TGFβ-related signaling in lens epithelial cells, leading to an EMT and subsequent cataract formation. Conversely, increased Spry overexpression in lens cells can suppress not only TGFβ-induced signaling, but also the accompanying EMT and cataract formation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that a better understanding of the relationship between Spry and TGFβ signaling will not only elucidate the etiology of lens pathology, but will also lead to the development of treatments for other fibrotic-related diseases associated with TGFβ-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye H Shin
- Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute & Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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126
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Glisic D, Lehmann C, Figiel M, Ödemis V, Lindner R, Engele J. A novel cross-talk between endothelin and ErbB receptors controlling glutamate transporter expression in astrocytes. J Neurochem 2012; 122:844-55. [PMID: 22671705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) systems are central to the control of reactive brain processes and are thought to partly exert these tasks by endothelin-induced transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Here we show that beyond EGFR transactivation, endothelins prevent the ligand-induced internalization of the EGFR. We unravel that endothelins abrogate internalization of the EGFR by either promoting the formation of "internalization-deficient" EGFR/ErB2-heterodimers or by activating c-Abl kinase, a negative regulator of EGFR internalization. We further provide evidence that this cross-talk is operational in the control of astrocytic glutamate transport. Specifically, we establish that the inhibitory effects exerted by endothelins on basal as well as EGF-induced expression of the major astroglial glutamate transporter subtype, glutamate transporter 1, are a direct consequence of the endothelin-dependent retention of the EGFR at the cell surface. Together our findings unravel a previously unknown cross-talk between endothelin and epidermal growth factor receptors, which may have implications for a variety of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Glisic
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
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127
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Abstract
The most active vitamin D metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), is a pleiotropic hormone with wide regulatory actions. Classically, vitamin D deficiency was known to alter calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone biology. In addition, recent epidemiological and experimental studies support the association of vitamin D deficiency with a large variety of human diseases, and particularly with the high risk of colorectal cancer. By regulating the expression of many genes via several mechanisms, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induces differentiation, controls the detoxification metabolism and cell phenotype, sensitises cells to apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation of cultured human colon carcinoma cells. Consistently, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and several of its analogues decrease intestinal tumourigenesis in animal models. Molecular, genetic and clinical data in humans are scarce but they suggest that vitamin D is protective against colon cancer. Clearly, the available evidence warrants new, well-designed, large-scale trials to clarify the role of vitamin D in the prevention and/or therapy of this important neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Pereira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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128
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Fitzpatrick LE, Lisovsky A, Sefton MV. The expression of sonic hedgehog in diabetic wounds following treatment with poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) beads. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5297-307. [PMID: 22541537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The expression of native sonic hedgehog (Shh) was significantly increased in poly(methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) bead (MAA) treated wounds at day 4 compared to both poly(methyl methacrylate) bead (PMMA) treated and untreated wounds in diabetic db/db mice. MAA beads also increased the expression of the Shh transcription factor Gli3 at day 4. Previously, topical application of MAA beads (45 mol % methacrylic acid) improved wound closure and blood vessel density in excisional wounds in these mice, while PMMA beads did not. Gene expression within the granulation tissue of healing wounds was studied to provide insight into the mechanism of vessel formation and wound healing in the presence of MAA beads. In addition to the increased expression of Shh, MAA-treated wounds had increased expression of osteopontin (OPN), IL-1β and TNF-α, (at day 7) similar to the previously reported MAA response of macrophage-like and endothelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Fitzpatrick
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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129
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Abstract
Sprouty proteins are established modifiers of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling and play important roles in vasculogenesis, bone morphogenesis, and renal uteric branching. Little is understood, however, concerning possible roles for these molecular adaptors during hematopoiesis. Within erythroid lineage, Spry1 was observed to be selectively and highly expressed at CFU-e to erythroblast stages. In analyses of possible functional roles, an Mx1-Cre approach was applied to conditionally delete Spry1. At steady state, Spry1 deletion selectively perturbed erythroid development and led to reticulocytosis plus heightened splenic erythropoiesis. When challenged by hemolysis, Spry1-null mice exhibited worsened anemia and delayed recovery. During short-term marrow transplantation, Spry1-null donor marrow also failed to efficiently rescue the erythron. In each anemia model, however, hyperexpansion of erythroid progenitors was observed. Spry function depends on phosphorylation of a conserved N-terminal PY motif. Through an LC-MS/MS approach, Spry1 was discovered to be regulated via the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), with marked EPO-induced Spry1-PY53 phosphorylation observed. When EPOR signaling pathways were analyzed within Spry1-deficient erythroid progenitors, hyperactivation of not only Erk1,2 but also Jak2 was observed. Studies implicate Spry1 as a novel regulator of erythropoiesis during anemia, transducer of EPOR signals, and candidate suppressor of Jak2 activity.
