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Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on addictive behaviors in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3621-3632. [PMID: 36109391 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recently, it has been suggested that isoflurane might reduce dopamine release from rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons, the neurobiological substrate implicated in the reinforcing effects of abused drugs and nondrug rewards. However, little is known about effects of isoflurane on neurobehavioral activity associated with chronic exposure to psychoactive substances. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the effects of isoflurane on cocaine-reinforced behavior. Using behavioral paradigm in rats, we evaluated the effects of isoflurane on cocaine self-administration under fixed ratio (FR) and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement. We also tested the effects of isoflurane on lever responding by nondrug reinforcers (sucrose and food) in drug-naive rats to control for the nonselective effects of isoflurane on cocaine- and nicotine-taking behavior. To further assess the ability of isoflurane to modulate the motivation for taking a drug, we evaluated the effects of isoflurane on nicotine self-administration. Using different groups of rats, the effects of isoflurane on the locomotor activity induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of cocaine (15 mg/kg) were also examined. RESULTS Isoflurane significantly suppressed the self-administration of cocaine and nicotine without affecting food consumption. Unlike food-reinforced responding, responding for sucrose reinforcement was decreased by isoflurane. Isoflurane reduced breaking points under a PR schedule of reinforcement in a dose-dependent manner, indicating its efficacy in decreasing the incentive value of cocaine. Isoflurane also attenuated acute cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion. CONCLUSIONS The results provided evidence that isoflurane decreases cocaine- and nicotine-reinforced responses, while isoflurane effect is not selective for cocaine- and nicotine-maintained responding. These results suggest that isoflurane inhibitions of cocaine- and nicotine-maintenance responses may be related to decreased effects of dopamine, and further investigation will need to elucidate this relationship.
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Scott SN, Ruscitti BA, Garcia R, Nguyen TT, Blattner KM, Blass BE, Neisewander JL. 5-HT1B receptor agonist enhances breakpoint for cocaine on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule during maintenance of self-administration in female rats but reduces breakpoint for sucrose. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1020146. [PMID: 36386780 PMCID: PMC9663667 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous research showed that the 5-HT1B receptor agonist CP94253 enhanced cocaine reinforcement rate during maintenance of daily self-administration (SA), but inhibited reinforcement rate after 21 days of abstinence in male rats. Here we examined whether female rats show similar effects of CP94253 during maintenance as males across estrous cycle phases. Methods: Female rats trained on a fixed ratio 5 (FR5) cocaine reinforcement schedule were tested for the effects of CP94253 (5.6 mg/kg, s.c.) on cocaine reinforcement rate during each phase of the estrous cycle, with access to either low (0.075 and 0.1875) or high (0.375 and 0.75) cocaine doses available for 1 h sequentially in descending dose order. Other female and male rats trained on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of cocaine or sucrose reinforcement were tested for CP94253 (0, 3.2, 5.6, and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) effects on reinforcement rate in 3-h sessions. CP94253 effects on responding during sucrose cue-reactivity were also examined post-abstinence. Results: Regardless of sex, CP94253 enhanced breakpoints on the PR schedule during maintenance of cocaine SA but attenuated breakpoints for sucrose reinforcement and decreased responding during sucrose cue-reactivity. FR results showed that CP94253 attenuated cocaine reinforcement rate during all estrous cycle phases except metestrus. Conclusions: Overall, we suggest that CP94253 increased incentive motivation for cocaine during maintenance of SA in female and male rats, yet decreased motivation for sucrose. We also suggest that 5-HT1BRs modulate motivation similarly across sexes except when females are in metestrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N. Scott
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | - Raul Garcia
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Toan T. Nguyen
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Kevin M. Blattner
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Blass
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janet L. Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Janet L. Neisewander
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103
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Kasper JM, Smith AE, Miller SN, Ara, Russell WK, Cunningham KA, Hommel JD. Role of neuropeptide neuromedin U in the nucleus accumbens shell in cocaine self-administration in male rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:1875-1882. [PMID: 34916591 PMCID: PMC9485260 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) and its afferent and efferent neuronal projections control key aspects of motivation for cocaine. A recently described regulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to the NAcSh (DRN → NAcSh) is the neuropeptide neuromedin U (NMU). Here, we find that systemic administration of NMU decreases breakpoint for cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement in male rats. Employing a retrograde adeno-associated virus (AAV), we found that RNAi-mediated knockdown of the NMU receptor 2 (NMUR2) in afferent DRN projections to the NAcSh increases the breakpoint for cocaine. Our previous studies demonstrated that NMU regulates GABA release in the NAcSh, and our current investigation found that systemic NMU administration suppresses cocaine-evoked GABA release in the NAcSh and increases phosphorylated c-Fos expression in neurons projecting from the NAcSh to the ventral pallidum (VP). To further probe the impact of NMU/NMUR2 on neuroanatomical pathways regulating motivation for cocaine, we employed multi-viral transsynaptic studies. Using a combination of rabies virus and retrograde AAV helper virus, we mapped the impact of NMU across three distinct brain regions simultaneously and found a direct connection of GABAergic DRN neurons to the NAcSh → VP pathway. Together, these data reveal that NMU/NMUR2 modulates a direct connection within the GABAergic DRN → NAcSh → VP circuit that diminishes breakpoints for cocaine. These findings importantly advance our understanding of the neurochemical underpinnings of pathway-specific regulation of neurocircuitry that may regulate cocaine self-administration, providing a unique therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Kasper
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ashley E Smith
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Sierra N Miller
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ara
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - William K Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Hommel
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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104
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Finnell JE, Ferrario CR. Intra-NAc insulin reduces the motivation for food and food intake without altering cue-triggered food-seeking. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113892. [PMID: 35753434 PMCID: PMC10583176 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptors are expressed throughout the adult brain, and insulin from the periphery reaches the central nervous system. In humans and rodents, actions of insulin in the brain decrease food intake. Furthermore, insulin receptor activation alters dopamine and glutamate transmission within mesolimbic regions that influence food-seeking and feeding including the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Here we determined how intra-NAc insulin affects conditioned approach (a measure of cue-triggered food-seeking), free food intake, and the motivation to obtain food in hungry rats using Pavlovian and instrumental approaches. Intra-NAc insulin did not affect conditioned approach but did reduce home cage chow intake immediately following conditioned approach testing. Consistent with reduced chow intake, intra-NAc insulin also reduced the motivation to work for flavored food pellets (assessed by a progressive ratio procedure). This effect was partially reversed by insulin receptor blockade and was not driven by insulin-induced sickness or malaise. Taken together, these data show that insulin within the NAc does not alter behavioral responses to a food cue, but instead reduces the motivation to work for and consume food in hungry animals. These data are discussed in light of insulin's role in the regulation of feeding, and its dysregulation by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Finnell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Carrie R Ferrario
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, United States; Psychology Department (Biopsychology), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, United States.
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105
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Stoops WW, Strickland JC, Hatton KW, Hays LR, Rayapati AO, Lile JA, Rush CR. Suvorexant maintenance enhances the reinforcing but not subjective and physiological effects of intravenous cocaine in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 220:173466. [PMID: 36152876 PMCID: PMC9588557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical research has sought to understand the role of the orexin system in cocaine addiction given the connection between orexin producing cells in the lateral hypothalamus and brain limbic areas. Exogenous administration of orexin peptides increased cocaine self-administration whereas selective orexin-1 receptor antagonists reduced cocaine self-administration in non-human animals. The first clinically available orexin antagonist, suvorexant (a dual orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptor antagonist), attenuated motivation for cocaine and cocaine conditioned place preference, as well as cocaine-associated impulsive responding, in rodents. This study aimed to translate those preclinical findings and determine whether suvorexant maintenance altered the pharmacodynamic effects of cocaine in humans. Seven non-treatment seeking subjects with cocaine use disorder completed this within-subject human laboratory study, and a partial data set was obtained from one additional subject. Subjects were maintained for at least three days on 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg oral suvorexant administered at 2230 h daily in random order. Subjects completed experimental sessions in which cocaine self-administration of 0, 10 and 30 mg/70 kg of intravenous cocaine was evaluated on a concurrent progressive ratio drug versus money choice task. Subjective and physiological effects of cocaine were also determined. Cocaine functioned as a reinforcer and produced prototypic dose-related subjective and physiological effects (e.g., increased ratings of "Stimulated" and heart rate). Suvorexant (10, 20 mg) increased self-administration of 10 mg/70 kg cocaine and decreased oral temperature but did not significantly alter any other effects of cocaine. Future research may seek to evaluate the effects of orexin-1 selective antagonists in combination with cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA; Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 845 Angliana Avenue, Lexington, KY 40508, USA.
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kevin W Hatton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lon R Hays
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - Abner O Rayapati
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA
| | - Joshua A Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
| | - Craig R Rush
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1100 Veterans Drive, Medical Behavioral Science Building, Lexington, KY 40536-0086, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 245 Fountain Court, Lexington, KY 40509-1810, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, 171 Funkhouser Drive, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
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106
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Desmercieres S, Lardeux V, Longueville JE, Hanna M, Panlilio LV, Thiriet N, Solinas M. A self-adjusting, progressive shock strength procedure to investigate resistance to punishment: Characterization in male and female rats. Neuropharmacology 2022; 220:109261. [PMID: 36152690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Indifference to harmful consequences is one of the main characteristics of compulsive behaviors and addiction. Animal models that provide a rapid and effective measure of resistance to punishment could be critical for the investigation of mechanisms underlying these maladaptive behaviors. Here, analogous to the progressive ratio (PR) procedure widely used to evaluate appetitive motivation as the response requirement is increased, we developed a self-adjusting, progressive shock strength (PSS) procedure. The PSS provides, within a single session, a break point that quantifies the propensity to work for a reward in spite of receiving electric footshock that progressively increases in duration. In both male and female rats, the PSS break point was sensitive to 1) hunger; and 2) changes in the qualitative, but not quantitative, incentive value of the reward. In systematic comparisons between PSS and PR procedures in the same rats, we found that both measures are sensitive to manipulations of motivational states, but they are not intercorrelated, suggesting that they measure overlapping but partially distinct processes. Importantly, the PSS procedure represents a refinement in the 3Rs principles of animal research because animals can control the strength of shock that they are willing to tolerate. This self-adjusting PSS procedure may represent a useful tool to investigate mechanisms underlying maladaptive behavior that persists in certain individuals despite harmful consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevenson Desmercieres
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Virginie Lardeux
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Longueville
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Myriam Hanna
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Leigh V Panlilio
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Marcello Solinas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U-1084, Laboratoire des Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France.
