101
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Yook JS, You M, Kim Y, Zhou M, Liu Z, Kim YC, Lee J, Chung S. The thermogenic characteristics of adipocytes are dependent on the regulation of iron homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100452. [PMID: 33631196 PMCID: PMC8010711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of thermogenic adipocytes concurs with mitochondrial biogenesis, an iron-dependent pathway. Iron regulatory proteins (IRP) 1 and 2 are RNA-binding proteins that regulate intracellular iron homeostasis. IRPs bind to the iron-response element (IRE) of their target mRNAs, balancing iron uptake and deposition at the posttranscriptional levels. However, IRP/IRE-dependent iron regulation in adipocytes is largely unknown. We hypothesized that iron demands are higher in brown/beige adipocytes than white adipocytes to maintain the thermogenic mitochondrial capacity. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the IRP/IRE regulatory system in different depots of adipose tissue. Our results revealed that 1) IRP/IRE interaction was increased in proportional to the thermogenic function of the adipose depot, 2) adipose iron content was increased in adipose tissue browning upon β3-adrenoceptor stimulation, while decreased in thermoneutral conditions, and 3) modulation of iron content was linked with mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, the iron requirement was higher in HIB1B brown adipocytes than 3T3-L1 white adipocytes during differentiation. The reduction of the labile iron pool (LIP) suppressed the differentiation of brown/beige adipocytes and mitochondrial biogenesis. Using the 59Fe-Tf, we also demonstrated that thermogenic stimuli triggered cell-autonomous iron uptake and mitochondrial compartmentalization as well as enhanced mitochondrial respiration. Collectively, our work demonstrated that IRP/IRE signaling and subsequent adaptation in iron metabolism are a critical determinant for the thermogenic function of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seon Yook
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikyoung You
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongeun Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Young-Cheul Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaekwon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
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102
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Garza KR, Clarke SL, Ho YH, Bruss MD, Vasanthakumar A, Anderson SA, Eisenstein RS. Differential translational control of 5' IRE-containing mRNA in response to dietary iron deficiency and acute iron overload. Metallomics 2020; 12:2186-2198. [PMID: 33325950 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) are iron-responsive RNA binding proteins that dictate changes in cellular iron metabolism in animal cells by controlling the fate of mRNAs containing iron responsive elements (IREs). IRPs have broader physiological roles as some targeted mRNAs encode proteins with functions beyond iron metabolism suggesting hierarchical regulation of IRP-targeted mRNAs. We observe that the translational regulation of IRP-targeted mRNAs encoding iron storage (L- and H-ferritins) and export (ferroportin) proteins have different set-points of iron responsiveness compared to that for the TCA cycle enzyme mitochondrial aconitase. The ferritins and ferroportin mRNA were largely translationally repressed in the liver of rats fed a normal diet whereas mitochondrial aconitase mRNA is primarily polysome bound. Consequently, acute iron overload increases polysome association of H- and L-ferritin and ferroportin mRNAs while mitochondrial aconitase mRNA showed little stimulation. Conversely, mitochondrial aconitase mRNA is most responsive in iron deficiency. These differences in regulation were associated with a faster off-rate of IRP1 for the IRE of mitochondrial aconitase in comparison to that of L-ferritin. Thus, hierarchical control of mRNA translation by IRPs involves selective control of cellular functions acting at different states of cellular iron status and that are critical for adaptations to iron deficiency or prevention of iron toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry R Garza
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Nutritional Sciences, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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103
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Behmoaras J. The versatile biochemistry of iron in macrophage effector functions. FEBS J 2020; 288:6972-6989. [PMID: 33354925 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes with remarkable polarization ability that allow them to have tissue-specific functions during development, homeostasis, inflammatory and infectious disease. One particular trophic factor in the tissue environment is iron, which is intimately linked to macrophage effector functions. Macrophages have a well-described role in the control of systemic iron levels, but their activation state is also depending on iron-containing proteins/enzymes. Haemoproteins, dioxygenases and iron-sulphur (Fe-S) enzymes are iron-binding proteins that have bactericidal, metabolic and epigenetic-related functions, essential to shape the context-dependent macrophage polarization. In this review, I describe mainly pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization focussing on the role of iron biochemistry in selected haemoproteins and Fe-S enzymes. I show how iron, as part of haem or Fe-S clusters, participates in the cellular control of pro-inflammatory redox reactions in parallel with its role as enzymatic cofactor. I highlight a possible coordinated regulation of haemoproteins and Fe-S enzymes during classical macrophage activation. Finally, I describe tryptophan and α-ketoglutarate metabolism as two essential effector pathways in macrophages that use diverse iron biochemistry at different enzymatic steps. Through these pathways, I show how iron participates in the regulation of essential metabolites that shape macrophage function.
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104
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Khan MA, Malik A, Domashevskiy AV, San A, Khan JM. Interaction of ferritin iron responsive element (IRE) mRNA with translation initiation factor eIF4F. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 243:118776. [PMID: 32829157 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of ferritin iron responsive element (IRE) mRNA with eIF4F was examined by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Fluorescence quenching data indicated that eIF4F contains one high affinity binding site for ferritin IRE RNA. The Scatchard analysis revealed strong binding affinity (Ka = 11.1 × 107 M-1) and binding capacity (n = 1.0) between IRE RNA and eIF4F. The binding affinity of IRE RNA for eIF4F decreased (~4-fold) as temperature increased (from 5 °C to 30 °C). The van't Hoff analysis revealed that IRE RNA binding to eIF4F is enthalpy-driven (ΔH = -47.1 ± 3.4 kJ/mol) and entropy-opposed (ΔS = -30.1 ± 1.5 J/mol/K). The addition of iron increased the enthalpic, while decreasing the entropic contribution towards the eIF4F•IRE RNA complex, resulting in favorable free energy (ΔG = -49.8 ± 2.8 kJ/mol). Thermodynamic values and ionic strength data suggest that the presence of iron increases hydrogen bonding and decreases hydrophobic interactions, leading to formation of a more stable complex. The interaction of IRE RNA with eIF4F at higher concentrations produced significant changes in the secondary structure of the protein, as revealed from the far-UV CD results, clearly illustrating the structural alterations resulted from formation of the eIF4F•IRE RNA complex. A Lineweaver-Burk plot showed an uncompetitive binding behavior between IRE RNA and m7G cap for the eIF4F, indicating that there are different binding sites on the eIF4F for the IRE RNA and the cap analog; molecular docking analysis further supports this notion. Our findings suggest that the eIF4F•IRE RNA complex formation is accompanied by an elevated hydrogen bonding and weakened hydrophobic interactions, leading to an overall conformational change, favored in terms of its free energy. The conformational change in the eIF4F structure, caused by the IRE RNA binding, provides a more stable platform for effective IRE translation in iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateen A Khan
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science & General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Protein Research Laboratory, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Artem V Domashevskiy
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Avdar San
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, NY, New York, USA
| | - Javed M Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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105
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Seco-Cervera M, González-Cabo P, Pallardó FV, Romá-Mateo C, García-Giménez JL. Thioredoxin and Glutaredoxin Systems as Potential Targets for the Development of New Treatments in Friedreich's Ataxia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121257. [PMID: 33321938 PMCID: PMC7763308 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The thioredoxin family consists of a small group of redox proteins present in all organisms and composed of thioredoxins (TRXs), glutaredoxins (GLRXs) and peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) which are found in the extracellular fluid, the cytoplasm, the mitochondria and in the nucleus with functions that include antioxidation, signaling and transcriptional control, among others. The importance of thioredoxin family proteins in neurodegenerative diseases is gaining relevance because some of these proteins have demonstrated an important role in the central nervous system by mediating neuroprotection against oxidative stress, contributing to mitochondrial function and regulating gene expression. Specifically, in the context of Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA), thioredoxin family proteins may have a special role in the regulation of Nrf2 expression and function, in Fe-S cluster metabolism, controlling the expression of genes located at the iron-response element (IRE) and probably regulating ferroptosis. Therefore, comprehension of the mechanisms that closely link thioredoxin family proteins with cellular processes affected in FRDA will serve as a cornerstone to design improved therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seco-Cervera
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-C.); (P.G.-C.); (F.V.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Cabo
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-C.); (P.G.-C.); (F.V.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-C.); (P.G.-C.); (F.V.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-C.); (P.G.-C.); (F.V.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.-M.); (J.L.G.-G.); Tel.: +34-963-864-646 (C.R.-M. & J.L.G.-G.)
