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Patil HP, Herrera Rodriguez J, de Vries-Idema J, Meijerhof T, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ, Huckriede A. Adjuvantation of Pulmonary-Administered Influenza Vaccine with GPI-0100 Primarily Stimulates Antibody Production and Memory B Cell Proliferation. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5030019. [PMID: 28749414 PMCID: PMC5620550 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are key components in vaccines, they help in reducing the required antigen dose but also modulate the phenotype of the induced immune response. We previously showed that GPI-0100, a saponin-derived adjuvant, enhances antigen-specific mucosal and systemic antibody responses to influenza subunit and whole inactivated influenza virus (WIV) vaccine administered via the pulmonary route. However, the impact of the GPI-0100 dose on immune stimulation and the immune mechanisms stimulated by GPI-0100 along with antigen are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study we immunized C57BL/6 mice via the pulmonary route with vaccine consisting of WIV combined with increasing amounts of GPI-0100, formulated as a dry powder. Adjuvantation of WIV enhanced influenza-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses, with intermediate doses of 5 and 7.5 μg GPI-0100 being most effective. The predominant antibody subtype induced by GPI-0100-adjuvanted vaccine was IgG1. Compared to non-adjuvanted vaccine, GPI-0100-adjuvanted WIV vaccine gave rise to higher numbers of antigen-specific IgA- but not IgG-producing B cells in the lungs along with better mucosal and systemic memory B cell responses. The GPI-0100 dose was negatively correlated with the number of influenza-specific IFNγ- and IL17-producing T cells and positively correlated with the number of IL4-producing T cells observed after immunization and challenge. Overall, our results show that adjuvantation of pulmonary-delivered WIV with GPI-0100 mostly affects B cell responses and effectively induces B cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad P Patil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara Road, Katraj-Dhankawadi, Pune 411043, Maharashtra, India.
| | - José Herrera Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline de Vries-Idema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tjarko Meijerhof
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sales DS, Ito JT, Zanchetta IA, Annoni R, Aun MV, Ferraz LFS, Cervilha DAB, Negri E, Mauad T, Martins MA, Lopes FDTQS. Regulatory T-Cell Distribution within Lung Compartments in COPD. COPD 2017; 14:533-542. [PMID: 28745532 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2017.1346069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the adaptive immune response, specifically the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in controlling the obstruction progression in smokers, has been highlighted. To quantify the adaptive immune cells in different lung compartments, we used lung tissues from 21 never-smokers without lung disease, 22 current and/or ex-smokers without lung disease (NOS) and 13 current and/or ex-smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for histological analysis. We observed increased T, B, IL-17 and BAFF+ cells in small and large airways of COPD individuals; however, in the NOS, we only observed increase in T and IL-17+ cells only in small airways. A decrease in the density of Treg+, TGF-β+ and IL-10+ in small and large airways was observed only in COPD individuals. In the lymphoid tissues, Treg, T,B-cells and BAFF+ cells were also increased in COPD; however, changes in Treg inhibitory associated cytokines were not observed in this compartment. Therefore, our results suggest that difference in Treg+ cell distributions in lung compartments and the decrease in TGF-β+ and IL-10+ cells in the airways may lead to the obstruction in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi S Sales
- a Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Juliana T Ito
- a Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ivy A Zanchetta
- a Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Raquel Annoni
- b Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marcelo V Aun
- c Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando S Ferraz
- b Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Daniela A B Cervilha
- a Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Elnara Negri
- d Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Biology (LIM-59), School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- b Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mílton A Martins
- a Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fernanda D T Q S Lopes
- a Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), School of Medicine , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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103
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Mukherjee M, Bulir DC, Radford K, Kjarsgaard M, Huang CM, Jacobsen EA, Ochkur SI, Catuneanu A, Lamothe-Kipnes H, Mahony J, Lee JJ, Lacy P, Nair PK. Sputum autoantibodies in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1269-1279. [PMID: 28751233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence of eosinophils in sputum despite high doses of corticosteroids indicates disease severity in asthmatic patients. Chronic inflamed airways can lose tolerance over time to immunogenic entities released on frequent eosinophil degranulation, which further contributes to disease severity and necessitates an increase in maintenance corticosteroids. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate the possibility of a polyclonal autoimmune event in the airways of asthmatic patients and to identify associated clinical and molecular characteristics. METHODS The presence of autoantibodies against eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) and anti-nuclear antibodies was investigated in patients with eosinophilic asthma maintained on high-dose corticosteroids, prednisone, or both. The ability of sputum immunoglobulins to induce eosinophil degranulation in vitro was assessed. In addition, the associated inflammatory microenvironment in patients with detectable autoantibodies was examined. RESULTS We report a "polyclonal" autoimmune event occurring in the airways of prednisone-dependent asthmatic patients with increased eosinophil activity, recurrent pulmonary infections, or both, as evident by the concomitant presence of sputum anti-EPX and anti-nuclear antibodies of the IgG subtype. Extensive cytokine profiling of sputum revealed a TH2-dominated microenvironment (eotaxin-2, IL-5, IL-18, and IL-13) and increased signalling molecules that support the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures (B-cell activating factor and B cell-attracting chemokine 1). Immunoprecipitated sputum immunoglobulins from patients with increased autoantibody levels triggered eosinophil degranulation in vitro, with release of extensive histone-rich extracellular traps, an event unsuppressed by dexamethasone and possibly contributing to the steroid-unresponsive nature of these eosinophilic patients. CONCLUSION This study identifies an autoimmune endotype of severe asthma that can be identified by the presence of sputum autoantibodies against EPX and autologous cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Mukherjee
- Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Bulir
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Radford
- Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Sergei I Ochkur
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Ana Catuneanu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - James Mahony
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James J Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Paige Lacy
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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104
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Maintenance of pathogenic Th2 cells in allergic disorders. Allergol Int 2017; 66:369-376. [PMID: 28391979 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is an important protective mechanism that enables host organisms to respond rapidly and vigorously to pathogens that have been previously encountered. In addition to the protective function, memory CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders, including asthma. Recently, several investigators have identified phenotypically and functionally distinct memory Th2 cell subsets that produce IL-5. These memory Th2 cell subsets play an important role in the pathology of allergic inflammation and function as memory-type "pathogenic Th2 (Tpath2) cells" both in mice and humans. We review the role of lung Tpath2 cells in the development of allergic inflammation and, in the context of recent findings, propose a mechanism by which Tpath2 cells not only survive but also continue to function at the sites where antigens were encountered. A greater understanding of the functional molecules or signaling pathways that regulate the inflammatory niche for Tpath2 cells may aid in the design of more effective treatments for chronic inflammatory disorders.
