101
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Abstract
The immune system consists of a complex collection of leukocytes and dendritic cells that surveys most tissues in the body for the appearance of foreign antigens. For an efficient immune response, the interaction and co-localization of antigen-presenting cells, costimulatory helper cells and effector cells are crucial parameters. Therefore, the migration routes of antigen-presenting cells and potential antigen-specific lymphocytes merge in secondary lymphoid organs in order to increase the likelihood and speed of a lymphocyte finding its cognate antigen. Additionally, antigen-primed effector cells are directed to the tissue where they are most likely to encounter their cognate antigen. This highly organized and efficient antigen encounter is based on a continuous recirculation of antigen-specific lymphocytes between blood, peripheral tissue, and secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, the efficacy of the immune system is further increased by the ability of different lymphocyte subsets to recirculate only through distinct tissues. The scope of this review is to outline the concept and mechanisms of lymphocyte homing and recirculation and to discuss the significance for the immune defense. Current models in leukocyte homing and recirculation and the underlying molecular functions of implicated cell adhesion molecules, chemokines, and chemokine receptors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wiedle
- Department of Pathology, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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102
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Benn CS, Lisse IM, Bale C, Michaelsen KF, Olsen J, Hedegaard K, Aaby P. No strong long-term effect of vitamin A supplementation in infancy on CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets. A community study from Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. ANNALS OF TROPICAL PAEDIATRICS 2000; 20:259-64. [PMID: 11219162 DOI: 10.1080/02724936.2000.11748145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends that 100,000 IU of vitamin A be given to infants between 6 and 12 months of age at the same time as measles vaccination in order to prevent vitamin A deficiency. In the present study, our aim was to assess the effect of vitamin A supplementation on T-cell subsets in a randomized factorial design, seeking a possible modifying effect of measles vaccination. Three hundred children were allocated either to two doses of measles vaccine at 6 and 9 months of age or to poliomyelitis vaccine at age 6 months and measles vaccine at age 9 months. Within each group, infants were to receive two doses of vitamin A or two doses of placebo at 6 and 9 months of age. We found no significant effect of vitamin A supplementation on CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets at 3 and 9 months after supplementation. We found no effect of measles vaccine and no interaction between vitamin A supplementation and measles vaccine. Based on these observations, vitamin A supplementation does not seem to have a strong long-term effect on CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets in infants without clinical vitamin A deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Benn
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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103
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Capitanio JP, Mendoza SP, Lerche NW. Individual differences in peripheral blood immunological and hormonal measures in adult male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): evidence for temporal and situational consistency. Am J Primatol 2000; 44:29-41. [PMID: 9444321 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)44:1<29::aid-ajp3>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has indicated that consistent individual differences exist in physiological systems with which the immune system interacts. Few data have been reported that demonstrate stable individual differences in immunological measures, however. In the present study, enumerative measures of immune system activity were examined in 36 adult male rhesus macaques over a 13 month period under baseline conditions as well as under conditions of pharmacological and physical challenge. Blood samples were assayed for plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol, as well as neutrophil, total lymphocyte, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte numbers, and the CD4/CD8 ratio. Analyses revealed that individual differences in the CD4/CD8 ratio and, to a lesser extent, plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations, and neutrophil and CD4+ lymphocyte numbers were consistent across situations and times, despite changes in mean values during the various blood sampling sessions. The results suggest that the CD4/CD8 ratio might be considered trait-like and a useful immunological measure of biobehavioral organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Capitanio
- California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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104
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Kirschner D, Webb GF, Cloyd M. Model of HIV-1 disease progression based on virus-induced lymph node homing and homing-induced apoptosis of CD4+ lymphocytes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 24:352-62. [PMID: 11015152 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200008010-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several proposed theories have described the progression of HIV infection. Even so, no concrete evidence supports any as comprehensive, including, for example, why the CD4+ T-cell counts fall from 1000/mm3 of blood to roughly 100/mm3 over an average 10-year period, whereas concomitant viral loads are relatively constant, increasing by several orders of magnitude in late-stage disease. Here, we develop and validate a theoretical model that altered lymphocyte circulation patterns between the lymph system and blood due to HIV-induced enhanced lymph-node homing and subsequent apoptosis of resting CD4+ T cells can explain many aspects of HIV-1 disease progression. These results lead to a recalculation of the CD4+ lymphocyte dynamics during highly active antiretroviral therapy, and also suggest new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kirschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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105
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Model of HIV-1 Disease Progression Based on Virus-Induced Lymph Node Homing and Homing-Induced Apoptosis of CD4+ Lymphocytes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00042560-200008010-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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106
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Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, health professionals have placed increased attention on the benefits of physical activity for maintaining health in the general population as well as regaining health in many disease states. Conversely, reports of apparent decreases in immune cell function after acute exercise are widespread in the literature. The purpose of this article is to evaluate critically the available data and currently employed methods, with the aim of establishing whether genuine or artefactual alterations of immune function are being reported. During and immediately after exercise, the total number of white blood cells in peripheral blood samples increases, such that the relative proportions of cell types within the leukocyte pool are altered. A number of important areas of discussion arise from these shifts in the number of circulating cells after exercise, not least of which is the artefactual effects they may have on currently employed assays of immune cell function. Recent advances in methodology are beginning to call into question the assumption that acute exercise has any genuine immunosuppressive effect. CONCLUSION At present, there is little evidence to suggest that the range of acute exercise intensities and durations recommended by ACSM has a major detrimental effect on the function of individual T- and B-lymphocytes, natural killer cells and neutrophils. Although individual cells may not be as adversely affected as previously supposed, it is unclear whether the numerical content of the circulating population is an important clinical consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Rowbottom
- School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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107
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Nozoe T, Matsumata T, Sugimachi K. Preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein is related to impaired immunity in patients with colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2000; 23:263-6. [PMID: 10857890 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-200006000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The significance of a preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) as an indicator of the malignant potential and prognosis in colorectal cancer is reported. The reduction of circulating lymphocytes reflects the immunosuppressive conditions of patients with neoplasms. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the significance of a preoperative elevation of serum CRP as an indicator of the impaired immunity of the patients with colorectal cancer. The subjects were 155 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer who were treated with surgical resection. The preoperative serum CRP level and the proportion of circulating lymphocytes in peripheral blood were measured and the relationship between these values was investigated. The mean value of lymphocytes percentages in patients with the preoperative elevation of serum CRP was 25.2 +/- 8.7%, which was significantly lower than that (33.4 +/- 9.3%) in patients without the preoperative elevation of serum CRP (p < 0.01). In summary, preoperative elevation of serum CRP was significantly related to the reduction of lymphocyte percentages in peripheral blood, and it can be an indicator of impaired immunity in the patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nozoe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saiseikai Yahata General Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