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-C.); (P.G.-C.); (F.V.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.R.-M.); (J.L.G.-G.); Tel.: +34-963-864-646 (C.R.-M. & J.L.G.-G.)
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106
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Mintz J, Mirza J, Young E, Bauckman K. Iron Therapeutics in Women's Health: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E449. [PMID: 33302392 PMCID: PMC7762600 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a unique physiological role in the maintenance of homeostasis and the pathological outcomes of the female reproductive tract. The dual nature of elemental iron has created an evolutionary need to tightly regulate its biological concentration. The female reproductive tract is particularly unique due to the constant cycle of endometrial growth and shedding, in addition to the potential need for iron transfer to a developing fetus. Here, iron regulation is explored in a number of physiologic states including the endometrial lining and placenta. While iron dysregulation is a common characteristic in many women's health pathologies there is currently a lack of targeted therapeutic options. Traditional iron therapies, including iron replacement and chelation, are common treatment options for gynecological diseases but pose long term negative health consequences; therefore, more targeted interventions directed towards iron regulation have been proposed. Recent findings show potential benefits in a therapeutic focus on ferritin-hepcidin regulation, modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and iron mediated cell death (ferroptosis). These novel therapeutics are the direct result of previous research in iron's complex signaling pathway and show promise for improved therapy, diagnosis, and prognosis in women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kyle Bauckman
- Department of Academic Affairs, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33314, USA; (J.M.); (J.M.); (E.Y.)
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107
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Hsu MY, Mina E, Roetto A, Porporato PE. Iron: An Essential Element of Cancer Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122591. [PMID: 33287315 PMCID: PMC7761773 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo considerable metabolic changes to foster uncontrolled proliferation in a hostile environment characterized by nutrient deprivation, poor vascularization and immune infiltration. While metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, the role of micronutrients in shaping these adaptations remains scarcely investigated. In particular, the broad electron-transferring abilities of iron make it a versatile cofactor that is involved in a myriad of biochemical reactions vital to cellular homeostasis, including cell respiration and DNA replication. In cancer patients, systemic iron metabolism is commonly altered. Moreover, cancer cells deploy diverse mechanisms to increase iron bioavailability to fuel tumor growth. Although iron itself can readily participate in redox reactions enabling vital processes, its reactivity also gives rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, cancer cells further rely on antioxidant mechanisms to withstand such stress. The present review provides an overview of the common alterations of iron metabolism occurring in cancer and the mechanisms through which iron promotes tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Y. Hsu
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Erica Mina
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
| | - Paolo E. Porporato
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.Y.H.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.E.P.)
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108
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Senoura T, Kobayashi T, An G, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. Defects in the rice aconitase-encoding OsACO1 gene alter iron homeostasis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:629-645. [PMID: 32909184 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice aconitase gene OsACO1 is involved in the iron deficiency-signaling pathway for the expression of iron deficiency-inducible genes, either thorough enzyme activity or possible specific RNA binding for post-transcriptional regulation. Iron (Fe) is an essential element for virtually all living organisms. When plants are deficient in Fe, Fe acquisition systems are activated to maintain Fe homeostasis, and this regulation is mainly executed at the gene transcription level. Many molecules responsible for Fe uptake, translocation, and storage in plants have been identified and characterized. However, how plants sense Fe status within cells and then induce a transcriptional response is still unclear. In the present study, we found that knockdown of the OsACO1 gene, which encodes an aconitase in rice, leads to the down-regulation of selected Fe deficiency-inducible genes involved in Fe uptake and translocation in roots, and a decrease in Fe concentration in leaves, even when grown under Fe-sufficient conditions. OsACO1 knockdown plants showed a delayed transcriptional response to Fe deficiency compared to wild-type plants. In contrast, overexpression of OsACO1 resulted in the opposite effects. These results suggest that OsACO1 is situated upstream of the Fe deficiency-signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that the OsACO1 protein potentially has RNA-binding activity. In vitro screening of RNA interactions with OsACO1 revealed that RNA potentially forms a unique stem-loop structure that interacts with OsACO1 via a conserved GGUGG motif within the loop structure. These results suggest that OsACO1 regulate Fe deficiency response either thorough enzyme activity catalyzing isomerization of citrate, or specific RNA binding for post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Senoura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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109
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Melman A, Bou-Abdallah F. Iron mineralization and core dissociation in mammalian homopolymeric H-ferritin: Current understanding and future perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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110
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Liu Z, Lv X, Song E, Song Y. Fostered Nrf2 expression antagonizes iron overload and glutathione depletion to promote resistance of neuron-like cells to ferroptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 407:115241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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111
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Turchi R, Faraonio R, Lettieri-Barbato D, Aquilano K. An Overview of the Ferroptosis Hallmarks in Friedreich's Ataxia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1489. [PMID: 33126466 PMCID: PMC7693407 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by early mortality due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. FRDA is caused by reduced levels of frataxin (FXN), a mitochondrial protein involved in the synthesis of iron-sulphur clusters, leading to iron accumulation at the mitochondrial level, uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. These features are also common to ferroptosis, an iron-mediated type of cell death triggered by accumulation of lipoperoxides with distinct morphological and molecular characteristics with respect to other known cell deaths. SCOPE OF REVIEW Even though ferroptosis has been associated with various neurodegenerative diseases including FRDA, the mechanisms leading to disease onset/progression have not been demonstrated yet. We describe the molecular alterations occurring in FRDA that overlap with those characterizing ferroptosis. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The study of ferroptotic pathways is necessary for the understanding of FRDA pathogenesis, and anti-ferroptotic drugs could be envisaged as therapeutic strategies to cure FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Turchi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Raffaella Faraonio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Daniele Lettieri-Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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112
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Shibabaw T, Teferi B, Molla MD, Ayelign B. Inflammation Mediated Hepcidin-Ferroportin Pathway and Its Therapeutic Window in Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2020; 12:165-180. [PMID: 33116818 PMCID: PMC7585830 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s276404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical data strongly support that iron is an essential element which plays a big role in cancer biology. Thus, hepcidin (Hp) and ferroportin (Fpn) are molecules that regulate and maintain the metabolism of iron. A peptide hormone hepcidin limits recycled and stored iron fluxes in macrophage and hepatic hepatocyte, respectively, to the blood stream by promoting degradation of the only iron exporter, Fpn, in the target cells. Moreover, the inflammatory microenvironment of breast cancer and altered hepcidin/ferroportin pathway is intimately linked. Breast cancer exhibits an iron seeking phenotype that is accomplished by tumor-associated macrophage (TAM). Because macrophages contribute to breast cancer growth and progression, this review will discuss TAM with an emphasis on describing how TAM (M2Ф phenotypic) interacts with their surrounding microenvironment and results in dysregulated Hp/Fpn and pathologic accumulation of iron as a hallmark of its malignant condition. Moreover, the underlying stroma or tumor microenvironment releases significant inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and bone morphogenetic proteins like BMP-2 and 6 leading in aberrant Hp/Fpn pathways in breast cancer. Inflammation is primarily associated with the high intracellular iron levels, deregulated hepcidin/ferroportin pathway, and its upstream signaling in breast cancer. Subsequently, scholars have been reported that reducing iron level and manipulating the signaling molecules involved in iron metabolism can be used as a promising strategy of tumor chemotherapy. Here, we review the key molecular aspects of iron metabolism and its regulatory mechanisms of the hepcidin/ferroportin pathways and its current therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Shibabaw
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Banchamlak Teferi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Derbew Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Ayelign
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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113
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Systematic Surveys of Iron Homeostasis Mechanisms Reveal Ferritin Superfamily and Nucleotide Surveillance Regulation to be Modified by PINK1 Absence. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102229. [PMID: 33023155 PMCID: PMC7650593 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deprivation activates mitophagy and extends lifespan in nematodes. In patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD), PINK1-PRKN mutations via deficient mitophagy trigger iron accumulation and reduce lifespan. To evaluate molecular effects of iron chelator drugs as a potential PD therapy, we assessed fibroblasts by global proteome profiles and targeted transcript analyses. In mouse cells, iron shortage decreased protein abundance for iron-binding nucleotide metabolism enzymes (prominently XDH and ferritin homolog RRM2). It also decreased the expression of factors with a role for nucleotide surveillance, which associate with iron-sulfur-clusters (ISC), and are important for growth and survival. This widespread effect included prominently Nthl1-Ppat-Bdh2, but also mitochondrial Glrx5-Nfu1-Bola1, cytosolic Aco1-Abce1-Tyw5, and nuclear Dna2-Elp3-Pold1-Prim2. Incidentally, upregulated Pink1-Prkn levels explained mitophagy induction, the downregulated expression of Slc25a28 suggested it to function in iron export. The impact of PINK1 mutations in mouse and patient cells was pronounced only after iron overload, causing hyperreactive expression of ribosomal surveillance factor Abce1 and of ferritin, despite ferritin translation being repressed by IRP1. This misregulation might be explained by the deficiency of the ISC-biogenesis factor GLRX5. Our systematic survey suggests mitochondrial ISC-biogenesis and post-transcriptional iron regulation to be important in the decision, whether organisms undergo PD pathogenesis or healthy aging.