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130
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Meng S, Zhang M, Pan W, Li Z, Anderson DH, Zhang S, Ge B, Wang C. Tyrosines 303/343/353 within the Sprouty-related domain of Spred2 are essential for its interaction with p85 and inhibitory effect on Ras/ERK activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:748-58. [PMID: 22305891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty-related EVH1 domain (Spred) proteins modulate growth factor receptor signaling by inhibiting the Ras/ERK pathway. In particular, the Sprouty-related domain (SPR) of Spred2 is essential for the Spred2-mediated inhibitory effect, but the molecular mechanism is largely unknown. We show here that the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a new binding partner of Spred2 via interaction with the SPR domain. Mutation of three tyrosines 303/343/353 within the SPR domain not only abolish EGF-induced p85 binding to Spred2 but also attenuate the inhibitory effect on Ras/ERK activation by Spred2. This results in increased Hela cell proliferation and neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. We further demonstrate that p85 binding to Spred2 enhances the Spred2-mediated inhibitory effect via increased Ras binding to Spred2 and decreased Spred2 ubiquitination. We also show that Spred2 constitutively associates with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) via its SPR domain and dissociates from EGFR upon EGF stimulation. Moreover, mutation of tyrosines 303/343/353 together enhances Spred2 binding to EGFR. Taken together, these results suggest critical roles of the three tyrosines 303/343/353 within the SPR domain in regulating Spred2 signaling and provide a mechanism for the SPR domain of Spred2 to mediate the inhibitory effect on the Ras/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songshu Meng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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131
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Mechanisms of vessel regression: toward an understanding of the resolution of angiogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 367:3-32. [PMID: 23224648 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Physiological angiogenesis refers to a naturally occurring process of blood vessel growth and regression, and it occurs as an integral component of tissue repair and regeneration. During wound healing, sprouting and branching results in an extensive yet immature and leaky neovascular network that ultimately resolves by systematic pruning of extraneous vessels to yield a stable, well-perfused vascular network ideally suited to maintain tissue homeostasis. While the molecular mechanisms of blood vessel growth have been explored in numerous cell and animal models in remarkable detail, the endogenous factors that prevent further angiogenesis and control vessel regression have not received much attention and are largely unknown. In this review, we introduce the relevant literature from various disciplines to fill the gaps in the current limited understanding of the major molecular and biomechanical inducers of vascular regression. The processes are described in the context of endothelial cell biology during wound healing: hypoxia-driven activation and sprouting followed by apoptosis or maturation of cells comprising the vasculature. We discuss and integrate the likely roles of a variety of endogenous factors, including oxygen availability, vessel perfusion and shear stress, intracellular negative feedback mechanisms (Spry2, vasohibin), soluble cytokines (CXCL10), matrix-binding proteins (TSP, PEDF), protein cleavage products (angiostatin, vasostatin), matrix-derived anti-angiogenic peptides (endostatin, arresten, canstatin, tumstatin), and the biomechanical properties of remodeling the extra-cellular matrix itself. These factors aid in the spatio-temporal control of blood vessel pruning by inducing specific anti-angiogenic signaling pathways in activated endothelial cells, pathways which compete with pro-angiogenic and maturation signals in the resolving wound. Gaining more insight into these mechanisms is bound to shed light on unresolved questions regarding scar formation, tissue regeneration, and increase our understanding of the many diseases with angiogenic phenotypes, especially cancer.
