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Moodie N, Ward J, Dudgeon P, Adams K, Altman J, Casey D, Cripps K, Davis M, Derry K, Eades S, Faulkner S, Hunt J, Klein E, McDonnell S, Ring I, Sutherland S, Yap M. Roadmap to recovery: Reporting on a research taskforce supporting Indigenous responses to COVID-19 in Australia. THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2021; 56:4-16. [PMID: 33041398 PMCID: PMC7537170 DOI: 10.1002/ajs4.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In April 2020 a Group of Eight Taskforce was convened, consisting of over 100 researchers, to provide independent, research-based recommendations to the Commonwealth Government on a "Roadmap to Recovery" from COVID-19. The report covered issues ranging from pandemic control and relaxation of social distancing measures, to well-being and special considerations for vulnerable populations. Our work focused on the critical needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities; this paper presents an overview of our recommendations to the Roadmap report. In addressing the global challenges posed by pandemics for citizens around the world, Indigenous people are recognised as highly vulnerable. At the time of writing Australia's First Nations Peoples have been largely spared from COVID-19 in comparison to other Indigenous populations globally. Our recommendations emphasise self-determination and equitable needs-based funding to support Indigenous communities to recover from COVID-19, addressing persistent overcrowded housing, and a focus on workforce, especially for regional and remote communities. These latter two issues have been highlighted as major issues of risk for Indigenous communities in Australia It remains to be seen how governments across Australia take up these recommendations to support Indigenous peoples' health and healing journey through yet another, potentially catastrophic, health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Moodie
- Faculty of ArtsThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - James Ward
- School of Public HealthThe University of QueenslandHerstonQldAustralia
| | | | - Karen Adams
- Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVic.Australia
| | - Jon Altman
- Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Dawn Casey
- National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health OrganisationBraddonACTAustralia
| | | | - Megan Davis
- University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Kate Derry
- The University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Sandra Eades
- Curtin Medical SchoolCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
| | | | - Janet Hunt
- Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Elise Klein
- Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | | | - Ian Ring
- James Cook UniversityTownsvilleQldAustralia
| | | | - Mandy Yap
- Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy ResearchThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
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Miconi D, Li ZY, Frounfelker RL, Venkatesh V, Rousseau C. Socio-cultural correlates of self-reported experiences of discrimination related to COVID-19 in a culturally diverse sample of Canadian adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS : IJIR 2021; 81:176-192. [PMID: 36540669 PMCID: PMC9754949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Minorities and marginalized groups have increasingly become the target of discriminatory actions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Detailed information about the manifestation of COVID-related discrimination is required to develop preventive actions that are not stigmatizing for such groups. The present study investigates experiences of perceived discrimination related to COVID-19 and its socio-cultural correlates in a culturally diverse sample of adults in Quebec (Canada). An online survey was completed by 3273 Quebec residents (49 % 18-39 years old; 57 % female; 49 % White). We used multivariate binomial logistic regression models to assess prevalence of COVID-related discrimination and to investigate socio-cultural correlates of reasons and contexts of discrimination. COVID-related discrimination was reported by 16.58 % of participants. Non-white participants, health-care workers and younger participants were more likely to experience discrimination than White, unemployed and older participants, respectively. Discrimination was reported primarily in association with participants' ethno-cultural group, age, occupation and physical health and in the context of public spaces. Participants of East-Asian descent and essential workers were more likely to report discrimination because of their ethnicity and occupation, respectively. Although young people experienced discrimination across more contexts, older participants were primarily discriminated in the context of grocery stores and because of their age. Our findings indicate that health communication actions informed by a social pedagogy approach should target public beliefs related to the association of COVID-19 with ethnicity, age and occupation, to minimize pandemic-related discrimination. Visible minorities, health-care workers and seniors should be protected and supported, especially in public spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Miconi
- Division of Social and Cultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhi Yin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | | | - Vivek Venkatesh
- UNESCO co-Chair in Prevention of Radicalisation and Violent Extremism, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Cultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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YORGUNER N, BULUT NS, AKVARDAR Y. An Analysis of the Psychosocial Challenges Faced by the University Students During COVID-19 Pandemic, and the Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Toward the Disease. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2021; 58:3-10. [PMID: 33795945 PMCID: PMC7980717 DOI: 10.29399/npa.27503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aims of the present study were 1) to identify the major psychosocial challenges faced by students of a university in Istanbul, during the initial period of the COVID-19 outbreak, 2) to assess how these interacted with their level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 and the related health measures in place. METHODS As part of an international research, a total of 2583 university students from Istanbul participated in an online survey, which included questions in several domains including their studies and daily life before and after the outbreak, their concerns and worries about the pandemic, their level of knowledge on COVID-19, their views on the policies implemented by the government and their institution, their attitude and practices toward the protective measures. RESULTS Majority of the students reported to suffer from financial adversities due to the outbreak. The closure of residential facilities and the cancellation of face-to-face lectures resulted in the vast majority of the students moving back to their family home. Their daily routines were largely replaced by individual home activities, and social interactions shifted almost totally to digital platforms. They also reported high levels of anxiety and worries concerning a wide range of the possible detrimental outcomes of COVID-19, which were in close association with their knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards the disease, as well as their adherence to the policy measures and their satisfaction with the policies of the government. CONCLUSION These results may help policymakers in better understanding the psychosocial impacts of COVID-19 on the life of university students, and to develop more comprehensive strategies to address their multifaceted struggles, as well as to improve their compliance with the health measures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neşe YORGUNER
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
- Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Necati Serkut BULUT
- Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yıldız AKVARDAR
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
- Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
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104
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Gronholm PC, Nosé M, van Brakel WH, Eaton J, Ebenso B, Fiekert K, Milenova M, Sunkel C, Barbui C, Thornicroft G. Reducing stigma and discrimination associated with COVID-19: early stage pandemic rapid review and practical recommendations. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2021; 30:e15. [PMID: 33504412 PMCID: PMC7884669 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796021000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To develop recommendations for strategies and interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), through reviewing and synthesising evidence in relation to COVID-19 and other disease outbreaks and infectious/stigmatised conditions from systematic reviews and primary studies and recommendations from additional materials. METHODS Rapid review, drawing on the World Health Organization's (WHO) methodology for developing interim guidelines during health emergencies. PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central and Campbell Collaboration searched up to mid-April 2020. Searches were supplemented by reference-searching and expert recommendations. Searches were designed to identify: (1) systematic reviews (<10 years), or (2) primary intervention studies (no date limit) reporting evidence on anti-stigma interventions (in relation to COVID-19 or other infectious/stigmatised conditions) or (3) additional relevant materials. Data were extracted on population, intervention, outcome and results. These data were compiled into evidence summary tables and narrative overviews. Recommendations on strategies for COVID-19 stigma-reduction were developed using the WHO 'Evidence to Decision' framework approach. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42020177677). RESULTS The searches identified a total of 4150 potentially relevant records, from which 12 systematic reviews and 29 additional articles were included. Overarching considerations and specific recommendations focus on: (1) language/words used in relation to COVID-19 and affected people; (2) media/journalistic practices; (3) public health interventions; (4) targeted public health interventions for key groups and (5) involving communities and key stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS These recommendations represent the first consolidated evidence-based guidance on stigma and discrimination reduction in relation to COVID-19. Mitigating the impact of stigma is critical in reducing distress and negative experiences, and strengthening communities' resolve to work together during exceptional circumstances. Ultimately, reducing stigma helps addressing structural inequalities that drive marginalisation and exacerbate both health risks and the impact of stigma. Administrations and decision makers are urged to consider integrating these recommendations into the ongoing COVID-19 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. C. Gronholm
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Global Mental Health and Centre for Implementation Science, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M. Nosé
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health and Service Evaluation; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences; Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - J. Eaton
- CBM Global, and Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - B. Ebenso
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - K. Fiekert
- KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - M. Milenova
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Global Mental Health and Centre for Implementation Science, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C. Sunkel
- Global Mental Health Peer Network, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - C. Barbui
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Mental Health and Service Evaluation; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences; Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - G. Thornicroft
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Global Mental Health and Centre for Implementation Science, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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105