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114
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Nairz M, Weiss G. Iron in infection and immunity. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100864. [PMID: 32461004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for virtually all living cells. In infectious diseases, both invading pathogens and mammalian cells including those of the immune system require iron to sustain their function, metabolism and proliferation. On the one hand, microbial iron uptake is linked to the virulence of most human pathogens. On the other hand, the sequestration of iron from bacteria and other microorganisms is an efficient strategy of host defense in line with the principles of 'nutritional immunity'. In an acute infection, host-driven iron withdrawal inhibits the growth of pathogens. Chronic immune activation due to persistent infection, autoimmune disease or malignancy however, sequesters iron not only from infectious agents, autoreactive lymphocytes and neoplastic cells but also from erythroid progenitors. This is one of the key mechanisms which collectively result in the anemia of chronic inflammation. In this review, we highlight the most important interconnections between iron metabolism and immunity, focusing on host defense against relevant infections and on the clinical consequences of anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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D’Mello SR, Kindy MC. Overdosing on iron: Elevated iron and degenerative brain disorders. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1444-1473. [PMID: 32878460 PMCID: PMC7553095 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220953065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Brain degenerative disorders, which include some neurodevelopmental disorders and age-associated diseases, cause debilitating neurological deficits and are generally fatal. A large body of emerging evidence indicates that iron accumulation in neurons within specific regions of the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many of these disorders. Iron homeostasis is a highly complex and incompletely understood process involving a large number of regulatory molecules. Our review provides a description of what is known about how iron is obtained by the body and brain and how defects in the homeostatic processes could contribute to the development of brain diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as four other disorders belonging to a class of inherited conditions referred to as neurodegeneration based on iron accumulation (NBIA) disorders. A description of potential therapeutic approaches being tested for each of these different disorders is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Braymer JJ, Freibert SA, Rakwalska-Bange M, Lill R. Mechanistic concepts of iron-sulfur protein biogenesis in Biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118863. [PMID: 33007329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins are present in virtually all living organisms and are involved in numerous cellular processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, metabolic reactions, nitrogen fixation, radical biochemistry, protein synthesis, antiviral defense, and genome maintenance. Their versatile functions may go back to the proposed role of their Fe/S cofactors in the origin of life as efficient catalysts and electron carriers. More than two decades ago, it was discovered that the in vivo synthesis of cellular Fe/S clusters and their integration into polypeptide chains requires assistance by complex proteinaceous machineries, despite the fact that Fe/S proteins can be assembled chemically in vitro. In prokaryotes, three Fe/S protein biogenesis systems are known; ISC, SUF, and the more specialized NIF. The former two systems have been transferred by endosymbiosis from bacteria to mitochondria and plastids, respectively, of eukaryotes. In their cytosol, eukaryotes use the CIA machinery for the biogenesis of cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S proteins. Despite the structural diversity of the protein constituents of these four machineries, general mechanistic concepts underlie the complex process of Fe/S protein biogenesis. This review provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of the various known biogenesis systems in Biology, and summarizes their common or diverging molecular mechanisms, thereby illustrating both the conservation and diverse adaptions of these four machineries during evolution and under different lifestyles. Knowledge of these fundamental biochemical pathways is not only of basic scientific interest, but is important for the understanding of human 'Fe/S diseases' and can be used in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Braymer
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven A Freibert
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany; SYNMIKRO Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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117
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Chen XQ, Salehi A, Pearn ML, Overk C, Nguyen PD, Kleschevnikov AM, Maccecchini M, Mobley WC. Targeting increased levels of APP in Down syndrome: Posiphen-mediated reductions in APP and its products reverse endosomal phenotypes in the Ts65Dn mouse model. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 17:271-292. [PMID: 32975365 PMCID: PMC7984396 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective Recent clinical trials targeting amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have yet to demonstrate efficacy. Reviewing the hypotheses for AD pathogenesis and defining possible links between them may enhance insights into both upstream initiating events and downstream mechanisms, thereby promoting discovery of novel treatments. Evidence that in Down syndrome (DS), a population markedly predisposed to develop early onset AD, increased APP gene dose is necessary for both AD neuropathology and dementia points to normalization of the levels of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its products as a route to further define AD pathogenesis and discovering novel treatments. Background AD and DS share several characteristic manifestations. DS is caused by trisomy of whole or part of chromosome 21; this chromosome contains about 233 protein‐coding genes, including APP. Recent evidence points to a defining role for increased expression of the gene for APP and for its 99 amino acid C‐terminal fragment (C99, also known as β‐CTF) in dysregulating the endosomal/lysosomal system. The latter is critical for normal cellular function and in neurons for transmitting neurotrophic signals. New/updated hypothesis We hypothesize that the increase in APP gene dose in DS initiates a process in which increased levels of full‐length APP (fl‐APP) and its products, including β‐CTF and possibly Aβ peptides (Aβ42 and Aβ40), drive AD pathogenesis through an endosome‐dependent mechanism(s), which compromises transport of neurotrophic signals. To test this hypothesis, we carried out studies in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS and examined the effects of Posiphen, an orally available small molecule shown in prior studies to reduce fl‐APP. In vitro, Posiphen lowered fl‐APP and its C‐terminal fragments, reversed Rab5 hyperactivation and early endosome enlargement, and restored retrograde transport of neurotrophin signaling. In vivo, Posiphen treatment (50 mg/kg/d, 26 days, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) of Ts65Dn mice was well tolerated and demonstrated no adverse effects in behavior. Treatment resulted in normalization of the levels of fl‐APP, C‐terminal fragments and small reductions in Aβ species, restoration to normal levels of Rab5 activity, reduced phosphorylated tau (p‐tau), and reversed deficits in TrkB (tropomyosin receptor kinase B) activation and in the Akt (protein kinase B [PKB]), ERK (extracellular signal‐regulated kinase), and CREB (cAMP response element–binding protein) signaling pathways. Remarkably, Posiphen treatment also restored the level of choline acetyltransferase protein to 2N levels. These findings support the APP gene dose hypothesis, point to the need for additional studies to explore the mechanisms by which increased APP gene expression acts to increase the risk for AD in DS, and to possible utility of treatments to normalize the levels of APP and its products for preventing AD in those with DS. Major challenges for the hypothesis Important unanswered questions are: (1) When should one intervene in those with DS; (2) would an APP‐based strategy have untoward consequences on possible adaptive changes induced by chronically increased APP gene dose; (3) do other genes present on chromosome 21, or on other chromosomes whose expression is dysregulated in DS, contribute to AD pathogenesis; and (4) can one model strategies that combine the use of an APP‐based treatment with those directed at other AD phenotypes including p‐tau and inflammation. Linkage to other major theories The APP gene dose hypothesis interfaces with the amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD as well as with the genetic and cell biological observations that support it. Moreover, upregulation of fl‐APP protein and products may drive downstream events that dysregulate tau homeostasis and inflammatory responses that contribute to propagation of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qiao Chen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ahmad Salehi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Matthew L Pearn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.,V.A. San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Cassia Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Phuong D Nguyen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - William C Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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118
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Grignano E, Birsen R, Chapuis N, Bouscary D. From Iron Chelation to Overload as a Therapeutic Strategy to Induce Ferroptosis in Leukemic Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:586530. [PMID: 33042852 PMCID: PMC7530268 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.586530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its crucial importance in numerous physiological processes, iron also causes oxidative stress and damage which can promote the growth and proliferation of leukemic cells. Iron metabolism is strictly regulated and the related therapeutic approaches to date have been to restrict iron availability to tumor cells. However, since a new form of iron-catalyzed cell death has been described, termed ferroptosis, and subsequently better understood, iron excess is thought to represent an opportunity to selectively kill leukemic cells and spare normal hematopoietic cells, based on their differential iron needs. This review summarizes the physiology of iron metabolism and its deregulation in leukemia, the known ferrotoposis pathways, and therapeutic strategies to target the altered iron metabolism in leukemia for the purposes of initiating ferroptosis in these cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Grignano
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université de Paris, Service d'Hématologie clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Rudy Birsen
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université de Paris, Service d'Hématologie clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chapuis
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université de Paris, Service d'Hématologie biologique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Didier Bouscary
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université de Paris, Service d'Hématologie clinique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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119