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Tissue-specific expression of Sprouty1 in mice protects against high-fat diet-induced fat accumulation, bone loss and metabolic dysfunction. Br J Nutr 2011; 108:1025-33. [PMID: 22142492 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511006209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We recently characterised Sprouty1 (Spry1), a growth factor signalling inhibitor as a regulator of marrow progenitor cells promoting osteoblast differentiation at the expense of adipocytes. Adipose tissue-specific Spry1 expression in mice resulted in increased bone mass and reduced body fat, while conditional knockout of Spry1 had the opposite effect with decreased bone mass and increased body fat. Because Spry1 suppresses normal fat development, we tested the hypothesis that Spry1 expression prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity, bone loss and associated lipid abnormalities, and demonstrate that Spry1 has a long-term protective effect on mice fed a high-energy diet. We studied diet-induced obesity in mice with fatty acid binding promoter-driven expression or conditional knockout of Spry1 in adipocytes. Phenotyping was performed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, microCT, histology and blood analysis. In conditional Spry1-null mice, a high-fat diet increased body fat by 40 %, impaired glucose regulation and led to liver steatosis. However, overexpression of Spry1 led to 35 % (P < 0·05) lower body fat, reduced bone loss and normal metabolic function compared with single transgenics. This protective phenotype was associated with decreased circulating insulin (70 %) and leptin (54 %; P < 0·005) compared with controls on a high-fat diet. Additionally, Spry1 expression decreased adipose tissue inflammation by 45 %. We show that conditional Spry1 expression in adipose tissue protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity and associated bone loss.
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Imamura M, Iwata M, Maegawa H, Watada H, Hirose H, Tanaka Y, Tobe K, Kaku K, Kashiwagi A, Kawamori R, Nakamura Y, Maeda S. Genetic variants at CDC123/CAMK1D and SPRY2 are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Diabetologia 2011; 54:3071-7. [PMID: 21909839 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recently, rs10906115 in CDC123/CAMK1D, rs1359790 near SPRY2, rs1436955 in C2CD4A/C2CD4B and rs10751301 in ODZ4 were identified as genetic risk variants for type 2 diabetes by a genome-wide association study in a Chinese population. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the role of these four variants in conferring susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. METHODS We genotyped 11,530 Japanese individuals (8,552 type 2 diabetes cases, 2,978 controls) for the above single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and used logistic regression analysis to determine whether they were associated with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS In accordance with the findings in a Chinese population, rs10906115 A, rs1359790 C and rs1436955 G were found to be risk alleles. Both rs10906115 and rs1359790 were significantly associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in our study (rs10906115 OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08, 1.22; p = 6.10 × 10(-6); rs1359790 OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06, 1.21; p = 2.24 × 10(-4)). Adjustment for age, sex and BMI had no significant effects on the association between these variants and the disease. We did not observe any significant associations between the SNPs and any metabolic traits, e.g. BMI, fasting plasma glucose (determined for 1,332 controls), HOMA of beta cell function (900 controls) and HOMA of insulin resistance (900 controls; p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The SNPs rs10906115 A and rs1359790 C are significantly associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population, confirming that these alleles are common susceptibility variants for type 2 diabetes in East Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imamura
- Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Lee BH, Kim JM, Jin HY, Kim GH, Choi JH, Yoo HW. Spectrum of mutations in Noonan syndrome and their correlation with phenotypes. J Pediatr 2011; 159:1029-35. [PMID: 21784453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate mutation spectrums and their correlations to phenotypes in Noonan syndrome (NS) and NS-related disorders that share functional alterations of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. STUDY DESIGN Clinical characteristics and genotypes of 10 previously known and 2 candidate genes, SPRY1-4 and SPRED1, were investigated in 59 patients with NS, 17 with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, 5 with Costello syndrome, and 2 with LEOPARD syndrome. RESULTS PTPN11 (39.0%), SOS1 (20.3%), RAF1 (6.8%), KRAS (5.1%), and BRAF (1.7%) mutations were identified in NS; BRAF (41.2%), SHOC2 (23.5%), and MEK1 (5.9%) mutations in cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome; and HRAS and PTPN11 mutations in Costello syndrome and LEOPARD syndrome, respectively. No additional mutations were identified in 28.9% of NS and 35.3% of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome. Functional characterizations of 2 RAF1 novel variants, p.P261T and p.S259T, and one SOS1 variant, p.K170E, showed enhanced activity of Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Normal stature was frequent in SOS1 mutations, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in RAF1, and developmental delay in RAF1, BRAF, or SHOC2 mutations. CONCLUSIONS By identifying genotype-phenotype correlations, our study highlights the role of molecular genetic testing in the process of differential diagnosis of NS and NS-related disorders. Pathophysiologies that underlie these correlations are needed to be investigated in terms of their effects on Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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135