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Sloan M, Gordon C, Lever E, Harwood R, Bosley MA, Pilling M, Brimicombe J, Naughton F, Blane M, Walia C, D’Cruz D. COVID-19 and shielding: experiences of UK patients with lupus and related diseases. Rheumatol Adv Pract 2021; 5:rkab003. [PMID: 33728396 PMCID: PMC7928599 DOI: 10.1093/rap/rkab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The shielding guidance in the UK for the clinically extremely vulnerable (CEV) commenced on 23 March 2020 in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of the pandemic and shielding on patients with lupus and related systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs). METHODS This was a mixed-methods cohort study (n = 111) including pre-lockdown baseline surveys (March 2020), follow-up surveys (June 2020) and in-depth interviews during July 2020 (n = 25). RESULTS Most participants had a high level of anxiety regarding their mortality risk from COVID-19 and supported the concept of shielding. Shielding allocations and communications were perceived as inconsistently applied and delivered. More than half of those not classified as CEV reported feeling abandoned, at increased risk and with no support. Shielding communications increased feelings of being 'cared about', but also increased fear, and the 'vulnerable' labelling was perceived by some to damage social and self-identity. More than 80% of those classified as CEV stated that the classification and subsequent communications had changed their social-mixing behaviour. Despite many negative impacts of COVID-19 and shielding/lockdown being identified, including isolation, fear and reduced medical care, the quantitative data during the pandemic showed increases in most measures of wellbeing (which was low at both time points) from pre-lockdown, including reductions in the impact of fatigue and pain (P-values < 0.001). CONCLUSION Shielding classifications and communications were, in general, viewed positively, although they were perceived as inconsistently delivered and anxiety-provoking by some participants. More frequent positively framed communication and wellbeing support could benefit all SARD patients. Slower-paced lockdown lifestyles might confer health/wellbeing benefits for some people with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sloan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge
| | - Caroline Gordon
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Elliott Lever
- Rheumatology Department, Northwick Park Hospital, London
| | - Rupert Harwood
- Patient and Public Involvement in Lupus Research Group, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Michael A Bosley
- Patient and Public Involvement in Lupus Research Group, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | - Mark Pilling
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge
| | - James Brimicombe
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge
| | - Felix Naughton
- Behavioural and Implementation Science Group, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich
| | - Moira Blane
- Patient and Public Involvement in Lupus Research Group, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
| | | | - David D’Cruz
- The Louise Coote Lupus unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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106
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Kang E, Lee SY, Kim MS, Jung H, Kim KH, Kim KN, Park HY, Lee YJ, Cho B, Sohn JH. The Psychological Burden of COVID-19 Stigma: Evaluation of the Mental Health of Isolated Mild Condition COVID-19 Patients. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e33. [PMID: 33463098 PMCID: PMC7813581 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this article is to assess the mental health issues of the mild condition coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients admitted to a community treatment center (CTC) in Korea. METHODS A total of 107 patients admitted to a CTC were included as the study population, and their mental health problems including depression (patient health questionnaire-9), anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder scale-7), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (PTSD checklist-5) and somatic symptoms (by patient health questionnaire-15) were evaluated every week during their stay. The stigma related to COVID-19 infection was evaluated with an adjusted version of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) stigma scale. RESULTS During the first week of isolation, the prevalence of more-than-moderate depression was 24.3%, more-than-moderate anxiety was 14.9%, more-than-moderate somatic symptoms was 36.5% and possible PTSD was 5.6% of total population. For depression and anxiety, previous psychiatric history and stigma of COVID-19 infection were significant risk factors. For PTSD, previous psychiatric history and stigma of COVID-19 infection as well as total duration of isolation were found to be significant risk factors. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and possible PTSD remained similar across the four weeks of observations, though the prevalence of severe depression, increased after four weeks of stay. Somatic symptoms seemed to decrease during their stay. CONCLUSION The results suggest that social mitigation of COVID-19 related stigma, as well as care of patients with pre-existing mental health problems are important mental health measures during this crisis period. It is also important that clinical guidelines and public health policies be well balanced over the protection of the public and those quarantined to minimize the negative psychosocial consequences from isolation of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunKyo Kang
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Lee
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jung
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyae Hyung Kim
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Nam Kim
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Belong Cho
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hoon Sohn
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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107
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How can we support COVID-19 survivors? Five lessons from long-term cancer survival. Public Health 2021; 197:e8-e9. [PMID: 33593613 PMCID: PMC7833486 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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108
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Bhanot D, Singh T, Verma SK, Sharad S. Stigma and Discrimination During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2021; 8:577018. [PMID: 33585379 PMCID: PMC7874150 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been instrumental in creating a dramatic shift from people's need to live in mutual association toward a desire to stigmatize distinctive others. Pandemic seems to be causing othering. Stated simply, stigmatization is a social process set to exclude those who are perceived to be a potential source of disease and may pose threat to the effective social living in the society. Based on the secondary evidence collected from news published online or in print, the present article delves into stigma associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among different social groups in the Indian society and the mounting cases of prejudice based on race, class, and religion. It also presents insights into the varied manifestations, and the deleterious consequences of COVID-19 inspired othering brought to its potential targets in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bhanot
- Department of Applied Psychology, Ramanujan College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Tushar Singh
- Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sunil K. Verma
- Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivantika Sharad
- Department of Applied Psychology, Vivekananda College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Weinstein B, da Silva AR, Kouzoukas DE, Bose T, Kim GJ, Correa PA, Pondugula S, Lee Y, Kim J, Carpenter DO. Precision Mapping of COVID-19 Vulnerable Locales by Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Risk Factors, Developed Using South Korean Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020604. [PMID: 33445701 PMCID: PMC7828122 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has severely impacted socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. To support pandemic control strategies, geographically weighted negative binomial regression (GWNBR) mapped COVID-19 risk related to epidemiological and socioeconomic risk factors using South Korean incidence data (20 January 2020 to 1 July 2020). We constructed COVID-19-specific socioeconomic and epidemiological themes using established social theoretical frameworks and created composite indexes through principal component analysis. The risk of COVID-19 increased with higher area morbidity, risky health behaviours, crowding, and population mobility, and with lower social distancing, healthcare access, and education. Falling COVID-19 risks and spatial shifts over three consecutive time periods reflected effective public health interventions. This study provides a globally replicable methodological framework and precision mapping for COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayarmagnai Weinstein
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, NY 12144, USA;
- Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Program, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan R. da Silva
- Department of Statistics, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Dimitrios E. Kouzoukas
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA;
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Tanima Bose
- Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152 Munich, Germany;
| | - Gwang Jin Kim
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | | | - Santhi Pondugula
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - YoonJung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Jihoo Kim
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - David O. Carpenter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, NY 12144, USA;
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-518-252-2660
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110
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Amoretti MC, Lalumera E. COVID-19 as the underlying cause of death: disentangling facts and values. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 43:4. [PMID: 33420572 PMCID: PMC7792913 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-020-00355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the ongoing pandemic, death statistics influence people's feelings and government policy. But when does COVID-19 qualify as the cause of death? As philosophers of medicine interested in conceptual clarification, we address the question by analyzing the World Health Organization's rules for the certification of death. We show that for COVID-19, WHO rules take into account both facts (causal chains) and values (the importance of prevention).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Amoretti
- Dipartimento di Antichità, Filosofia, Storia (DAFIST), Philosophy Section and Research Center for Philosophy of Health and Disease, University of Genoa, Via Balbi 4, 16126, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Lalumera
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita (QUVI) and Research Center for Philosophy of Health and Disease, University of Bologna, Corso di Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
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111
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van Daalen KR, Cobain M, Franco OH, Chowdhury R. Stigma: the social virus spreading faster than COVID-19. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 75:jech-2020-214436. [PMID: 33414254 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-214436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Robin van Daalen
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Cobain
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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112
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How Resiliency and Hope Can Predict Stress of Covid-19 by Mediating Role of Spiritual Well-being Based on Machine Learning. JOURNAL OF RELIGION & HEALTH 2021; 60:2306-2321. [PMID: 33398655 PMCID: PMC7780917 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are playing a tremendous role in all aspects of human life and they have the remarkable potential to solve many problems that classic sciences are unable to solve appropriately. Neuroscience and especially psychiatry is one of the most important fields that can use the potential of AI and ML. This study aims to develop an ML-based model to detect the relationship between resiliency and hope with the stress of COVID-19 by mediating the role of spiritual well-being. An online survey is conducted to assess the psychological responses of Iranian people during the Covid-19 outbreak in the period between March 15 and May 20, 2020, in Iran. The Iranian public was encouraged to take part in an online survey promoted by Internet ads, e-mails, forums, social networks, and short message service (SMS) programs. As a whole, 755 people participated in this study. Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, The Resilience Scale, The Adult Hope Scale, Paloutzian & Ellison’s Spiritual Wellbeing Scale, and Stress of Covid-19 Scale were used to gather data. The findings showed that spiritual well-being itself cannot predict stress of Covid-19 alone, and in fact, someone who has high spiritual well-being does not necessarily have a small amount of stress, and this variable, along with hope and resiliency, can be a good predictor of stress. Our extensive research indicated that traditional analytical and statistical methods are unable to correctly predict related Covid-19 outbreak factors, especially stress when benchmarked with our proposed ML-based model which can accurately capture the nonlinear relationships between the collected data variables.