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Thompson LR, Oliveira TG, Hermann ER, Chowanadisai W, Clarke SL, Montgomery MR. Distinct TP53 Mutation Types Exhibit Increased Sensitivity to Ferroptosis Independently of Changes in Iron Regulatory Protein Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186751. [PMID: 32942535 PMCID: PMC7555626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. In addition to loss of tumor suppressor functions, mutations in TP53 promote cancer progression by altering cellular iron acquisition and metabolism. A newly identified role for TP53 in the coordination of iron homeostasis and cancer cell survival lies in the ability for TP53 to protect against ferroptosis, a form of iron-mediated cell death. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which TP53 mutation status affects the cellular response to ferroptosis induction. Using H1299 cells, which are null for TP53, we generated cell lines expressing either a tetracycline inducible wild-type (WT) TP53 gene, or a representative mutated TP53 gene from six exemplary “hotspot” mutations in the DNA binding domain (R273H, R248Q, R282W, R175H, G245S, and R249S). TP53 mutants (R273H, R248Q, R175H, G245S, and R249S) exhibited increased sensitivity ferroptosis compared to cells expressing WT TP53. As iron-mediated lipid peroxidation is critical for ferroptosis induction, we hypothesized that iron acquisition pathways would be upregulated in mutant TP53-expressing cells. However, only cells expressing the R248Q, R175H, and G245S TP53 mutation types exhibited statistically significant increases in spontaneous iron regulatory protein (IRP) RNA binding activity following ferroptosis activation. Moreover, changes in the expression of downstream IRP targets were inconsistent with the observed differences in sensitivity to ferroptosis. These findings reveal that canonical iron regulatory pathways are bypassed during ferroptotic cell death. These results also indicate that induction of ferroptosis may be an effective therapeutic approach for tumor cells expressing distinct TP53 mutation types.
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120
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Jain A, Nilatawong P, Mamak N, Jensen LT, Jensen AN. Disruption in iron homeostasis and impaired activity of iron-sulfur cluster containing proteins in the yeast model of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:105. [PMID: 32944219 PMCID: PMC7488397 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a congenital disease that affects the bone marrow, skeletal system, and pancreas. The majority of patients with SDS have mutations in the SBDS gene, involved in ribosome biogenesis as well as other processes. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae model of SDS, lacking Sdo1p the yeast orthologue of SBDS, was utilized to better understand the molecular pathogenesis in the development of this disease. RESULTS Deletion of SDO1 resulted in a three-fold over-accumulation of intracellular iron. Phenotypes associated with impaired iron-sulfur (ISC) assembly, up-regulation of the high affinity iron uptake pathway, and reduced activities of ISC containing enzymes aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase, were observed in sdo1∆ yeast. In cells lacking Sdo1p, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein oxidation were reduced with iron chelation, using a cell impermeable iron chelator. In addition, the low activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2p) seen in sdo1∆ cells was improved with iron chelation, consistent with the presence of reactive iron from the ISC assembly pathway. In yeast lacking Sdo1p, the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) Por1p is over-expressed and its deletion limits iron accumulation and increases activity of aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase. CONCLUSIONS We propose that oxidative stress from POR1 over-expression, resulting in impaired activity of ISC containing proteins and disruptions in iron homeostasis, may play a role in disease pathogenesis in SDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Jain
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Phubed Nilatawong
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
- Division of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190 Thailand
| | - Narinrat Mamak
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Laran T. Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Amornrat Naranuntarat Jensen
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
- Pathology Information and Learning Center, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Bangkok, Thailand
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Burton LH, Radakovich LB, Marolf AJ, Santangelo KS. Systemic iron overload exacerbates osteoarthritis in the strain 13 guinea pig. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:1265-1275. [PMID: 32629162 PMCID: PMC7484276 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Iron is emerging as a key player in aging-associated diseases due to its propensity for driving free radical formation. Studies examining the role of iron in the pathogenesis of primary osteoarthritis (OA) are limited. Our objective was to establish a direct relationship between excess iron and OA by administering iron dextran to a guinea pig strain with decreased propensity for developing this disease. DESIGN Twenty, 12-week-old Strain 13 guinea pigs received either iron dextran or dextran control intraperitoneally once weekly for 4 weeks; termination occurred at 16 weeks of age. Iron levels were determined systemically (serum and liver) and within diarthrodial joints [femoral head articular cartilage and infrapatellar fat pads (IFPs) of knee joints]. One knee was collected to score structural changes associated with OA via microcomputed tomography (microCT) and histology using published grading schemes. Articular cartilage and IFPs were harvested from contralateral knees for gene expression analyses. RESULTS Iron overload was confirmed systemically via increased serum iron and liver iron concentration. Articular cartilage and IFPs in the iron dextran group also had higher levels of iron. Excess iron worsened knee OA using both microCT and histologic scoring systems. Gene analyses revealed that exogenous iron altered the expression of iron trafficking proteins, select cytokines, and structural components of cartilage. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that systemic iron overload caused cellular iron accumulation in the knee joint. This excess iron is associated with increased expression of local inflammatory mediators and early onset and progression of knee joint OA in Strain 13 animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey H. Burton
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren B. Radakovich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Angela J. Marolf
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly S. Santangelo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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122
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Peña-Montes DJ, Huerta-Cervantes M, Ríos-Silva M, Trujillo X, Cortés-Rojo C, Huerta M, Saavedra-Molina A. Effects of dietary iron restriction on kidney mitochondria function and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Mitochondrion 2020; 54:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhou J, Jin Y, Lei Y, Liu T, Wan Z, Meng H, Wang H. Ferroptosis Is Regulated by Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 20:20-34. [PMID: 32814328 DOI: 10.1159/000510083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a gradual decline in motor and/or cognitive function caused by the selective degeneration and loss of neurons in the central nervous system, but their pathological mechanism is still unclear. Previous research has revealed that many forms of cell death, such as apoptosis and necrosis, occur in neurodegenerative diseases. Research in recent years has noticed that there is a new type of cell death in neurodegenerative diseases: ferroptosis. An increasing body of literature provides evidence for an involvement of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. SUMMARY In this article, we review a new form of cell death in neurodegenerative diseases: ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is defined as an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, which occurs through the lethal accumulation of lipid-based reactive oxygen species when glutathione-dependent lipid peroxide repair systems are compromised. Several salient and established features of neurodegenerative diseases (including lipid peroxidation and iron dyshomeostasis) are consistent with ferroptosis, which means that ferroptosis may be involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, as the center of energy metabolism in cells, mitochondria are also closely related to the regulation of iron homeostasis in the nervous system. At the same time, neurodegenerative diseases are often accompanied by degeneration of mitochondrial activity. Mitochondrial damage has been found to be involved in lipid peroxidation and iron dyshomeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases. Key Messages: Based on the summary of the related mechanisms of ferroptosis, we conclude that mitochondrial damage may affect neurodegenerative diseases by regulating many aspects of ferroptosis, including cell metabolism, iron dyshomeostasis, and lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juepu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuhong Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,
| | - Honglei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Iron-responsive-like elements and neurodegenerative ferroptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:395-413. [PMID: 32817306 PMCID: PMC7433652 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052282.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A set of common-acting iron-responsive 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) motifs can fold into RNA stem loops that appear significant to the biology of cognitive declines of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), Lewy body dementia (LDD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurodegenerative diseases exhibit perturbations of iron homeostasis in defined brain subregions over characteristic time intervals of progression. While misfolding of Aβ from the amyloid-precursor-protein (APP), alpha-synuclein, prion protein (PrP) each cause neuropathic protein inclusions in the brain subregions, iron-responsive-like element (IRE-like) RNA stem–loops reside in their transcripts. APP and αsyn have a role in iron transport while gene duplications elevate the expression of their products to cause rare familial cases of AD and PDD. Of note, IRE-like sequences are responsive to excesses of brain iron in a potential feedback loop to accelerate neuronal ferroptosis and cognitive declines as well as amyloidosis. This pathogenic feedback is consistent with the translational control of the iron storage protein ferritin. We discuss how the IRE-like RNA motifs in the 5′UTRs of APP, alpha-synuclein and PrP mRNAs represent uniquely folded drug targets for therapies to prevent perturbed iron homeostasis that accelerates AD, PD, PD dementia (PDD) and Lewy body dementia, thus preventing cognitive deficits. Inhibition of alpha-synuclein translation is an option to block manganese toxicity associated with early childhood cognitive problems and manganism while Pb toxicity is epigenetically associated with attention deficit and later-stage AD. Pathologies of heavy metal toxicity centered on an embargo of iron export may be treated with activators of APP and ferritin and inhibitors of alpha-synuclein translation.