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105
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Takahashi Y, Onodera T, Adachi Y, Ato M. Adaptive B Cell Responses to Influenza Virus Infection in the Lung. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:431-437. [PMID: 28661720 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive B cell response is a key arm of protective immunity against influenza viruses. Owing to the acutely infectious and cytopathic nature of these viruses, efficient containment of viral spread relies on the prompt provision of protective antibodies to the site of virus infection, the respiratory tract (RT). To accelerate the protective antibody response, B cell responses can be ectopically induced, maintained, and reactivated in the lungs after primary and secondary infection, thereby providing an anatomical advantage in supplying neutralizing antibodies against reinfecting viruses with faster kinetics. However, the prompt supply of protective antibodies may be insufficient to protect against reinfection because influenza viruses can easily change their antigenic profiles to escape antibody surveillance. B cell responses have multiple strategies for adjusting antibody repertoires according to viral fitness, one of which is the formation of local germinal centers capable of selecting B cell repertoires for antigenically subdominant, but conserved, epitopes. In this review, we discuss several unique aspects of B cell responses that take place at local sites to combat acutely infectious and rapidly mutating influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Adachi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
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106
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Breitling S, Hui Z, Zabini D, Hu Y, Hoffmann J, Goldenberg NM, Tabuchi A, Buelow R, Dos Santos C, Kuebler WM. The mast cell–B cell axis in lung vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L710-L721. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00311.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over past years, a critical role for the immune system and, in particular, for mast cells in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) has emerged. However, the way in which mast cells promote PH is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which mast cells may contribute to PH, specifically focusing on the interaction between the innate and adaptive immune response and the role of B cells and autoimmunity. Experiments were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats and B cell-deficient JH-KO rats in the monocrotaline, Sugen/hypoxia, and the aortic banding model of PH. Hemodynamics, cell infiltration, IL-6 expression, and vascular remodeling were analyzed. Gene array analyses revealed constituents of immunoglobulins as most prominently regulated mast cell-dependent genes in the lung in experimental PH. IL-6 was shown to link mast cells to B cells, as 1) IL-6 was upregulated and colocalized with mast cells and was reduced by mast-cell stabilizers and 2) IL-6 or mast cell blockade reduced B cells in lungs of monocrotaline-treated rats. A functional role for B cells in PH was demonstrated in that either blocking B cells by an anti-CD20 antibody or B-cell deficiency in JH-KO rats attenuated right ventricular systolic pressure and vascular remodeling in experimental PH. We here identify a mast cell–B cell axis driven by IL-6 as a critical immune pathway in the pathophysiology of PH. Our results provide novel insights into the role of the immune system in PH, which may be therapeutically exploited by targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Breitling
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhang Hui
- Institute of Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Zabini
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yijie Hu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Hoffmann
- Institute of Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neil M. Goldenberg
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arata Tabuchi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Buelow
- Open Monoclonal Technology, Incorporated, Palo Alto, California
| | - Claudia Dos Santos
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M. Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- German Heart Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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107
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Frija-Masson J, Martin C, Regard L, Lothe MN, Touqui L, Durand A, Lucas B, Damotte D, Alifano M, Fajac I, Burgel PR. Bacteria-driven peribronchial lymphoid neogenesis in bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1601873. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01873-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to characterise lymphoid neogenesis in bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis (CF) lungs and to examine the role of bacterial infection.Lymphoid aggregates were examined using immunohistochemical staining and morphometric analysis in surgical lung sections obtained from nonsmokers and patients with bronchiectasis or CF. Sterile, Pseudomonas aeruginosa- or Staphylococcus aureus-coated agarose beads were instilled intratracheally in mice. Kinetics of lymphoid neogenesis and chemokine expression were examined over 14 days.Lymphoid aggregates were scarce in human lungs of nonsmokers, but numerous peribronchial lymphoid aggregates containing B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, germinal centres and high endothelial venules were found in bronchiectasis and CF. Mouse lungs contained no lymphoid aggregate at baseline. During persistent P. aeruginosa or S. aureus airway infection peribronchial lymphoid neogenesis occurred. At day 14 after instillation, lymphoid aggregates expressed markers of tertiary lymphoid organs and the chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL13. The airway epithelium was an important site of CXCL12, CXCL13 and interleukin-17A expression, which began at day 1 after instillation.Peribronchial tertiary lymphoid organs are present in bronchiectasis and in CF, and persistent bacterial infection triggered peribronchial lymphoid neogenesis in mice. Peribronchial localisation of tertiary lymphoid organs and epithelial expression of chemokines suggest roles for airway epithelium in lymphoid neogenesis.
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108
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Kunisawa J. Metabolic changes during B cell differentiation for the production of intestinal IgA antibody. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1503-1509. [PMID: 27838744 PMCID: PMC11107571 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To sustain the bio-energetic demands of growth, proliferation, and effector functions, the metabolism of immune cells changes dramatically in response to immunologic stimuli. In this review, I focus on B cell metabolism, especially regarding the production of intestinal IgA antibody. Accumulating evidence has implicated not only host-derived factors (e.g., cytokines) but also gut environmental factors, including the possible involvement of commensal bacteria and diet, in the control of B cell metabolism during intestinal IgA antibody production. These findings yield new insights into the regulation of immunosurveillance and homeostasis in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
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109
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Hogg JC, Paré PD, Hackett TL. The Contribution of Small Airway Obstruction to the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:529-552. [PMID: 28151425 PMCID: PMC6151481 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that the small conducting airways were the major site of obstruction to airflow in normal lungs was introduced by Rohrer in 1915 and prevailed until Weibel introduced a quantitative method of studying lung anatomy in 1963. Green repeated Rohrer's calculations using Weibels new data in 1965 and found that the smaller conducting airways offered very little resistance to airflow. This conflict was resolved by seminal experiments conducted by Macklem and Mead in 1967, which confirmed that a small proportion of the total lower airways resistance is attributable to small airways <2 mm in diameter. Shortly thereafter, Hogg, Macklem, and Thurlbeck used this technique to show that small airways become the major site of obstruction in lungs affected by emphysema. These and other observations led Mead to write a seminal editorial in 1970 that postulated the small airways are a silent zone within normal lungs where disease can accumulate over many years without being noticed. This review provides a progress report since the 1970s on methods for detecting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the structural nature of small airways' disease, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are thought to underlie its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Hogg
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia (UBC), British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UBC, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter D Paré
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia (UBC), British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UBC, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia (UBC), British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, UBC, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UBC, British Columbia, Canada
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110
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Feldman S, Kasjanski R, Poposki J, Hernandez D, Chen JN, Norton JE, Suh L, Carter RG, Stevens WW, Peters AT, Kern RC, Conley DB, Tan BK, Shintani-Smith S, Welch KC, Grammer LC, Harris KE, Kato A, Schleimer RP, Hulse KE. Chronic airway inflammation provides a unique environment for B cell activation and antibody production. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:457-466. [PMID: 28000955 PMCID: PMC5378644 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells play many roles in health and disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms that drive B cell responses in the airways, especially in humans. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease of the upper airways that affects 10% of Europeans and Americans. A subset of CRS patients develop nasal polyps (NPs), which are characterized by type 2 inflammation, eosinophils and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). We have reported that NP contain elevated levels of B cells and antibodies, making NP an ideal system for studying B cells in the airways. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the mechanisms that drive B cell activation and antibody production during chronic airway inflammation. METHODS We analysed B cells from NP or tonsil, or after ILC2 coculture, by flow cytometry. Antibody production from tissue was measured using Luminex assays and the frequency of antibody-secreting cells by ELISpot. Formation of B cell clusters was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Expression of genes associated with B cell activation and class switch recombination was measured by qRT-PCR. RESULTS NP contained significantly elevated frequencies of plasmablasts, especially those that expressed the extrafollicular marker Epstein-Barr virus-induced protein 2 (EBI2), but significantly fewer germinal centre (GC) B cells compared with tonsil. Antibody production and the frequency of antibody-secreting cells were significantly elevated in NP, and there was evidence for local class switch recombination in NP. Finally, ILC2s directly induced EBI2 expression on B cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data suggest there is a unique B cell activation environment within NP that is distinct from classic GC-mediated mechanisms. We show for the first time that ILC2s directly induce EBI2 expression on B cells, indicating that ILC2s may play an important role in B cell responses. B cell-targeted therapies may provide new treatment options for CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Feldman
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Richard Kasjanski
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Julie Poposki
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - David Hernandez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason N. Chen
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - James E. Norton
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lydia Suh
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Roderick G. Carter
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Whitney W. Stevens
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Anju T. Peters
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Robert C. Kern
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David B. Conley
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bruce K. Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephani Shintani-Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin C. Welch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leslie C. Grammer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kathleen E. Harris
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Robert P. Schleimer
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Hulse
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine,
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
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111
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Post-injury and resolution response to repetitive inhalation exposure to agricultural organic dust in mice. SAFETY 2017; 3. [PMID: 29387711 PMCID: PMC5788309 DOI: 10.3390/safety3010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of organic dusts in agricultural environments causes airway inflammatory diseases. Despite advances in understanding the airway response to dust-induced inflammation, less is known about the transition from lung injury to repair and recovery. The objective of this study was to define the post-inflammation homeostasis events following organic dust-induced lung injury. Using an established protocol, mice were intranasally treated with swine confinement facility organic dust extract (ODE) daily for 3 weeks (repetitive exposure) or treated daily with ODE for 3 weeks followed by no treatment for 1–4 weeks (recovery period) whereupon lavage fluid, lung tissue, and sera were processed. During recovery period, a significant decrease was observed in ODE-induced neutrophil levels after 1 week, lymphocytes at 2 weeks, and macrophages at 4 weeks in the lavage fluid. ODE-induced lung cellular aggregates and bronchiolar compartment inflammation were diminished, but persisted for 4 weeks post-injury. Alveolar inflammation resolved at 3 weeks. ODE-induced lung neutrophils were cleared by 3 weeks, B-cells by 2 weeks, and CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells by 4 week recovery period. Collectively, these results identify important processes during recovery period following agricultural dust-induced inflammation, and present possible strategies for improving lung repair and resolution.