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108
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Fleury S, Rizzardi GP, Chapuis A, Tambussi G, Knabenhans C, Simeoni E, Meuwly JY, Corpataux JM, Lazzarin A, Miedema F, Pantaleo G. Long-term kinetics of T cell production in HIV-infected subjects treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:5393-8. [PMID: 10805798 PMCID: PMC25839 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.10.5393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term kinetics of T cell production following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were investigated in blood and lymph node in a group of HIV-infected subjects at early stage of established infection and prospectively studied for 72 wk. Before HAART, CD4 and CD8 T cell turnover was increased. However, the total number of proliferating CD4(+) T lymphocytes, i.e., CD4(+)Ki67(+) T lymphocytes, was not significantly different in HIV-infected (n = 73) and HIV-negative (n = 15) subjects, whereas proliferating CD8(+)Ki67(+) T lymphocytes were significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects. After HAART, the total body number of proliferating CD4(+)Ki67(+) T lymphocytes increased over time and was associated with an increase of both naive and memory CD4(+) T cells. The maximal increase (2-fold) was observed at week 36, whereas at week 72 the number of proliferating CD4(+) T cells dropped to baseline levels, i.e., before HAART. The kinetics of the fraction of proliferating CD4 and CD8 T cells were significantly correlated with the changes in the total body number of these T cell subsets. These results demonstrate a direct relationship between ex vivo measures of T cell production and quantitative changes in total body T lymphocyte populations. This study provides advances in the delineation of the kinetics of T cell production in HIV infection in the presence and/or in the absence of HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fleury
- Laboratory of AIDS Immunopathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Divisions of Infection Diseases and of Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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109
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Sopper S, Sauer U, Müller JG, Stahl-Hennig C, ter Meulen V. Early activation and proliferation of T cells in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:689-97. [PMID: 10791879 DOI: 10.1089/088922200308918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To longitudinally determine T cell activation and turnover in early simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques, immunological and virological parameters were monitored in 10 SIV-infected animals starting before infection until 40 weeks postinfection (wpi). Lymphocyte subsets in blood and lymph nodes (LNs) were characterized by three-color flow cytometry for expression of markers of activation, proliferation, and differentiation. As early as 1 wpi, CD69 expression was upregulated both on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, indicative of an early activation of these cells. Whereas this activation led to increased proliferation, determined by expression of Ki-67, and absolute numbers of CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells showed a decreased expression of Ki-67 and reduced counts in blood at 2 wpi. Later, the percentage of Ki-67-expressing CD4+ T cells in blood and LNs increased again above preinfection levels in most animals but remained low in two monkeys progressing to AIDS. These findings suggest that T cells are activated after SIV infection, leading to increased T cell proliferation already in the early asymptomatic phase. In addition, we found a correlation between the capacity to regenerate CD4+ T cells by peripheral proliferation and the disease course. Moreover, our data indicate that the increased peripheral T cell proliferation during immunodeficiency virus infection is probably not caused by the effort of the immune system to maintain T cell homeostasis but may be a reflection of the ongoing immune response against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sopper
- Institut für Virologie und Immunobiologic, Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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110
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Abstract
Although cancer itself is immunosuppressive, cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy is the primary contributor to the clinical immunodeficiency observed in cancer patients. The immunodeficiency induced by cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy is primarily related to T-cell depletion, with CD4 depletion generally more severe than CD8 depletion. Myeloablative therapy, dose-intensive alkylating agents, purine nucleoside analogs, and corticosteroids substantially increase the risk of therapy-induced immunosuppression. Restoration of T-cell populations following cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy is a complex process. Efficient recovery of CD4+ T cell populations requires thymic-dependent pathways which undergo an age-dependent decline resulting in prolonged CD4+ T-cell depletion in adults following T-cell-depleting therapy. Total CD8+ T-cell numbers recover in both children and adults relatively quickly post-therapy; however, CD8+ subset disruptions often remain for a prolonged period. The clinical management of patients with therapy-induced T-cell depletion involves the maintenance of a high index of suspicion for opportunistic pathogens, irradiation of blood products, prophylaxis for viral infections, and reimmunization in selected clinical circumstances. Future research avenues include efforts to rapidly rebuild immunity following cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy so that immune-based therapies may be utilized immediately following cytotoxic therapy to target minimal residual neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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111
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Johnson-Léger C, Aurrand-Lions M, Imhof BA. The parting of the endothelium: miracle, or simply a junctional affair? J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 6):921-33. [PMID: 10683141 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.6.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte extravasation from the blood across the endothelium is vital for the functioning of the immune system. Our understanding of the early steps of this process has developed rapidly. However, it is still unclear how leukocytes undergo the final step, migrating through the junctions that mediate adhesion between adjacent endothelial cells, while preserving the barrier function of the endothelium. The first stage of transmigration - tethering and rolling - is mediated by interactions between selectins on the surface of leukocytes and glycosylated proteins such as GlyCAM-1 on the surface of endothelial cells. Stimulation of the leukocyte by chemokines then induces tight adhesion, which involves binding of activated leukocyte integrins to endothelial ICAM-1/VCAM-1 molecules. Passage of the leukocyte across the endothelium appears to require delocalization of certain endothelial cell molecules and proteolytic degradation of junctional complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Johnson-Léger
- Department of Pathology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Switzerland.
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112
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Thalhammer-Scherrer R, Veitl M, Exner M, Schneider B, Geissler K, Simonitsch I, Schwarzinger I. Role of immunological lymphocyte subset typing as a screening method for lymphoid malignancies in daily routine practice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(20000215)42:1<5::aid-cyto2>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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113
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Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels have been shown to be increased in a number of autoimmune disorders and have recently been shown to be elevated in the serum of schizophrenic patients. Given the involvement of the CNS in schizophrenia, levels of interleukin-6 in the CSF are also of interest. Thus, we examined levels of both CSF and serum IL-6 concomitantly to determine if these levels were different from control values. In addition, we examined these measures in patients both on and off antipsychotic drugs to determine if any medication or exacerbation effects may account for the difference from controls. CSF IL-6 was measured by ELISA in 61 drug-free male schizophrenic (DSM-IIIR) patients and 25 well-screened healthy male control subjects. Serum IL-6 was measured in 43 of the 61 patients, and in 16 control subjects. Serum IL-6 was significantly higher in the schizophrenic patients compared to control subjects. CSF IL-6 was also higher in the patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. Paired data showed no medication or exacerbation effects on CSF IL-6, but plasma IL-6 significantly decreased in patients that experienced an exacerbation after medication withdrawal. The results indicate that IL-6 levels may be altered in schizophrenia. The relative decrease in exacerbated patients following haloperidol withdrawal may be indicative of a compensatory response of plasma IL-6 levels to relapse.