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107
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Cantero-García N, Flores-Burgess A, Pineda-Gómez JP, Orio L, Serrano A, Díaz-Cabiale Z, Millón C. Galanin N-terminal fragment (1−15) reduces alcohol seeking and alcohol relapse in rats: Involvement of mesocorticolimbic system. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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108
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Liu X, Vickstrom CR, Yu H, Liu S, Snarrenberg ST, Friedman V, Mu L, Chen B, Kelly TJ, Baker DA, Liu QS. Epac2 in midbrain dopamine neurons contributes to cocaine reinforcement via facilitation of dopamine release. eLife 2022; 11:80747. [PMID: 35993549 PMCID: PMC9436413 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse results in an upregulation of cAMP signaling in the mesolimbic dopamine system, a molecular adaptation thought to be critically involved in the development of drug dependence. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac2) is a major cAMP effector abundantly expressed in the brain. However, it remains unknown whether Epac2 contributes to cocaine reinforcement. Here, we report that Epac2 in the mesolimbic dopamine system promotes cocaine reinforcement via enhancement of dopamine release. Conditional knockout of Epac2 from midbrain dopamine neurons (Epac2-cKO) and the selective Epac2 inhibitor ESI-05 decreased cocaine self-administration in mice under both fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules and across a broad range of cocaine doses. In addition, Epac2-cKO led to reduced evoked dopamine release, whereas Epac2 agonism robustly enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in vitro. This mechanism is central to the behavioral effects of Epac2 disruption, as chemogenetic stimulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons via deschloroclozapine (DCZ)-induced activation of Gs-DREADD increased dopamine release and reversed the impairment of cocaine self-administration in Epac2-cKO mice. Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition of VTA dopamine neurons with Gi-DREADD reduced dopamine release and cocaine self-administration in wild-type mice. Epac2-mediated enhancement of dopamine release may therefore represent a novel and powerful mechanism that contributes to cocaine reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Casey R Vickstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Shana Terai Snarrenberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Vladislav Friedman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Lianwei Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Bixuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Thomas J Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
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McLaurin KA, Li H, Mactutus CF, Harrod SB, Booze RM. Disrupted Decision-Making: EcoHIV Inoculation in Cocaine Dependent Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9100. [PMID: 36012364 PMCID: PMC9409394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Independently, chronic cocaine use and HIV-1 viral protein exposure induce neuroadaptations in the frontal-striatal circuit as evidenced by both clinical and preclinical studies; how the frontal-striatal circuit responds to HIV-1 infection following chronic drug use, however, has remained elusive. After establishing experience with both sucrose and cocaine self-administration, a pretest-posttest experimental design was utilized to evaluate preference judgment, a simple form of decision-making dependent upon the integrity of frontal-striatal circuit function. During the pretest assessment, male rats exhibited a clear preference for cocaine, whereas female animals preferred sucrose. Two posttest evaluations (3 days and 6 weeks post inoculation) revealed that, independent of biological sex, inoculation with chimeric HIV (EcoHIV), but not saline, disrupted decision-making. Prominent structural alterations in the frontal-striatal circuit were evidenced by synaptodendritic alterations in pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. Thus, the EcoHIV rat affords a valid animal model to critically investigate how the frontal-striatal circuit responds to HIV-1 infection following chronic drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rosemarie M. Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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110
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Piccin A, Courtand G, Contarino A. Morphine reduces the interest for natural rewards. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2407-2419. [PMID: 35396673 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alongside a pathological, excessive, motivation for substances of abuse, substance use disorder (SUD) patients often show a dramatic loss of interest for naturally rewarding activities, such as positive peer social interaction and food intake. Yet, pre-clinical evidence of the latter SUD features remains scarce and inconsistent. OBJECTIVES In the current study, we investigated the effect of non-rewarding and rewarding doses of morphine upon social behaviour, motivation for and intake of palatable food, in male and female C57BL/6J mice. METHODS First, the rewarding effects of two relatively low morphine doses (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) were assessed using a newly established single substance administration/conditioning trial conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Then, morphine (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) effects upon social behaviour, motivation for and intake of palatable food were examined by the three-chamber (3-CH), an operant behaviour and a palatable food preference test, respectively. RESULTS Morphine (2.5 mg/kg) induced CPP in both male and female mice, whereas morphine (1.25 mg/kg) induced CPP only in female mice. Both morphine doses (1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) reduced sociability, motivation for and intake of palatable food in male and female mice, independently of cognitive function or locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS Female mice were more sensitive than male mice to the rewarding effects of morphine. Moreover, both a non-rewarding and a rewarding dose of morphine impaired the interest for naturally rewarding activities, indicating that brain reward systems might be more sensitive to the deleterious than to the rewarding effects of substances of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piccin
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilles Courtand
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Angelo Contarino
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France. .,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France.
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111
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Shelton KL, Nicholson KL. Reinforcing effects of fentanyl and sufentanil aerosol puffs in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2491-2502. [PMID: 35426491 PMCID: PMC10878424 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rapidly evolving e-cigarette technology developed for self-administering nicotine aerosol has the potential to be utilized to self-administer other aerosolized drugs of abuse. Rodent models which mirror characteristics of human e-cigarette use are necessary to explore the degree to which this may be a public health concern. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to develop a highly translational model of discrete nose-only aerosol puff drug delivery to explore the reinforcing effects of fentanyl and sufentanil aerosols in rats. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to perform a multiple schedule FR1 lever-press, 4-s (second) nose hold operant during which the subject's orofacial areas were exposed to drug-free glycerol/propylene glycol aerosol produced by a commercial e-cigarette at a power setting of 18 watts. Each completed 4-s drug-free vehicle aerosol exposure resulted in a 3-s presentation of a 0.1-ml dipper of sweetened milk solution. After training, rats were then allowed to self-administer 4-s nose-only puffs of fentanyl (100-6000 µg/ml) or sufentanil (30-500 µg/ml) aerosol in the absence of paired milk dipper reinforcers. RESULTS All 31 rats learned the lever-press/nose-poke multiple schedule for milk dippers alone and 25 accepted exposure to 4 s of 18 watts of drug-free vehicle aerosol when paired with milk dipper presentations. In the absence of paired milk dipper presentations, fentanyl aerosol puffs at concentrations of 1000 and 3000 µg/ml as well as 100 µg/ml puffs of sufentanil served as reinforcers compared to both air puffs and drug-free vehicle aerosol puffs. There were no significant differences between males and females in number of fentanyl or sufentanil puffs self-administered. CONCLUSIONS Discrete nose-only puffs of two potent opioids under exposure conditions comparable to puff durations in human e-cigarette users serve as reinforcers in rats. This outcome suggests that under appropriate conditions e-cigarettes might be a potential alternative delivery mechanism for illicit opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Shelton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 410 North 12th Street, Room 746D, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
| | - Katherine L Nicholson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 410 North 12th Street, Room 746D, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
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Henningfield J, Gauvin D, Bifari F, Fant R, Shram M, Buchhalter A, Ashworth J, Lanier R, Pappagallo M, Inturrisi C, Folli F, Traversa S, Manfredi PL. REL-1017 (esmethadone; d-methadone) does not cause reinforcing effect, physical dependence and withdrawal signs in Sprague Dawley rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11389. [PMID: 35794162 PMCID: PMC9259683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
REL-1017 (esmethadone, d-methadone) is the opioid-inactive d-isomer of racemic d,l-methadone. REL-1017 may exert antidepressant effects via uncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) channel block. As REL-1017 is expected to exert central nervous system activity, full characterization of its abuse potential is warranted. We evaluated lack of reinforcing effect, physical dependence, and withdrawal of REL-1017 in Sprague Dawley rats. (1) Self-administration Study Rats were trained to self-administer oxycodone intravenously (IV) and then were subjected to 3-day substitution tests where saline, oxycodone, and REL-1017 were self-delivered IV by a fixed number of lever presses; (2) Drug Discontinuation Study Rats were treated for 30 days by oral gavage with vehicle, REL-1017, ketamine or morphine and evaluated for withdrawal with functional observational batteries (FOBs). In the self-administration study, rats treated with saline, vehicle, and all REL-1017 doses showed the typical “extinction burst” pattern of response, characterized by an initial rapid increase of lever-pressing followed by a rapid decrease over 3 days. Rats treated with oxycodone maintained stable self-injection, as expected for reinforcing stimuli. In the withdrawal study, REL-1017 did not engender either morphine or ketamine withdrawal signs over 9 days following abrupt discontinuation of drug exposure. REL-1017 showed no evidence of abuse potential and did not engender withdrawal symptomatology.