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113
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Cobb N, Papali A, Pisani L, Schultz MJ, Ferreira JC. Pragmatic Recommendations for Infection Prevention and Control Practices for Healthcare Facilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:25-33. [PMID: 33410392 PMCID: PMC7957238 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies are key in preventing nosocomial transmission of COVID-19. Several commonly used IPC practices are resource-intensive and may be challenging to implement in resource-constrained settings. An international group of healthcare professionals from or with experience in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) searched the literature for relevant evidence. We report on a set of pragmatic recommendations for hospital-based IPC practices in resource-constrained settings of LMICs. For cases of confirmed or suspected COVID-19, we suggest that patients be placed in a single isolation room, whenever possible. When single isolation rooms are unavailable or limited, we recommend cohorting patients with COVID-19 on dedicated wards or in dedicated hospitals. We also recommend that cases of suspected COVID-19 be cohorted separately from those with confirmed disease, whenever possible, to minimize the risk of patient-to-patient transmission in settings where confirmatory testing may be limited. We suggest that healthcare workers be designated to care exclusively for patients with COVID-19, whenever possible, as another approach to minimize nosocomial spread. This approach may also be beneficial in conserving limited supplies of reusable personal protective equipment (PPE). We recommend that visitors be restricted for patients with COVID-19. In settings where family members or visitors are necessary for caregiving, we recommend that the appropriate PPE be used by visitors. We also recommend that education regarding hand hygiene and donning/doffing procedures for PPE be provided. Last, we suggest that all visitors be screened for symptoms before visitation and that visitor logs be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Cobb
- 1Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alfred Papali
- 2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Luigi Pisani
- 3Section of Operative Research, Doctors with Africa, CUAMM, Padova, Italy.,4Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- 4Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,5Department of Intensive Care, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,6Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juliana C Ferreira
- 7Divisao de Pneumologia, Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Couto PLS, Pereira SSDC, Vilela ABA, Gomes AMT, Merces MCD. COVID-19 COPING-PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR FEMALE SEXUAL WORKERS IN THE CONTEXT OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES. TEXTO & CONTEXTO ENFERMAGEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2020-0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the scientific evidence on COVID-19 coping and prevention strategies implemented to female sex workers in the context of several countries. Methods: this is an integrative literature review, with data collected in the PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library and Google Scholar databases using the Boolean descriptors “COVID-19” and “sex workers” and “Delivery of Health Care”, with a time frame from 2019 to 2020. A priori, 215 publications were found. After selection, anchored in the inclusion criteria and in the answer to the guiding question, 19 articles were used, whose information was organized in a synoptic table, and the texts were analyzed using semantic content. Results: after content analysis of actions implemented or recommended in different countries, so that female sex workers can prevent contamination by Sars-CoV-2, four categories were highlighted: programmatic/governmental actions and responses from society; combating the stigmas involved in sex work; health education through technological/digital and media resources; adjustment of health services. Conclusion: gender, race and class inequalities, as well as social stigmas, have been maintained by states governed by patriarchy and, therefore, are the main barriers for female sex workers to adopt strategies to combat COVID-19. Even so, intersectoral actions have been implemented/recommended in several countries such as the adjustment of sexual health services, financial incentives to improve the services of signal operators and digital technologies to implement effective actions to promote health education and enable the distribution of inputs for individual protection and prevention.
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115
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Yadav AK, Mangal V, Devarakonda R, Srivastava K. Perceived stigma among the patients of coronavirus disease-19 admitted at a dedicated COVID-19 hospital in Northern India: A cross-sectional study. Ind Psychiatry J 2021; 30:118-122. [PMID: 34483535 PMCID: PMC8395555 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_13_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease-related stigma started early in the pandemic with multiple media reports highlighting the discriminatory practices toward the health-care workers, patients, and survivors. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a designated COVID -19 hospital in Delhi from 22 October 20 to 21 November 20. All patients admitted to the hospital for more than 72 h were eligible for participation in the study. Anyone without a mobile phone and not able to read was excluded from the study. The data were collected using a pretested, prevalidated questionnaire. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-two (92.4%) patients answered the questionnaire. All patients were male. A total of 54 (44.26%: 95% confidence interval [CI] 35.3-53.5) COVID-19 patients blamed themselves for getting the infection, compared to 68 (55.74% 95% CI: 46.5-64.7) patients who believed that acquiring the disease was not their fault. There was a statistically significant association between feeling ashamed and blaming themselves for COVID-19 (P = 0.046). A total of 19 (15.6%) have reported that they have been told that getting COVID-19 is your fault. CONCLUSION The stigma related to COVID - 19 needs to be tackled with multipronged strategy. In India, it is not a routine to assess mental health; however, the current pandemic has brought forward the importance of stigma and other related issues during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Yadav
- Department of Community Medicine, AFMC, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishal Mangal
- Department of Internal Medicine, AFMC, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravi Devarakonda
- Department of Community Medicine, AFMC, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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116
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Yumori C, Zucker J, Theodore D, Chang M, Carnevale C, Slowikowski J, LaSota E, Olender S, Gordon P, Cohall A, Sobieszczyk ME. Women Are Less Likely to Be Tested for HIV or Offered Preexposure Prophylaxis at the Time of Sexually Transmitted Infection Diagnosis. Sex Transm Dis 2021; 48:32-36. [PMID: 33315784 PMCID: PMC8543120 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ending the HIV epidemic requires linkage of at-risk individuals from diverse health care settings to comprehensive HIV prevention services. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are significant biomarkers of HIV risk and should trigger preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) discussion. We reviewed STI testing practices outside of sexual health clinics to identify opportunities for improvement in the provision of HIV prevention services. METHODS An electronic sexual health dashboard was used to identify patient encounters with a positive gonorrhea, chlamydia, and/or rapid plasma reagin test result between January 1, 2019, and August 23, 2019, at a large urban academic medical center. A retrospective chart review was performed to assess HIV testing, completeness of STI screening, and HIV prevention discussion; inadequate screening was defined as no HIV test in 12 months before STI diagnosis. RESULTS A total of 815 patients with 856 patient encounters were included. Patients were predominantly female (64.4%); median age was 24 years (range, 18-85 years). The most common test and most common positive test result was the genitourinary gonorrhea/chlamydia nucleic acid amplification test. Multisite testing was rare (7.5% of patient encounters) and performed more frequently in men than in women (20.3% vs. 0.36%). Women were also more likely to be inadequately screened for HIV (15.1% vs. 25.8%).Documentation of PrEP discussion was rare (4.7% of patient encounters) compared with safe sex (44.6%) and condoms (49.8%). Preexposure prophylaxis was discussed almost exclusively with men compared with women (17% vs. 1.1%). CONCLUSIONS In patients diagnosed with bacterial STI outside of sexual health clinics, gaps in HIV prevention exist. HIV screening, multisite STI screening, and discussion of PrEP were particularly infrequent among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Yumori
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | - Jason Zucker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Deborah Theodore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Michelle Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | | | | | - Elijah LaSota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Susan Olender
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Peter Gordon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Alwyn Cohall
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
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117
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Schmidt T, Cloete A, Davids A, Makola L, Zondi N, Jantjies M. Myths, misconceptions, othering and stigmatizing responses to Covid-19 in South Africa: A rapid qualitative assessment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244420. [PMID: 33351852 PMCID: PMC7755184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of virus in the Coronavirus family that has not been previously identified. Since SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus, everyone is at risk of catching the Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). No one has immunity to the virus. Despite this, misconceptions about specific groups of people who are immune to Covid-19 emerged with the onset of the pandemic. This paper explores South African communities' misconceptions about who is most vulnerable to Covid-19. A rapid qualitative assessment was conducted remotely in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and the Western Cape provinces of South Africa. Recruitment of study participants took place through established relationships with civil society organizations and contacts made by researchers. In total, 60 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion was conducted. Atlas.ti.8 Windows was used to facilitate qualitative data analysis. The qualitative data was coded, and thematic analysis used to identify themes. The results show a high level of awareness and knowledge of the transmission and prevention of SARS-CoV-2. Qualitative data revealed that there is awareness of elderly people and those with immunocompromised conditions being more vulnerable to catching Covid-19. However, misconceptions of being protected against the virus or having low or no risk were also evident in the data. We found that false information circulated on social media not only instigated confusion, fear and panic, but also contributed to the construction of misconceptions, othering and stigmatizing responses to Covid-19. The study findings bring attention to the importance of developing communication materials adapted to specific communities to help reduce misconceptions, othering and stigmatization around Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenielle Schmidt