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114
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Andrianarivo AG, Choromanski L, McDonough SP, Packham AE, Conrad PA. Immunogenicity of a killed whole Neospora caninum tachyzoite preparation formulated with different adjuvants. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:1613-25. [PMID: 10608448 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A killed whole Neospora caninum tachyzoite preparation was formulated with various adjuvants and tested for its immunogenicity in cattle. The adjuvants used were: Havlogen, a polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyallylsucrose; Polygen, a non-particulate copolymer; a mixture of Havlogen and Bay R-1005, which is a preparation of free base synthetic glycolipids; and Montanide ISA 773, a water-in-oil emulsion made with a mixture of metabolisable and mineral oils. Immune responses in immunised cattle were compared with those of cattle experimentally infected with culture-derived N. caninum tachyzoites. The overall mean serum IFAT titres were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in experimentally infected cattle compared with all immunised cattle. Nonetheless, the maximum antibody titres of the immunised cattle, which were obtained following the third immunisation, were within the range of titres previously described for naturally infected cattle. The overall mean serum IFAT titres were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cattle immunised with the killed tachyzoite preparation formulated with Polygen and with the mixture of Havlogen and Bay R-1005, compared with cattle immunised with the Havlogen- and Montanide-based preparations. Two of the four adjuvant preparations were able to induce cell-mediated immune responses similar to those of the experimentally infected cattle. The Havlogen-adjuvanted tachyzoite preparation elicited N. caninum-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells statistically similar (P = 0.095) to that of the infected animals. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from animals immunised with the Polygen-adjuvanted tachyzoite preparation produced interferon-gamma concentrations of similar magnitude (P = 0.17) to those from the infected animals. Polygen was one of two adjuvants that elicited the highest antibody responses, and was the only adjuvant that induced interferon-gamma levels similar to those of the infected heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Andrianarivo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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115
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116
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Clark
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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117
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Westermann J, Bode U. Distribution of activated T cells migrating through the body: a matter of life and death. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 20:302-6. [PMID: 10379047 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The preferential distribution of lymphocyte subsets in tissues is attributed to a selective lymphocyte-endothelium interaction during entry. However, proliferation and death within the tissue, and exit from the tissue, might also play a role. Here, Jürgen Westermann and Ulrike Bode provide evidence that preferential survival in the tissue of initial stimulation is the major factor in the preferential distribution of activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Westermann
- Centre of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover 4120, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
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118
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Ofulue AF, Ko M. Effects of depletion of neutrophils or macrophages on development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1999; 277:L97-105. [PMID: 10409235 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.1.l97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to ascertain the putative roles of neutrophils or macrophages in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoking-induced emphysema on the basis of effects of anti-neutrophil (anti-PMN) antibody or anti-monocyte/macrophage (anti-MoMac) antibody on the development of emphysema in cigarette smoke-exposed rats. Rats were treated with rabbit anti-PMN or anti-MoMac antibody and exposed 7 days/wk for 2 mo to cigarette smoke inhalation; rats treated with nonimmunized rabbit IgG (control antibody) and exposed to cigarette smoke or normal room air served as controls. Antibody treatments began 24 h before the start of smoke or air exposure and was continued with 1 treatment/wk. Total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and collagenase-dissociated lung and determinations of the elastinolytic activity of lung neutrophils or macrophages in [(3)H]elastin-coated wells indicated specific suppression of neutrophil accumulation and neutrophil-related elastinolytic burden in the lungs of the anti-PMN antibody-treated smoke-exposed rats, in contrast to specific suppression of macrophage accumulation and macrophage-related elastinolytic burden in the lungs of the anti-MoMac antibody-treated smoke-exposed rats. Cigarette smoke exposure-induced lung elastin breakdown (quantitated by immunologic assay of levels of elastin-derived peptides and desmosine in lavage fluid) and emphysema in the lungs (based on morphometric analysis of alveolar mean linear intercepts and alveolar tissue density in fixed lungs) were not prevented in the lungs of anti-PMN antibody-treated smoke-exposed rats but was clearly prevented in lungs of the anti-MoMac antibody-treated smoke-exposed rats. These findings implicate macrophages rather than neutrophils as the critical pathogenic factor in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Ofulue
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3Z6
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119
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Haase AT. Population biology of HIV-1 infection: viral and CD4+ T cell demographics and dynamics in lymphatic tissues. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17:625-56. [PMID: 10358770 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is usually transmitted through sexual contact and in the very early stages of infection establishes a persistent infection in lymphatic tissues (LT). Virus is produced and stored at this site in a dynamic process that slowly depletes the immune system of CD4+ T cells, setting the stage for AIDS. In this review, I describe the changes in viral and CD4+ T cell populations in LT over the course of infection and after treatment. I present recent evidence that productively infected CD4+ T cells play an important role in establishing persistent infection from the onset, and that the LT are the major reservoir where virus is produced and stored on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). I discuss the methods used to define the size of viral and CD4+ T cell populations in LT and the nature of virus-host cell interactions in vivo. These experimental approaches have identified populations of latently and chronically infected cells in which virus can elude host defenses, perpetuate infection, and escape eradication by highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). I discuss the dramatic impact of HAART on suppressing virus production, reducing the pool of stored virus, and restoring CD4+ T cell populations. I discuss the contributions of thymopoiesis and other renewal mechanisms, lymphatic homeostasis and trafficking to these changes in CD4+ T cell populations in LT, and conclude with a model of immune depletion and repopulation based on the limited regenerative capacity of the adult and the uncompensated losses of productively infected cells that treatment stems. The prediction of this model is that immune regeneration will be slow, variable, and partial. It is nonetheless encouraging to know that even in late stages of infection, control of active replication of HIV-1 provides an opportunity for the immune system to recover from the injuries inflicted by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Haase
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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120