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Chow JJ, Beacher NJ, Chabot JM, Oke M, Venniro M, Lin DT, Shaham Y. Characterization of operant social interaction in rats: effects of access duration, effort, peer familiarity, housing conditions, and choice between social interaction vs. food or remifentanil. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2093-2108. [PMID: 35230469 PMCID: PMC10724845 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Social factors play a critical role in drug addiction. We recently showed that rats will abstain from methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, and remifentanil self-administration when given a choice between the addictive drug and operant social interaction. Here, we further characterized operant social interaction by determining the effects of access duration, effort, peer familiarity, and housing conditions. We also determined choice between social interaction vs. palatable food or remifentanil. METHODS We first trained single-housed male and female rats to lever-press for social interaction with a sex- and age-matched peer. Next, we determined effects of access duration (3.75 to 240 s), effort (increasing fixed-ratio schedule requirements or progressive ratio schedule), peer familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar), and housing conditions (single vs. paired housing) on social self-administration. We also determined choice between social interaction vs. palatable food pellets or intravenous remifentanil (0, 1, 10 µg/kg/infusion). RESULTS Increasing access duration to a peer decreased social self-administration under fixed ratio but not progressive ratio schedule; the rats showed similar preference for short vs. long access duration. Social self-administration under different fixed ratio requirements was higher in single-housed than in paired-housed rats and higher for a familiar vs. unfamiliar partner in single-housed but not paired-housed rats. Response rates of food-sated rats under increasing fixed-ratio requirements were higher for palatable food than for social interaction. The rats strongly preferred palatable food over social interaction and showed dose-dependent preference for social interaction vs. remifentanil. CONCLUSIONS We identified parameters influencing the reinforcing effects of operant social interaction and introduce a choice procedure sensitive to remifentanil self-administration dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jules M Chabot
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marvellous Oke
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco Venniro
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Da-Ting Lin
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Aomine Y, Sakurai K, Macpherson T, Ozawa T, Miyamoto Y, Yoneda Y, Oka M, Hikida T. Importin α3 (KPNA3) Deficiency Augments Effortful Reward-Seeking Behavior in Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:905991. [PMID: 35844217 PMCID: PMC9279672 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.905991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Importin α3 (Gene: Kpna3, the ortholog of human Importin α4) is a member of the importin α family and participates in nucleocytoplasmic transport by forming trimeric complexes between cargo proteins and importin β1. Evidence from human studies has indicated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the KPNA3 gene are associated with the occurrence of several psychiatric disorders accompanied by abnormal reward-related behavior, including schizophrenia, major depression, and substance addiction. However, the precise roles of importin α3 in controlling reward processing and motivation are still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the behavioral effects of Kpna3 knockout (KO) in mice on performance in touchscreen operant chamber-based tasks evaluating simple (fixed-ratio) and effortful (progressive-ratio) reward-seeking behaviors. While Kpna3 KO mice showed no significant differences in operant reward learning on a fixed-ratio schedule, they demonstrated significantly increased motivation (increased break point) to instrumentally respond for sucrose on a progressive-ratio schedule. We additionally measured the number of c-Fos-positive cells, a marker of neural activity, in 20 regions of the brain and identified a network of brain regions based on their interregional correlation coefficients. Network and graph-theoretic analyses suggested that Kpna3 deficiency enhanced overall interregional functional connectivity. These findings suggest the importance of Kpna3 in motivational control and indicate that Kpna3 KO mice may be an attractive line for modeling motivational abnormalities associated with several psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiatsu Aomine
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koki Sakurai
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tom Macpherson
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ozawa
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoneda
- National Institutes for Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takatoshi Hikida,
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Domi A, Lunerti V, Petrella M, Domi E, Borruto AM, Ubaldi M, Weiss F, Ciccocioppo R. Genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors in the ventral tegmental area attenuates nicotine-motivated behaviour. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:2647-2658. [PMID: 34854073 PMCID: PMC9081114 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)-nociceptin opioid-like peptide (NOP) receptor system is widely distributed in the brain and pharmacological activation of this system revealed therapeutic potential in animal models of substance use disorder. Studies also showed that genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of NOP receptors confer resistance to the development of alcohol abuse. Here, we have used a genetic and pharmacological approach to evaluate the therapeutic potential of NOP antagonism in smoking cessation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Constitutive NOP receptor knockout rats (NOP-/- ) and their wild-type counterparts (NOP+/+ ) were tested over a range of behaviours to characterize their motivation for nicotine. We next explored the effects of systemic administration of the NOP receptor antagonist LY2817412 (1.0 & 3.0 mg·kg-1 ) on nicotine self-administration. NOP receptor blockade was further evaluated at the brain circuitry level, by microinjecting LY2817412 (3.0 & 6.0 μg·μl-1 ) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and central amygdala (CeA). KEY RESULTS Genetic NOP receptor deletion resulted in decreased nicotine intake, decreased motivation to self-administer and attenuation of cue-induced nicotine reinstatement. LY2817412 reduced nicotine intake in NOP+/+ but not in NOP-/- rats, confirming that its effect is mediated by inhibition of NOP transmission. Finally, injection of LY2817412 into the VTA but not into the NAc or CeA decreased nicotine self-administration. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings indicate that inhibition of NOP transmission attenuates the motivation for nicotine through mechanisms involving the VTA and suggest that NOP receptor antagonism may represent a potential treatment for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Domi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Veronica Lunerti
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Michele Petrella
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Esi Domi
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkoping University, Linkoping 58183, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Borruto
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Maccioni P, Bratzu J, Lobina C, Acciaro C, Corrias G, Capra A, Carai MAM, Agabio R, Muntoni AL, Gessa GL, Colombo G. Exposure to an enriched environment reduces alcohol self-administration in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Physiol Behav 2022; 249:113771. [PMID: 35247441 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Living in an enriched environment (EE) produces a notable impact on several rodent behaviors, including those motivated by drugs of abuse. This picture is somewhat less clear when referring to alcohol-motivated behaviors. With the intent of contributing to this research field with data from one of the few rat lines selectively bred for excessive alcohol consumption, the present study investigated the effect of EE on operant oral alcohol self-administration in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. Starting from Postnatal Day (PND) 21, male sP rats were kept under 3 different housing conditions: impoverished environment (IE; single housing in shoebox-like cages with no environmental enrichment); standard environment (SE; small colony cages with 3 rats and no environmental enrichment); EE (large colony cages with 6 rats and multiple elements of environmental enrichment, including 2 floors, ladders, maze, running wheels, and shelter). From PND 60, rats were exposed to different phases of shaping and training of alcohol self-administration. IE, SE, and EE rats were then compared under (i) fixed ratio (FR) 4 (FR4) schedule of alcohol reinforcement for 20 daily sessions and (ii) progressive ratio (PR) schedule of alcohol reinforcement in a final single session. Acquisition of the lever-responding task (shaping) was slower in EE than IE and SE rats, as the likely consequence of a "devaluation" of the novel stimuli provided by the operant chamber in comparison to those to which EE rats were continuously exposed in their homecage or an alteration, induced by EE, of the rat "emotionality" state when facing the novel environment represented by the operant chamber. Training of alcohol self-administration was slower in EE than IE rats, with SE rats displaying intermediate values. A similar ranking order (IE>SE>EE) was also observed in number of lever-responses for alcohol, amount of self-administered alcohol, and breakpoint for alcohol under FR4 and PR schedules of reinforcement. These data suggest that living in a complex environment reduced the reinforcing and motivational properties of alcohol in sP rats. These results are interpreted in terms of the reinforcing and motivational properties of the main components of EE (i.e., social interactions, physical activities, exploration, novelty) substituting, at least partially, for those of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Jessica Bratzu
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Carla Lobina
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Carla Acciaro
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Gianluigi Corrias
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Alessandro Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Mauro A M Carai
- Cagliari Pharmacological Research, I-09127 Cagliari (CA), Italy
| | - Roberta Agabio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Muntoni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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Johnson AR, Christensen BA, Kelly SJ, Calipari ES. The influence of reinforcement schedule on experience-dependent changes in motivation. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:320-330. [PMID: 35344601 PMCID: PMC9090977 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The progressive ratio procedure is used across fields to assess motivation for different reinforcers, define the effects of experimental interventions on motivation, and determine experience-dependent changes in motivation. However, less is known about how operant training schedules affect performance on this widely utilized task. Here we designed an experiment to examine the effect of variable ratio versus fixed ratio training schedules of reinforcement on progressive ratio performance while holding other performance variables constant between groups. We found a robust increase in maximum ratio completed between the pretest and posttraining test highlighting a robust training effect on progressive ratio performance. However, it did not matter if the training was under a fixed or variable ratio schedule. Additionally, we show that neither individual rates during training nor extinction responding correlated with maximum ratio achieved during the sessions. Finally, we show that rates during the training sessions do correlate with extinction performance, suggesting that these variables measure a different aspect of performance that does not predict motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke A Christensen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Erin S Calipari
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University
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118
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Singh A, Xie Y, Davis A, Wang ZJ. Early social isolation stress increases addiction vulnerability to heroin and alters c-Fos expression in the mesocorticolimbic system. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1081-1095. [PMID: 34997861 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adverse psychosocial factors during early childhood or adolescence compromise neural structure and brain function, inducing susceptibility for many psychiatric disorders such as substance use disorder. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying early life stress-induced addiction vulnerability is still unclear, especially for opioids. OBJECTIVES To address this, we used a mouse heroin self-administration model to examine how chronic early social isolation (ESI) stress (5 weeks, beginning at weaning) affects the behavioral and neural responses to heroin during adulthood. RESULTS We found that ESI stress did not alter the acquisition for sucrose or heroin self-administration, nor change the motivation for sucrose on a progressive ratio schedule. However, ESI stress induced an upward shift of heroin dose-response curve in female mice and increased motivation and seeking for heroin in both sexes. Furthermore, we examined the neuronal activity (measured by c-Fos expression) within the key brain regions of the mesocorticolimbic system, including the prelimbic cortex (PrL), infralimbic cortex (IL), nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell, caudate putamen, and ventral tegmental area (VTA). We found that ESI stress dampened c-Fos expression in the PrL, IL, and VTA after 14-day forced abstinence, while augmented the neuronal responses to heroin-predictive context and cue in the IL and NAc core. Moreover, ESI stress disrupted the association between c-Fos expression and attempted infusions during heroin-seeking test in the PrL. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that ESI stress leads to increased seeking and motivation for heroin, and this may be associated with distinct changes in neuronal activities in different subregions of the mesocorticolimbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Ashton Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
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Zalachoras I, Astori S, Meijer M, Grosse J, Zanoletti O, de Suduiraut IG, Deussing JM, Sandi C. Opposite effects of stress on effortful motivation in high and low anxiety are mediated by CRHR1 in the VTA. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj9019. [PMID: 35319997 PMCID: PMC8942367 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Individuals frequently differ in their behavioral and cognitive responses to stress. However, whether motivation is differently affected by acute stress in different individuals remains to be established. By exploiting natural variation in trait anxiety in outbred Wistar rats, we show that acute stress facilitates effort-related motivation in low anxious animals, while dampening effort in high anxious ones. This model allowed us to address the mechanisms underlying acute stress-induced differences in motivated behavior. We show that CRHR1 expression levels in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)-a neuronal type implicated in the regulation of motivation-depend on animals' anxiety, and these differences in CRHR1 expression levels explain the divergent effects of stress on both effortful behavior and the functioning of mesolimbic DA neurons. These findings highlight CRHR1 in VTA DA neurons-whose levels vary with individuals' anxiety-as a switching mechanism determining whether acute stress facilitates or dampens motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Zalachoras
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (C.S.); (I.Z.); (S.A.)