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Allanise Cloete
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adlai Davids
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Lehlogonolo Makola
- Children’s Institute of the University of Cape Town (UCT), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nokubonga Zondi
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Monalisa Jantjies
- Human and Social Capabilities Division, the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), Pretoria, South Africa
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118
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Pourahmadi M, Delavari S, Delavari S. The Role of Empathy in Full-Scale Battle of Medical and Paramedical Learners Against COVID-19. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 45:491-492. [PMID: 33281267 PMCID: PMC7707636 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2020.87252.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Pourahmadi
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Delavari
- Center for Educational Research in Medical Sciences (CERMS), Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Delavari
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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119
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Barua Z, Barua S, Aktar S, Kabir N, Li M. Effects of misinformation on COVID-19 individual responses and recommendations for resilience of disastrous consequences of misinformation. PROGRESS IN DISASTER SCIENCE 2020; 8:100119. [PMID: 34173443 PMCID: PMC7373041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of misinformation on social media platforms is faster than the spread of Corona Virus Diseases (COVID-19) and it can generate hefty deleterious consequences on health amid a disaster like COVID-19. Drawing upon research on the stimulus-response theory (hypodermic needle theory) and the resilience theory, this study tested a conceptual framework considering general misinformation belief, conspiracy belief, and religious misinformation belief as the stimulus; and credibility evaluations as resilience strategy; and their effects on COVID-19 individual responses. Using a self-administered online survey during the COVID-19 pandemic, the study obtained 483 useable responses and after test, finds that all-inclusive, the propagation of misinformation on social media undermines the COVID-19 individual responses. Particularly, credibility evaluation of misinformation strongly predicts the COVID-19 individual responses with positive influences and religious misinformation beliefs as well as conspiracy beliefs and general misinformation beliefs come next and influence negatively. The findings and general recommendations will help the public, in general, to be cautious about misinformation, and the respective authority of a country, in particular, for initiating proper safety measures about disastrous misinformation to protect the public health from being exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zapan Barua
- Department of Marketing, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Sajib Barua
- Department of Marketing, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Aktar
- Department of Marketing, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Najma Kabir
- Department of Marketing, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Mingze Li
- School of Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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120
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Chang A, Schulz PJ, Tu S, Liu MT. Communicative Blame in Online Communication of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Computational Approach of Stigmatizing Cues and Negative Sentiment Gauged With Automated Analytic Techniques. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e21504. [PMID: 33108306 PMCID: PMC7690967 DOI: 10.2196/21504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information about a new coronavirus emerged in 2019 and rapidly spread around the world, gaining significant public attention and attracting negative bias. The use of stigmatizing language for the purpose of blaming sparked a debate. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify social stigma and negative sentiment toward the blameworthy agents in social communities. METHODS We enabled a tailored text-mining platform to identify data in their natural settings by retrieving and filtering online sources, and constructed vocabularies and learning word representations from natural language processing for deductive analysis along with the research theme. The data sources comprised of ten news websites, eleven discussion forums, one social network, and two principal media sharing networks in Taiwan. A synthesis of news and social networking analytics was present from December 30, 2019, to March 31, 2020. RESULTS We collated over 1.07 million Chinese texts. Almost two-thirds of the texts on COVID-19 came from news services (n=683,887, 63.68%), followed by Facebook (n=297,823, 27.73%), discussion forums (n=62,119, 5.78%), and Instagram and YouTube (n=30,154, 2.81%). Our data showed that online news served as a hotbed for negativity and for driving emotional social posts. Online information regarding COVID-19 associated it with China-and a specific city within China through references to the "Wuhan pneumonia"-potentially encouraging xenophobia. The adoption of this problematic moniker had a high frequency, despite the World Health Organization guideline to avoid biased perceptions and ethnic discrimination. Social stigma is disclosed through negatively valenced responses, which are associated with the most blamed targets. CONCLUSIONS Our sample is sufficiently representative of a community because it contains a broad range of mainstream online media. Stigmatizing language linked to the COVID-19 pandemic shows a lack of civic responsibility that encourages bias, hostility, and discrimination. Frequently used stigmatizing terms were deemed offensive, and they might have contributed to recent backlashes against China by directing blame and encouraging xenophobia. The implications ranging from health risk communication to stigma mitigation and xenophobia concerns amid the COVID-19 outbreak are emphasized. Understanding the nomenclature and biased terms employed in relation to the COVID-19 outbreak is paramount. We propose solidarity with communication professionals in combating the COVID-19 outbreak and the infodemic. Finding solutions to curb the spread of virus bias, stigma, and discrimination is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chang
- Department of Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
- Institute of Communication and Health, Lugano University, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - ShengTsung Tu
- Department of Radio and Television, Ming Chuan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Matthew Tingchi Liu
- Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Macau, Macao, China
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121
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Grebely J, Cerdá M, Rhodes T. COVID-19 and the health of people who use drugs: What is and what could be? THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 83:102958. [PMID: 33183679 PMCID: PMC7837052 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has changed the world as we know it, and continues to do so. How COVID-19 affects people who use drugs, the environments in which they live, and capacities of response, warrants immediate attention. This special issue begins to map how COVID-19 is altering the health of people who use drugs, including in relation to patterns of drug use, service responses, harms that may relate to drug use, interventions to reduce risk of harms, COVID-19 health, and drug policies. We emphasise the need to envisage COVID-19 and its effects as a matter of intersecting ‘complex adaptive systems’: that is, the impacts of COVID-19 extend beyond the virus and related illness conditions to encompass multiple social, cultural, economic, policy and political effects; and these affect the health of people who use drugs directly as well as indirectly by altering the risk and enabling environments in which they live. We synthesize emergent evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on the health of people who use drugs. A key concern we identify is how to sustain policy and service delivery improvements prompted by COVID-19. We need to maintain an ethos of emergent adaptation and experimentation towards the creation of safer environments in relation to the health of people who use drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Magdalena Cerdá
- Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Tim Rhodes
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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122
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Cavalera C. COVID-19 Psychological Implications: The Role of Shame and Guilt. Front Psychol 2020; 11:571828. [PMID: 33224064 PMCID: PMC7669543 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Cavalera
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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123
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Adiukwu F, Bytyçi DG, Hayek SE, Gonzalez-Diaz JM, Larnaout A, Grandinetti P, Nofal M, Pereira-Sanchez V, Ransing R, Shalbafan M, Soler-Vidal J, Syarif Z, Teixeira ALS, da Costa MP, Ramalho R, Orsolini L. Global Perspective and Ways to Combat Stigma Associated with COVID-19. Indian J Psychol Med 2020; 42:569-574. [PMID: 33354085 PMCID: PMC7735248 DOI: 10.1177/0253717620964932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Adiukwu
- Dept. Neuropsychiatry, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Drita Gashi Bytyçi
- Mental Health Center Prizren, Hospital and University Clinical Service of Kosovo, Prizren, Kosovo
| | - Samer El Hayek
- Dept. Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jairo M Gonzalez-Diaz
- CERSAME, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario - Clinica Neustra Senora de la Paz, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Amine Larnaout
- Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Addictions Service, Dept. Territorial Services, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marwa Nofal
- Helwan Mental Health Hospital, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Victor Pereira-Sanchez
- Dept. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ramdas Ransing
- Dept. Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohammadreza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, Dept. of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joan Soler-Vidal
- Fidmag Research Foundation, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Benito Menni, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Zulvia Syarif
- Dept. Psychiatry, Tarakan General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andre Luiz Schuh Teixeira
- CERSAME, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario - Clinica Neustra Senora de la Paz, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Mariana Pinto da Costa
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
- Hospital de Magalhães Lemos, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramalho
- Hospital de Magalhães Lemos, Porto, Portugal
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Dept. of Neurosciences/DIMSC School of Medicine, Polytechnic University Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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124
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Döring N. How Is the COVID-19 Pandemic Affecting Our Sexualities? An Overview of the Current Media Narratives and Research Hypotheses. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:2765-2778. [PMID: 32761282 PMCID: PMC7405790 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Döring
- Institute of Media and Communication Science, Department of Economic Sciences and Media, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ehrenbergstraße 29, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany.