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Vasseur F, Le Campion A, Pavlovitch JH, Pénit C. Distribution of Cycling T Lymphocytes in Blood and Lymphoid Organs During Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Proliferation of murine T lymphocytes in blood, lymph nodes, and spleen was studied in four in vivo stimulation systems, using BrdU pulse-labeling of DNA-synthesizing cells. The T cell response to the superantigen Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) was studied in detail. Vβ8+ T cells showed a peak of DNA synthesis 16–24 h after SEB injection, and the percentage of BrdU+ CD4 and CD8 T cells was higher in blood than in lymph nodes and spleen. DNA synthesis was preceded by massive migration of Vβ8+ cells from blood to lymphoid organs, in which the early activation marker CD69 was first up-regulated. SEB-nonspecific Vβ6+ cells showed minimal stimulation but, when cycling, also expressed a high level of CD69. The other systems studied were injection of the IFN-γ inducer polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, infection by the BM5 variants of murine leukemia virus (the causative agent of murine AIDS), and T cell expansion after transfer of normal bone marrow and lymph node cells into recombinase-activating gene-2-deficient mice. In each case, a peak of T cell proliferation was observed in blood. These data demonstrate the extensive redistribution of cycling T cells in the first few hours after activation. Kinetic studies of blood lymphocyte status appear crucial for understanding primary immune responses because cycling and redistributing T lymphocytes are enriched in the circulating compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Vasseur
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 345, Institut Necker, and
| | - Armelle Le Campion
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 345, Institut Necker, and
| | - Jana H. Pavlovitch
- †Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 583, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Claude Pénit
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 345, Institut Necker, and
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121
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Flaminio MJB, Rush BR, Shuman W. Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Healthy Foals and Foals with Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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122
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Rosenberg YJ, Janossy G. The importance of lymphocyte trafficking in regulating blood lymphocyte levels during HIV and SIV infections. Semin Immunol 1999; 11:139-54. [PMID: 10329500 DOI: 10.1006/smim.1999.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In humans, blood is commonly monitored to provide surrogates of disease progression and assess immune status. However, the varied, rapid and atypical alterations in lymphocyte subsets which may occur in blood in response to pathogens, are not predictive of changes in the bulk of the immune system. A hallmark of human and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections is the profound loss of blood CD4(+) lymphocytes, a feature widely accepted as being a consequence of direct or indirect viral killing of CD4(+) cells throughout the body. However, in recording declining CD4 counts and CD4/8 ratios in the blood, little attention has been paid to migratory behaviour or the composition and tissue distribution of various lymphocyte subsets. This article compares the lymphocyte subsets in blood and various tissues in normal and virus-infected individuals prior to and following drug treatment and indicates an absence of selective CD4(+) cell decreases or increases, highlighting the importance of lymphocyte trafficking and compartmentalization in regulating blood T cell levels and suggesting a reevaluation of the currently favoured paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Rosenberg
- The Immune Research Corporation Inc, 6701 Democracy Blvd. 201, Suit 20189, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
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123
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Di Lorenzo G, Balistreri CR, Candore G, Cigna D, Colombo A, Romano GC, Colucci AT, Gervasi F, Listì F, Potestio M, Caruso C. Granulocyte and natural killer activity in the elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 1999; 108:25-38. [PMID: 10366037 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The deterioration of the immune system in ageing, 'immunosenescence', is thought to contribute to increased morbidity and mortality from infections and possibly autoimmune diseases and cancer. The most profound changes involve effector and immunoregulatory T-cell functions. Immunosenescence appears also to be related to changes in non specific immunity as well. In the present study we have assessed superoxide production, chemotaxis and the expression of the apoptosis-related molecule APO1/Fas (CD95) on neutrophils (PMN) from young and old subjects. Furthermore, we have measured the basal natural killer (NK) activity of young and elderly subjects and we have compared the number of CD16+ cells found in these two groups. We observed a significant decrease age-related both of formation of O2- and chemotaxis whereas no significant correlation between age and the expression of CD95 on granulocyte membrane was demonstrated, suggesting that an increase age-related of CD95-linked apoptosis of PMN should be not an important determinant in the decreased PMN function. We also observed a significant correlation between age and NK activity. The decreased NK cell function was not due to a decreased number of NK cells in effector cell preparations since the number of CD16+ cells was significantly increased in old subjects. In conclusion, our results show that in the elderly there is also a deficit of the aspecific immunity that might play a role in the pathogenic mechanisms of the immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Di Lorenzo
- Istituto di Medicina interna e Geriatria dell'Università di Palermo, Italy
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124
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Monitoring Human Blood Dendritic Cell Numbers in Normal Individuals and in Stem Cell Transplantation. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.2.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) originate from a bone marrow (BM) precursor and circulate via the blood to most body tissues where they fulfill a role in antigen surveillance. Little is known about DC numbers in disease, although the reported increase in tissue DC turnover due to inflammatory stimuli suggests that blood DC numbers may be altered in some clinical situations. The lack of a defined method for counting DC has limited patient studies. We therefore developed a method suitable for routine monitoring of blood DC numbers, using the CMRF44 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and flow cytometry to identify DC. A normal range was determined from samples drawn from 103 healthy adults. The mean percentage of DC present in blood mononuclear cells (MNC) was 0.42%, and the mean absolute DC count was 10 × 106 DC/L blood. The normal ranges for DC (mean ± 1.96 standard deviation [SD]) were 0.15% to 0.70% MNC or 3 to 17 × 106 DC/L blood. This method has applications for monitoring attempts to mobilize DC into the blood to facilitate their collection for immunotherapeutic purposes and for counting blood DC in other patients. In preliminary studies, we have found a statistically significant decrease in the blood DC counts in individuals at the time of blood stem cell harvest and in patients with acute illnesses, including allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD).
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125
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) originate from a bone marrow (BM) precursor and circulate via the blood to most body tissues where they fulfill a role in antigen surveillance. Little is known about DC numbers in disease, although the reported increase in tissue DC turnover due to inflammatory stimuli suggests that blood DC numbers may be altered in some clinical situations. The lack of a defined method for counting DC has limited patient studies. We therefore developed a method suitable for routine monitoring of blood DC numbers, using the CMRF44 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and flow cytometry to identify DC. A normal range was determined from samples drawn from 103 healthy adults. The mean percentage of DC present in blood mononuclear cells (MNC) was 0.42%, and the mean absolute DC count was 10 × 106 DC/L blood. The normal ranges for DC (mean ± 1.96 standard deviation [SD]) were 0.15% to 0.70% MNC or 3 to 17 × 106 DC/L blood. This method has applications for monitoring attempts to mobilize DC into the blood to facilitate their collection for immunotherapeutic purposes and for counting blood DC in other patients. In preliminary studies, we have found a statistically significant decrease in the blood DC counts in individuals at the time of blood stem cell harvest and in patients with acute illnesses, including allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD).