| | - Simone Astori
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (C.S.); (I.Z.); (S.A.)
| | - Mandy Meijer
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelyn Grosse
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Zanoletti
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Guillot de Suduiraut
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan M. Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry/Molecular Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (C.S.); (I.Z.); (S.A.)
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120
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Seaman RW, Rice KC, Collins GT. Relative reinforcing effects of cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) under a concurrent access self-administration procedure in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109299. [PMID: 35063839 PMCID: PMC8919706 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggesting that polysubstance use is the norm rather than the exception highlights the need for a better understanding of interactions amongst the abuse-related effects of commonly co-abused drugs. Synthetic cathinones remain one of the most popular families of novel psychoactive substances and are typically used in preparations containing multiple stimulants. Evaluating the reinforcing effects of drugs under both single-operant procedures and procedures in which alternatives are available can provide a more complete characterization of their reinforcing effects and economic interactions. METHODS These studies utilized a drug-versus-drug choice procedure in 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats to evaluate economic interactions between the synthetic cathinone, MDPV, and cocaine in addition to how a history of concurrent access impacts reinstatement behavior. RESULTS When equi-effective doses of MDPV and cocaine were made concurrently available, approximately half of the subjects responded exclusively on the MDPV-reinforced lever whereas the other half responded exclusively on the cocaine-reinforced lever. Allocation of responding was reversed when the cost of the preferred drug increased, or the cost of the non-preferred drug decreased. Drug-paired cues and MDPV, cocaine, and methamphetamine pretreatments reinstated responding on both drug levers, regardless of preference. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that MDPV and cocaine act as economic substitutes and suggest that measures of reinforcing effectiveness determined under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement can predict drug choice. These data also suggest that environmental stimuli associated with a particular drug might stimulate class-specific drug-seeking, however, further studies are needed to test the generality of this claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Seaman
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, NIDA and NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory T Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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121
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Hunger dampens a nucleus accumbens circuit to drive persistent food seeking. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1689-1702.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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122
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Soares-Cunha C, Domingues AV, Correia R, Coimbra B, Vieitas-Gaspar N, de Vasconcelos NAP, Pinto L, Sousa N, Rodrigues AJ. Distinct role of nucleus accumbens D2-MSN projections to ventral pallidum in different phases of motivated behavior. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110380. [PMID: 35172164 PMCID: PMC8864463 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key region in motivated behaviors. NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are divided into those expressing dopamine receptor D1 or D2. Classically, D1- and D2-MSNs have been described as having opposing roles in reinforcement, but recent evidence suggests a more complex role for D2-MSNs. Here, we show that optogenetic modulation of D2-MSN to ventral pallidum (VP) projections during different stages of motivated behavior has contrasting effects in motivation. Activation of D2-MSN-VP projections during a reward-predicting cue results in increased motivational drive, whereas activation at reward delivery decreases motivation; optical inhibition triggers the opposite behavioral effect. In addition, in a free-choice instrumental task, animals prefer the lever that originates one pellet in opposition to pellet plus D2-MSN-VP optogenetic activation and vice versa for optogenetic inhibition. In summary, D2-MSN-VP projections play different, and even opposing, roles in distinct phases of motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Ana Verónica Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Raquel Correia
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Natacha Vieitas-Gaspar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nivaldo A P de Vasconcelos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal; Physics Department, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center-Braga (2CA), Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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Nicolas C, Russell TI, Shaham Y, Ikemoto S. Dissociation Between Incubation of Cocaine Craving and Anxiety-Related Behaviors After Continuous and Intermittent Access Self-Administration. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:824741. [PMID: 35197820 PMCID: PMC8859112 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.824741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies using either continuous or intermittent access cocaine self-administration procedures showed that cocaine seeking increases during abstinence (incubation of cocaine craving), and that this effect is higher after intermittent cocaine access. Other studies showed that cocaine abstinence is characterized by the emergence of stress- and anxiety-related states which were hypothesized to increase relapse vulnerability. We examined whether incubation of cocaine craving and anxiety-related behaviors are correlated and whether intermittent cocaine self-administration would potentiate these behaviors during abstinence. Male rats self-administered cocaine either continuously (6 h/day) or intermittently (5 min ON, 25 min OFF × 12) for 14 days, followed by relapse tests after 1 or 21 abstinence days. A group of rats that self-administered saline served as a control. Anxiety-related behaviors were measured on the same abstinence days, using the novelty induced-hypophagia test. Finally, motivation for cocaine was measured using a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule. Lever-presses after 21 abstinence days were higher than after 1 day and this incubation effect was higher in the intermittent access group. Progressive ratio responding was also higher after intermittent cocaine access. Intermittent and continuous cocaine access did not induce anxiety-like responses in the novelty-induced hypophagia test after 1 or 21 abstinence days. Independent of the access condition, incubation of cocaine seeking was not correlated with the novelty-induced hypophagia measures. Results suggest that cocaine-induced anxiety-related states during protracted abstinence do not contribute to incubation of cocaine craving. However, this conclusion is tentative because we used a single anxiety-related measure and did not test female rats.
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Aquaporin-4 deletion attenuates opioid-induced addictive behaviours associated with dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Laque A, Wagner GE, Matzeu A, De Ness GL, Kerr TM, Carroll AM, de Guglielmo G, Nedelescu H, Buczynski MW, Gregus AM, Jhou TC, Zorrilla EP, Martin-Fardon R, Koya E, Ritter RC, Weiss F, Suto N. Linking drug and food addiction via compulsive appetite. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:2589-2609. [PMID: 35023154 PMCID: PMC9081129 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE "Food addiction" is the subject of intense public and research interest. However, this nosology based on neurobehavioral similarities among obese individuals and patients with eating disorders and drug addiction remains controversial. We thus sought to determine which aspects of disordered eating are causally linked to preclinical models of drug addiction. We hypothesized that extensive drug histories, known to cause addiction-like brain changes and drug motivation in rats, would also cause addiction-like food motivation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats underwent extensive cocaine, alcohol, caffeine or obesogenic diet histories, and were subsequently tested for punishment-resistant food self-administration or "compulsive appetite", as a measure of addiction-like food motivation. KEY RESULTS Extensive cocaine and alcohol (but not caffeine) histories caused compulsive appetite that persisted long after the last drug exposure. Extensive obesogenic diet histories also caused compulsive appetite, although neither cocaine nor alcohol histories caused excess calorie intake and bodyweight during abstinence. Hence, compulsive appetite and obesity appear to be dissociable, with the former sharing common mechanisms with preclinical drug addiction models. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Compulsive appetite, as seen in subsets of obese individuals and patients with binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa (eating disorders that do not necessarily result in obesity), appears to epitomize "food addiction". Because different drug and obesogenic diet histories caused compulsive appetite, overlapping dysregulations in the reward circuits, which control drug and food motivation independently of energy homeostasis, may offer common therapeutic targets for treating addictive behaviors across drug addiction, eating disorders and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Laque
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grant E Wagner
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra Matzeu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Genna L De Ness
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony M Kerr
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ayla M Carroll
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hermina Nedelescu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W Buczynski
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ann M Gregus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas C Jhou
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Remi Martin-Fardon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eisuke Koya
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Robert C Ritter
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nobuyoshi Suto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Reichenbach A, Clarke RE, Stark R, Lockie SH, Mequinion M, Dempsey H, Rawlinson S, Reed F, Sepehrizadeh T, DeVeer M, Munder AC, Nunez-Iglesias J, Spanswick D, Mynatt R, Kravitz AV, Dayas CV, Brown R, Andrews ZB. Metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons integrates homeostatic state with dopamine signalling in the striatum. eLife 2022; 11:72668. [PMID: 35018884 PMCID: PMC8803314 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons increase motivation for food, however, whether metabolic sensing of homeostatic state in AgRP neurons potentiates motivation by interacting with dopamine reward systems is unexplored. As a model of impaired metabolic-sensing, we used the AgRP-specific deletion of carnitine acetyltransferase (Crat) in mice. We hypothesised that metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons is required to increase motivation for food reward by modulating accumbal or striatal dopamine release. Studies confirmed that Crat deletion in AgRP neurons (KO) impaired ex vivo glucose-sensing, as well as in vivo responses to peripheral glucose injection or repeated palatable food presentation and consumption. Impaired metabolic-sensing in AgRP neurons reduced acute dopamine release (seconds) to palatable food consumption and during operant responding, as assessed by GRAB-DA photometry in the nucleus accumbens, but not the dorsal striatum. Impaired metabolic-sensing in AgRP neurons suppressed radiolabelled 18F-fDOPA accumulation after ~30 min in the dorsal striatum but not the nucleus accumbens. Impaired metabolic sensing in AgRP neurons suppressed motivated operant responding for sucrose rewards during fasting. Thus, metabolic-sensing in AgRP neurons is required for the appropriate temporal integration and transmission of homeostatic hunger-sensing to dopamine signalling in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel E Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Romana Stark
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Sarah H Lockie
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Harry Dempsey
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Sasha Rawlinson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Felicia Reed
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Tara Sepehrizadeh
- Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Michael DeVeer
- Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Astrid C Munder
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Juan Nunez-Iglesias
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - David Spanswick