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125
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Giorgi G, Lecca LI, Alessio F, Finstad GL, Bondanini G, Lulli LG, Arcangeli G, Mucci N. COVID-19-Related Mental Health Effects in the Workplace: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7857. [PMID: 33120930 PMCID: PMC7663773 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has deeply altered social and working environments in several ways. Social distancing policies, mandatory lockdowns, isolation periods, and anxiety of getting sick, along with the suspension of productive activity, loss of income, and fear of the future, jointly influence the mental health of citizens and workers. Workplace aspects can play a crucial role on moderating or worsening mental health of people facing this pandemic scenario. The purpose of this literature review is to deepen the psychological aspects linked to workplace factors, following the epidemic rise of COVID-19, in order to address upcoming psychological critical issues in the workplaces. We performed a literature search using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, selecting papers focusing on workers' psychological problems that can be related to the workplace during the pandemic. Thirty-five articles were included. Mental issues related to the health emergency, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep disorders are more likely to affect healthcare workers, especially those on the frontline, migrant workers, and workers in contact with the public. Job insecurity, long periods of isolation, and uncertainty of the future worsen the psychological condition, especially in younger people and in those with a higher educational background. Multiple organizational and work-related interventions can mitigate this scenario, such as the improvement of workplace infrastructures, the adoption of correct and shared anti-contagion measures, including regular personal protective equipment (PPE) supply, and the implementation of resilience training programs. This review sets the basis for a better understanding of the psychological conditions of workers during the pandemic, integrating individual and social perspectives, and providing insight into possible individual, social, and occupational approaches to this "psychological pandemic".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Giorgi
- Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, via degli Aldobrandeschi, 190, 00163 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luigi Isaia Lecca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.I.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Federico Alessio
- Business @ Health Laboratory, European University of Rome, via degli Aldobrandeschi, 190, 00163 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (G.L.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Georgia Libera Finstad
- Business @ Health Laboratory, European University of Rome, via degli Aldobrandeschi, 190, 00163 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (G.L.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Giorgia Bondanini
- Business @ Health Laboratory, European University of Rome, via degli Aldobrandeschi, 190, 00163 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (G.L.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Lucrezia Ginevra Lulli
- School of Occupational Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Giulio Arcangeli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.I.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Mucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134 Florence, Italy; (L.I.L.); (N.M.)
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126
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Roelen K, Ackley C, Boyce P, Farina N, Ripoll S. COVID-19 in LMICs: The Need to Place Stigma Front and Centre to Its Response. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH 2020; 32:1592-1612. [PMID: 33100598 PMCID: PMC7575856 DOI: 10.1057/s41287-020-00316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused unprecedented health, economic and societal impacts across the world, including many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The pandemic and its fallout have laid bare deep-seated social and economic inequalities with marginalised groups being at greater risk of infection and being disproportionately affected by containment measures and their socioeconomic consequences. Stigma is a central element to such inequalities but remains largely overlooked in the debate on the response to COVID-19, including in LMICs. Yet we know from experiences with other infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Ebola that disease-related stigma is detrimental to halting and controlling pandemics and achieving equitable development. Emerging evidence suggests that stigma associated with COVID-19 is already taking hold. This paper assesses potential driving factors of COVID-19-related stigma, and how this intersects with existing stigma fault lines and explores mechanisms through which COVID-19-related stigma may be counteracted, with a focus on LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keetie Roelen
- Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, Library Road, Brighton, BN1 9RE UK
| | - Caroline Ackley
- Global Health Research Unit, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX UK
| | - Paul Boyce
- School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9SJ UK
| | - Nicolas Farina
- Centre for Dementia Studies, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX UK
| | - Santiago Ripoll
- Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Sussex, Library Road, Brighton, BN1 9RE UK
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127
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Berman M, Eaton LA, Watson RJ, Andrepont JL, Kalichman S. Social Distancing to Mitigate COVID-19 Risks Is Associated With COVID-19 Discriminatory Attitudes Among People Living with HIV. Ann Behav Med 2020; 54:728-737. [PMID: 32940326 PMCID: PMC7516104 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is an emerging pandemic with heightened concerns for people with compromised immune systems, including people living with HIV. PURPOSE In the absence of a vaccine, public health messaging to mitigate risks for COVID-19 primarily focuses on social distancing. Because people living with HIV commonly experience mistreatment associated with HIV, their response to social distancing may be complicated by psychosocial attitudes associated with COVID-19. METHODS To evaluate these relationships, we conducted a rapid-response, cross-sectional survey with people living with HIV (N = 149) to assess social distancing practices, COVID-19 discriminatory attitudes, COVID-19 xenophobic attitudes, HIV microaggressions, and concern over contracting COVID-19. Data were collected from participants enrolled in a larger ongoing study between March 30, 2020 and April 17, 2020. RESULTS Results indicated that choosing to socially distance to reduce COVID-19 exposure was associated with COVID-19 discriminatory attitudes, concerns of contracting COVID-19, and identifying as transgender. Likewise, social distancing imposed by others (e.g., cancelations and restrictions) was associated with concerns of contracting COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate that social distancing measures are related to concerns of contracting the virus and discriminatory attitudes toward those who are presumed to be living with COVID-19. These potentially negative psychosocial attitudes toward people perceived to have COVID-19 echo the discriminatory actions and attitudes that we continue to observe in HIV social sciences research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie Berman
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Lisa A Eaton
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ryan J Watson
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - J L Andrepont
- School of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Seth Kalichman
- Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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128
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Duan W, Bu H, Chen Z. COVID-19-related stigma profiles and risk factors among people who are at high risk of contagion. Soc Sci Med 2020; 266:113425. [PMID: 33059301 PMCID: PMC7540249 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rationale COVID-19 is likely to be stigmatized. The people of Hubei province perceived courtesy and affiliate stigma due to the geographic linkage to COVID-19. Perceived courtesy stigma refers to the perception of stigma of people who are associated with COVID-19 (e.g., the geographic linkage). Affiliate stigma is the internalization and psychological responses of perceived courtesy stigma among the associates. Objective The current study aims to reveal different patterns of perceived courtesy and affiliate stigma among people who are at high risk of contagion of COVID-19, and to examine the possible risk factors. Method A sample including 2813 adults who located in Hubei Province, China (female: n = 2,184, 77.64%; male: n = 629, 22.36%; mean age = 37.85 years, SD = 6.61 years, range = 18–63 years) were employed in the current study, using latent profile analysis for searching stigma profiles. Results Three profiles of stigma were found: the “Denier” (35.98%), “Confused moderate” (48.13%) and “Perceiver” (15.89%) displaying the low, moderate and high level of perceived courtesy and affiliate stigma, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that generally people with a high level of education, perceived threats, anxiety symptoms, and familiarity with quarantined cases have a high likelihood to be distributed into the “Perceiver”. Discussion and Conclusions Our findings highlight the issues of COVID-19-related stigma and provide evidence for launching effective health actions to promote a cohesive society and culture of health. The media can transmit scientific knowledge, promote positive interactions and social cohesion between the stigmatized group and the dominant group, and create spaces for stories that nurture group identification among the implicated people. Future studies should use more representative sample and improve the measures. People at high risk of contagion of COVID-19 may experience stigma. Stigma may concern perceived courtesy and/or affiliate stigma. Three distinct profiles of stigma were identified. Risk factors were measured at the interface of individuals and the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Duan
- Social and Public Administration School, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - He Bu
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- Institute of Education, Wuhan University, 229 Bayi Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China.