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126
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Schenkel AR, Uno H, Pauza CD. Asymptomatic simian immunodeficiency virus infection decreases blood CD4(+) T cells by accumulating recirculating lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissues. J Virol 1999; 73:601-7. [PMID: 9847365 PMCID: PMC103866 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.601-607.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/1998] [Accepted: 10/13/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Declining blood CD4(+) T-cell counts mark the progress of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) disease in macaques and model the consequences of untreated human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans. However, blood lymphocytes are only a fraction of the recirculating lymphocyte pool, and their numbers are affected by cell synthesis, cell depletion, and distribution among blood and lymphoid tissue compartments. Asymptomatic, SIV-infected macaques maintained constant and nearly normal numbers of recirculating lymphocytes despite the decline in CD4(+) T-cell counts. Substantial depletion was detected only when blood CD4(+) T-cell counts fell below 300/microliter. In asymptomatic animals, changes in CD4(+) T-cell distribution were more important than lymphocyte depletion for controlling the blood cell levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Schenkel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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127
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von Hörsten S, Ballof J, Helfritz F, Nave H, Meyer D, Schmidt RE, Stalp M, Klemm A, Tschernig T, Pabst R. Modulation of innate immune functions by intracerebroventricularly applied neuropeptide Y: dose and time dependent effects. Life Sci 1998; 63:909-22. [PMID: 9747892 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Centrally applied neuropeptide Y (NPY) interacts with the autonomic nervous system and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Since these physiological systems have been shown to modulate innate immune functions, the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) NPY administration on leukocyte subsets in the blood, spleen and intravascular pool of the lung, blood granulocyte chemiluminescence response, and splenic natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis were studied in Lewis rats. Concentration-dependent NPY effects were tested at 15 min and 24 h post i.c.v. injection at dosages of 10(-6) M, 10(-9) M, and 10(-12) M. Time dependent effects were investigated at 15 min, 1 h and 24 h after i.c.v. administration of 10(-9) M NPY. Compared to saline controls, an increased number of granulocytes and NK cells in the blood, associated with a decreased granulocyte function and NK cytotoxicity was observed 15 min following NPY infusion. This initial immunosuppression was followed by long lasting stimulatory effects of NPY on the functional capacity of both cell populations when tested at 1 h and 24 h. The dosage of i.c.v. 10(-6) M NPY produced no changes, whilst 10(-9) M produced maximal, and 10(-12) M still significant effects. Results provide evidence that centrally applied NPY influences innate immunity in a dose and time dependent fashion. Cell mobilization from the vascular marginal pool is likely to be an underlying mechanism for the initial immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S von Hörsten
- Division of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Germany.
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128
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Zuk M, Johnsen TS. Seasonal changes in the relationship between ornamentation and immune response in red jungle fowl. Proc Biol Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1998.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Zuk
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Torgeir S. Johnsen
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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129
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Ellem KA, Schmidt CW, Li CL, Misko I, Kelso A, Sing G, Macdonald G, O'Rourke MG. The labyrinthine ways of cancer immunotherapy--T cell, tumor cell encounter: "how do I lose thee? Let me count the ways". Adv Cancer Res 1998; 75:203-49. [PMID: 9709811 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Ellem
- Queensland Cancer Fund Research Laboratories, Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Australia
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130
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Westermann J, Michel S, Lopez-Kostka S, Bode U, Rothkötter HJ, Bette M, Weihe E, Straub RH, Pabst R. Regeneration of implanted splenic tissue in the rat: re-innervation is host age-dependent and necessary for tissue development. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 88:67-76. [PMID: 9688326 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The loss of spleen may lead to fatal bacterial infections. To prevent this, splenic autotransplantation has been performed in humans and experimental animals. However, there is still controversy about the protective function of this procedure. Since innervation plays an important role in splenic function, we investigated whether splenic regenerates are re-innervated, and whether this depends on the donor and host age. Splenic tissue (30 mg) was implanted into the greater omentum of either young (2 days) or old (12 months) rats, from either young or old syngeneic animals. After 3 months of regeneration, the weight of the regenerates was determined, PGP+ nerve fibers were revealed by immunohistology, and subdivided into nerve fibers of sympathetic (TH+, NPY+) or sensory (SP+, CGRP+) origin. In addition, proliferating (Ki-67 proliferation antigen+) and apoptotic cells (TUNEL technique+) were likewise investigated. No innervation of splenic regenerates was observed after implantation into old hosts, correlating with poorly developed splenic compartments. In contrast, almost normal re-innervation occurred in young hosts after implantation of both young and old splenic tissue. These regenerates showed well-developed splenic compartments and a normal number and tissue distribution of proliferating and apoptotic cells. However, after the implantation of young tissue, the final size of splenic regenerates was three times larger (140 +/- 30 vs. 40 +/- 10 mg). Thus, re-innervation of splenic implants is necessary for their subsequent development. It is determined by host age, whereas the final size of the splenic regenerates is regulated by donor age-dependent factors. This model is useful for studying both the process leading to initial innervation and the consequences of this innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Westermann
- Center of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Germany.
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131
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Fleury S, de Boer RJ, Rizzardi GP, Wolthers KC, Otto SA, Welbon CC, Graziosi C, Knabenhans C, Soudeyns H, Bart PA, Gallant S, Corpataux JM, Gillet M, Meylan P, Schnyder P, Meuwly JY, Spreen W, Glauser MP, Miedema F, Pantaleo G. Limited CD4+ T-cell renewal in early HIV-1 infection: effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nat Med 1998; 4:794-801. [PMID: 9662370 DOI: 10.1038/nm0798-794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We show that the fraction of proliferating CD4+ lymphocytes is similar in HIV-infected subjects in the early stage of disease and in HIV-negative subjects, whereas the fraction of proliferating CD8+ lymphocytes is increased 6.8-fold in HIV-infected subjects. After initiation of antiviral therapy, there is a late increase in proliferating CD4+ T cells associated with the restoration of CD4+ T-cell counts. These results provide strong support for the idea of limited CD4+ T-cell renewal in the early stage of HIV infection and indicate that after effective suppression of virus replication, the mechanisms of CD4+ T-cell production are still functional in early HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fleury
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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132
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De Boer RJ, Noest AJ. T Cell Renewal Rates, Telomerase, and Telomere Length Shortening. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.12.5832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Measurements on the average telomere lengths of normal human naive and memory T cells suggested that 1) naive and memory human T cells have similar division rates, and 2) that the difference between naive and memory cells reflects the degree of clonal expansion during normal immune reactions. Here we develop mathematic models describing how the population average of telomere length depends on the cell division rates of naive and memory T cells during clonal expansion and normal renewal. The results show that 1) telomeres shorten with twice the cell division rate, 2) that the conventional approach of estimating telomere length shortening per mean population doubling gives rise to estimates that are 39% larger than the “true” loss per cell division, 3) that naive and memory T cells are expected to shorten their telomeres at rates set by the division rate of the naive T cells only, i.e., irrespective of the division rate of memory T cells, 4) that the measured difference in the average telomere length between naive and memory T cells may largely reflect the difference in renewal rates between these subpopulations rather than the clonal expansion, and 5) that full telomerase compensation during clonal expansion is consistent with all data on the shortening of telomere length in, and between, naive and memory T cells. Thus we reconcile the apparent contradictions between the demonstrated difference in division rates between human naive and memory T cells and their similar rates of telomere shortening, and the demonstrated telomere shortening in the presence of telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J. De Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André J. Noest
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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133
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von Hörsten S, Exton MS, Schult M, Nagel E, Stalp M, Schweitzer G, Vöge J, del Rey A, Schedlowski M, Westermann J. Behaviorally conditioned effects of Cyclosporine A on the immune system of rats: specific alterations of blood leukocyte numbers and decrease of granulocyte function. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 85:193-201. [PMID: 9630168 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppression induced by Cyclosporine A (CsA) can be behaviorally conditioned. It is unknown, however, whether a taste aversion paradigm using CsA as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) induces alterations of blood leukocyte numbers and function. Results obtained by three-colour flow cytometry and granulocyte chemiluminescence response demonstrate that in conditioned rats, absolute numbers of lymphocyte subsets, including B, CD8+ T cells and CD4+ naive and memory T cells, and granulocyte numbers and function were significantly decreased. In contrast to the conditioned response, CsA treatment alone increased lymphocyte numbers and did not affect granulocyte function. Thus, our data demonstrate that behaviorally conditioned CsA effects can be monitored in the blood. In addition, results indicate that the CNS mediates the behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression by reducing the availability and function of granulocytes and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S von Hörsten
- Division of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Germany.