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Randall Mynatt
- Gene Nutrient Interactions Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Christopher V Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Robyn Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Peltz G, Tan Y. What Have We Learned (or Expect to) From Analysis of Murine Genetic Models Related to Substance Use Disorders? Front Psychiatry 2022; 12:793961. [PMID: 35095607 PMCID: PMC8790171 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.793961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremendous public health problem created by substance use disorders (SUDs) presents a major opportunity for mouse genetics. Inbred mouse strains exhibit substantial and heritable differences in their responses to drugs of abuse (DOA) and in many of the behaviors associated with susceptibility to SUD. Therefore, genetic discoveries emerging from analysis of murine genetic models can provide critically needed insight into the neurobiological effects of DOA, and they can reveal how genetic factors affect susceptibility drug addiction. There are already indications, emerging from our prior analyses of murine genetic models of responses related to SUDs that mouse genetic models of SUD can provide actionable information, which can lead to new approaches for alleviating SUDs. Lastly, we consider the features of murine genetic models that enable causative genetic factors to be successfully identified; and the methodologies that facilitate genetic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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128
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Grimm JW, North K, Hopkins M, Jiganti K, McCoy A, Šulc J, MacDougall D, Sauter F. Sex differences in sucrose reinforcement in Long-Evans rats. Biol Sex Differ 2022; 13:3. [PMID: 35016712 PMCID: PMC8753819 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are sex differences in addiction behaviors. To develop a pre-clinical animal model to investigate this, the present study examined sex differences in sucrose taking and seeking using Long-Evans rats. Methods Five experiments were conducted using separate groups of subjects. The first two examined sucrose or saccharin preference in two-bottle home cage choice tests. Experiment three assessed sucrose intake in a binge model with sucrose available in home cage bottles. Experiments four and five utilized operant-based procedures. In experiment four rats responded for sucrose on fixed and progressive ratio (FR, PR) schedules of reinforcement over a range of concentrations of sucrose. A final component of experiment four was measuring seeking in the absence of sucrose challenged with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390. Experiment five assessed responding for water on FR and PR schedules of reinforcement. Results When accounting for body weight, female rats consumed more sucrose than water; but there was no sex difference in saccharin preference over a range of saccharin concentrations. When accounting for body weight, females consumed more sucrose than males in the binge model, and only females increased binge intake over 14 days of the study. Females responded at higher rates for sucrose under both FR and PR schedules of reinforcement. Females responded at higher rates in extinction (seeking); SCH23390 reduced sucrose seeking of both females and males. Females responded at higher rates for water on FR and PR schedules than males, although rates of responding were low and decreased over sessions. Conclusions Across bottle-choice, binge intake, and operant procedures, female Long-Evans rats consumed more sucrose and responded at higher rates for sucrose. Although females also responded more for water, the vigor of responding did not explain the consistent sex difference in sucrose taking and seeking. The sex difference in sucrose taking was also not explained by sweet preference, as there was no sex difference in saccharin preference. These data provide a pre-clinical model to further evaluate sex differences in addiction behaviors and manipulations designed to reduce them. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13293-022-00412-8.
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Bagdas D, Kebede N, Zepei AM, Harris L, Minanov K, Picciotto MR, Addy NA. Animal Models to Investigate the Impact of Flavors on Nicotine Addiction and Dependence. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2175-2201. [PMID: 35611777 PMCID: PMC9886843 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220524120231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use in humans is a long-standing public health concern. Flavors are common additives in tobacco and alternative tobacco products, added to mask nicotine's harsh orosensory effects and increase the appeal of these products. Animal models are integral for investigating nicotine use and addiction and are helpful for understanding the effects of flavor additives on the use of nicotine delivery products. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on preclinical models to evaluate the contribution of flavor additives to nicotine addiction. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted by authors up to May 2022. Original articles were selected. RESULTS The behavioral models of rodents described here capture multiple dimensions of human flavored nicotine use behaviors, including advantages and disadvantages. CONCLUSION The consensus of the literature search was that human research on nicotine use behavior has not caught up with fast-changing product innovations, marketing practices, and federal regulations. Animal models are therefore needed to investigate mechanisms underlying nicotine use and addiction. This review provides a comprehensive overvie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nardos Kebede
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andy Ma Zepei
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lilley Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Karina Minanov
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marina R. Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nii A. Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Smeets JAS, Minnaard AM, Ramakers GMJ, Adan RAH, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Lesscher HMB. On the interrelation between alcohol addiction-like behaviors in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1115-1128. [PMID: 35020046 PMCID: PMC8986720 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex, heterogeneous disorder that only occurs in a minority of alcohol users. Various behavioral constructs, including excessive intake, habit formation, motivation for alcohol and resistance to punishment have been implicated in AUD, but their interrelatedness is unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was therefore to explore the relation between these AUD-associated behavioral constructs in rats. We hypothesised that a subpopulation of animals could be identified that, based on these measures, display consistent AUD-like behavior. METHODS Lister Hooded rats (n = 47) were characterised for alcohol consumption, habit formation, motivation for alcohol and quinine-adulterated alcohol consumption. The interrelation between these measures was evaluated through correlation and cluster analyses. In addition, addiction severity scores were computed using different combinations of the behavioral measures, to assess the consistency of the AUD-like subpopulation. RESULTS We found that the data was uniformly distributed, as there was no significant tendency of the behavioral measures to cluster in the dataset. On the basis of multiple ranked addiction severity scores, five animals (~ 11%) were classified as displaying AUD-like behavior. The composition of the remaining subpopulation of animals with the highest addiction severity score (9 rats; ~ 19%) varied, depending on the combination of measures included. CONCLUSION Consistent AUD-like behavior was detected in a small proportion of alcohol drinking rats. Alcohol consumption, habit formation, motivation for alcohol and punishment resistance contribute in varying degrees to the AUD-like phenotype across the population. These findings emphasise the importance of considering the heterogeneity of AUD-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A. S. Smeets
- Department of Population Health Sciences, unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. Maryse Minnaard
- Department of Population Health Sciences, unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert M. J. Ramakers
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger A. H. Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren
- Department of Population Health Sciences, unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi M. B. Lesscher
- Department of Population Health Sciences, unit Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Carreño D, Lotfipour S. Sex- and genotype-dependent nicotine plus cue-primed reinstatement is enhanced in adolescent Sprague Dawley rats containing the human CHRNA6 3'-UTR polymorphism (rs2304297). Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1064211. [PMID: 36704741 PMCID: PMC9872558 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1064211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Large-scale human candidate gene studies have indicated that a genetic variant (rs2304297) in the alpha(α)6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit, encoded by the CHRNA6 gene, may play a key role in adolescent nicotine addictive behavior. We hypothesized that the polymorphism selectively enhances nicotine + cue-primed reinstatement, but not nicotine- or cue-reinstatement in α6 GG (risk) vs. α6 CC (non-risk) allele carriers, without having baseline effects on natural rewards. METHODS Using CRISPR-Cas9 genomic engineering, we developed a humanized rat line with the human gene variant of the CHRNA6 3'-UTR C 123 G polymorphism in Sprague-Dawley rats. Genetically modified adolescent male and female rats were food trained under a fixed-ratio (FR)1 schedule of reinforcement and progressively increased to FR5. Animals were implanted with catheters and began nicotine self-administration (15 μg/kg/infusion) at FR5. Upon reaching stable responding, reinforced behavior was extinguished by removal of drug and cues. Reinstatement testing began for cue only, nicotine only, and nicotine + cue in a Latin Square Design. Animals were returned to extinction conditions for 2 days minimum between testing. RESULTS For natural food rewards, nicotine self-administration, progressive ratio, and extinction, adolescent male and female (α6 GG and α6 CC ) rats exhibited equivalent behaviors. Male α6 GG rats show enhanced nicotine + cue-primed reinstatement when compared with male α6 CC rats. This genotype effect on reinstatement was not seen in female rats. CONCLUSION Our findings support the in vivo functional role of the human CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP genetic variant in sex-dependently enhancing nicotine seeking behavior in adolescent rats. Overall, the findings support clinical and preclinical data highlighting a role of α6 nAChRs mediating sex heterogeneity in substance use and related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carreño
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Increased elasticity of sucrose demand during hyperdopaminergic states in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:773-794. [PMID: 35102422 PMCID: PMC8891210 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Deficits in cost-benefit decision-making are a core feature of several psychiatric disorders, including substance addiction, eating disorders and bipolar disorder. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine signalling has been implicated in various processes related to cognition and reward, but its precise role in reward valuation and cost-benefit trade-off decisions remains incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES We assessed the role of mesocorticolimbic dopamine signalling in the relationship between price and consumption of sucrose, to better understand its role in cost-benefit decisions. METHODS Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were chemogenetically activated in rats, and a behavioural economics approach was used to quantify the relationship between price and consumption of sucrose. Motivation for sucrose was also assessed under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. To further gauge the role of dopamine in cost-benefit trade-offs for sucrose, the effects of treatment with D-amphetamine and the dopamine receptor antagonist alpha-flupentixol were assessed. RESULTS Chemogenetic activation of VTA dopamine neurons increased demand elasticity, while responding for sucrose under a PR schedule of reinforcement was augmented upon stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons. Treatment with amphetamine partially replicated the effects of chemogenetic dopamine neuron activation, whereas treatment with alpha-flupentixol reduced free consumption of sucrose and had mixed effects on demand elasticity. CONCLUSIONS Stimulation of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurotransmission altered cost-benefit trade-offs in a complex manner. It reduced the essential value of palatable food, increased incentive motivation and left free consumption unaltered. Together, these findings imply that mesocorticolimbic dopamine signalling differentially influences distinct components of cost expenditure processes aimed at obtaining rewards.