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Lai WT, Krishnappa V, Phinney DG. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2) inhibits differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by inducing Twist2 and Spry4, blocking extracellular regulated kinase activation, and altering Fgf receptor expression levels. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1102-11. [PMID: 21608080 DOI: 10.1002/stem.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to differentiate into connective tissue lineages but intracellular signaling pathways that maintain cells in an undifferentiated state remain largely unexplored. Previously, we reported that fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2) reversibly inhibited multilineage differentiation of primary mouse MSCs and now identify a unique compliment of signaling proteins that are dynamically regulated by this mitogen and whose expression levels are strongly correlated with inhibition of cell differentiation. Fgf2 selectively induced expression of Twist2 and Sprouty4 (Spry4) and repressed expression of soluble frizzled related receptor 2 (Sfrp2), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and peroxisome proliferation activated receptor gamma (Pparg). In contrast, Wnt3a induced expression of Twist but not Twist2 or Spry4 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) failed to alter expression of all three genes. Moreover, pretreatment of MSCs with Fgf2 delayed extracellular regulated kinase 1 (Erk1) and Erk2 phosphorylation and repressed bone-specific gene expression during an osteoinduction time course. Alternatively, pretreatment with Wnt3a had no effect, whereas Bmp2 pretreatment augmented Erk1/2 activation and bone-specific gene expression. Fgf2 also induced expression of Fgf receptor 1 (Fgfr1) and Fgfr4 and repressed Fgfr2 and Fgfr3 expression in MSCs, whereas Wnt3a and Bmp2 had the opposite effect. Finally, immunostaining revealed that Twist and Spry4 were coexpressed in MSCs and that Fgf2 treatment altered their subcellular distribution in a manner consistent with their mode of action. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that inhibition of mouse MSC differentiation by Fgf2 is strongly correlated with upregulation of Twist2 and Spry4 and suppression of Erk1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tzu Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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136
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Patel-Hett S, D'Amore PA. Signal transduction in vasculogenesis and developmental angiogenesis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 55:353-63. [PMID: 21732275 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.103213sp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature is a highly specialized organ that functions in a number of key physiological tasks including the transport of oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Formation of the vascular system is an essential and rate-limiting step in development and occurs primarily through two main mechanisms, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Both vasculogenesis, the de novo formation of vessels, and angiogenesis, the growth of new vessels from pre-existing vessels by sprouting, are complex processes that are mediated by the precise coordination of multiple cell types to form and remodel the vascular system. A host of signaling molecules and their interaction with specific receptors are central to activating and modulating vessel formation. This review article summarizes the current state of research involving signaling molecules that have been demonstrated to function in the regulation of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, as well as molecules known to play a role in vessel maturation, hypoxia-driven angiogenesis and arterial-venous specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Patel-Hett
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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137
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Anderson K, Nordquist KA, Gao X, Hicks KC, Zhai B, Gygi SP, Patel TB. Regulation of cellular levels of Sprouty2 protein by prolyl hydroxylase domain and von Hippel-Lindau proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42027-42036. [PMID: 22006925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.303222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty (Spry) proteins modulate the actions of receptor tyrosine kinases during development and tumorigenesis. Decreases in cellular levels of Spry, especially Sprouty2 (Spry2), have been implicated in the growth and progression of tumors of the breast, prostate, lung, and liver. During development and tumor growth, cells experience hypoxia. Therefore, we investigated how hypoxia modulates the levels of Spry proteins. Hypoxia elevated the levels of all four expressed Spry isoforms in HeLa cells. Amounts of endogenous Spry2 in LS147T and HEP3B cells were also elevated by hypoxia. Using Spry2 as a prototype, we demonstrate that silencing and expression of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins (PHD1-3) increase and decrease, respectively, the cellular content of Spry2. Spry2 also preferentially interacted with PHD1-3 and von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL) during normoxia but not in hypoxia. Additionally, Spry2 is hydroxylated on Pro residues 18, 144, and 160, and substitution of these residues with Ala enhanced stability of Spry2 and abrogated its interactions with pVHL. Silencing of pVHL increased levels of Spry2 by decreasing its ubiquitylation and degradation and thereby augmented the ability of Spry2 to inhibit FGF-elicited activation of ERK1/2. Thus, prolyl hydroxylase mediated hydroxylation and subsequent pVHL-elicited ubiquitylation of Spry2 target it for degradation and, consequently, provide a novel mechanism of regulating growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Anderson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Kyle A Nordquist
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Institute of Signal Transduction, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Xianlong Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Institute of Signal Transduction, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Kristin C Hicks
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
| | - Bo Zhai
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Tarun B Patel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Institute of Signal Transduction, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153.