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Nakayama T, Hirahara K, Onodera A, Endo Y, Hosokawa H, Shinoda K, Tumes DJ, Okamoto Y. Th2 Cells in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 35:53-84. [PMID: 27912316 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection from helminth infection and are central to the pathogenesis of many allergic inflammatory diseases. Molecular analysis of Th2 cell differentiation and maintenance of function has led to recent discoveries that have refined our understanding of Th2 cell biology. Epigenetic regulation of Gata3 expression by chromatin remodeling complexes such as Polycomb and Trithorax is crucial for maintaining Th2 cell identity. In the context of allergic diseases, memory-type pathogenic Th2 cells have been identified in both mice and humans. To better understand these disease-driving cell populations, we have developed a model called the pathogenic Th population disease induction model. The concept of defined subsets of pathogenic Th cells may spur new, effective strategies for treating intractable chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Kenta Shinoda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Damon J Tumes
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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113
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Schwarz B, Uchida M, Douglas T. Biomedical and Catalytic Opportunities of Virus-Like Particles in Nanotechnology. Adv Virus Res 2016; 97:1-60. [PMID: 28057256 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Within biology, molecules are arranged in hierarchical structures that coordinate and control the many processes that allow for complex organisms to exist. Proteins and other functional macromolecules are often studied outside their natural nanostructural context because it remains difficult to create controlled arrangements of proteins at this size scale. Viruses are elegantly simple nanosystems that exist at the interface of living organisms and nonliving biological machines. Studied and viewed primarily as pathogens to be combatted, viruses have emerged as models of structural efficiency at the nanoscale and have spurred the development of biomimetic nanoparticle systems. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are noninfectious protein cages derived from viruses or other cage-forming systems. VLPs provide incredibly regular scaffolds for building at the nanoscale. Composed of self-assembling protein subunits, VLPs provide both a model for studying materials' assembly at the nanoscale and useful building blocks for materials design. The robustness and degree of understanding of many VLP structures allow for the ready use of these systems as versatile nanoparticle platforms for the conjugation of active molecules or as scaffolds for the structural organization of chemical processes. Lastly the prevalence of viruses in all domains of life has led to unique activities of VLPs in biological systems most notably the immune system. Here we discuss recent efforts to apply VLPs in a wide variety of applications with the aim of highlighting how the common structural elements of VLPs have led to their emergence as paradigms for the understanding and design of biological nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schwarz
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - M Uchida
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - T Douglas
- Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
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114
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Lymphangiogenesis in rat asthma model. Angiogenesis 2016; 20:73-84. [PMID: 27787629 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although bronchial angiogenesis has been well documented in allergic asthma, lymphangiogenesis has not been widely studied. Therefore, we evaluated changes in lung lymphatics in a rat model of allergen-induced asthma using house dust mite (Der p 1; 100 μg/challenge). Additionally, properties of isolated lung lymphatic endothelial cells (CD45-, CD141+, LYVE-1+, Prox-1+) were studied in vitro. Three weeks after the onset of intranasal allergen exposure (twice-weekly), an increase in the number of lung lymphatic vessels was measured (34% increase) by lung morphometry. New lymphatic structures were seen predominantly in the peribronchial and periarterial interstitial space but also surrounding large airways. Isolated lymphatic endothelial cells from sensitized lungs showed enhanced proliferation (% Ki67+), chemotaxis, and tube formation (number and length) compared to lymphatic endothelial cells isolated from naive rat lungs. This hyper-proliferative lymphangiogenic phenotype was preserved through multiple cell passages (2-8). Lymphatic endothelial cells isolated from naive and HDM-sensitized rats produced similar in vitro levels of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGFR3 protein, each recognized as critical lymphangiogenic factors. Inhibition with anti-VEGFR (axitinib, 0.1 μM) blocked proliferation and chemotaxis. Results suggest that in vivo sensitization causes fundamental changes to lymphatic endothelium, which are retained in vitro, and may relate to VEGFR downstream signaling.
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115
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Koroleva EP, Fu YX, Tumanov AV. Lymphotoxin in physiology of lymphoid tissues - Implication for antiviral defense. Cytokine 2016; 101:39-47. [PMID: 27623349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of cytokines which serves multiple functions, including the control of lymphoid organ development and maintenance, as well as regulation of inflammation and autoimmunity. Although the role of LT in organogenesis and maintenance of lymphoid organs is well established, the contribution of LT pathway to homeostasis of lymphoid organs during the immune response to pathogens is less understood. In this review, we highlight recent advances on the role of LT pathway in antiviral immune responses. We discuss the role of LT signaling in lymphoid organ integrity, type I IFN production and regulation of protection and immunopathology during viral infections. We further discuss the potential of therapeutic targeting LT pathway for controlling immunopathology and antiviral protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina P Koroleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexei V Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY.
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116
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Thayaparan D, Shen P, Stämpfli MR, Morissette MC. Induction of pulmonary antibodies against oxidized lipids in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Respir Res 2016; 17:97. [PMID: 27488019 PMCID: PMC4973059 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cigarette smoke exposure is known to activate the adaptive immune system; however, the functional role of these processes is currently unknown. Given the role of oxidized lipids in driving innate inflammatory responses to cigarette smoke, we investigated whether an adaptive immune response against damaged lipids was induced following chronic cigarette smoke exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a well-established mouse model, we showed that cigarette smoke exposure led to a progressive increase in pulmonary antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL). Functionally, we found that intranasal delivery of an antibody against oxidized phosphatidylcholine (anti-OxPC; clone E06) increased lipid and particle uptake by pulmonary macrophages without exacerbating cigarette smoke-induced neutrophilia. We also found that anti-OxPC treatment increased particle uptake following smoking cessation. Finally, the frequency of pulmonary macrophages with internalized particles was increased after prolonged smoke exposure, at which time lung anti-OxPC responses were highest. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, this is the first report to demonstrate a non-pathogenic, and possibly protective, function of a newly identified autoantibody induced by chronic cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danya Thayaparan
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela Shen
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin R Stämpfli
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health at St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Morissette
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725, Chemin Ste-Foy, G1V 4G5, Quebec City, PQ, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, PQ, Canada.