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133
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Zinsmaier AK, Dong Y, Huang YH. Cocaine-induced projection-specific and cell type-specific adaptations in the nucleus accumbens. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:669-686. [PMID: 33963288 PMCID: PMC8691189 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine craving, seeking, and relapse are mediated, in part, by cocaine-induced adaptive changes in the brain reward circuits. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) integrates and prioritizes different emotional and motivational inputs to the reward system by processing convergent glutamatergic projections from the medial prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus, and other limbic and paralimbic brain regions. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are the principal projection neurons in the NAc, which can be divided into two major subpopulations, namely dopamine receptor D1- versus D2-expressing MSNs, with complementing roles in reward-associated behaviors. After cocaine experience, NAc MSNs exhibit complex and differential adaptations dependent on cocaine regimen, withdrawal time, cell type, location (NAc core versus shell), and related input and output projections, or any combination of these factors. Detailed characterization of these cellular adaptations has been greatly facilitated by the recent development of optogenetic/chemogenetic techniques combined with transgenic tools. In this review, we discuss such cell type- and projection-specific adaptations induced by cocaine experience. Specifically, (1) D1 and D2 NAc MSNs frequently exhibit differential adaptations in spinogenesis, glutamatergic receptor trafficking, and intrinsic membrane excitability, (2) cocaine experience differentially changes the synaptic transmission at different afferent projections onto NAc MSNs, (3) cocaine-induced NAc adaptations exhibit output specificity, e.g., being different at NAc-ventral pallidum versus NAc-ventral tegmental area synapses, and (4) the input, output, subregion, and D1/D2 cell type may together determine cocaine-induced circuit plasticity in the NAc. In light of the projection- and cell-type specificity, we also briefly discuss ensemble and circuit mechanisms contributing to cocaine craving and relapse after drug withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Yanhua H. Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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Di Ciano P, Hendershot CS, Le Foll B. Therapeutic Potential of Histamine H3 Receptors in Substance Use Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 59:169-191. [PMID: 35704272 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and available pharmacological treatments are of modest efficacy. Histamine is a biogenic amine with four types of receptors. The histamine H3 receptor (H3R) is an autoreceptor and also an heteroreceptor. H3Rs are highly expressed in the basal ganglia, hippocampus and cortex, and regulate a number of neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA and dopamine. Its function and localization suggest that the H3R may be relevant to a number of psychiatric disorders and could represent a potential therapeutic target for substance use disorders. The purpose of the present review is to summarize preclinical studies investigating the effects of H3R agonists and antagonists on animal models of alcohol, nicotine and psychostimulant use. At present, the effects of H3R antagonists such as thioperamide, pitolisant or ciproxifan have been investigated in drug-induced locomotion, conditioned place preference, drug self-administration, reinstatement, sensitization and drug discrimination. For alcohol and nicotine, the effects of H3R ligands on two-bottle choice and memory tasks, respectively, have also been investigated. The results of these studies are inconsistent. For alcohol, H3R antagonists generally decreased the reward-related properties of ethanol, which suggests that H3R antagonists may be effective as a treatment option for alcohol use disorder. However, the effects of H3R antagonists on nicotine and psychostimulant motivation and reward are less clear. H3R antagonists potentiated the abuse-related properties of nicotine, but only a handful of studies have been conducted. For psychostimulants, evidence is mixed and suggests that more research is needed to establish whether H3R antagonists are a viable therapeutic option. The fact that different drugs of abuse have different brain targets may explain the differential effects of H3R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Di Ciano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian S Hendershot
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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135
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The effect of adolescent social isolation on vulnerability for methamphetamine addiction behaviours in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1129-1141. [PMID: 35347364 PMCID: PMC8986702 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stress exposure during adolescence contributes to developing a methamphetamine (METH) use disorder. However, most of the studies investigating addiction-related behaviours include only male rodents, despite METH addiction rates being higher in females. Furthermore, animal studies investigating the effects of stress on methamphetamine addiction have used only basic self-administration models which may not be sensitive to the effects of stress. OBJECTIVES This project explored whether adolescent isolation stress exposure increases the incidence of four key addiction-related behaviours in female rats. METHODS Thirty-two female rat pups were caged in groups of four or individually during adolescence from postnatal (PND) day 22, with the latter being re-socialised in groups of four on PND 43. In adulthood, rats were tested for addiction-like behaviours in a METH self-administration paradigm modelling motivation to take METH, persistence in drug-seeking behaviour when METH was not available, resistance to extinction, and propensity to reinstate after a period of withdrawal. RESULTS Adolescent social isolation resulted in lower METH intake during acquisition; however, the paradigm modelling drug-seeking when the drug was unavailable engendered intermittent METH bingeing in all rats, abolishing the group differences in intake during this phase. Adolescent social isolation also accelerated extinction of non-reinforced lever pressing, and increased stress-primed reinstatement, compared to the group-housed rats. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent social isolation stress alters various methamphetamine addiction-like behaviours in female rats.
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136
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The Role of Dopamine D3 Receptors in Tobacco Use Disorder: A Synthesis of the Preclinical and Clinical Literature. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 60:203-228. [PMID: 36173599 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a significant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Current pharmacological approaches to treat tobacco use disorder (TUD) are only partly effective and novel approaches are needed. Dopamine has a well-established role in substance use disorders, including TUD, and there has been a long-standing interest in developing agents that target the dopaminergic system to treat substance use disorders. Dopamine has 5 receptor subtypes (DRD1 to DRD5). Given the localization and safety profile of the dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3), it is of therapeutic potential for TUD. In this chapter, the preclinical and clinical literature investigating the role of DRD3 in processes relevant to TUD will be reviewed, including in nicotine reinforcement, drug reinstatement, conditioned stimuli and cue-reactivity, executive function, and withdrawal. Similarities and differences in findings from the animal and human work will be synthesized and findings will be discussed in relation to the therapeutic potential of targeting DRD3 in TUD.
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137
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Lee BR, Sung SJ, Hur KH, Kim SE, Ma SX, Kim SK, Ko YH, Kim YJ, Lee Y, Lee SY, Jang CG. Korean Red Ginseng inhibits methamphetamine addictive behaviors by regulating dopaminergic and NMDAergic system in rodents. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:147-155. [PMID: 35058731 PMCID: PMC8753524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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138
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Deng H, Xiao X, Yang T, Ritola K, Hantman A, Li Y, Huang ZJ, Li B. A genetically defined insula-brainstem circuit selectively controls motivational vigor. Cell 2021; 184:6344-6360.e18. [PMID: 34890577 PMCID: PMC9103523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The anterior insular cortex (aIC) plays a critical role in cognitive and motivational control of behavior, but the underlying neural mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that aIC neurons expressing Fezf2 (aICFezf2), which are the pyramidal tract neurons, signal motivational vigor and invigorate need-seeking behavior through projections to the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). aICFezf2 neurons and their postsynaptic NTS neurons acquire anticipatory activity through learning, which encodes the perceived value and the vigor of actions to pursue homeostatic needs. Correspondingly, aIC → NTS circuit activity controls vigor, effort, and striatal dopamine release but only if the action is learned and the outcome is needed. Notably, aICFezf2 neurons do not represent taste or valence. Moreover, aIC → NTS activity neither drives reinforcement nor influences total consumption. These results pinpoint specific functions of aIC → NTS circuit for selectively controlling motivational vigor and suggest that motivation is subserved, in part, by aIC's top-down regulation of dopamine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfei Deng
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Adam Hantman
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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139
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Khom S, Nguyen JD, Vandewater SA, Grant Y, Roberto M, Taffe MA. Self-Administration of Entactogen Psychostimulants Dysregulates Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Kappa Opioid Receptor Signaling in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala of Female Wistar Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:780500. [PMID: 34975428 PMCID: PMC8716434 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.780500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Male rats escalate intravenous self-administration of entactogen psychostimulants, 3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) under extended access conditions, as with typical psychostimulants. Here, we investigated whether female rats escalate self-administration of methylone, 3,4-methylenedioxypentedrone (pentylone), and MDMA and then studied consequences of MDMA and pentylone self-administration on GABAA receptor and kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), a brain area critically dysregulated by extended access self-administration of alcohol or cocaine. Adult female Wistar rats were trained to self-administer methylone, pentylone, MDMA (0.5 mg/kg/infusion), or saline-vehicle using a fixed-ratio 1 response contingency in 6-h sessions (long-access: LgA) followed by progressive ratio (PR) dose-response testing. The effects of pentylone-LgA, MDMA-LgA and saline on basal GABAergic transmission (miniature post-synaptic inhibitory currents, mIPSCs) and the modulatory role of KOR at CeA GABAergic synapses were determined in acute brain slices using whole-cell patch-clamp. Methylone-LgA and pentylone-LgA rats similarly escalated their drug intake (both obtained more infusions compared to MDMA-LgA rats), however, pentylone-LgA rats reached higher breakpoints in PR tests. At the cellular level, baseline CeA GABA transmission was markedly elevated in pentylone-LgA and MDMA-LgA rats compared to saline-vehicle. Specifically, pentylone-LgA was associated with increased CeA mIPSC frequency (GABA release) and amplitude (post-synaptic GABAA receptor function), while mIPSC amplitudes (but not frequency) was larger in MDMA-LgA rats compared to saline rats. In addition, pentylone-LgA and MDMA-LgA profoundly disrupted CeA KOR signaling such as both KOR agonism (1 mM U50488) and KOR antagonism (200 nM nor-binaltorphimine) decreased mIPSC frequency suggesting recruitment of non-canonical KOR signaling pathways. This study confirms escalated self-administration of entactogen psychostimulants under LgA conditions in female rats which is accompanied by increased CeA GABAergic inhibition and altered KOR signaling. Collectively, our study suggests that CeA GABA and KOR mechanisms play a critical role in entactogen self-administration like those observed with escalation of alcohol or cocaine self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Khom
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacques D. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sophia A. Vandewater
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael A. Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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140