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Rosito M, Testi C, Parisi G, Cortese B, Baiocco P, Di Angelantonio S. Exploring the Use of Dimethyl Fumarate as Microglia Modulator for Neurodegenerative Diseases Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080700. [PMID: 32756501 PMCID: PMC7465338 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of redox homeostasis in the brain is critical for the prevention of the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs acting on brain redox balance can be promising for the treatment of neurodegeneration. For more than four decades, dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and other derivatives of fumaric acid ester compounds have been shown to mitigate a number of pathological mechanisms associated with psoriasis and relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, DMF has been shown to exert a neuroprotective effect on the central nervous system (CNS), possibly through the modulation of microglia detrimental actions, observed also in multiple brain injuries. In addition to the hypothesis that DMF is linked to the activation of NRF2 and NF-kB transcription factors, the neuroprotective action of DMF may be mediated by the activation of the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant pathway and the regulation of brain iron homeostasis. This review will focus on the role of DMF as an antioxidant modulator in microglia processes and on its mechanisms of action in the modulation of different pathways to attenuate neurodegenerative disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosito
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (C.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Claudia Testi
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (C.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Giacomo Parisi
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (C.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Barbara Cortese
- Nanotechnology Institute, CNR-Nanotechnology Institute, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paola Baiocco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli” Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (C.T.); (G.P.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (S.D.A.)
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Guo S, Yang C, Jiang S, Ni Y, Zhao R, Ma W. Repeated Restraint Stress Enhances Hepatic TFR2 Expression and Induces Hepatic Iron Accumulation in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:590-596. [PMID: 31707638 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal hepatic iron metabolism is detrimental to health. The objective of this study was to detect repeated restraint stress on liver iron metabolism in rats. Twenty-four male rats aged 7 weeks were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group (Con) and repeated restraint stress group (RS). Rats were subjected to 6 h of daily restraint stress for 14 consecutive days in the repeated restraint stress group. The results showed that repeated restraint stress exposure decreased growth performance including impaired final weight (P = 0.07), reducing average daily gain (P = 0.01), and average daily feed intake (P = 0.00) during the 14-day experimental period. Repeated restraint stress exposure did not affect hemoglobin content and plasma iron parameters except downregulated unsaturated iron-binding capacity (P = 0.04). Repeated restraint stress exposure inhibited liver development (P = 0.03) and induced liver iron accumulation (P = 0.05). In addition, repeated restraint stress downregulated the expression of transferrin (TF) and transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) at the mRNA level (P < 0.01), but upregulated at the protein level (P = 0.03 for TF; P = 0.00 for TFR2). These results indicated that repeated restraint stress induces hepatic iron accumulation, which is closely related to higher expression of hepatic TFR2 protein in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingdong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Jeffery CJ. Enzymes, pseudoenzymes, and moonlighting proteins: diversity of function in protein superfamilies. FEBS J 2020; 287:4141-4149. [PMID: 32534477 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As more genome sequences are elucidated, there is an increasing need for information about the functions of the millions of proteins they encode. The function of a newly sequenced protein is often estimated by sequence alignment with the sequences of proteins with known functions. However, protein superfamilies can contain members that share significant amino acid sequence and structural homology yet catalyze different reactions or act on different substrates. Some homologous proteins differ by having a second or even third function, called moonlighting proteins. More recently, it was found that most protein superfamilies also include pseudoenzymes, a protein, or a domain within a protein, that has a three-dimensional fold that resembles a conventional catalytically active enzyme, but has no catalytic activity. In this review, we discuss several examples of protein families that contain enzymes, pseudoenzymes, and moonlighting proteins. It is becoming clear that pseudoenzymes and moonlighting proteins are widespread in the evolutionary tree, and in many protein families, and they are often very similar in sequence and structure to their monofunctional and catalytically active counterparts. A greater understanding is needed to clarify when similarities and differences in amino acid sequences and structures correspond to similarities and differences in biochemical functions and cellular roles. This information can help improve programs that identify protein functions from sequence or structure and assist in more accurate annotation of sequence and structural databases, as well as in our understanding of the broad diversity of protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance J Jeffery
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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128
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Khoo TC, Tubbesing K, Rudkouskaya A, Rajoria S, Sharikova A, Barroso M, Khmaladze A. Quantitative label-free imaging of iron-bound transferrin in breast cancer cells and tumors. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101617. [PMID: 32863219 PMCID: PMC7327243 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is an essential serum protein which delivers iron throughout the body via transferrin-receptor (TfR)-mediated uptake and iron release in early endosomes. Currently, there is no robust method to assay the population of iron-bound Tf in intact cells and tissues. Raman hyperspectral imaging detected spectral peaks that correlated with iron-bound Tf in intact cells and tumor xenografts sections (~1270-1300 cm−1). Iron-bound (holo) and iron-free (apo) human Tf forms were endocytosed by MDAMB231 and T47D human breast cancer cells. The Raman iron-bound Tf peak was identified in cells treated with holo-Tf, but not in cells incubated with apo-Tf. A reduction in the Raman peak intensity between 5 and 30 min of Tf internalization was observed in T47D, but not in MDAMB231, suggesting that T47D can release iron from Tf more efficiently than MDAMB231. MDAMB231 may display a disrupted iron homeostasis due to iron release delays caused by alterations in the pH or ionic milieu of the early endosomes. In summary, we have demonstrated that Raman hyperspectral imaging can be used to identify iron-bound Tf in cell cultures and tumor xenografts and detect iron release behavior of Tf in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chean Khoo
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400, Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kate Tubbesing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Alena Rudkouskaya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Shilpi Rajoria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Anna Sharikova
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400, Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Margarida Barroso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Alexander Khmaladze
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400, Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, USA.