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117
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Nair VR, Franco LH, Zacharia VM, Khan HS, Stamm CE, You W, Marciano DK, Yagita H, Levine B, Shiloh MU. Microfold Cells Actively Translocate Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Initiate Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1253-1258. [PMID: 27452467 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevailing paradigm is that tuberculosis infection is initiated when patrolling alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells within the terminal alveolus ingest inhaled Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, definitive data for this model are lacking. Among the epithelial cells of the upper airway, a specialized epithelial cell known as a microfold cell (M cell) overlies various components of mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue. Here, using multiple mouse models, we show that Mtb invades via M cells to initiate infection. Intranasal Mtb infection in mice lacking M cells either genetically or by antibody depletion resulted in reduced invasion and dissemination to draining lymph nodes. M cell-depleted mice infected via aerosol also had delayed dissemination to lymph nodes and reduced mortality. Translocation of Mtb across two M cell transwell models was rapid and transcellular. Thus, M cell translocation is a vital entry mechanism that contributes to the pathogenesis of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya R Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luis H Franco
- Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vineetha M Zacharia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Haaris S Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wu You
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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118
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Hwang JY, Randall TD, Silva-Sanchez A. Inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue: Taming Inflammation in the Lung. Front Immunol 2016; 7:258. [PMID: 27446088 PMCID: PMC4928648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following pulmonary inflammation, leukocytes that infiltrate the lung often assemble into structures known as inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (iBALT). Like conventional lymphoid organs, areas of iBALT have segregated B and T cell areas, specialized stromal cells, high endothelial venules, and lymphatic vessels. After inflammation is resolved, iBALT is maintained for months, independently of inflammation. Once iBALT is formed, it participates in immune responses to pulmonary antigens, including those that are unrelated to the iBALT-initiating antigen, and often alters the clinical course of disease. However, the mechanisms that govern immune responses in iBALT and determine how iBALT impacts local and systemic immunity are poorly understood. Here, we review our current understanding of iBALT formation and discuss how iBALT participates in pulmonary immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Hwang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Troy D Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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119
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Thy1+IL-7+ lymphatic endothelial cells in iBALT provide a survival niche for memory T-helper cells in allergic airway inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2842-51. [PMID: 27140620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are central to long-term protection against pathogens, but they can also be pathogenic and drive chronic inflammatory disorders. How these pathogenic memory Th cells are maintained, particularly at sites of local inflammation, remains unclear. We found that ectopic lymphoid-like structures called inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) are formed during chronic allergic inflammation in the lung, and that memory-type pathogenic Th2 (Tpath2) cells capable of driving allergic inflammation are maintained within the iBALT structures. The maintenance of memory Th2 cells within iBALT is supported by Thy1(+)IL-7-producing lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). The Thy1(+)IL-7-producing LECs express IL-33 and T-cell-attracting chemokines CCL21 and CCL19. Moreover, ectopic lymphoid structures consisting of memory CD4(+) T cells and IL-7(+)IL-33(+) LECs were found in nasal polyps of patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Thus, Thy1(+)IL-7-producing LECs control chronic allergic airway inflammation by providing a survival niche for memory-type Tpath2 cells.
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120
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Local T/B cooperation in inflamed tissues is supported by T follicular helper-like cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10875. [PMID: 26915335 PMCID: PMC4773445 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions are characterized by large lymphocytic tissue infiltrates in which T and B cells can be found in close contact. Here, using a murine airway inflammation model, we compare antigen-specific T and B cells in lung tissue versus lung-draining lymph node. In the lung we identify a B-cell population exhibiting a classical germinal centre phenotype without being organized into ectopic lymphoid tissue. By contrast, classical CXCR5(+) Bcl-6(+) T follicular helper cells are not present. Nevertheless, lung-infiltrating T cells exhibit follicular helper-like properties including the potential to provide help to naive B cells. The lung tissue is also a survival niche for memory T and B cells remaining in residual peribronchial infiltrates after resolution of inflammation. Collectively, this study shows the importance of T/B cooperation not only in lymph nodes but also in inflamed peripheral tissues for local antibody responses to infection and autoimmunity.
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121
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Integriertes Schleimhautimmunsystem der oberen Atemwege: intraepitheliale Lymphozyten, NALT und der Waldeyer-Rachenring. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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122
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Sell S. Immunopathology of Experimental Models of Syphilis, Influenza, and Asthma. FORUM ON IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL DISEASES AND THERAPEUTICS 2016; 7:225-236. [PMID: 29876142 PMCID: PMC5985826 DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2017020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of immunopathologic reaction classification in the 1960s led to a major advance in understanding immune effector mechanisms and how lesions of immunopathologic diseases developed. In this article, immunopathologic mechanisms are presented for experimental models of syphilis, influenza, and asthma. The chancre of syphilis is a delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction that is initiated by sensitized T cells that activate macrophages to phagocytose and kill the infecting organism, Treponema pallidum, in interstitial tissues. The primary immune effector mechanism in experimental influenza is T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity that kills infected epithelial cells, bronchial lining cells, and Type-II pneumocytes, in a manner similar to viral exanthema. The bronchial lesions of the experimental model of asthma in mice are preceded by an immune complex vasculitis and not an immunoglobulin E-mediated mast cell mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201; Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue Albany, NY, 12208; Division of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222
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123
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124
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Tashtoush B, Okafor NC, Ramirez JF, Smolley L. Follicular Bronchiolitis: A Literature Review. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:OE01-5. [PMID: 26500941 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13873.6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Follicular bronchiolitis (FB) also known as hyperplasia of the bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), or bronchiolar nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, is an entity characterized by the development of lymphoid follicles with germinal centers in the walls of small airways. FB is thought to be caused by antigenic stimulation of BALT, followed by a polyclonal lymphoid hyperplasia. It is currently classified as one of the reactive pulmonary lymphoid disorders in a group known as the lymphoproliferative pulmonary diseases (LPDs). FB is a pathological diagnosis that can be seen in several clinical settings, including connective tissue diseases, immunodeficiency states, autoimmune diseases, infections, obstructive airway diseases, as well as several types of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Its characteristics need to be carefully identified and differentiated from other closely related diseases in the group of LPDs due to significant differences in treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Tashtoush
- Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd. 33331, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Ndubuisi C Okafor
- Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd. 33331, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Jose F Ramirez
- Attending Physician, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd. 33331, Weston, Florida, USA
| | - Laurence Smolley
- Chairman, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Blvd. 33331, Weston, Florida, USA
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125
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Guest I, Sell S. Bronchial lesions of mouse model of asthma are preceded by immune complex vasculitis and induced bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT). J Transl Med 2015; 95:886-902. [PMID: 26006019 PMCID: PMC4520747 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We systematically examined by immune histology the lungs of some widely used mouse models of asthma. These models include sensitization by multiple intraperitoneal injections of soluble ovalbumin (OVA) or of OVA with alum, followed by three intranasal or aerosol challenges 3 days apart. Within 24 h after a single challenge there is fibrinoid necrosis of arterial walls with deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) and OVA and infiltration of eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cells that lasts for about 3 days followed by peribronchial B-cell infiltration and slight reversible goblet cell hypertrophy (GCHT). After two challenges, severe eosinophilic vasculitis is present at 6 h, increases by 72 h, and then declines; B-cell proliferation and significant GCHT and hyperplasia (GCHTH) and bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy recur more prominently. After three challenges, there is significantly increased induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation, GCHTH, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. Elevated levels of Th2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, are present in bronchial lavage fluids. Sensitized mice have precipitating antibody and positive Arthus skin reactions but also develop significant levels of IgE antibody to OVA but only 1 week after challenge. We conclude that the asthma like lung lesions induced in these models is preceded by immune complex-mediated eosinophilic vasculitis and iBALT formation. There are elevations of Th2 cytokines that most likely produce bronchial lesions that resemble human asthma. However, it is unlikely that mast cell-activated atopic mechanisms are responsible as we found only a few presumed mast cells by toluidine blue and metachromatic staining limited to the most proximal part of the main stem bronchus, and none in the remaining main stem bronchus or in the lung periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Guest
- Division of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State
Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY
| | - Stewart Sell
- Division of Translational Medicine, Wadsworth Center, New York State
Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY
- School of Public Health, University at Albany
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126