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129
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Operario D, King EJ, Gamarel KE. Prioritizing Community Partners and Community HIV Workers in the COVID-19 Pandemic. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:2748-2750. [PMID: 32356031 PMCID: PMC7190803 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Don Operario
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Elizabeth J King
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristi E Gamarel
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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130
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Ransing R, Ramalho R, de Filippis R, Ojeahere MI, Karaliuniene R, Orsolini L, Pinto da Costa M, Ullah I, Grandinetti P, Gashi Bytyçi D, Grigo O, Mhamunkar A, El Hayek S, Essam L, Larnaout A, Shalbafan M, Nofal M, Soler-Vidal J, Pereira-Sanchez V, Adiukwu F. Infectious disease outbreak related stigma and discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic: Drivers, facilitators, manifestations, and outcomes across the world. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:555-558. [PMID: 32731007 PMCID: PMC7384410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramdas Ransing
- Department of Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Ratnagiri 415606, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rodrigo Ramalho
- Department of Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Renato de Filippis
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | | | - Ruta Karaliuniene
- Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, School of Medicine, Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy,Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Herts AL109AB, UK
| | - Mariana Pinto da Costa
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, London E138SP, UK,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Hospital de Magalhães Lemos, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Kabir Medical College,Gandhara Univeristy, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Paolo Grandinetti
- Addictions Services (SerD), Department of Territorial Assistance, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Drita Gashi Bytyçi
- Hospital and University Clinical Service of Kosovo, Community Based Mental Health Center and House for Integration, Prizren, Kosovo
| | - Omityah Grigo
- Department of Psychiatry, MMU Medical College, Kumarhatti, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aman Mhamunkar
- Department of Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Ratnagiri 415606, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samer El Hayek
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Lamiaà Essam
- EIDemerdash Teaching Hospital, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Amine Larnaout
- Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Mohammadreza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Marwa Nofal
- Helwan Mental Health Hospital, Extension of Mansour St., behind Kbretaj Helwan Club, Helwan, 25562198 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Joan Soler-Vidal
- Fidmag Research Foundation, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Barcelona 08830, Spain,Hospital Benito Menni CASM, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona 08035, Spain,Medicine and Traslational Research Doctorate Programme, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Pereira-Sanchez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Frances Adiukwu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, East West Road, Alakahia, PMB 6173, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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131
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Khanal P, Devkota N, Dahal M, Paudel K, Joshi D. Mental health impacts among health workers during COVID-19 in a low resource setting: a cross-sectional survey from Nepal. Global Health 2020; 16:89. [PMID: 32977818 PMCID: PMC7517059 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health care workers exposed to COVID-19 might be at increased risk of developing mental health problems. The study aimed to identify factors associated with anxiety, depression and insomnia among health workers involved in COVID-19 response in Nepal. Methods This was a cross-sectional web-based survey conducted between April 26 and May 12, 2020. A total of 475 health workers participated in the study. Anxiety and depression were measured using a 14-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS: 0–21) and insomnia was measured by using a 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI: 0–28). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to determine the risk factors of mental health outcomes. Results Overall, 41.9% of health workers had symptoms of anxiety, 37.5% had depression symptoms and 33.9% had symptoms of insomnia. Stigma faced by health workers was significantly associated with higher odds of experiencing symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.62–3.76), depression (AOR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.34–3.11) and insomnia (AOR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.46–3.84). History of medication for mental health problems was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 3.40; 95% CI:1.31–8.81), depression (AOR: 3.83; 95% CI: 1.45–10.14) and insomnia (AOR: 3.82; 95% CI: 1.52–9.62) while inadequate precautionary measures in the workplace was significantly associated with higher odds of exhibiting symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.12–3.19) and depression (AOR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.16–3.37). Nurses (AOR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.21–4.47) were significantly more likely to experience anxiety symptoms than other health workers. Conclusion The study findings revealed a considerate proportion of anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms among health workers during the early phase of the pandemic in Nepal. Health workers facing stigma, those with history of medication for mental health problems, and those reporting inadequate precautionary measures in their workplace were more at risk of developing mental health outcomes. A focus on improving mental wellbeing of health workers should be immediately initiated with attention to reduction of stigma, ensuring an adequate support system such as personal protective equipments, and family support for those with history of mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Khanal
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Navin Devkota
- National Academy for Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Minakshi Dahal
- Center for Research on Environment, Health and Population Activities (CREHPA), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kiran Paudel
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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132
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Khanal P, Devkota N, Dahal M, Paudel K, Joshi D. Mental health impacts among health workers during COVID-19 in a low resource setting: a cross-sectional survey from Nepal. Global Health 2020; 16:89. [PMID: 32977818 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-40089/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care workers exposed to COVID-19 might be at increased risk of developing mental health problems. The study aimed to identify factors associated with anxiety, depression and insomnia among health workers involved in COVID-19 response in Nepal. METHODS This was a cross-sectional web-based survey conducted between April 26 and May 12, 2020. A total of 475 health workers participated in the study. Anxiety and depression were measured using a 14-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS: 0-21) and insomnia was measured by using a 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI: 0-28). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to determine the risk factors of mental health outcomes. RESULTS Overall, 41.9% of health workers had symptoms of anxiety, 37.5% had depression symptoms and 33.9% had symptoms of insomnia. Stigma faced by health workers was significantly associated with higher odds of experiencing symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.62-3.76), depression (AOR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.34-3.11) and insomnia (AOR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.46-3.84). History of medication for mental health problems was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 3.40; 95% CI:1.31-8.81), depression (AOR: 3.83; 95% CI: 1.45-10.14) and insomnia (AOR: 3.82; 95% CI: 1.52-9.62) while inadequate precautionary measures in the workplace was significantly associated with higher odds of exhibiting symptoms of anxiety (AOR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.12-3.19) and depression (AOR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.16-3.37). Nurses (AOR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.21-4.47) were significantly more likely to experience anxiety symptoms than other health workers. CONCLUSION The study findings revealed a considerate proportion of anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms among health workers during the early phase of the pandemic in Nepal. Health workers facing stigma, those with history of medication for mental health problems, and those reporting inadequate precautionary measures in their workplace were more at risk of developing mental health outcomes. A focus on improving mental wellbeing of health workers should be immediately initiated with attention to reduction of stigma, ensuring an adequate support system such as personal protective equipments, and family support for those with history of mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Khanal
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Navin Devkota
- National Academy for Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Minakshi Dahal
- Center for Research on Environment, Health and Population Activities (CREHPA), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kiran Paudel
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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133
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Brondani M, Donnelly L. The HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Parallel in Dentistry from the Perspectives of the Oral Health Care Team. JDR Clin Trans Res 2020; 6:40-46. [PMID: 32942933 PMCID: PMC7502681 DOI: 10.1177/2380084420961089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to unravel the professional and social consequences of COVID-19 as compared with the AIDS pandemic according to oral health care providers, staff, and administrators. Methods: An exploratory qualitative inquiry via at-a-distance, semistructured interviews engaged a purposefully recruited sample of oral health care team workers in British Columbia. Interviews took place between April 20 and May 15, 2020; they were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and deidentified for interactive thematic analysis. An inductive process of coding was used to identify themes, subthemes, and categories of information. Results: Forty-five interviews were conducted with 18 dentists, 12 dental hygienists, 6 certified dental assistants, and 9 administrators; 22 were females. Interviews each lasted an average of 48 min. After the transcripts were coded, 3 subthemes emerged: 1) personal protective equipment and universal precautions as commonsense approaches to care during both pandemics; 2) an (un)collapsed world in terms of global lockdowns; and 3) social unrest in terms of the potential for stigma and discrimination caused by both pandemics. These subthemes made up the COVID-19–AIDS parallel theme. Conclusion: This study explored the extent to which the current COVID-19 pandemic is leading to professional and social consequences when a parallel is drawn with the AIDS pandemic. This is the first qualitative study that identifies the potential social unrest of the pandemic from the perspective of oral health care providers and administrators. Future studies should include other providers across Canada, as well the patients receiving oral health care during this pandemic. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The COVID-19 pandemic has unraveled potential societal implications in a parallel to the HIV/AIDS era from the perspectives of oral health care providers and their staff. Such implications are changing the way that oral health care is delivered; it may also be leading to social unrest in the form of stigma and discrimination. This study discusses some of these implications from the perspective of oral health care providers and administrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brondani