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129
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Camiolo G, Barbato A, Giallongo C, Vicario N, Romano A, Parrinello NL, Parenti R, Sandoval JC, García-Moreno D, Lazzarino G, Avola R, Palumbo GA, Mulero V, Li Volti G, Tibullo D, Di Raimondo F. Iron regulates myeloma cell/macrophage interaction and drives resistance to bortezomib. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101611. [PMID: 32863212 PMCID: PMC7327252 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a major role in multiple processes involved in cell homeostasis such as metabolism, respiration and DNA synthesis. Cancer cells exhibit pronounced iron retention as compared to healthy counterpart. This phenomenon also occurs in multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological malignancy characterized by terminally differentiated plasma cells (PCs), in which serum ferritin levels have been reported as a negative prognostic marker. The aim of current study is to evaluate the potential role of iron metabolism in promoting drug resistance in myeloma cancer cells with particular regard to the interactions between PCs and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) as a source of iron. Our data showed that myeloma cell lines are able to intake and accumulate iron and thus, increasing their scavenger antioxidant-related genes and mitochondrial mass. We further demonstrated that PCs pre-treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) decreased bortezomib (BTZ)-induced apoptosis in vitro and successfully engrafted in zebrafish larvae treated with BTZ. Treating human macrophages with FAC, we observed a switch toward a M2-like phenotype associated with an increased expression of anti-inflammatory markers such as ARG1, suggesting the establishment of an iron-mediated immune suppressive tumor microenvironment favouring myeloma growth. Using mfap4:tomato mutant zebrafish larvae, we further confirmed the increase of PCs-monocytes interactions after FAC treatment which favour BTZ-resistance. Taken together our data support the hypothesis that targeting iron trafficking in myeloma microenvironment may represent a promising strategy to counteract a tumor-supporting milieu and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Camiolo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbato
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunziatina L Parrinello
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, 95122, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Section of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Joaquín Cantón Sandoval
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de MurciaIMIB-Arrixaca, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Diana García-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de MurciaIMIB-Arrixaca, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant'Alessandro 8, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Avola
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Palumbo
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de MurciaIMIB-Arrixaca, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, 95125, Catania, Italy
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130
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential in most eukaryotes and are involved in numerous biological functions including ATP production, cofactor biosyntheses, apoptosis, lipid synthesis, and steroid metabolism. Work over the past two decades has uncovered the biogenesis of cellular iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins as the essential and minimal function of mitochondria. This process is catalyzed by the bacteria-derived iron-sulfur cluster assembly (ISC) machinery and has been dissected into three major steps: de novo synthesis of a [2Fe-2S] cluster on a scaffold protein; Hsp70 chaperone-mediated trafficking of the cluster and insertion into [2Fe-2S] target apoproteins; and catalytic conversion of the [2Fe-2S] into a [4Fe-4S] cluster and subsequent insertion into recipient apoproteins. ISC components of the first two steps are also required for biogenesis of numerous essential cytosolic and nuclear Fe/S proteins, explaining the essentiality of mitochondria. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying the ISC protein-mediated maturation of mitochondrial Fe/S proteins and the importance for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
- SYNMIKRO Zentrum für synthetische Mikrobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven-A Freibert
- Institut für Zytobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany;
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131
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Lee J, You JH, Shin D, Roh JL. Inhibition of Glutaredoxin 5 predisposes Cisplatin-resistant Head and Neck Cancer Cells to Ferroptosis. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7775-7786. [PMID: 32685019 PMCID: PMC7359084 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Loss of iron-sulfur cluster function predisposes cancer cells to ferroptosis by upregulating iron-starvation response, but the role of glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5) silencing in ferroptosis remains unknown. We examined the role of GLRX5 functional loss in promoting ferroptosis in cisplatin-resistant head and neck cancer (HNC) cells. Methods: The effects of sulfasalazine treatment and GLRX5 gene silencing were tested on HNC cell lines and mouse tumor xenograft models. These effects were analyzed concerning cell viability and death, lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial iron production, labile iron pool, mRNA/protein expression, and malondialdehyde assays. Results: Cyst(e)ine deprivation, erastin, or sulfasalazine induced ferroptosis in HNC cells, which was relatively less sensitive in cisplatin-resistant HNC cells. Sulfasalazine or cyst(e)ine deprivation-induced ferroptosis resulted from increased lipid peroxidation and intracellular free iron, which were significantly promoted by short-interfering RNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting GLRX5 (P<0.05). GLRX5 silencing activated iron-starvation response and boosted up intracellular free iron through the iron-responsive element-binding activity of increased iron regulatory protein (increased transferrin receptor and decreased ferritin). These effects were rescued by resistant GLRX5 cDNA but not by catalytically inactive mutant GLRX5 K101Q. The same results were noted in an in vivo mouse model transplanted with vector or shGLRX5-transduced HNC cells and treated with sulfasalazine. Conclusion: Our data suggest that inhibition of GLRX5 predisposes therapy-resistant HNC cells to ferroptosis.
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132
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Abstract
Iron deficiency or overload poses an increasingly complex issue in cardiovascular disease, especially heart failure. The potential benefits and side effects of iron supplementation are still a matter of concern, even though current guidelines suggest therapeutic management of iron deficiency. In this review, we sought to examine the iron metabolism and to identify the rationale behind iron supplementation and iron chelation. Cardiovascular disease is increasingly linked with iron dysmetabolism, with an increased proportion of heart failure patients being affected by decreased plasma iron levels and in turn, by the decreased quality of life. Multiple studies have concluded on a benefit of iron administration, even if just for symptomatic relief. However, new studies field evidence for negative effects of dysregulated non-bound iron and its reactive oxygen species production, with concern to heart diseases. The molecular targets of iron usage, such as the mitochondria, are prone to deleterious effects of the polyvalent metal, added by the scarcely described processes of iron elimination. Iron supplementation and iron chelation show promise of therapeutic benefit in heart failure, with the extent and mechanisms of both prospects not being entirely understood. It may be that a state of decreased systemic and increased mitochondrial iron levels proves to be a useful frame for future advancements in understanding the interconnection of heart failure and iron metabolism.
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133
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Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) is a common and ominous comorbidity in heart failure (HF) and predicts worse outcomes, independently of the presence of anaemia. Accumulated data from animal models of systemic ID suggest that ID is associated with several functional and structural abnormalities of the heart. However, the exact role of myocardial iron deficiency irrespective of systemic ID and/or anaemia has been elusive. Recently, several transgenic models of cardiac-specific ID have been developed to investigate the influence of ID on cardiac tissue. In this review, we discuss structural and functional cardiac consequences of ID in these models and summarize data from clinical studies. Moreover, the beneficial effects of intravenous iron supplementation are specified.
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134
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Picard E, Daruich A, Youale J, Courtois Y, Behar-Cohen F. From Rust to Quantum Biology: The Role of Iron in Retina Physiopathology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030705. [PMID: 32183063 PMCID: PMC7140613 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for cell survival and function. It is a transition metal, that could change its oxidation state from Fe2+ to Fe3+ involving an electron transfer, the key of vital functions but also organ dysfunctions. The goal of this review is to illustrate the primordial role of iron and local iron homeostasis in retinal physiology and vision, as well as the pathological consequences of iron excess in animal models of retinal degeneration and in human retinal diseases. We summarize evidence of the potential therapeutic effect of iron chelation in retinal diseases and especially the interest of transferrin, a ubiquitous endogenous iron-binding protein, having the ability to treat or delay degenerative retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Picard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Team 17, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.D.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.B.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +331-44-27-81-82
| | - Alejandra Daruich
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Team 17, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.D.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.B.-C.)
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jenny Youale
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Team 17, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.D.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.B.-C.)
| | - Yves Courtois
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Team 17, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.D.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.B.-C.)
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Team 17, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.D.); (J.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.B.-C.)