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Sell S, Guest I, McKinstry KK, Strutt TM, Kohlmeier JE, Brincks E, Tighe M, Blackman MA, Woodland DL, Dutton RW, Swain SL. Intraepithelial T-cell cytotoxicity, induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, and proliferation of pneumocytes in experimental mouse models of influenza. Viral Immunol 2015; 27:484-96. [PMID: 25479178 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunopathologic examination of the lungs of mice with experimental influenza virus infection reveals three prominent findings. (i) There is rapidly developing perivascular (arterial) and peribronchial infiltration with T-cells and invasion of T-cells into the bronchiolar epithelium, separation of epithelial cells from each other and from the basement membrane, leading to defoliation of the bronchial epithelium. This reaction is analogous to a viral exanthema of the skin, such as measles and smallpox. This previously described but unappreciated reaction most likely is an effective way to eliminate virus-infected cells, but may contribute to acute toxicity and mortality. (ii) After this, there is formation of dense collections of lymphocytes adjacent to bronchi consisting mainly of B-cells, with a scattering of T-cells and macrophages. This is known as induced bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) and correlates with increased interleukin (IL)-17 in the lung. iBALT provides sites for a local immune reaction in the lung to both the original infection and related viral infections (heterologous immunity). (iii) Within the first 2-3 weeks, there is proliferation of type II pneumocytes and/or terminal bronchial epithelial cells extending from the terminal bronchioles into the adjacent alveoli, eventually leading to large zones of the lung filled with tumor-like epithelial cells with squamous metaplasia. The proliferation correlates with IL-17 and IL-22 expression, and the extent of this reaction appears to be determined by the availability of T-regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- 1 New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York
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127
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Rothenburger JL, Himsworth CG, Clifford CB, Ellis J, Treuting PM, Leighton FA. Respiratory Pathology and Pathogens in Wild Urban Rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus). Vet Pathol 2015; 52:1210-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815593123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Norway ( Rattus norvegicus) and black rats ( Rattus rattus) are common peridomestic species, yet little is known about wild rat ecology, including their natural diseases. We describe gross and histological lesions in the respiratory tract of a sample of 711 wild urban rats. A subset was examined for 19 distinct categories of histological lesions in the respiratory tract. Testing for known respiratory pathogens included serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of lung samples. Grossly evident lesions were rare (8/711; 1%). Upper respiratory tract inflammation was present in 93 of 107 (87%) rats and included rhinitis, submucosal and periglandular lymphoplasmacytic tracheitis, and/or tracheal intraluminal necrotic debris and was significantly associated ( P < .05) with the presence of cilia-associated respiratory bacillus (CARB), Mycoplasma pulmonis, and increased body mass (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–1.14 per 10 g). Within the lungs, peribronchiolar and/or perivascular lymphoplasmacytic cuffs were present in 152 of 199 rats (76%) and were also significantly associated ( P ≤ .02) with CARB, M. pulmonis, and increased body mass (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.14–1.27 per 10 g). Rats were frequently coinfected with M. pulmonis and CARB, and lesions associated with these pathogens were histologically indistinguishable. Pneumocystis sp was detected in 48 of 102 (47%) rats using PCR but was not significantly associated with lesions. This description of pathology in the respiratory system of wild rats demonstrates that respiratory disease is common. Although the impact of these lesions on individual and population health remains to be investigated, respiratory disease may be an important contributor to wild rat morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Rothenburger
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - C. G. Himsworth
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - J. Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - P. M. Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, MA, USA
| | - F. A. Leighton
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, National Headquarters, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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128
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Rynda-Apple A, Patterson DP, Douglas T. Virus-like particles as antigenic nanomaterials for inducing protective immune responses in the lung. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:1857-68. [PMID: 25325241 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a major entry point for many of the most detrimental pathogens to human health. The onslaught of pathogens encountered by the lung is counteracted by protective immune responses that are generated locally, which can be stimulated through vaccine strategies to prevent pathogen infections. Here, we discuss the use of virus-like particles (VLPs), nonpathogen derivatives of viruses or protein cage structures, to construct new vaccines exploiting the lung as a site for immunostimulation. VLPs are unique in their ability to be engineered with near molecular level detail and knowledge of their composition and structure. A summary of research in developing VLP-based vaccines for the lung is presented that suggests promising results for future vaccine development.
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129
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Parker GA, Picut CA, Swanson C, Toot JD. Histologic Features of Postnatal Development of Immune System Organs in the Sprague-Dawley Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:794-815. [PMID: 25883109 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315578720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of the rat undergoes substantial functional and morphological development during the postnatal period. Some aspects of this development are genetically predetermined, while other aspects depend on environmental influences. Detailed information on postnatal development is important in the interpretation of histopathologic findings in juvenile toxicology and pubertal assay studies, as well as other studies conducted in juvenile rats. Studies were conducted to provide detailed characterization of histologic features of the major functional compartments of immune system organs in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at weekly intervals from the day of birth through postnatal day (PND) 42. Maturation of the individual immune system organs occurred across a range of ages, with histologic maturation of T-cell-related compartments typically occurring prior to maturation of B-cell-related compartments. The sequence of histologic maturation was bone marrow and thymus on PND 14, mesenteric lymph node on PND 21, Peyer's patches and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue on PND 28, mandibular lymph node, nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, and diffuse mucosal mononuclear cell population of small intestine on PND 35, and spleen on PND 42. An estimation of functional maturation can be made based on the morphological indications of maturity of each compartment of immune system organs, but histologic indications of maturity do not confirm functional immunocompetence.
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130
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Schwarz B, Douglas T. Development of virus-like particles for diagnostic and prophylactic biomedical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:722-35. [PMID: 25677105 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As ordered nanoscale architectures, viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) remain unsurpassed by synthetic strategies to produce uniform and symmetric nanoparticles. Maintaining or mimicking the symmetry of pathogenic viruses, VLPs offer a ready platform for facilitating recognition, uptake, and processing by the immune system. An emerging understanding of how viruses interact with the immune system offers a means of precisely designing nanoparticles for biomedical use, both with respect to the structure of the particle as well as their ability to stimulate the immune system. Here we discuss recent advances by our group toward two parallel and complementary applications of VLPs, derived primarily from plants, bacteriophage, and nonviral sources, in biomedicine: diagnostic imaging and rational vaccine design. First we discuss advances in increasing VLP payloads of gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent as well as controlling the characteristics of individual gadolinium containing molecules to increase efficacy. In order to better understand the in vivo potential of VLP constructs, we then discuss the interface of protein-cages and the immune system beginning with the nonspecific innate immune system stimulation and continuing into the use of nonpathogenic VLPs as scaffolds for specific antigen presentation and control of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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131
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Holbrook BC, Hayward SL, Blevins LK, Kock N, Aycock T, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. Nonhuman primate infants have an impaired respiratory but not systemic IgG antibody response following influenza virus infection. Virology 2015; 476:124-133. [PMID: 25543963 PMCID: PMC4323840 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infection of young infants results in increased morbidity and mortality compared to infection of adults. In spite of the significance of this health issue, our understanding of the immune response elicited in infants especially in the respiratory tract is highly limited. We developed a nonhuman primate model to probe the virus-specific antibody response in infants following infection with influenza virus. Infection of infants resulted in more pulmonary damage and higher viral loads compared to adults. While the systemic IgG antibody response was similar in infant and adult animals, the response in the upper respiratory tract of the infant was compromised. This lower response was associated with an increased prevalence of Treg cells and low levels of BALT. These data suggest a defect in the ability to produce effective virus-specific antibody responses at the local infection site is a contributor to increased pulmonary damage in the at-risk infant population.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/virology
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States
| | - Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States
| | - Nancy Kock
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States
| | - Tyler Aycock
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, United States
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132
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Limón-Camacho L, Solleiro-Villavicencio H, Pupko-Sissa I, Lascurain R, Vargas-Rojas MI. [Regulatory T cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2015; 83:45-54. [PMID: 23474149 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposition to tobacco smoke has been established as the main risk factor to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by inducing inflammation of the airways. Several cell populations participate in this inflammatory process. It has been accepted that a maladaptive modulation of inflammatory responses plays a critical role in the development of the disease. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a subset of T CD4(+) lymphocytes that modulate the immune response through secretion of cytokines. The role of the Treg cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not clearly known, that is why it is important to focus in understanding their participation in the pathogenesis of the disease. To elaborate a systematic review of original articles in which we could describe Treg cells (their ontogeny, mechanisms of action) and their role in COPD, we made a systematic literature search in some data bases (MEDLINE, AMED, PubMed and Scielo) looking through the next keywords: "COPD and Regulatory T cells/EPOC y células T reguladoras", «Inflammation and COPD/Inflamación y EPOC», «Regulatory T cells/Células T reguladoras». We included basic science articles, controlled and non-controlled clinical trials, meta-analysis and guides. From this search we conclude that Treg cells are a subpopulation of T CD4(+) lymphocytes and their major functions are the suppression of immune responses and the maintenance of tolerance to self-antigens. A disruption in the regulatory mechanisms of the Treg cells leads to the development and perpetuation of inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Limón-Camacho
- Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F., México
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Abstract
The respiratory tract is served by a variety of lymphoid tissues, including the tonsils, adenoids, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), as well as the lymph nodes that drain the upper and lower respiratory tract. Each of these tissues uses unique mechanisms to acquire antigens and respond to pathogens in the local environment and supports immune responses that are tailored to protect those locations. This chapter will review the important features of NALT and BALT and define how these tissues contribute to immunity in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively.