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Mu L, Liu X, Yu H, Hu M, Friedman V, Kelly TJ, Zhao L, Liu QS. Ibudilast attenuates cocaine self-administration and prime- and cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Neuropharmacology 2021; 201:108830. [PMID: 34626665 PMCID: PMC8656241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ibudilast is a non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor and glial cell modulator which has shown great promise for the treatment of drug and alcohol use disorders in recent clinical studies. However, it is unknown whether and how ibudilast affects cocaine seeking behavior. Here we show that systemic administration of ibudilast dose-dependently reduced cocaine self-administration under fixed- and progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules in rats and shifted cocaine dose-response curves downward. In addition, ibudilast decreased cocaine prime- and cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. These results indicate that ibudilast was effective in reducing the reinforcing effects of cocaine and relapse to cocaine seeking. Chronic cocaine exposure induces cAMP-related neuroadaptations in the reward circuitry of the brain. To investigate potential mechanisms for ibudilast-induced attenuation of cocaine self-administration, we recorded from ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons in ex vivo midbrain slices prepared from rats that had undergone saline and cocaine self-administration. We found cocaine self-administration led to a decrease in inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), an increase in the AMPAR/NMDAR ratio, and an increase in the excitation to inhibition (E/I) ratio. Ibudilast pretreatments enhanced GABAergic inhibition and did not further change cocaine-induced potentiation of excitation, leading to normalization of the E/I ratio. Restoration of the balance between excitation and inhibition in VTA dopamine neurons may contribute to the attenuation of cocaine self-administration by ibudilast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianwei Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mengming Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Vladislav Friedman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Thomas J Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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141
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Individual differences in addiction-like behaviors and choice between cocaine versus food in Heterogeneous Stock rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3423-3433. [PMID: 34415376 PMCID: PMC8889911 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Recent studies reported that when given a mutually exclusive choice between cocaine and palatable food, most rats prefer the non-drug reward over cocaine. However, these studies used rat strains with limited genetic and behavioral diversity. Here, we used a unique outbred strain of rats (Heterogeneous Stock, HS) that mimic the genetic variability of humans. METHODS We first identified individual differences in addiction-like behaviors (low and high). Next, we tested choice between cocaine and palatable food using a discrete choice procedure. We characterized the individual differences using an addiction score that incorporates key features of addiction: escalated intake, highly motivated responding (progressive ratio), and responding despite adverse consequences (footshock punishment). We assessed food versus cocaine choice at different drug-free days (without pre-choice cocaine self-administration) during acquisition of cocaine self-administration or after escalation of cocaine self-administration. We also assessed drug versus food choice immediately after 1-, 2-, or 6-h cocaine self-administration. RESULTS Independent of the addiction score, without pre-choice cocaine (1 or more abstinence days), HS rats strongly preferred the palatable food over cocaine, even if the food reward was delayed or its size was reduced. However, rats with high but not low addiction score modestly increased cocaine choice immediately after 1-, 2-, or 6-h cocaine self-administration. CONCLUSIONS Like other strains, HS rats strongly prefer palatable food over cocaine. Individual differences in addiction score were associated with increased drug choice in the presence but not absence (abstinence) of cocaine. The HS strain may be useful in studies on mechanisms of addiction vulnerability.
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142
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Altshuler RD, Mac RC, Gnegy ME, Jutkiewicz EM. PKC inhibition decreases amphetamine-maintained responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:567-572. [PMID: 32940488 PMCID: PMC8611615 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is important for the mechanism of action of amphetamine (AMPH). Inhibiting PKC blocks AMPH-stimulated increases in extracellular dopamine levels and AMPH-stimulated locomotor activity. This study examined the effects of PKC inhibition on the reinforcing properties of AMPH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to respond for infusions of 0.032 mg/kg/infusion AMPH or for sucrose pellets under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Number of infusions earned, breakpoints, and session duration were recorded over consecutive sessions. Once AMPH-maintained responding stabilized, rats were treated with 0, 10, or 30 pmol of enzastaurin, a PKCβ-selective inhibitor, or 6 mg/kg 6c, a brain-permeable PKC inhibitor, 18 hr prior to a self-administration session. Pretreatment with 30 pmol enzastaurin or 6 mg/kg 6c decreased the number of AMPH infusions earned and breakpoints without altering sucrose-maintained behaviors. These data suggest that PKC inhibition decreases motivation for AMPH and, therefore, is worth pursuing as a potential treatment for AMPH-use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan C Mac
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan
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143
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Maccioni P, Kaczanowska K, Lawrence H, Yun S, Bratzu J, Gessa GL, McDonald P, Colombo G. The Novel Positive Allosteric Modulator of the GABA B Receptor, KK-92A, Suppresses Alcohol Self-Administration and Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Alcohol Seeking in Rats. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727576. [PMID: 34778249 PMCID: PMC8585307 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the GABAB receptor (GABAB PAMs) are of interest in the addiction field due to their ability to suppress several behaviors motivated by drugs of abuse. KK-92A is a novel GABAB PAM found to attenuate intravenous self-administration of nicotine and reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rats. This present study was aimed at extending to alcohol the anti-addictive properties of KK-92A. To this end, Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats were trained to lever-respond for oral alcohol (15% v/v) or sucrose (0.7% w/v) under the fixed ratio (FR) 5 (FR5) schedule of reinforcement. Once lever-responding behavior had stabilized, rats were exposed to tests with acutely administered KK-92A under FR5 and progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement and cue-induced reinstatement of previously extinguished alcohol seeking. KK-92A effect on spontaneous locomotor activity was also evaluated. Treatment with 10 and 20 mg/kg KK-92A suppressed lever-responding for alcohol, amount of self-administered alcohol, and breakpoint for alcohol. Treatment with 20 mg/kg KK-92A reduced sucrose self-administration. Combination of per se ineffective doses of KK-92A (2.5 mg/kg) and the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen (1 mg/kg), reduced alcohol self-administration. Treatment with 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg KK-92A suppressed reinstatement of alcohol seeking. Only treatment with 80 mg/kg KK-92A affected spontaneous locomotor activity. These results demonstrate the ability of KK-92A to inhibit alcohol-motivated behaviors in rodents and confirm that these effects are common to the entire class of GABAB PAMs. The remarkable efficacy of KK-92A is discussed in terms of its ago-allosteric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Kaczanowska
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Harshani Lawrence
- Chemical Biology Core, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sang Yun
- Chemical Biology Core, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jessica Bratzu
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Patricia McDonald
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Monserrato, Italy
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144
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Duan Y, Meng Y, Du W, Li M, Zhang J, Liang J, Li Y, Sui N, Shen F. Increased cocaine motivation in tree shrews is modulated by striatal dopamine D1 receptor-mediated upregulation of Ca v 1.2. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13053. [PMID: 33987939 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The progressively increased motivation for cocaine during abstinence is closely associated with the dysfunction of dopamine (DA) system. As DA receptors also dynamically regulate L-type calcium channels (LTCCs), in this study we examined how DA receptors (D1R or D2R) and LTCCs (Cav 1.2 or Cav 1.3) exert their influences on cocaine-seeking in a tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) model. First, we demonstrated the 'incubation' effect by showing tree shrews exhibited a significantly higher seeking behaviour on withdrawal day (WD) 45 than on WD1. Then, we confirmed that longer abstinence period induced higher D1R expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Next, we showed that LTCCs in the NAc participated in drug seeking. Moreover, Cav 1.2 expression in the NAc was increased on WD45, and disruption of the Cav 1.2 inhibited drug seeking. Finally, we found that D1R antagonist blocked the increase of Cav 1.2 on drug-seeking test. Collectively, these findings suggest that D1R-mediated upregulation of Cav 1.2 is involved in the incubation of cocaine craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yiming Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wenjie Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Psychology University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jing Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yonghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Nan Sui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fang Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Psychology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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145
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Bonaventura J, Lam S, Carlton M, Boehm M, Gomez JL, Solís O, Sánchez-Soto M, Morris PJ, Fredriksson I, Thomas CJ, Sibley DR, Shaham Y, Zarate CA, Michaelides M. Pharmacological and behavioral divergence of ketamine enantiomers: implications for abuse liability. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6704-6722. [PMID: 33859356 PMCID: PMC8517038 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, a racemic mixture of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine enantiomers, has been used as an anesthetic, analgesic and more recently, as an antidepressant. However, ketamine has known abuse liability (the tendency of a drug to be used in non-medical situations due to its psychoactive effects), which raises concerns for its therapeutic use. (S)-ketamine was recently approved by the United States' FDA for treatment-resistant depression. Recent studies showed that (R)-ketamine has greater efficacy than (S)-ketamine in preclinical models of depression, but its clinical antidepressant efficacy has not been established. The behavioral effects of racemic ketamine have been studied extensively in preclinical models predictive of abuse liability in humans (self-administration and conditioned place preference [CPP]). In contrast, the behavioral effects of each enantiomer in these models are unknown. We show here that in the intravenous drug self-administration model, the gold standard procedure to assess potential abuse liability of drugs in humans, rats self-administered (S)-ketamine but not (R)-ketamine. Subanesthetic, antidepressant-like doses of (S)-ketamine, but not of (R)-ketamine, induced locomotor activity (in an opioid receptor-dependent manner), induced psychomotor sensitization, induced CPP in mice, and selectively increased metabolic activity and dopamine tone in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats. Pharmacological screening across thousands of human proteins and at biological targets known to interact with ketamine yielded divergent binding and functional enantiomer profiles, including selective mu and kappa opioid receptor activation by (S)-ketamine in mPFC. Our results demonstrate divergence in the pharmacological, functional, and behavioral effects of ketamine enantiomers, and suggest that racemic ketamine's abuse liability in humans is primarily due to the pharmacological effects of its (S)-enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bonaventura
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sherry Lam
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Meghan Carlton
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Matthew Boehm
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Juan L. Gomez
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Oscar Solís