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Sirivatanauksorn Y, Sirivatanauksorn V, Srisawat C, Khongmanee A, Tongkham C. Differential expression of sprouty genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2011; 105:273-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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139
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Abstract
FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) and their receptors (FGFRs) play essential roles in tightly regulating cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation during development and adult life. Deregulation of FGFR signalling, on the other hand, has been associated with many developmental syndromes, and with human cancer. In cancer, FGFRs have been found to become overactivated by several mechanisms, including gene amplification, chromosomal translocation and mutations. FGFR alterations are detected in a variety of human cancers, such as breast, bladder, prostate, endometrial and lung cancers, as well as haematological malignancies. Accumulating evidence indicates that FGFs and FGFRs may act in an oncogenic fashion to promote multiple steps of cancer progression by inducing mitogenic and survival signals, as well as promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and tumour angiogenesis. Therapeutic strategies targeting FGFs and FGFRs in human cancer are therefore currently being explored. In the present review we will give an overview of FGF signalling, the main FGFR alterations found in human cancer to date, how they may contribute to specific cancer types and strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that chronic exposure to arsenite, nickel, chromium and cadmium increases cancer incidence in individuals, the molecular mechanisms underlying their ability to transform cells remain largely unknown. Carcinogenic metals are typically weak mutagens, suggesting that genetic-based mechanisms may not be primarily responsible for metal-induced carcinogenesis. Growing evidence shows that environmental metal exposure involves changes in epigenetic marks, which may lead to a possible link between heritable changes in gene expression and disease susceptibility and development. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of metal exposure affecting epigenetic marks and discuss establishment of heritable gene expression in metal-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martinez-Zamudio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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141
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Kilpeläinen TO, Zillikens MC, Stančáková A, Finucane FM, Ried JS, Langenberg C, Zhang W, Beckmann JS, Luan J, Vandenput L, Styrkarsdottir U, Zhou Y, Smith AV, Zhao JH, Amin N, Vedantam S, Shin SY, Haritunians T, Fu M, Feitosa MF, Kumari M, Halldorsson BV, Tikkanen E, Mangino M, Hayward C, Song C, Arnold AM, Aulchenko YS, Oostra BA, Campbell H, Cupples LA, Davis KE, Döring A, Eiriksdottir G, Estrada K, Fernández-Real JM, Garcia M, Gieger C, Glazer NL, Guiducci C, Hofman A, Humphries SE, Isomaa B, Jacobs LC, Jula A, Karasik D, Karlsson MK, Khaw KT, Kim LJ, Kivimäki M, Klopp N, Kühnel B, Kuusisto J, Liu Y, Ljunggren Ö, Lorentzon M, Luben RN, McKnight B, Mellström D, Mitchell BD, Mooser V, Moreno JM, Männistö S, O’Connell JR, Pascoe L, Peltonen L, Peral B, Perola M, Psaty BM, Salomaa V, Savage DB, Semple RK, Skaric-Juric T, Sigurdsson G, Song KS, Spector TD, Syvänen AC, Talmud PJ, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Vidal-Puig A, Wild SH, Wright AF, Clegg DJ, Schadt E, Wilson JF, Rudan I, Ripatti S, Borecki IB, Shuldiner AR, Ingelsson E, Jansson JO, Kaplan RC, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Groop L, Kiel DP, Rivadeneira F, Walker M, Barroso I, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Soranzo N, Hirschhorn JN, Stefansson K, Wichmann HE, Ohlsson C, O’Rahilly S, Wareham NJ, Speliotes EK, Fox CS, Laakso M, Loos RJF. Genetic variation near IRS1 associates with reduced adiposity and an impaired metabolic profile. Nat Genet 2011; 43:753-60. [PMID: 21706003 PMCID: PMC3262230 DOI: 10.1038/ng.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified 32 loci influencing body mass index, but this measure does not distinguish lean from fat mass. To identify adiposity loci, we meta-analyzed associations between ∼2.5 million SNPs and body fat percentage from 36,626 individuals and followed up the 14 most significant (P < 10(-6)) independent loci in 39,576 individuals. We confirmed a previously established adiposity locus in FTO (P = 3 × 10(-26)) and identified two new loci associated with body fat percentage, one near IRS1 (P = 4 × 10(-11)) and one near SPRY2 (P = 3 × 10(-8)). Both loci contain genes with potential links to adipocyte physiology. Notably, the body-fat-decreasing allele near IRS1 is associated with decreased IRS1 expression and with an impaired metabolic profile, including an increased visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, risk of diabetes and coronary artery disease and decreased adiponectin levels. Our findings provide new insights into adiposity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Francis M Finucane
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Janina S Ried
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian’an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Yanhua Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Heart Preventive Clinic and Research Institute, IS-201 Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Jing-Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - So Youn Shin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Mao Fu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Meena Kumari
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology, UCL, London, WC1E6 BT, UK
| | - Bjarni V Halldorsson
- deCODE Genetics, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alice M Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Yurii S Aulchenko
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts 01702-5827, USA
| | - Kathryn E Davis
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8854, USA
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gudny Eiriksdottir