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136
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Krenn K, Gmeiner M, Paulus P, Sela N, Torres L, Zins K, Dekan G, Aharinejad S. Effects of azithromycin and tanomastat on experimental bronchiolitis obliterans. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 149:1194-202. [PMID: 25595376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Azithromycin has become a standard of care in therapy of bronchiolitis obliterans following lung transplantation. Matrix metalloprotease-9 broncho-alveolar lavage levels increase in airway neutrophilia and bronchiolitis obliterans. Interleukin-17 may play a role in lung allograft rejection, and interleukin-12 is downregulated in bronchiolitis obliterans. Whether these mechanisms can be targeted by azithromycin remains unclear. METHODS Bronchiolitis obliterans was induced by transplantation of Fischer F344 rat left lungs to Wistar Kyoto rats. Allografts with azithromycin therapy from day 1 to 28 or 56 and mono- or combination therapy with the broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor tanomastat from day 1 to 56 were compared to control allografts and isografts. Graft histology was assessed, and tissue cytokine expression studied using Western blotting and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The chronic airway rejection score in the azithromycin group did not change between 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation, whereas it significantly worsened in control allografts (P = .041). Azithromycin+tanomastat prevented complete allograft fibrosis, which occurred in 40% of control allografts. Azithromycin reduced interleukin-17 expression (P = .049) and the number of IL-17(+)/CD8(+) lymphocytes at 4 weeks, and active matrix metalloprotease-9 at 8 weeks (P = .017), and increased interleukin-12 expression (P = .025) at 8 weeks following transplantation versus control allografts. CONCLUSIONS The expression of interleukin-17 and matrix metalloprotease-9 in bronchiolitis obliterans may be attenuated by azithromycin, and the decrease in interleukin-12 expression was prevented by azithromycin. Combination of azithromycin with a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor is worth studying further because it prevented complete allograft fibrosis in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Krenn
- Department of Anesthesia and General Intensive Care, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Gmeiner
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Paulus
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nezir Sela
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Linda Torres
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Zins
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Dekan
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Seyedhossein Aharinejad
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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137
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John-Schuster G, Hager K, Conlon TM, Irmler M, Beckers J, Eickelberg O, Yildirim AÖ. Cigarette smoke-induced iBALT mediates macrophage activation in a B cell-dependent manner in COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L692-706. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00092.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function, caused by exposure to exogenous particles, mainly cigarette smoke (CS). COPD is initiated and perpetuated by an abnormal CS-induced inflammatory response of the lungs, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Specifically, B cells organized in iBALT structures and macrophages accumulate in the lungs and contribute to CS-induced emphysema, but the mechanisms thereof remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that B cell-deficient mice are significantly protected against CS-induced emphysema. Chronic CS exposure led to an increased size and number of iBALT structures, and increased lung compliance and mean linear chord length in wild-type (WT) but not in B cell-deficient mice. The increased accumulation of lung resident macrophages around iBALT and in emphysematous alveolar areas in CS-exposed WT mice coincided with upregulated MMP12 expression. In vitro coculture experiments using B cells and macrophages demonstrated that B cell-derived IL-10 drives macrophage activation and MMP12 upregulation, which could be inhibited by an anti-IL-10 antibody. In summary, B cell function in iBALT formation seems necessary for macrophage activation and tissue destruction in CS-induced emphysema and possibly provides a new target for therapeutic intervention in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit John-Schuster
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hager
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Conlon
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
- Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; and
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
- Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
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138
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Kang HS, Lee HY, Kim SJ, Kim SC, Kim YK, Park GS, Lee KY, Jung JI, Kang JY. An Unusual Presentation of Pulmonary Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma as Diffuse Pulmonary Infiltrates with Spontaneous Regression. Cancer Res Treat 2014; 47:943-8. [PMID: 25381826 PMCID: PMC4614185 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2014.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A 57-year-old woman presented with cough and dyspnea for 2 months. Computed tomography of the chest showed diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lungs. Histologic examination via thoracoscopic lung biopsy revealed atypical lymphoproliferative lesion. Her symptoms and radiologic findings of the chest improved just after lung biopsy without any treatment. Therefore, she was discharged and monitored at an outpatient clinic. Two months later, pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma was confirmed by the detection of API2-MALT1 translocation in fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis. Although the lung lesions resolved spontaneously, she received chemotherapy due to bone marrow involvement in her staging workup. Pulmonary MALT lymphoma is rare. Nodular or consolidative patterns are the most frequent radiologic findings. Although the disease has an indolent growth, it rarely resolves without treatment. We report an unusual case of pulmonary MALT lymphoma with diffuse interstitial abnormalities on image and spontaneous regression on clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Seon Kang
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hea Yon Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Chan Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kyoon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Sin Park
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyo Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Im Jung
- Department of Radiology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Kang
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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139
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Tuero I, Robert-Guroff M. Challenges in mucosal HIV vaccine development: lessons from non-human primate models. Viruses 2014; 6:3129-58. [PMID: 25196380 PMCID: PMC4147690 DOI: 10.3390/v6083129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficacious HIV vaccine is urgently needed to curb the AIDS pandemic. The modest protection elicited in the phase III clinical vaccine trial in Thailand provided hope that this goal might be achieved. However, new approaches are necessary for further advances. As HIV is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces, development of immunity at these sites is critical, but few clinical vaccine trials have targeted these sites or assessed vaccine-elicited mucosal immune responses. Pre-clinical studies in non-human primate models have facilitated progress in mucosal vaccine development by evaluating candidate vaccine approaches, developing methodologies for collecting and assessing mucosal samples, and providing clues to immune correlates of protective immunity for further investigation. In this review we have focused on non-human primate studies which have provided important information for future design of vaccine strategies, targeting of mucosal inductive sites, and assessment of mucosal immunity. Knowledge gained in these studies will inform mucosal vaccine design and evaluation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Tuero
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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140
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Randall TD, Kern JA. Tertiary lymphoid structures target the antitumor immune response to lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:767-9. [PMID: 24684357 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201402-0317ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Troy D Randall
- 1 Department of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
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141
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Turner DL, Bickham KL, Thome JJ, Kim CY, D'Ovidio F, Wherry EJ, Farber DL. Lung niches for the generation and maintenance of tissue-resident memory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:501-10. [PMID: 24064670 PMCID: PMC3965651 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which tissue-specific viral infections generate memory T cells specifically adapted to and maintained within the target infection site is unknown. Here, we show that respiratory virus-specific memory T cells in mice and humans are generated and maintained in compartmentalized niches in lungs, distinct from populations in lymphoid tissue or circulation. Using a polyclonal mouse model of influenza infection combined with an in vivo antibody labeling approach and confocal imaging, we identify a spatially distinct niche in the lung where influenza-specific T-cell responses are expanded and maintained long term as tissue-resident memory (T(RM)) CD4 and CD8 T cells. Lung T(RM) are further distinguished from circulating memory subsets in lung and spleen based on CD69 expression and persistence independent of lymphoid stores. In humans, influenza-specific T cells are enriched within the lung T(RM) subset, whereas memory CD8 T cells specific for the systemic virus cytomegalovirus are distributed in both lung and spleen, suggesting that the site of infection affects T(RM) generation. Our findings reveal a precise spatial organization to virus-specific T-cell memory, determined by the site of the initial infection, with important implications for the development of targeted strategies to boost immunity at appropriate tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Turner