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134
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Onah DN, Hopkins J, Luckins AG. Induction of CD4+CD8+ double positive T cells and increase in CD5+ B cells in efferent lymph in sheep infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Parasite Immunol 1998; 20:121-34. [PMID: 9568615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1998.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Trypanosoma evansi on efferent lymphocyte phenotypes draining from a lymph node primed with Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine were studied in sheep. The prefemoral efferent lymphatic ducts of the infected sheep along with those of two uninfected sheep were surgically cannulated. Lymph was collected and lymphocytes recovered from it analysed by two-colour indirect immunofluorescence staining and cytofluoremetry in a fluorescence activated cell analyser (FACSCAN). The study showed the appearance and persistence of T. evansi in the efferent lymph for a long period of time and the appearance of CD4+CD8+ (double positive, DP) T lymphocytes in the efferent lymph of infected animals. The infection also resulted in increases in CD5+ B cells in the prefemoral efferent lymph. In addition, there were decreases in the output of conventional B cells, CD5+ and CD4+ T cell subsets but large increases in CD8+ cells followed by terminal depletion of all cell subsets. In contrast, inoculation of sheep with pasteurella vaccine antigen alone produced little alterations in the proportions, but large increases in the numbers of all T cell subsets except that of CD8+ cells which also showed little variation; and there was a concurrent increase in the numbers and proportions of efferent B cells. In addition, the abnormal expression of DP and CD5+ B cells did not occur in the uninfected vaccinated sheep. It is concluded that these abnormal changes in the kinetics of efferent lymphocyte phenotypes are likely to play a role in the genesis of the generalized immunosuppression seen in trypanosome-infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Onah
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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135
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Pakker NG, Notermans DW, de Boer RJ, Roos MT, de Wolf F, Hill A, Leonard JM, Danner SA, Miedema F, Schellekens PT. Biphasic kinetics of peripheral blood T cells after triple combination therapy in HIV-1 infection: a composite of redistribution and proliferation. Nat Med 1998; 4:208-14. [PMID: 9461195 DOI: 10.1038/nm0298-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The origin of CD4+ T cells reappearing in the blood following antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection is still controversial. Here we show, using mathematical modeling, that redistribution of T cells to the blood can explain the striking correlation between the initial CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cell repopulation and the observation that 3 weeks after the start of treatment memory CD4+ T-cell numbers reach a plateau. The increase in CD4+ T cells following therapy most likely is a composite of initial redistribution, accompanied by a continuous slow repopulation with newly produced naive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Pakker
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, Central Laboratory of The Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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136
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Trickett AE, Kelly M, Cameron BA, Lloyd A, Ffrench RA, Dwyer JM. A preliminary study to determine the effect of an infusion of cryopreserved autologous lymphocytes on immunocompetence and viral load in HIV-infected patients. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1998; 17:129-36. [PMID: 9473013 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199802010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic measures aimed at boosting the immunity of HIV-infected patients are a critical component of strategies for effective therapy of HIV and AIDS. To improve immunocompetence in patients with progressive disease, autologous lymphocytes that were collected and cryopreserved earlier in the course of HIV-infection were reinfused. None of the 12 patients receiving cell infusions experienced any adverse effects. Improvements in immunologic parameters (CD4+ counts, CD8+ counts, or both; HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity; or viral load) were seen in seven patients. Restoration of the CD4+ count to the level recorded at the time of cell harvest was achieved in two patients with less advanced disease. Plasma HIV RNA was reduced by >0.5 logs in two of the four patients tested. These preliminary results suggest that cellular immunotherapy using cryopreserved autologous lymphocytes has the potential to improve some measures of immunity in patients with HIV/AIDS and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Trickett
- Department of Haematology, St. George Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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137
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Rosenberg YJ, Anderson AO, Pabst R. HIV-induced decline in blood CD4/CD8 ratios: viral killing or altered lymphocyte trafficking? IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:10-7. [PMID: 9465482 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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138
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139
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Westermann J, Geismar U, Sponholz A, Bode U, Sparshott SM, Bell EB. CD4+ T cells of both the naive and the memory phenotype enter rat lymph nodes and Peyer's patches via high endothelial venules: within the tissue their migratory behavior differs. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:3174-81. [PMID: 9464803 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is thought that naive T cells predominantly enter lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's patches (PP) via high endothelial venules (HEV), whereas memory T cells migrate mainly into non-lymphoid organs. However, direct evidence for the existence of these distinct migration pathways in vivo is incomplete, and nothing is known about their migration through the different compartments of lymphoid organs. Such knowledge would be of considerable interest for understanding T cell memory in vivo. In the present study we separated naive and memory CD4+ T cells from the rat thoracic duct according to the expression of the high and low molecular weight isoforms of CD45R, respectively. At various time points after injection into congenic animals, these cells were identified by quantitative immunohistology in HEV, and T and B cell areas of different LN and PP. Three major findings emerged. First, both naive and memory CD4+ T cells enter lymphoid organs via the HEV in comparable numbers. Second, naive and memory CD4+ T cells migrate into the B cell area, although in small numbers and continuously enter established germinal centers (GC) with a bias for memory CD4+ T cells. Third, memory CD4+ T cells migrate faster through the T cell area of lymphoid organs than naive CD4+ T cells. Thus, our study shows that memory CD4+ T cells are not excluded from the HEV route. In addition, "memory" might depend in part on the ability of T cells to specifically enter the B cell area and GC and to screen large quantities of lymphoid tissues in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Westermann
- Center of Anatomy, Medical School of Hannover, Germany.