- Division of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - L Donnelly
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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134
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Enns A, Pinto A, Venugopal J, Grywacheski V, Gheorghe M, Kakkar T, Farmanara N, Deb B, Noon A, Orpana H. Substance use and related harms in the context of COVID-19: a conceptual model. HEALTH PROMOTION AND CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION IN CANADA-RESEARCH POLICY AND PRACTICE 2020; 40:342-349. [PMID: 32936071 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.40.11/12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As the effects of COVID-19 have been unfolding, growing attention has been paid to the intersection of COVID-19 and substance use and the related harms. However, there are few theories and little empirical evidence to guide investigations in this area. To advance this emerging area of inquiry, we present a conceptual model that synthesizes evidence, information and knowledge on substance use and related harms in the context of the pandemic. The conceptual model offers a visual representation of the connections between the pandemic and substance use and related harms, and can be used to identify areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aganeta Enns
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adena Pinto
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeyasakthi Venugopal
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vera Grywacheski
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mihaela Gheorghe
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya Kakkar
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noushon Farmanara
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhumika Deb
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy Noon
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Orpana
- Substance Related Harms Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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135
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Gibb JK, DuBois LZ, Williams S, McKerracher L, Juster RP, Fields J. Sexual and gender minority health vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 health crisis. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23499. [PMID: 32910838 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James K Gibb
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Zachary DuBois
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Sarah Williams
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luseadra McKerracher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica Fields
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health & Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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136
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Matiz A, Fabbro F, Paschetto A, Cantone D, Paolone AR, Crescentini C. Positive Impact of Mindfulness Meditation on Mental Health of Female Teachers during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6450. [PMID: 32899739 PMCID: PMC7559290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic and subsequent public health measures were shown to impact negatively on people's mental health. In particular, women were reported to be at higher risk than men of developing symptoms of stress/anxiety/depression, and resilience was considered a key factor for positive mental health outcomes. In the present study, a sample of Italian female teachers (n = 66, age: 51.5 ± 7.9 years) was assessed with self-report instruments one month before and one month after the start of the Covid-19 lockdown: mindfulness skills, empathy, personality profiles, interoceptive awareness, psychological well-being, emotional distress and burnout levels were measured. Meanwhile, they received an 8-week Mindfulness-Oriented Meditation (MOM) course, through two group meetings and six individual video-lessons. Based on baseline personality profiles, analyses of variance were performed in a low-resilience (LR, n = 32) and a high-resilience (HR, n = 26) group. The LR and HR groups differed at baseline in most of the self-report measures. Pre-post MOM significant improvements were found in both groups in anxiety, depression, affective empathy, emotional exhaustion, psychological well-being, interoceptive awareness, character traits and mindfulness levels. Improvements in depression and psychological well-being were higher in the LR vs. HR group. We conclude that mindfulness-based training can effectively mitigate the psychological negative consequences of the Covid-19 outbreak, helping in particular to restore well-being in the most vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Matiz
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.F.); (A.P.); (A.R.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Franco Fabbro
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.F.); (A.P.); (A.R.P.); (C.C.)
- Perceptual Robotics (PERCRO) Laboratory Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56010 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Paschetto
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.F.); (A.P.); (A.R.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Damiano Cantone
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anselmo Roberto Paolone
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.F.); (A.P.); (A.R.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristiano Crescentini
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (F.F.); (A.P.); (A.R.P.); (C.C.)
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Evidence of COVID-19 Impacts on Occupations During the First Vietnamese National Lockdown. Ann Glob Health 2020; 86:112. [PMID: 32944509 PMCID: PMC7473180 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although “social isolation” protects the life and health of Vietnamese citizens from the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, it also triggers massive reductions in the economic activities of the country. Objective: our study aimed to identify negative impacts of COVID-19 on occupations of Vietnamese people during the first national lockdown, including the quality and quantity of jobs as well as adverse problems at work due to COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional study using web-based platforms was conducted during the first time of social isolation in Vietnam at the beginning of April 2020. We utilized a respondent-driven sampling technique to select 1423 respondents from 63 cities and provinces over Vietnam. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to define sub-domains of perceived impacts of COVID-19 on occupations. Findings: Approximately two-thirds of respondents reported decreases in their income (61.6%), and 28.2% reported that their income deficit was 40% and above. The percentage of female individuals having decreased revenue due to COVID-19 was higher than that of male respondents (65.2% and 54.7%, respectively). “Worry that colleagues exposed to COVID-19 patients” and “Being alienated because employment-related to COVID-19” accounted for the highest score in each factor. Compared to healthcare workers, being self-employed/unemployed/retired were less likely to suffer from “Increased workload and conflicts due to COVID-19” and “Disclosure and discrimination related to COVID-19 work exposure.” Conclusion: Our study revealed a drastic reduction in both the quality and quantity of working, as well as the increased fear and stigmatization of exposure to COVID-19 at workplaces. Health protection and economic support are immediate targets that should be focused on when implementing policies and regulations.
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138
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Walrave M, Waeterloos C, Ponnet K. Adoption of a Contact Tracing App for Containing COVID-19: A Health Belief Model Approach. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020; 6:e20572. [PMID: 32755882 PMCID: PMC7470174 DOI: 10.2196/20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To track and reduce the spread of COVID-19, apps have been developed to identify contact with individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 and warn those who are at risk of having contracted the virus. However, the effectiveness of these apps depends highly on their uptake by the general population. OBJECTIVE The present study investigated factors influencing app use intention, based on the health belief model. In addition, associations with respondents' level of news consumption and their health condition were investigated. METHODS A survey was administered in Flanders, Belgium, to 1500 respondents, aged 18 to 64 years. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate relationships across the model's constructs. RESULTS In total, 48.70% (n=730) of respondents indicated that they intend to use a COVID-19 tracing app. The most important predictor was the perceived benefits of the app, followed by self-efficacy and perceived barriers. Perceived severity and perceived susceptibility were not related to app uptake intention. Moreover, cues to action (ie, individuals' exposure to [digital] media content) were positively associated with app use intention. As the respondents' age increased, their perceived benefits and self-efficacy for app usage decreased. CONCLUSIONS Initiatives to stimulate the uptake of contact tracing apps should enhance perceived benefits and self-efficacy. A perceived barrier for some potential users is privacy concerns. Therefore, when developing and launching an app, clarification on how individuals' privacy will be protected is needed. To sustain perceived benefits in the long run, supplementary options could be integrated to inform and assist users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Walrave
- Research Group MIOS, Department of Communication Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cato Waeterloos
- Research Group IMEC-MICT, Department of Communication Sciences, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Ponnet
- Research Group IMEC-MICT, Department of Communication Sciences, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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139
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COVID-19-Compliant Strategies for Supporting Treatment Adherence Among People Living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:2473-2476. [PMID: 32333204 PMCID: PMC7180655 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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140
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141
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Given the magnitude of the global COVID-19 pandemic, persons living with HIV (PLWH) may become coinfected with SARS-CoV-2.