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - K L Bickham
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - J J Thome
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - C Y Kim
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - F D'Ovidio
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - E J Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - D L Farber
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA [2] Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Percopo CM, Dyer KD, Garcia-Crespo KE, Gabryszewski SJ, Shaffer AL, Domachowske JB, Rosenberg HF. B cells are not essential for Lactobacillus-mediated protection against lethal pneumovirus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5265-72. [PMID: 24748495 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that priming of respiratory mucosa with live Lactobacillus species promotes robust and prolonged survival from an otherwise lethal infection with pneumonia virus of mice, a property known as heterologous immunity. Lactobacillus priming results in a moderate reduction in virus recovery and a dramatic reduction in virus-induced proinflammatory cytokine production; the precise mechanisms underlying these findings remain to be elucidated. Because B cells have been shown to promote heterologous immunity against respiratory virus pathogens under similar conditions, in this study we explore the role of B cells in Lactobacillus-mediated protection against acute pneumovirus infection. We found that Lactobacillus-primed mice feature elevated levels of airway Igs IgG, IgA, and IgM and lung tissues with dense, B cell (B220(+))-enriched peribronchial and perivascular infiltrates with germinal centers consistent with descriptions of BALT. No B cells were detected in lung tissue of Lactobacillus-primed B cell deficient μMT mice or Jh mice, and Lactobacillus-primed μMT mice had no characteristic infiltrates or airway Igs. Nonetheless, we observed diminished virus recovery and profound suppression of virus-induced proinflammatory cytokines CCL2, IFN-γ, and CXCL10 in both wild-type and Lactobacillus-primed μMT mice. Furthermore, Lactobacillus plantarum-primed, B cell-deficient μMT and Jh mice were fully protected from an otherwise lethal pneumonia virus of mice infection, as were their respective wild-types. We conclude that B cells are dispensable for Lactobacillus-mediated heterologous immunity and were not crucial for promoting survival in response to an otherwise lethal pneumovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kimberly D Dyer
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katia E Garcia-Crespo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stanislaw J Gabryszewski
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Arthur L Shaffer
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Joseph B Domachowske
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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143
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Wansleeben C, Bowie E, Hotten DF, Yu YRA, Hogan BLM. Age-related changes in the cellular composition and epithelial organization of the mouse trachea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93496. [PMID: 24675804 PMCID: PMC3968161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here senescent changes in the structure and organization of the mucociliary pseudostratified epithelium of the mouse trachea and main stem bronchi. We confirm previous reports of the gradual appearance of age-related, gland-like structures (ARGLS) in the submucosa, especially in the intercartilage regions and carina. Immunohistochemistry shows these structures contain ciliated and secretory cells and Krt5+ basal cells, but not the myoepithelial cells or ciliated ducts typical of normal submucosal glands. Data suggest they arise de novo by budding from the surface epithelium rather than by delayed growth of rudimentary or cryptic submucosal glands. In old mice the surface epithelium contains fewer cells per unit length than in young mice and the proportion of Krt5+, p63+ basal cells is reduced in both males and females. However, there appears to be no significant difference in the ability of basal stem cells isolated from individual young and old mice to form clonal tracheospheres in culture or in the ability of the epithelium to repair after damage by inhaled sulfur dioxide. Gene expression analysis by Affymetrix microarray and quantitative PCR, as well as immunohistochemistry and flow sorting studies, are consistent with low-grade chronic inflammation in the tracheas of old versus young mice and an increase in the number of immune cells. The significance of these changes for ARGL formation are not clear since several treatments that induce acute inflammation in young mice did not result in budding of the surface epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Wansleeben
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emily Bowie
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Danielle F. Hotten
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yen-Rei A. Yu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brigid L. M. Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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144
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Fleige H, Ravens S, Moschovakis GL, Bölter J, Willenzon S, Sutter G, Häussler S, Kalinke U, Prinz I, Förster R. IL-17-induced CXCL12 recruits B cells and induces follicle formation in BALT in the absence of differentiated FDCs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:643-51. [PMID: 24663215 PMCID: PMC3978277 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The requirements for BALT formation are pathogen-dependent and, in the absence of FDC maturation, IL-17 can drive BALT formation via CXCL12 B cell recruitment. Ectopic lymphoid tissue, such as bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the lung, develops spontaneously at sites of chronic inflammation or during infection. The molecular mechanisms underlying the neogenesis of such tertiary lymphoid tissue are still poorly understood. We show that the type of inflammation-inducing pathogen determines which key factors are required for the formation and maturation of BALT. Thus, a single intranasal administration of the poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is sufficient to induce highly organized BALT with densely packed B cell follicles containing a network of CXCL13-expressing follicular DCs (FDCs), as well as CXCL12-producing follicular stromal cells. In contrast, mice treated with P. aeruginosa (P.a.) develop BALT but B cell follicles lack FDCs while still harboring CXCL12-positive follicular stromal cells. Furthermore, in IL-17–deficient mice, P.a.-induced BALT largely lacks B cells as well as CXCL12-expressing stromal cells, and only loose infiltrates of T cells are present. We show that Toll-like receptor pathways are required for BALT induction by P.a., but not MVA, and provide evidence that IL-17 drives the differentiation of lung stroma toward podoplanin-positive CXCL12-expressing cells that allow follicle formation even in the absence of FDCs. Taken together, our results identify distinct pathogen-dependent induction and maturation pathways for BALT formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Fleige
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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145
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Baluk P, Adams A, Phillips K, Feng J, Hong YK, Brown MB, McDonald DM. Preferential lymphatic growth in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in sustained lung inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1577-92. [PMID: 24631179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatics proliferate, become enlarged, or regress in multiple inflammatory lung diseases in humans. Lymphatic growth and remodeling is known to occur in the mouse trachea in sustained inflammation, but whether intrapulmonary lymphatics exhibit similar plasticity is unknown. We examined the time course, distribution, and dependence on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2/VEGFR-3 signaling of lung lymphatics in sustained inflammation. Lymphatics in mouse lungs were examined under baseline conditions and 3 to 28 days after Mycoplasma pulmonis infection, using prospero heomeobox 1-enhanced green fluorescence protein and VEGFR-3 as markers. Sprouting lymphangiogenesis was evident at 7 days. Lymphatic growth was restricted to regions of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), where VEGF-C-producing cells were scattered in T-cell zones. Expansion of lung lymphatics after infection was reduced 68% by blocking VEGFR-2, 83% by blocking VEGFR-3, and 99% by blocking both receptors. Inhibition of VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 did not prevent the formation of BALT. Treatment of established infection with oxytetracycline caused BALT, but not the lymphatics, to regress. We conclude that robust lymphangiogenesis occurs in mouse lungs after M. pulmonis infection through a mechanism involving signaling of both VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. Expansion of the lymphatic network is restricted to regions of BALT, but lymphatics do not regress when BALT regresses after antibiotic treatment. The lung lymphatic network can thus expand in sustained inflammation, but the expansion is not as reversible as the accompanying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Baluk
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.