- Ophtalmopole, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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135
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Wang H, Shi H, Rajan M, Canarie ER, Hong S, Simoneschi D, Pagano M, Bush MF, Stoll S, Leibold EA, Zheng N. FBXL5 Regulates IRP2 Stability in Iron Homeostasis via an Oxygen-Responsive [2Fe2S] Cluster. Mol Cell 2020; 78:31-41.e5. [PMID: 32126207 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular iron homeostasis is dominated by FBXL5-mediated degradation of iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2), which is dependent on both iron and oxygen. However, how the physical interaction between FBXL5 and IRP2 is regulated remains elusive. Here, we show that the C-terminal substrate-binding domain of FBXL5 harbors a [2Fe2S] cluster in the oxidized state. A cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the IRP2-FBXL5-SKP1 complex reveals that the cluster organizes the FBXL5 C-terminal loop responsible for recruiting IRP2. Interestingly, IRP2 binding to FBXL5 hinges on the oxidized state of the [2Fe2S] cluster maintained by ambient oxygen, which could explain hypoxia-induced IRP2 stabilization. Steric incompatibility also allows FBXL5 to physically dislodge IRP2 from iron-responsive element RNA to facilitate its turnover. Taken together, our studies have identified an iron-sulfur cluster within FBXL5, which promotes IRP2 polyubiquitination and degradation in response to both iron and oxygen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Malini Rajan
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Seoyeon Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniele Simoneschi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matthew F Bush
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Leibold
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies and Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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136
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Finoshin AD, Adameyko KI, Mikhailov KV, Kravchuk OI, Georgiev AA, Gornostaev NG, Kosevich IA, Mikhailov VS, Gazizova GR, Shagimardanova EI, Gusev OA, Lyupina YV. Iron metabolic pathways in the processes of sponge plasticity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228722. [PMID: 32084159 PMCID: PMC7034838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regulate oxygen consumption evolved in ancestral animals and is intrinsically linked to iron metabolism. The iron pathways have been intensively studied in mammals, whereas data on distant invertebrates are limited. Sea sponges represent the oldest animal phylum and have unique structural plasticity and capacity to reaggregate after complete dissociation. We studied iron metabolic factors and their expression during reaggregation in the White Sea cold-water sponges Halichondria panicea and Halisarca dujardini. De novo transcriptomes were assembled using RNA-Seq data, and evolutionary trends were analyzed with bioinformatic tools. Differential expression during reaggregation was studied for H. dujardini. Enzymes of the heme biosynthesis pathway and transport globins, neuroglobin (NGB) and androglobin (ADGB), were identified in sponges. The globins mutate at higher evolutionary rates than the heme synthesis enzymes. Highly conserved iron-regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) presumably interacts with the iron-responsive elements (IREs) found in mRNAs of ferritin (FTH1) and a putative transferrin receptor NAALAD2. The reaggregation process is accompanied by increased expression of IRP1, the antiapoptotic factor BCL2, the inflammation factor NFκB (p65), FTH1 and NGB, as well as by an increase in mitochondrial density. Our data indicate a complex mechanism of iron regulation in sponge structural plasticity and help to better understand general mechanisms of morphogenetic processes in multicellular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D. Finoshin
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kim I. Adameyko
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Mikhailov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- A.A. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana I. Kravchuk
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Nicolay G. Gornostaev
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Victor S. Mikhailov
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Oleg A. Gusev
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- KFU-RIKEN Translational Genomics Unit, RIKEN National Science Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yulia V. Lyupina
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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137
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Type I Interferon Response Dysregulates Host Iron Homeostasis and Enhances Candida glabrata Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:454-466.e8. [PMID: 32075740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs-I) fulfil multiple protective functions during pathogenic infections, but they can also cause detrimental effects and enhance immunopathology. Here, we report that IFNs-I promote the dysregulation of iron homeostasis in macrophages during systemic infections with the intracellular pathogen Candida glabrata, leading to fungal survival and persistence. By engaging JAK1, IFNs-I disturb the balance of the transcriptional activator NRF2 and repressor BACH1 to induce downregulation of the key iron exporter Fpn1 in macrophages. This leads to enhanced iron accumulation in the phagolysosome and failure to restrict fungal access to iron pools. As a result, C. glabrata acquires iron via the Sit1/Ftr1 iron transporter system, facilitating fungal intracellular replication and immune evasion. Thus, IFNs-I are central regulators of iron homeostasis, which can impact infection, and restricting iron bioavailability may offer therapeutic strategies to combat invasive fungal infections.
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138
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Abstract
While the initial causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clearly defined, iron deposition has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. The substantia nigra of PD patients, where the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons occurs, show a fairly selective and significant elevation in iron contents. However, the question remains whether iron deposition represents the initiation cause or merely the consequence of nigral degeneration. Here, we describe existing findings regarding the interaction of iron with neuromelanin and alpha synuclein, the iron deposition in experimental animal model of PD and sporadic and familial PD patients, and the treatment option involving the use of iron chelators for targeting the aberration of iron level in brain. This review may provide us a better understanding of the role of iron in PD to address the question of cause or consequence.
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139
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Abstract
Iron is critically important and highly regulated trace metal in the human body. However, in its free ion form, it is known to be cytotoxic; therefore, it is bound to iron storing protein, ferritin. Ferritin is a key regulator of body iron homeostasis able to form various types of minerals depending on the tissue environment. Each mineral, e.g. magnetite, maghemite, goethite, akaganeite or hematite, present in the ferritin core carry different characteristics possibly affecting cells in the tissue. In specific cases, it can lead to disease development. Widely studied connection with neurodegenerative conditions is widely studied, including Alzheimer disease. Although the exact ferritin structure and its distribution throughout a human body are still not fully known, many studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms involved in its regulation and pathogenesis. In this review, we try to summarize the iron uptake into the body. Next, we discuss the known occurrence of ferritin in human tissues. Lastly, we also examine the formation of iron oxides and their involvement in brain functions.
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140
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Santos MCFD, Anderson CP, Neschen S, Zumbrennen-Bullough KB, Romney SJ, Kahle-Stephan M, Rathkolb B, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Wolf E, Rozman J, de Angelis MH, Cai WM, Rajan M, Hu J, Dedon PC, Leibold EA. Irp2 regulates insulin production through iron-mediated Cdkal1-catalyzed tRNA modification. Nat Commun 2020; 11:296. [PMID: 31941883 PMCID: PMC6962211 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cellular iron homeostasis is crucial as both iron excess and deficiency cause hematological and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we show that mice lacking iron-regulatory protein 2 (Irp2), a regulator of cellular iron homeostasis, develop diabetes. Irp2 post-transcriptionally regulates the iron-uptake protein transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and the iron-storage protein ferritin, and dysregulation of these proteins due to Irp2 loss causes functional iron deficiency in β cells. This impairs Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, reducing the function of Cdkal1, an Fe-S cluster enzyme that catalyzes methylthiolation of t6A37 in tRNALysUUU to ms2t6A37. As a consequence, lysine codons in proinsulin are misread and proinsulin processing is impaired, reducing insulin content and secretion. Iron normalizes ms2t6A37 and proinsulin lysine incorporation, restoring insulin content and secretion in Irp2-/- β cells. These studies reveal a previously unidentified link between insulin processing and cellular iron deficiency that may have relevance to type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ferreira Dos Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Cole P Anderson
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, 66849, Landstuhl, Germany
| | - Susanne Neschen
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kimberly B Zumbrennen-Bullough
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Steven J Romney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Melanie Kahle-Stephan
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane Institut für Sozialmedizin und Epidemiologie, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova, 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Weiling Maggie Cai
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore, 119077.,Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, Singapore, 138602.,Agilent Technologies, 1 Yishun Ave 7, Singapore, Singapore, 768923
| | - Malini Rajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jennifer Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Celgene Corporation, 1616 Eastlake Ave East, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Peter C Dedon
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group (IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore, Singapore, 138602.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Leibold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. .,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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141
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Ding H, Yu X, Chen L, Han J, Zhao Y, Feng J. Tolerable upper intake level of iron damages the intestine and alters the intestinal flora in weaned piglets. Metallomics 2020; 12:1356-1369. [DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00096e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable element for animal growth but become toxic at high concentrations, while tolerable upper intake level of iron shows adverse effect in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Ding
- College of Animal Science
- Zhejiang University
- Key Laboratory of animal feed and nutrition of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- College of Animal Science
- Zhejiang University
- Key Laboratory of animal feed and nutrition of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Lingjun Chen
- College of Animal Science
- Zhejiang University
- Key Laboratory of animal feed and nutrition of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jianan Han
- College of Animal Science
- Zhejiang University
- Key Laboratory of animal feed and nutrition of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Animal Science
- Zhejiang University
- Key Laboratory of animal feed and nutrition of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Animal Science
- Zhejiang University
- Key Laboratory of animal feed and nutrition of Zhejiang Province
- Hangzhou
- China
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142
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Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for oxygen transport, cellular energy metabolism, and many enzymatic reactions. Complex physiological processes have evolved for iron acquisition to meet metabolic needs while avoiding toxicity from iron-generated free radicals. Systemic iron homeostasis is centered around the regulation of iron absorption from duodenum and iron release from stores by hepcidin. Intracellular iron is maintained under tight control by iron regulatory proteins acting at post-transcriptional level. Despite these elaborate mechanisms, iron status is frequently altered by environmental or genetic influences. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder affecting a quarter of the world population. Iron deficiency is associated with impaired cognitive development and reduced capacity for physical work, making it a high priority for public health initiatives. Chronic inflammation from infections or other causes limits iron availability and contributes to anemia of chronic disease. At the opposite end are conditions where iron overload leads to serious complications from organ damage. Mutations in HFE gene are the most frequent cause of hereditary hemochromatosis in European population, but rare elsewhere in the world. Iron overload develops in dyserythropoietic anemias from increased intestinal absorption. Transfusional iron overload, most often observed in thalassemia, is increasing among cancer survivors due to the use of protocols requiring intensive transfusion support. Tissue-specific brain iron overload is observed in some degenerative neurological diseases without an increase in systemic iron. New insights into iron metabolism are guiding the development of novel therapies for iron deficiency and iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Lal
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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143
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Multitalented actors inside and outside the cell: recent discoveries add to the number of moonlighting proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1941-1948. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20190798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, it's become clear that many enzymes evolved not only to act as specific, finely tuned and carefully regulated catalysts, but also to perform a second, completely different function in the cell. In general, these moonlighting proteins have a single polypeptide chain that performs two or more distinct and physiologically relevant biochemical or biophysical functions. This mini-review describes examples of moonlighting proteins that have been found within the past few years, including some that play key roles in human and animal diseases and in the regulation of biochemical pathways in food crops. Several belong to two of the most common subclasses of moonlighting proteins: trigger enzymes and intracellular/surface moonlighting proteins, but a few represent less often observed combinations of functions. These examples also help illustrate some of the current methods used for identifying proteins with multiple functions. In general, a greater understanding about the functions and molecular mechanisms of moonlighting proteins, their roles in the regulation of cellular processes, and their involvement in health and disease could aid in many areas including developing new antibiotics, predicting the functions of the millions of proteins being identified through genome sequencing projects, designing novel proteins, using biological circuitry analysis to construct bacterial strains that are better producers of materials for industrial use, and developing methods to tweak biochemical pathways for increasing yields of food crops.