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142
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Elhadi M, Msherghi A, Elgzairi M, Alhashimi A, Bouhuwaish A, Biala M, Abuelmeda S, Khel S, Khaled A, Alsoufi A, Elmabrouk A, Alshiteewi FB, Alhadi B, Alhaddad S, Gaffaz R, Elmabrouk O, Hamed TB, Alameen H, Zaid A, Elhadi A, Albakoush A. Psychological status of healthcare workers during the civil war and COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. J Psychosom Res 2020; 137:110221. [PMID: 32827801 PMCID: PMC7428743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Healthcare workers, particularly those working in departments that provide care for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), are at a higher risk of this contagious disease than those who work in other departments. The aim of this study was to assess the psychological status of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak, which has compounded Libya's existing civil war-related problems. METHODS A multi-center cross-sectional survey on depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and abuse was conducted. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among healthcare workers. RESULTS The data of 745 eligible healthcare workers from 15 hospitals were analyzed. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were compared to the basic characteristics of the participants to determine the association. A total of 420 (56.3%) participants had depressive symptoms, while 348 (46.7%) had anxiety symptoms. Age, residency status, department, stigmatization, and living in a conflict zone were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Age, department, years of experience, working hours per week, internal displacement, stigmatization, living in a conflict zone, and verbal abuse were significantly associated with anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION Our study presents important findings regarding depressive, anxiety symptoms, and abuse among physicians providing care during the COVID-19 outbreak and civil war in Libya. It also demonstrates several factors that can be associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Elhadi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Ahmed Msherghi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Ayiman Alhashimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Jabal Al Gharbi University, Gherian, Libya
| | | | - Marwa Biala
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Seraj Abuelmeda
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Samer Khel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ala Khaled
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ahmed Alsoufi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Amna Elmabrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Fatimah Bin Alshiteewi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Bushray Alhadi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Sarah Alhaddad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Rwanda Gaffaz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ola Elmabrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Tasneem Ben Hamed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Hind Alameen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ahmed Zaid
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ahmed Elhadi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ahmed Albakoush
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, University Road, Furnaj, 13275 Tripoli, Libya
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143
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Asadi-Aliabadi M, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Moradi-Lakeh M. Stigma in COVID-19: A barrier to seek medical care and family support. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2020; 34:98. [PMID: 33315991 PMCID: PMC7722951 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.34.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus pandemic at the end of 2019 raised fear around the world. The rapid spread and relatively higher observed case fatality of this disease compared to other viral respiratory infections, have caused social reactions such as xenophobia and stigma. These negative social attitudes and acts will affect different segments of the society, such as patients and their families and health care providers. Also, this could disrupt the identification and surveillance of patients and could lead to considerable negative impacts on its control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Community and Family Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Community and Family Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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144
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Wang ML, Behrman P, Dulin A, Baskin ML, Buscemi J, Alcaraz KI, Goldstein CM, Carson TL, Shen M, Fitzgibbon M. Addressing inequities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality: research and policy recommendations. Transl Behav Med 2020; 10:516-519. [PMID: 32542349 PMCID: PMC7337775 DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the greatest global public health crisis since the 1918 influenza outbreak. As of early June, the novel coronavirus has infected more than 6.3 million people worldwide and more than 1.9 million in the United States (US). The total number of recorded deaths due to COVID-19 are growing at an alarming rate globally (³383,000) and nationally (³109,000) Evidence is mounting regarding the heavier burden of COVID-19 infection, morbidity, and mortality on the underserved populations in the US. This commentary focuses on this global health pandemic and how mitigation of the virus relies heavily on health behavior change to slow its spread, highlighting how the pandemic specifically affects the most socially and economically disadvantaged populations in the US. The commentary also offers short, intermediate and long-term research and policy focused recommendations. Both the research and policy recommendations included in this commentary emphasize equity-driven: (1) research practices, including applying a social determinants and health equity lens on monitoring, evaluation, and clinical trials activities on COVID-19; and (2) policy actions, such as dedicating resources to prioritize high-risk communities for testing, treatment, and prevention approaches and implementing organizational, institutional, and legislative policies that address the social and economic barriers to overall well-being that these populations face during a pandemic. It is our hope that these recommendations will generate momentum in delivering timely, effective, and lifesaving changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Wang
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan Shen
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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145
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Newman PA, Guta A. How to Have Sex in an Epidemic Redux: Reinforcing HIV Prevention in the COVID-19 Pandemic. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:2260-2264. [PMID: 32500463 PMCID: PMC7271640 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Newman
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada.
| | - Adrian Guta
- School of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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146
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Skovdal M, Pickles M, Hallett TB, Nyamukapa C, Gregson S. Complexities to consider when communicating risk of COVID-19. Public Health 2020; 186:283-285. [PMID: 32871450 PMCID: PMC7377722 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Skovdal
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5B, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Pickles
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - T B Hallett
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - C Nyamukapa
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1PG, UK; Manicaland Centre for Public Health Research, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - S Gregson
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1PG, UK; Manicaland Centre for Public Health Research, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, 10 Seagrave Road, Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
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147
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Abstract
COVID-19 has led to stigma and discrimination among various groups of people in different populations. Healthcare workers caring for those affected by COVID-19,3 people who have recovered from COVID-19,4 those belonging to lower socioeconomic groups, those having particular religious and racial identities have all been at the receiving end of the discrimination. COVID-19 has led to reinforcement of preexisting stereotypes against various groups. For instance, in Italy, in weeks before the national lockdown started, a state of emergency was declared but everyday life was going on as always, the sentiment toward the Chinese community changed: their restaurants were left empty, more and more parents did not want their children to go to school if they had a Chinese classmate, and a high-profile politician said on TV that 'we have all seen them eat live mice'.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.K. Chopra
- New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre, New Delhi, India,Corresponding author. New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre, New Delhi, India. Tel.: +9811547066
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148
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Bhattacharya P, Banerjee D, Rao TS. The "Untold" Side of COVID-19: Social Stigma and Its Consequences in India. Indian J Psychol Med 2020; 42:382-386. [PMID: 33402799 PMCID: PMC7746890 DOI: 10.1177/0253717620935578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Prama Bhattacharya
- Dept. of Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK), kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debanjan Banerjee
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ts Sathyanarayana Rao
- Dept. of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital & JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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149
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Asim M, van Teijlingen E, Sathian B. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and the risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A mental health concern in Nepal. Nepal J Epidemiol 2020; 10:841-844. [PMID: 32874697 PMCID: PMC7423405 DOI: 10.3126/nje.v10i2.29761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asim
- Surgery Department, Trauma Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Brijesh Sathian
- Centre for Midwifery, Maternal and Perinatal Health, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.,Geriatric Medicine Department, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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150
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Grover S, Dua D, Sahoo S, Mehra A, Nehra R, Chakrabarti S. Why all COVID-19 hospitals should have mental health professionals: The importance of mental health in a worldwide crisis! Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 51:102147. [PMID: 32473537 PMCID: PMC7199675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has led to a worldwide crisis. At present, everyone is focusing on the prevention of COVID-19 infection, preparing and discussing issues related to physical health consequences. However, it is important to understand that the life-threatening negative physical health consequences are going to be faced by a few, but everyone is going to face the negative mental health consequences of the pandemic. At various places COVID-19 hospitals are being established, to address the physical health consequences of the pandemic. However, mental health professionals have not been very actively involved in the management of people going through this pandemic. This viewpoint discusses the mental health consequences of the pandemic for the health care workers, people who are undergoing quarantine, people who are admitted to the COVID-19 hospitals, and those who have recovered from the infection. The article also highlights the mental health needs of people at different levels and the kind of interventions, which may be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Devakshi Dua
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Swapnajeet Sahoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Aseem Mehra
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ritu Nehra
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Subho Chakrabarti
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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