- Icelandic Heart Association, Heart Preventive Clinic and Research Institute, IS-201 Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomédica de Girona, CIBEROBN (CB06/03/0010), 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole L Glazer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Candace Guiducci
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, 68601 Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Leonie C Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Antti Jula
- Population Studies Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
| | - Magnus K Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics, Malmö University Hospital, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Lauren J Kim
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Norman Klopp
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Östen Ljunggren
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Genetic, R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Philadelphia 19406, USA
| | - José Maria Moreno
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomédica de Girona, CIBEROBN (CB06/03/0010), 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Satu Männistö
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffery R O’Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Laura Pascoe
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle, UK
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Belén Peral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David B Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Gunnar Sigurdsson
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kijoung S Song
- Genetic, R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Philadelphia 19406, USA
| | | | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philippa J Talmud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- NGI, Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB), Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sarah H Wild
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8854, USA
| | - Eric Schadt
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California 94025-1451, USA
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - James F Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split 21000, Croatia
- Gen Info Ltd, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Heart Preventive Clinic and Research Institute, IS-201 Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA
| | - Leif Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), The Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Walker
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, Newcastle, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd., London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology and Program in Genomics, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Sturlugata 8, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and Klinikum Großhadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth K Speliotes
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 01702, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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142
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Jiang ZL, Ripamonte P, Buratini J, Portela VM, Price CA. Fibroblast growth factor-2 regulation of Sprouty and NR4A genes in bovine ovarian granulosa cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1820-7. [PMID: 21506113 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) alter ovarian function, at least in part by inhibiting steroid hormone secretion and affecting survival of granulosa cells. The mechanism of action of FGFs in ovarian follicle cells is largely unknown; in the present study we identified the major pathways used by FGF2 in non-luteinizing granulosa cells cultured under serum-free conditions. FGF2 increased abundance of mRNA encoding SPRY1, 2, and 4, but not SPRY3. Common pathways employed by FGF2 in the regulation of SPRY1, 2, and 4, as demonstrated by immunoblot and inhibitor studies, included ERK1/2 and Akt signaling. In contrast, PKC activation was necessary for FGF2-stimulated expression of SPRY1 and 4, but not for SPRY2. Intracellular calcium flux is critical and sufficient for SPRY2 expression, but not for SPRY1 and 4. We also identified the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 as a potential early response gene in FGF2 signaling, whose expression, like that of SPRY2, is critically dependent on calcium signaling. Together, these data identify FGF2-target genes in follicular granulosa cells, and demonstrate alternative pathway use for the differential control of SPRY genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwestern A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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143
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Zhuang L, Villiger P, Trueb B. Interaction of the receptor FGFRL1 with the negative regulator Spred1. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1496-504. [PMID: 21616146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
FGFRL1 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family. It plays an essential role during branching morphogenesis of the metanephric kidneys, as mice with a targeted deletion of the Fgfrl1 gene show severe kidney dysplasia. Here we used the yeast two-hybrid system to demonstrate that FGFRL1 binds with its C-terminal, histidine-rich domain to Spred1 and to other proteins of the Sprouty/Spred family. Members of this family are known to act as negative regulators of the Ras/Raf/Erk signaling pathway. Truncation experiments further showed that FGFRL1 interacts with the SPR domain of Spred1, a domain that is shared by all members of the Sprouty/Spred family. The interaction could be verified by coprecipitation of the interaction partners from solution and by codistribution at the cell membrane of COS1 and HEK293 cells. Interestingly, Spred1 increased the retention time of FGFRL1 at the plasma membrane where the receptor might interact with ligands. FGFRL1 and members of the Sprouty/Spred family belong to the FGF synexpression group, which also includes FGF3, FGF8, Sef and Isthmin. It is conceivable that FGFRL1, Sef and some Sprouty/Spred proteins work in concert to control growth factor signaling during branching morphogenesis of the kidneys and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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144