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140
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Tjemsland L, Søreide JA, Matre R, Malt UF. Pre-operative [correction of Properative] psychological variables predict immunological status in patients with operable breast cancer. Psychooncology 1997; 6:311-20. [PMID: 9451750 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(199712)6:4<311::aid-pon285>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In a prospective study of psychobiological responses in patients with operable breast cancer, psychological data were collected one day before surgery and immunological data one day before and seven days after surgery. OBJECTIVES Explore psychoimmunological correlates related to primary surgical treatment of women with operable breast cancer. METHOD Distress was assessed with Impact of Event Scale (IES), depression with Montgomery-Aasberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), coping with Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) scale, emotional suppression with Courtauld Emotional Control scale (CECS) and neuroticism with EPQ-N. Number of lymphocytes and subsets of lymphocytes were analyzed using a flow-cytometric method. RESULTS Intrusive anxiety and anxious preoccupation were statistically significant inversely correlated to number of lymphocytes, B, T total and T4 lymphocytes and depression to B and T4 lymphocytes using Bonferroni's correction for multiple testing. Multivariate analyses including menopausal status, type of surgery and health behaviour variables demonstrated an independent, inverse effect of depression on total number of lymphocytes, T total and T4 lymphocytes 7 days after surgery. Pre-post immune changes were influenced reversely by depression (decreased) and intrusion (increased). CONCLUSIONS Psychological parameters have a statistically significant impact on the number of lymphocytes and subsets of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tjemsland
- Norwegian Cancer Society, Psychiatric Department, Stavanger Rogaland Psychiatric Hospital, Norway
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141
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Abstract
Current data on the involvement of the immunological system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are discussed, and results of immunotherapy for the disease are provided. Hypotheses on immune aging as a risk factor for AD, and a suggested new treatment strategy, are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gasiorowski
- Medical University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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142
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McMillan DC, Fyffe GD, Wotherspoon HA, Cooke TG, McArdle CS. Prospective study of circulating T-lymphocyte subpopulations and disease progression in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1997; 40:1068-71. [PMID: 9293937 DOI: 10.1007/bf02050931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has recently been reported that CD4+ T-lymphocytes are reduced in advanced colorectal cancer patients. However, it is not clear whether such changes in T-lymphocyte subsets are an early or late event in such patients. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between these subsets and disease progression in colorectal cancer. METHODS Flow cytometric analysis of T-lymphocyte subsets was performed in 39 patients who, approximately 12 months previously, had undergone surgery for colorectal cancer. These patients were grouped according to whether they developed a recurrence in the following two years. A group of healthy subjects was studied as controls. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the median neutrophil count (4.3 vs. 3.7 10(6)/ml) and the median numbers of platelets (282 vs. 216 10(6)/ml) of the recurrence group compared with the control group, respectively (P < 0.05). The median numbers (0.28 vs. 0.73 10(6)/ml) and percentage (29 vs. 38 percent) of CD4+ T-lymphocytes of the recurrence group were significantly reduced compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05). There were also reductions in the median percentage of CD3+ cells (67 vs. 74 percent) and the median numbers of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (0.28 vs. 0.46 10(6)/ml) of the recurrence group compared with the no recurrence group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Reduction of CD4+ T-lymphocytes occurs before detectable recurrence of colorectal cancer. Results of the present study are consistent with impaired immunity, as measured by such lymphocyte subset populations, being important in tumor recurrence in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C McMillan
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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143
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Stekel
- Dept of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK.
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144
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Flaherty DK, Wagner CA, Gross CJ, Panyik MA. Aging and lymphocyte subsets in the spleen and peripheral blood of the Sprague-Dawley rat. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1997; 19:185-95. [PMID: 9130005 DOI: 10.3109/08923979709007658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the effects of aging on lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood and spleens of Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats aged 3,13 and 26 months were used in the study. Analyses of dual labeled lymphocytes from the 26 month animals show decreases in the numbers of lymphocytes due to decreased cellularity (spleen) or reduced lymphocyte percentages within the total white blood cell population (peripheral blood). In the spleens and blood of the oldest rats, there were reduced numbers of Total T, T helper/amplifier (Th/a), virgin Th and natural killer (NK) cells. Other changes were observed in the spleen but not peripheral blood. The numbers of T cytotoxic/suppressor cells (Tc/s) B cells, "autoimmune" B cells and NK cells were reduced in the spleen but remained within normal limits in peripheral blood. The data show aging exerts different effects on the peripheral blood and splenic compartments of the immune system. These differences may have teleological significance in relation to immune responses to xenobiotics and neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Flaherty
- Environmental Health Laboratory, CEREGEN Group, Unit of Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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145
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Caruso C, Bongiardina C, Candore G, Cigna D, Romano GC, Colucci AT, Di Lorenzo G, Gervasi F, Manno M, Potestio M, Tantillo G. HLA-B8,DR3 haplotype affects lymphocyte blood levels. Immunol Invest 1997; 26:333-40. [PMID: 9129986 DOI: 10.3109/08820139709022690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The number of lymphocytes in the blood is constant, pointing to an effective control of circulating lymphocyte values. The mechanisms of this regulation are uncertain, although it is likely that the number of blood lymphocytes is conditioned by hormones, homing factors and cytokines whose production is at least partly restrained by genetic factors. Particularly genetic factors linked to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) appear to be involved. In human beings a decreased number of blood lymphocytes has been described in healthy subjects carrying the Human Leucocyte Antigens (HLA) haplotype HLA-B8,DR3. In the present study, to inquire into the mechanisms of this lymphocyte decreased number, we have performed an analysis of blood subset values in these subjects. When the absolute values of lymphocytes were analysed according to HLA phenotype, HLA-B8,DR3 positive subjects (N = 26) displayed significantly lower values as compared to HLA-B8,DR3 negative ones (N = 282). The analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations performed by flow cytometry in 72 subjects did not show significant changes in lymphocyte subset percentages between HLA-B8,DR3 positive subjects and negative ones. Thus, the decrease of circulating lymphocytes seems to be due to a reduction of cell number affecting all lymphocyte subsets rather than a single cell subpopulation. The analysis of in vitro spontaneous apoptosis performed by flow cytometry in a smaller sample of subjects showed a significant increase of spontaneous apoptosis in lymphocytes from HLA-B8,DR3 positive individuals suggesting a possible explanation for the deviation from normal lymphocyte count observed in these subjects. However it is intriguing that a decreased number of blood lymphocytes can be observed in healthy HLA-B8,DR3 positive subjects but also in autoimmune diseases linked to this haplotype like systemic lupus erythematosus and insulin-dependent diabetes. Furthermore, in our opinion, this finding is to be kept in mind in evaluating hematological parameters in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Caruso