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Marta Sánchez-Soto
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Patrick J. Morris
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Ida Fredriksson
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 212245
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 212245
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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146
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Anderson EM, Loke S, Wrucke B, Engelhardt A, Demis S, O'Reilly K, Hess E, Wickman K, Hearing MC. Suppression of pyramidal neuron G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channel signaling impairs prelimbic cortical function and underlies stress-induced deficits in cognitive flexibility in male, but not female, mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:2158-2169. [PMID: 34158613 PMCID: PMC8505646 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in prefrontal cortical (PFC) pyramidal neuron excitation:inhibition is thought to underlie symptomologies shared across stress-related disorders and neuropsychiatric disease, including dysregulation of emotion and cognitive function. G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK/Kir3) channels mediate excitability of medial PFC pyramidal neurons, however, the functional role of these channels in mPFC-dependent regulation of affect, cognition, and cortical dynamics is unknown. We used a viral-cre approach in male and female mice harboring a "floxed" version of the kcnj3 (Girk1) gene, to disrupt GIRK1-containing channel expression in pyramidal neurons within the prelimbic cortex (PrL). In males, loss of pyramidal GIRK1-dependent signaling differentially impacted measures of affect and impaired working memory and cognitive flexibility. Unexpectedly, ablation of PrL GIRK1-dependent signaling did not impact affect or cognition in female mice. Additional studies used a model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to determine the impact on PrL GIRK-dependent signaling and cognitive function. CUS exposure in male mice produced deficits in cognition that paralleled a reduction in PrL pyramidal GIRK-dependent signaling akin to viral approaches whereas CUS exposure in female mice did not alter cognitive flexibility performance. Stress-induced behavioral deficits in male mice were rescued by systemic injection of a novel, GIRK1-selective agonist, ML297. In conclusion, GIRK1-dependent signaling in male mice, but not females, is critical for maintaining optimal PrL function and behavioral control. Disruption of this inhibition may underlie stress-related dysfunction of the PrL and represent a therapeutic target for treating stress-induced deficits in affect regulation and impaired cognition that reduce quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden M Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Steven Loke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin Wrucke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Annabel Engelhardt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Skyler Demis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kevin O'Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Evan Hess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kevin Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthew C Hearing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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147
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Kessler S, Labouèbe G, Croizier S, Gaspari S, Tarussio D, Thorens B. Glucokinase neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus sense glucose and decrease food consumption. iScience 2021; 24:103122. [PMID: 34622169 PMCID: PMC8481977 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) controls goal-oriented behavior through its connections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). We previously characterized Glut2aPVT neurons that are activated by hypoglycemia, and which increase sucrose seeking behavior through their glutamatergic projections to the NAc. Here, we identified glucokinase (Gck)-expressing neurons of the PVT (GckaPVT) and generated a mouse line expressing the Cre recombinase from the glucokinase locus (Gck Cre/+ mice). Ex vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell patch clamp recordings revealed that GckaPVT neurons that project to the NAc were mostly activated by hyperglycemia. Their chemogenetic inhibition or optogenetic stimulation, respectively, enhanced food intake or decreased sucrose-seeking behavior. Collectively, our results describe a neuronal population of Gck-expressing neurons in the PVT, which has opposite glucose sensing properties and control over feeding behavior than the previously characterized Glut2aPVT neurons. This study allows a better understanding of the complex regulation of feeding behavior by the PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Kessler
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwenaël Labouèbe
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sevasti Gaspari
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Tarussio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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148
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Raber J, Holden S, Sudhakar R, Hall R, Glaeser B, Lenarczyk M, Rockwell K, Nawarawong N, Sterrett J, Perez R, Leonard SW, Morré J, Choi J, Kronenberg A, Borg A, Kwok A, Stevens JF, Olsen CM, Willey JS, Bobe G, Baker J. Effects of 5-Ion Beam Irradiation and Hindlimb Unloading on Metabolic Pathways in Plasma and Brain of Behaviorally Tested WAG/Rij Rats. Front Physiol 2021; 12:746509. [PMID: 34646164 PMCID: PMC8503608 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.746509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A limitation of simulated space radiation studies is that radiation exposure is not the only environmental challenge astronauts face during missions. Therefore, we characterized behavioral and cognitive performance of male WAG/Rij rats 3 months after sham-irradiation or total body irradiation with a simplified 5-ion mixed beam exposure in the absence or presence of simulated weightlessness using hindlimb unloading (HU) alone. Six months following behavioral and cognitive testing or 9 months following sham-irradiation or total body irradiation, plasma and brain tissues (hippocampus and cortex) were processed to determine whether the behavioral and cognitive effects were associated with long-term alterations in metabolic pathways in plasma and brain. Sham HU, but not irradiated HU, rats were impaired in spatial habituation learning. Rats irradiated with 1.5 Gy showed increased depressive-like behaviors. This was seen in the absence but not presence of HU. Thus, HU has differential effects in sham-irradiated and irradiated animals and specific behavioral measures are associated with plasma levels of distinct metabolites 6 months later. The combined effects of HU and radiation on metabolic pathways in plasma and brain illustrate the complex interaction of environmental stressors and highlights the importance of assessing these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Sarah Holden
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Reetesh Sudhakar
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Reed Hall
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Breanna Glaeser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Marek Lenarczyk
- Radiation Biosciences Laboratory, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kristen Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Natalie Nawarawong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer Sterrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ruby Perez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Scott William Leonard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey Morré
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Borg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Andy Kwok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jan Frederik Stevens
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Christopher M Olsen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Gerd Bobe
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - John Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Radiation Biosciences Laboratory, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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149
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Dramatic increase in lever-pressing activity in rats after training on the progressive ratio schedule of cocaine self-administration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19656. [PMID: 34608176 PMCID: PMC8490463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition from the highest rate of lever-pressing activity during the unloading (extinction) phase of a cocaine self-administration session to an extremely low activity rate during the remission phase is in many cases gradual. This makes it difficult to assess the duration of the unloading phase after a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) or breakpoint after a progressive-ratio (PR) self-administration session. In addition, 3–5 days of training under the PR schedule results in a dramatic and persistent increase in the rate of presses during PR sessions and in the unloading phase following FR1 self-administration sessions. The goals of this study were to find the definition of the last press demarcating the border between the unloading and remission phases of the session and to determine if this border was also affected by PR training. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine under the FR1 schedule and then under the PR schedule of drug delivery. Distributions of inter-press intervals (IPIs) during the unloading phase in sessions before and after PR training were compared. It was found that the distribution of cocaine-induced IPIs during the unloading phase was lognormal, bimodal, and independent of previously injected cocaine unit doses. The first mode represented intervals within the short bouts of stereotypic presses and the second mode represented intervals between bouts. The two modes were approximately 0.7 s and 21 s during unloading prior to and 0.6 s and 1.5 s after PR self-administration training. The total number of presses per unloading phase increased eightfold. When the FR1 schedule was restored, the intervals between bouts remained very short for at least 7–10 days and only then started a gradual increase towards baseline levels. The last unloading press was defined as the press followed by the IPI longer than the defined criterion. PR training resulted in a substantial and long-lasting increase in lever-pressing activity during unloading. The duration of the unloading phase did not depend on the rate of lever-pressing activity.
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150
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He XH, Galaj E, Bi GH, He Y, Hempel B, Wang YL, Gardner EL, Xi ZX. β-caryophyllene, an FDA-Approved Food Additive, Inhibits Methamphetamine-Taking and Methamphetamine-Seeking Behaviors Possibly via CB2 and Non-CB2 Receptor Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722476. [PMID: 34566647 PMCID: PMC8458938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that brain cannabinoid CB2 receptors are involved in drug reward and addiction. However, it is unclear whether β-caryophyllene (BCP), a natural product with a CB2 receptor agonist profile, has therapeutic effects on methamphetamine (METH) abuse and dependence. In this study, we used animal models of self-administration, electrical brain-stimulation reward (BSR) and in vivo microdialysis to explore the effects of BCP on METH-taking and METH-seeking behavior. We found that systemic administration of BCP dose-dependently inhibited METH self-administration under both fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules in rats, indicating that BCP reduces METH reward, METH intake, and incentive motivation to seek and take METH. The attenuating effects of BCP were partially blocked by AM 630, a selective CB2 receptor antagonist. Genetic deletion of CB2 receptors in CB2-knockout (CB2-KO) mice also blocked low dose BCP-induced reduction in METH self-administration, suggesting possible involvement of a CB2 receptor mechanism. However, at high doses, BCP produced a reduction in METH self-administration in CB2-KO mice in a manner similar as in WT mice, suggesting that non-CB2 receptor mechanisms underlie high dose BCP-produced effects. In addition, BCP dose-dependently attenuated METH-enhanced electrical BSR and inhibited METH-primed and cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking in rats. In vivo microdialysis assays indicated that BCP alone did not produce a significant reduction in extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), while BCP pretreatment significantly reduced METH-induced increases in extracellular NAc DA in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a DA-dependent mechanism involved in BCP action. Together, the present findings suggest that BCP might be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hu He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Ewa Galaj
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yi He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Briana Hempel
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yan-Lin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
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