| | - Alicia Adams
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Keeley Phillips
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jennifer Feng
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Departments of Surgery, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mary B Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Donald M McDonald
- Department of Anatomy, the Cardiovascular Research Institute, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
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146
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Thawer SG, Horsnell WGC, Darby M, Hoving JC, Dewals B, Cutler AJ, Lang D, Brombacher F. Lung-resident CD4⁺ T cells are sufficient for IL-4Rα-dependent recall immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:239-48. [PMID: 23778354 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis reinfection requires pulmonary CD4⁺ T-cell responses. We examined whether secondary lymphoid recruited or pre-existing lung CD4⁺ T-cell populations coordinated this immunity. To do this, we blocked T-cell egress from lymph nodes using Fingolimod (FTY720). This impaired host ability to resolve a primary infection but did not change effectiveness of recall immunity. Associated with this effective recall immunity was the expansion and T helper type 2 polarization of a pre-existing pulmonary CD4⁺ T-cell population. LTβR-Ig (lymphotoxin beta-receptor fusion protein)-mediated disruption of stromal cell organization of immune cells did not disrupt this recall immunity, suggesting that protection was mediated by a pulmonary interstitial residing CD4⁺ T-cell population. Adoptive transfer of N. brasiliensis-experienced pulmonary CD4⁺ T cells from FTY720-treated wild-type or T-cell interleukin (IL)-4Rα-deficient mice demonstrated protection to be IL-4Rα dependent. These results show that pre-existing CD4⁺ T cells can drive effective recall immunity to N. brasiliensis infection independently of T-cell recruitment from secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Thawer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - W G C Horsnell
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Darby
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J C Hoving
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Dewals
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A J Cutler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D Lang
- Department of Human Biology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology/Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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147
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Anderson KG, Mayer-Barber K, Sung H, Beura L, James BR, Taylor JJ, Qunaj L, Griffith TS, Vezys V, Barber DL, Masopust D. Intravascular staining for discrimination of vascular and tissue leukocytes. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:209-22. [PMID: 24385150 PMCID: PMC4428344 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the cellular participants in tissue immune responses is crucial to understanding infection, cancer, autoimmunity, allergy, graft rejection and other immunological processes. Previous reports indicate that leukocytes in lung vasculature fail to be completely removed by perfusion. Several studies suggest that intravascular staining may discriminate between tissue-localized and blood-borne cells in the mouse lung. Here we outline a protocol for the validation and use of intravascular staining to define innate and adaptive immune cells in mice. We demonstrate application of this protocol to leukocyte analyses in many tissues and we describe its use in the contexts of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections or solid tumors. Intravascular staining and organ isolation usually takes 5-30 min per mouse, with additional time required for any subsequent leukocyte isolation, staining and analysis. In summary, this simple protocol should help enable interpretable analyses of tissue immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin G Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katrin Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heungsup Sung
- 1] Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2]
| | - Lalit Beura
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Britnie R James
- Department of Urology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lindor Qunaj
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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148
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Colvin KL, Cripe PJ, Ivy DD, Stenmark KR, Yeager ME. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in pulmonary hypertension produces pathologic autoantibodies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:1126-36. [PMID: 24093638 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201302-0403oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Autoimmunity has long been associated with pulmonary hypertension. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue plays important roles in antigen sampling and self-tolerance during infection and inflammation. OBJECTIVES We reasoned that activated bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue would be evident in rats with pulmonary hypertension, and that loss of self-tolerance would result in production of pathologic autoantibodies that drive vascular remodeling. METHODS We used animal models, histology, and gene expression assays to evaluate the role of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in pulmonary hypertension. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue was more numerous, larger, and more active in pulmonary hypertension compared with control animals. We found dendritic cells in and around lymphoid tissue, which were composed of CD3(+) T cells over a core of CD45RA(+) B cells. Antirat IgG and plasma from rats with pulmonary hypertension decorated B cells in lymphoid tissue, resistance vessels, and adventitia of large vessels. Lymphoid tissue in diseased rats was vascularized by aquaporin-1(+) high endothelial venules and vascular cell adhesion molecule-positive vessels. Autoantibodies are produced in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and, when bound to pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts, change their phenotype to one that may promote inflammation. Passive transfer of autoantibodies into rats caused pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension. Diminution of lymphoid tissue reversed pulmonary hypertension, whereas immunologic blockade of CCR7 worsened pulmonary hypertension and hastened its onset. CONCLUSIONS Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue expands in pulmonary hypertension and is autoimmunologically active. Loss of self-tolerance contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension. Lymphoid tissue-directed therapies may be beneficial in treating pulmonary hypertension.
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149
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Maglione PJ, Ko HM, Beasley MB, Strauchen JA, Cunningham-Rundles C. Tertiary lymphoid neogenesis is a component of pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:535-42. [PMID: 24131823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite reducing pneumonia and other infections, antibody replacement does not appear to treat pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The pathogenesis and optimal treatments remain to be clarified. OBJECTIVE We aimed to better understand the pathology of CVID-associated lung disease. Tertiary lymphoneogenesis, although a component of interstitial lung disease associated with autoimmune diseases, has not previously been explored in patients with CVID. METHODS We examined the clinical characteristics and pathologic findings of 6 patients with CVID with nodular/infiltrative lung disease who had biopsy specimens demonstrating PLH. RESULTS In these subjects regions of PLH contained distinct B- and T-cell zones, with B-cell predominance in 1 patient and T-cell predominance in the others. Colocalization of Ki67, Bcl6, and CD23 within this ectopic lymphoid architecture demonstrated tertiary lymphoneogenesis with active centers of cellular proliferation. One patient received rituximab with improved pulmonary radiologic findings. CONCLUSION Ectopic lymphoid tissue forming germinal centers suggest tertiary lymphoneogenesis in CVID-associated lung disease. B cell-targeted therapy might disrupt CVID-associated lymphoid hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Maglione
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Huaibin M Ko
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mary B Beasley
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - James A Strauchen
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
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150
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Gopal R, Rangel-Moreno J, Slight S, Lin Y, Nawar HF, Fallert Junecko BA, Reinhart TA, Kolls J, Randall TD, Connell TD, Khader SA. Interleukin-17-dependent CXCL13 mediates mucosal vaccine-induced immunity against tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:972-84. [PMID: 23299616 PMCID: PMC3732523 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The variable efficacy of tuberculosis (TB) vaccines and the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) emphasize the urgency for not only generating new and more effective vaccines against TB but also understanding the underlying mechanisms that mediate vaccine-induced protection. We demonstrate that mucosal adjuvants, such as type II heat labile enterotoxin (LT-IIb), delivered through the mucosal route induce pulmonary Mtb-specific T helper type 17 (Th17) responses and provide vaccine-induced protection against Mtb infection. Importantly, protection is interferon-γ (IFNγ)-independent but interleukin-17 (IL-17)-dependent. Our data show that IL-17 mediates C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) induction in the lung for strategic localization of proinflammatory cytokine-producing CXCR5+ (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 5-positive) T cells within lymphoid structures, thereby promoting early and efficient macrophage activation and the control of Mtb. Our studies highlight the potential value of targeting the IL-17-CXCL13 pathway rather than the IFNγ pathway as a new strategy to improve mucosal vaccines against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Gopal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Samantha Slight
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - Yinyao Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - Hesham F. Nawar
- Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Beth A. Fallert Junecko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261
| | - Todd A. Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261
| | - Jay Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
| | - Troy D. Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294
| | - Terry D. Connell
- Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224
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