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Das M, Garlick DS, Greiner DL, Davis RJ. The role of JNK in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes Dev 2011; 25:634-45. [PMID: 21406557 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1989311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cJun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway has been implicated in the growth of carcinogen-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanism that accounts for JNK-regulated tumor growth is unclear. Here we demonstrate that compound deficiency of the two ubiquitously expressed JNK isoforms (JNK1 and JNK2) in hepatocytes does not prevent hepatocellular carcinoma development. Indeed, JNK deficiency in hepatocytes increased the tumor burden. In contrast, compound JNK deficiency in hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells reduced both hepatic inflammation and tumorigenesis. These data indicate that JNK plays a dual role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. JNK promotes an inflammatory hepatic environment that supports tumor development, but also functions in hepatocytes to reduce tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Das
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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145
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Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011; 144:646-74. [PMID: 21376230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44305] [Impact Index Per Article: 3408.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the "tumor microenvironment." Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Hanahan
- The Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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146
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Yang X, Gong Y, Friesel R. Spry1 is expressed in hemangioblasts and negatively regulates primitive hematopoiesis and endothelial cell function. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18374. [PMID: 21483770 PMCID: PMC3069969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of the hematopoietic and endothelial lineages derives from a common mesodermal precursor, the Flk1(+) hemangioblast. However, the signaling pathways that regulate the development of hematopoietic and endothelial cells from this common progenitor cell remains incompletely understood. Using mouse models with a conditional Spry1 transgene, and a Spry1 knockout mouse, we investigated the role of Spry1 in the development of the endothelial and hematopoietic lineages during development. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrates that Spry1, Spry2, and Spry4 are expressed in Flk1(+) hemangioblasts in vivo, and decline significantly in c-Kit(+) and CD41(+) hematopoietic progenitors, while expression is maintained in developing endothelial cells. Tie2-Cre-mediated over-expression of Spry1 results in embryonic lethality. At E9.5 Spry1;Tie2-Cre embryos show near normal endothelial cell development and vessel patterning but have reduced hematopoiesis. FACS analysis shows a reduction of primitive hematopoietic progenitors and erythroblastic cells in Spry1;Tie2-Cre embryos compared to controls. Colony forming assays confirm the hematopoietic defects in Spry1;Tie2-Cre transgenic embryos. Immunostaining shows a significant reduction of CD41 or CD71 and dpERK co-stained cells in Spry1;Tie2-Cre embryos compared to controls, whereas the number of VEC(+) and dpERK co-stained cells is comparable. Compared to controls, Spry1;Tie2-Cre embryos also show a decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. Furthermore, loss of Spry1 results in an increase of CD41(+) and CD71(+) cells at E9.5 compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data indicate that primitive hematopoietic cells derive from Tie2-expressing hemangioblasts and that Spry1 over expression inhibits primitive hematopoietic progenitor and erythroblastic cell development and expansion while having no obvious effect on endothelial cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Yan Gong
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
| | - Robert Friesel
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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147
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Moura RS, Coutinho-Borges JP, Pacheco AP, Damota PO, Correia-Pinto J. FGF signaling pathway in the developing chick lung: expression and inhibition studies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17660. [PMID: 21412430 PMCID: PMC3055888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are essential key players during embryonic development. Through their specific cognate receptors (FGFR) they activate intracellular cascades, finely regulated by modulators such as Sprouty. Several FGF ligands (FGF1, 2, 7, 9, 10 and 18) signaling through the four known FGFRs, have been implicated in lung morphogenesis. Although much is known about mammalian lung, so far, the avian model has not been explored for lung studies. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we provide the first description of fgf10, fgfr1-4 and spry2 expression patterns in early stages of chick lung development by in situ hybridization and observe that they are expressed similarly to their mammalian counterparts. Furthermore, aiming to determine a role for FGF signaling in chick lung development, in vitro FGFR inhibition studies were performed. Lung explants treated with an FGF receptor antagonist (SU5402) presented an impairment of secondary branch formation after 48 h of culture; moreover, abnormal lung growth with a cystic appearance of secondary bronchi and reduction of the mesenchymal tissue was observed. Branching and morphometric analysis of lung explants confirmed that FGFR inhibition impaired branching morphogenesis and induced a significant reduction of the mesenchyme. Conclusions/Significance This work demonstrates that FGFRs are essential for the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that determine epithelial branching and mesenchymal growth and validate the avian embryo as a good model for pulmonary studies, namely to explore the FGF pathway as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute S Moura