- Servizio di Tipizzazione Tissutate, Università di Palermo, Italy
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146
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REZZA GIOVANNI, D'EGIDIO PIETRO, COZZI LEPRI ALESSANDRO, COSTANTINI DAMIANO, PETRUCCI ANDREA, PEZZOTTI PATRIZIO. Effects of age, gender, duration of drug use and infection with viral hepatitis B and C on lymphocyte subsets in a population of HIV-negative injecting drug users in Italy. Addict Biol 1997; 2:201-6. [PMID: 26735637 DOI: 10.1080/13556219772741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 716 HIV-negative IDUs entering a large drug treatment centre in central Italy was studied to evaluate the pattern of T-lymphocyte subsets among IDUs and to determine the effects of individual variables such as age, gender, duration of drug use and infection with viral hepatitis B and C. To this end, white cell count, total lymphocyte count and absolute number of lymphocyte subsets (i.e. CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), HBV markers and HCV serology, were determined. For each individual, information on age, gender and duration of drug use was collected. To evaluate the association between level of lymphocyte subsets and phases of HBV infection, participants were stratified into three groups: (A) negative for all markers; (B) HBsAg-positive, with or without HBeAg, and HBsAb-negative; and (C) HBsAg and HBeAg-negative, positive for any other serological marker. The median absolute number of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ was 1909, 1080 and 770 cells/mm3, respectively, and did not vary across age bands. The CD8+ count was higher in males than in females. There was a tendency for CD3+ lymphocyte counts (mainly due to CD8+ counts) to be higher in individuals with 6-8 years of drug use compared to those who started injecting 4 years before or less. There was no evidence of increasing counts for a duration of drug use of more than 8 years. With regard to HBV, there was a general tendency for individuals in group "C" to have higher CD3+ and CD8+ counts than those in group "A". Finally, there was no difference in absolute lymphocyte count subsets between HCV-positive and HCV-negative IDUs. In conclusion, demographic and behavioural factors such as long-term heroin use or infection with HCV do not seem to influence the level of lymphocyte subsets among HIV-negative IDUs, nor does the infection with HBV seem to determine dramatic changes in CD4+ counts.
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147
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Clark R. The somatogenic hormones and insulin-like growth factor-1: stimulators of lymphopoiesis and immune function. Endocr Rev 1997; 18:157-79. [PMID: 9101135 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.18.2.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Clark
- Endocrinology Group, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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148
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Triebig G. Increased levels of PCP in blood can lead to severe T lymphocyte dysfunction. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1997; 52:148-9. [PMID: 9124876 DOI: 10.1080/00039899709602879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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149
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Comans-Bitter WM, de Groot R, van den Beemd R, Neijens HJ, Hop WC, Groeneveld K, Hooijkaas H, van Dongen JJ. Immunophenotyping of blood lymphocytes in childhood. Reference values for lymphocyte subpopulations. J Pediatr 1997; 130:388-93. [PMID: 9063413 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(97)70200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunophenotyping of blood lymphocytes is an important tool in the diagnosis of hematologic and immunologic disorders. Because of maturation and expansion of the immune system in the first years of life, the relative and the absolute size of lymphocyte subpopulations vary during childhood. Therefore we wished to obtain reference values for the relative and the absolute size of all relevant blood lymphocyte subpopulations in childhood. STUDY DESIGN We used the lysed whole blood method for analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations in 429 blood samples from neonates (n = 20), healthy children (n = 358), and adults (n = 51). The following age groups were used: 1 week to 2 months (n = 13), 2 to 5 months (n = 46), 5 to 9 months (n = 105), 9 to 15 months (n = 70), 15 to 24 months (n = 33), 2 to 5 years (n = 33), 5 to 10 years (n = 35), and 10 to 16 years (n = 23). RESULTS Our results show that the absolute number of CD19+ B lymphocytes increases twofold immediately after birth, remains stable until 2 years of age, and subsequently gradually decreases 6.5-fold from 2 years to adult age. The CD3+ T lymphocytes increase 1.5-fold immediately after birth and decrease threefold from 2 years to adult age. The absolute size of the CD3+/CD4+ T-lymphocyte subpopulation follows the same pattern as the total CD3+ population, but the CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocytes remain stable from birth up to 2 years of age, followed by a gradual threefold decrease toward adult levels. In contrast to B and T lymphocytes, the absolute number of natural killer cells decreases almost threefold in the first 2 months of life and remains stable thereafter. Our study also showed that changes in the absolute size of lymphocyte subpopulations are not always consistent with changes in their relative size. This demonstrates that the relative counts of lymphocyte subsets do not reflect their actual size and are therefore of limited value. CONCLUSION On the basis of this study we strongly recommend that immunophenotyping of blood lymphocytes for the diagnosis of hematologic and immunologic disorders be based on the absolute rather than on the relative size of lymphocyte subpopulations. Our data can be used as age-matched reference values for blood lymphocyte immunophenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Comans-Bitter
- Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital/University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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150
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Toft P, Tønnesen E, Zülow I, Nielsen CH, Hokland M. Expression of adhesion and activation molecules on lymphocytes during open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Scand Cardiovasc J Suppl 1997; 31:91-5. [PMID: 9211596 DOI: 10.3109/14017439709058075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and abdominal surgery are associated with lymphocytopenia. We measured a panel of adhesion and activation molecules on lymphocytes to clarify possible association of CPB with increased expression of these molecules. Eight patients undergoing open-heart surgery and eight with abdominal surgery were studied. The adhesion molecules CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1_, CD11c/CD18 and CD44 and the activation molecules CD25, CD69, CD71 and MHCII were measured, using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. Lymphocytopenia was observed during CPB and for some hours after both open-heart and abdominal surgery. The proportion of CD11a/CD18-positive lymphocytes rose from 67.6 +/- 8% to 86.4 +/- 3% after aortic declamping (p < 0.05). The expression of activation molecules CD25, CD69 and CD71 was unchanged during and after open-heart as well as abdominal operations. Thus CPB was associated with increased expression of the adhesion molecule CD11a/CD18 on lymphocytes, while the expression of activation molecules on lymphocytes was unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Toft
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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