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144
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Iron homeostasis and oxidative stress: An intimate relationship. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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145
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Huynh N, Ou Q, Cox P, Lill R, King-Jones K. Glycogen branching enzyme controls cellular iron homeostasis via Iron Regulatory Protein 1 and mitoNEET. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5463. [PMID: 31784520 PMCID: PMC6884552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1) is a bifunctional cytosolic iron sensor. When iron levels are normal, IRP1 harbours an iron-sulphur cluster (holo-IRP1), an enzyme with aconitase activity. When iron levels fall, IRP1 loses the cluster (apo-IRP1) and binds to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding proteins involved in cellular iron uptake, distribution, and storage. Here we show that mutations in the Drosophila 1,4-Alpha-Glucan Branching Enzyme (AGBE) gene cause porphyria. AGBE was hitherto only linked to glycogen metabolism and a fatal human disorder known as glycogen storage disease type IV. AGBE binds specifically to holo-IRP1 and to mitoNEET, a protein capable of repairing IRP1 iron-sulphur clusters. This interaction ensures nuclear translocation of holo-IRP1 and downregulation of iron-dependent processes, demonstrating that holo-IRP1 functions not just as an aconitase, but throttles target gene expression in anticipation of declining iron requirements. Higher organisms regulate cellular iron concentrations through Iron Regulatory Proteins (IRPs), which regulate specific messenger RNAs. Here Huynh et al. show that IRP1 requires a Glycogen Branching Enzyme for proper function, and that IRP1 has additional regulatory roles in cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhan Huynh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, G-504 Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Qiuxiang Ou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, G-504 Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Pendleton Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, G-504 Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Roland Lill
- Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie SynMikro, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kirst King-Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, G-504 Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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146
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Fricke M, Gerst R, Ibrahim B, Niepmann M, Marz M. Global importance of RNA secondary structures in protein-coding sequences. Bioinformatics 2019; 35:579-583. [PMID: 30101307 PMCID: PMC7109657 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation The protein-coding sequences of messenger RNAs are the linear template for translation of the gene sequence into protein. Nevertheless, the RNA can also form secondary structures by intramolecular base-pairing. Results We show that the nucleotide distribution within codons is biased in all taxa of life on a global scale. Thereby, RNA secondary structures that require base-pairing between the position 1 of a codon with the position 1 of an opposing codon (here named RNA secondary structure class c1) are under-represented. We conclude that this bias may result from the co-evolution of codon sequence and mRNA secondary structure, suggesting that RNA secondary structures are generally important in protein-coding regions of mRNAs. The above result also implies that codon position 2 has a smaller influence on the amino acid choice than codon position 1. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fricke
- RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Ruman Gerst
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Bashar Ibrahim
- RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Niepmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,FLI Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Jena, Germany
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147
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Yersiniabactin-Producing Adherent/Invasive Escherichia coli Promotes Inflammation-Associated Fibrosis in Gnotobiotic Il10-/- Mice. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00587-19. [PMID: 31481410 PMCID: PMC6803345 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00587-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a significant complication of intestinal disorders associated with microbial dysbiosis and pathobiont expansion, notably Crohn’s disease (CD). Mechanisms that favor fibrosis are not well understood, and therapeutic strategies are limited. Here we demonstrate that colitis-susceptible Il10-deficient mice develop inflammation-associated fibrosis when monoassociated with adherent/invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) that harbors the yersiniabactin (Ybt) pathogenicity island. Fibrosis is a significant complication of intestinal disorders associated with microbial dysbiosis and pathobiont expansion, notably Crohn’s disease (CD). Mechanisms that favor fibrosis are not well understood, and therapeutic strategies are limited. Here we demonstrate that colitis-susceptible Il10-deficient mice develop inflammation-associated fibrosis when monoassociated with adherent/invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) that harbors the yersiniabactin (Ybt) pathogenicity island. Inactivation of Ybt siderophore production in AIEC nearly abrogated fibrosis development in inflamed mice. In contrast, inactivation of Ybt import through its cognate receptor FyuA enhanced fibrosis severity. This corresponded with increased colonic expression of profibrogenic genes prior to the development of histological disease, therefore suggesting causality. fyuA-deficient AIEC also exhibited greater localization within subepithelial tissues and fibrotic lesions that was dependent on Ybt biosynthesis and corresponded with increased fibroblast activation in vitro. Together, these findings suggest that Ybt establishes a profibrotic environment in the host in the absence of binding to its cognate receptor and indicate a direct link between intestinal AIEC and the induction of inflammation-associated fibrosis.
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148
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Alruwaili N, Kandhi S, Sun D, Wolin MS. Metabolism and Redox in Pulmonary Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:752-769. [PMID: 30403147 PMCID: PMC6708269 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: This review considers how some systems controlling pulmonary vascular function are potentially regulated by redox processes to examine how and why conditions such as prolonged hypoxia, pathological mediators, and other factors promoting vascular remodeling contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Recent Advances and Critical Issues: Aspects of vascular remodeling induction mechanisms described are associated with shifts in glucose metabolism through the pentose phosphate pathway and increased cytosolic NADPH generation by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, increased glycolysis generation of cytosolic NADH and lactate, mitochondrial dysfunction associated with superoxide dismutase-2 depletion, changes in reactive oxygen species and iron metabolism, and redox signaling. Future Directions: The regulation and impact of hypoxia-inducible factor and the function of cGMP-dependent and redox regulation of protein kinase G are considered for their potential roles as key sensors and coordinators of redox and metabolic processes controlling the progression of vascular pathophysiology in PH, and how modulating aspects of metabolic and redox regulatory systems potentially function in beneficial therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Alruwaili
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Sharath Kandhi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Michael S Wolin
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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149
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Rajan M, Anderson CP, Rindler PM, Romney SJ, Ferreira dos Santos MC, Gertz J, Leibold EA. NHR-14 loss of function couples intestinal iron uptake with innate immunity in C. elegans through PQM-1 signaling. eLife 2019; 8:e44674. [PMID: 31532389 PMCID: PMC6777940 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for survival of most organisms. All organisms have thus developed mechanisms to sense, acquire and sequester iron. In C. elegans, iron uptake and sequestration are regulated by HIF-1. We previously showed that hif-1 mutants are developmentally delayed when grown under iron limitation. Here we identify nhr-14, encoding a nuclear receptor, in a screen conducted for mutations that rescue the developmental delay of hif-1 mutants under iron limitation. nhr-14 loss upregulates the intestinal metal transporter SMF-3 to increase iron uptake in hif-1 mutants. nhr-14 mutants display increased expression of innate immune genes and DAF-16/FoxO-Class II genes, and enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These responses are dependent on the transcription factor PQM-1, which localizes to intestinal cell nuclei in nhr-14 mutants. Our data reveal how C. elegans utilizes nuclear receptors to regulate innate immunity and iron availability, and show iron sequestration as a component of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Rajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of HematologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Cole P Anderson
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Oncological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Paul M Rindler
- Department of Medicine, Division of HematologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Steven Joshua Romney
- Department of Medicine, Division of HematologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Maria C Ferreira dos Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of HematologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer InstituteUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Elizabeth A Leibold
- Department of Medicine, Division of HematologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Department of Oncological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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150
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