- School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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148
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Matallanas D, Birtwistle M, Romano D, Zebisch A, Rauch J, von Kriegsheim A, Kolch W. Raf family kinases: old dogs have learned new tricks. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:232-60. [PMID: 21779496 PMCID: PMC3128629 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911407323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
First identified in the early 1980s as retroviral oncogenes, the Raf proteins have been the objects of intense research. The discoveries 10 years later that the Raf family members (Raf-1, B-Raf, and A-Raf) are bona fide Ras effectors and upstream activators of the ubiquitous ERK pathway increased the interest in these proteins primarily because of the central role that this cascade plays in cancer development. The important role of Raf in cancer was corroborated in 2002 with the discovery of B-Raf genetic mutations in a large number of tumors. This led to intensified drug development efforts to target Raf signaling in cancer. This work yielded not only recent clinical successes but also surprising insights into the regulation of Raf proteins by homodimerization and heterodimerization. Surprising insights also came from the hunt for new Raf targets. Although MEK remains the only widely accepted Raf substrate, new kinase-independent roles for Raf proteins have emerged. These include the regulation of apoptosis by suppressing the activity of the proapoptotic kinases, ASK1 and MST2, and the regulation of cell motility and differentiation by controlling the activity of Rok-α. In this review, we discuss the regulation of Raf proteins and their role in cancer, with special focus on the interacting proteins that modulate Raf signaling. We also describe the new pathways controlled by Raf proteins and summarize the successes and failures in the development of efficient anticancer therapies targeting Raf. Finally, we also argue for the necessity of more systemic approaches to obtain a better understanding of how the Ras-Raf signaling network generates biological specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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149
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Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 limit both the size of the otic placode and hindbrain Wnt8a by antagonizing FGF signaling. Dev Biol 2011; 353:94-104. [PMID: 21362415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple signaling molecules, including Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Wnt, induce two patches of ectoderm on either side of the hindbrain to form the progenitor cell population for the inner ear, or otic placode. Here we report that in Spry1, Spry2 compound mutant embryos (Spry1⁻/⁻; Spry2⁻/⁻ embryos), the otic placode is increased in size. We demonstrate that the otic placode is larger due to the recruitment of cells, normally destined to become cranial epidermis, into the otic domain. The enlargement of the otic placode observed in Spry1⁻/⁻; Spry2⁻/⁻ embryos is preceded by an expansion of a Wnt8a expression domain in the adjacent hindbrain. We demonstrate that both the enlargement of the otic placode and the expansion of the Wnt8a expression domain can be rescued in Spry1⁻/⁻; Spry2⁻/⁻ embryos by reducing the gene dosage of Fgf10. Our results define a FGF-responsive window during which cells can be continually recruited into the otic domain and uncover SPRY regulation of the size of a putative Wnt inductive center.
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150
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García-Domínguez CA, Martínez N, Gragera T, Pérez-Rodríguez A, Retana D, León G, Sánchez A, Oliva JL, Pérez-Sala D, Rojas JM. Sprouty2 and Spred1-2 proteins inhibit the activation of the ERK pathway elicited by cyclopentenone prostanoids. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16787. [PMID: 21364986 PMCID: PMC3043057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty and Spred proteins have been widely implicated in the negative regulation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor-extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. In considering the functional role of these proteins, we explored their effects on ERK activation induced by cyclopentenone prostanoids, which bind to and activate Ras proteins. We therefore found that ectopic overexpression in HeLa cells of human Sprouty2, or human Spred1 or 2, inhibits ERK1/2 and Elk-1 activation triggered by the cyclopentenone prostanoids PGA1 and 15d-PGJ2. Furthermore, we found that in HT cells that do not express Sprouty2 due to hypermethylation of its gene-promoter, PGA1-provoked ERK activation was more intense and sustained compared to other hematopoietic cell lines with unaltered Sprouty2 expression. Cyclopentenone prostanoids did not induce Sprouty2 tyrosine phosphorylation, in agreement with its incapability to activate tyrosine-kinase receptors. However, Sprouty2 Y55F, which acts as a defective mutant upon tyrosine-kinase receptor stimulation, did not inhibit cyclopentenone prostanoids-elicited ERK pathway activation. In addition, Sprouty2 did not affect the Ras-GTP levels promoted by cyclopentenone prostanoids. These results unveil both common and differential features in the activation of Ras-dependent pathways by cyclopentenone prostanoids and growth factors. Moreover, they provide the first evidence that Sprouty and Spred proteins are negative regulators of the ERK/Elk-1 pathway activation induced not only by growth-factors, but also by reactive lipidic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota A. García-Domínguez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Martínez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Gragera
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Pérez-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Retana
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Sánchez
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Oliva
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Departamento de Biología Físico-Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Unidad de Biología Celular, Área de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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