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Murray IR, Gonzalez ZN, Baily J, Dobie R, Wallace RJ, Mackinnon AC, Smith JR, Greenhalgh SN, Thompson AI, Conroy KP, Griggs DW, Ruminski PG, Gray GA, Singh M, Campbell MA, Kendall TJ, Dai J, Li Y, Iredale JP, Simpson H, Huard J, Péault B, Henderson NC. αv integrins on mesenchymal cells regulate skeletal and cardiac muscle fibrosis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1118. [PMID: 29061963 PMCID: PMC5653645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells expressing platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) are known to be important in fibrosis of organs such as the liver and kidney. Here we show that PDGFRβ+ cells contribute to skeletal muscle and cardiac fibrosis via a mechanism that depends on αv integrins. Mice in which αv integrin is depleted in PDGFRβ+ cells are protected from cardiotoxin and laceration-induced skeletal muscle fibrosis and angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis. In addition, a small-molecule inhibitor of αv integrins attenuates fibrosis, even when pre-established, in both skeletal and cardiac muscle, and improves skeletal muscle function. αv integrin blockade also reduces TGFβ activation in primary human skeletal muscle and cardiac PDGFRβ+ cells, suggesting that αv integrin inhibitors may be effective for the treatment and prevention of a broad range of muscle fibroses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Murray
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, Little France Campus, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- BHF Centre for Vascular Regeneration & MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Z N Gonzalez
- BHF Centre for Vascular Regeneration & MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - J Baily
- BHF Centre for Vascular Regeneration & MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - R Dobie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - R J Wallace
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, Little France Campus, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - A C Mackinnon
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - J R Smith
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - S N Greenhalgh
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - A I Thompson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - K P Conroy
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - D W Griggs
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - P G Ruminski
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - G A Gray
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - M Singh
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - M A Campbell
- Center for World Health and Medicine, Saint Louis University, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - T J Kendall
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - J Dai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), TX, 77030, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), TX, 77030, USA
| | - J P Iredale
- University of Bristol, Senate House, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - H Simpson
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Edinburgh, Chancellors Building, Little France Campus, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - J Huard
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas, Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - B Péault
- BHF Centre for Vascular Regeneration & MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| | - N C Henderson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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102
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ADAM10-mediated ephrin-B2 shedding promotes myofibroblast activation and organ fibrosis. Nat Med 2017; 23:1405-1415. [PMID: 29058717 PMCID: PMC5720906 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive wound healing responses to chronic tissue injury result in organ fibrosis. Fibrosis, which entails excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and tissue remodeling by activated myofibroblasts, leads to loss of proper tissue architecture and organ function; however, the molecular mediators of myofibroblast activation have yet to be fully identified. Here we identify soluble ephrin-B2 (sEphrin-B2) as a new profibrotic mediator in lung and skin fibrosis. We provide molecular, functional and translational evidence that the ectodomain of membrane-bound ephrin-B2 is shed from fibroblasts into the alveolar airspace after lung injury. Shedding of sEphrin-B2 promotes fibroblast chemotaxis and activation via EphB3 and/or EphB4 receptor signaling. We found that mice lacking ephrin-B2 in fibroblasts are protected from skin and lung fibrosis and that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is the major ephrin-B2 sheddase in fibroblasts. ADAM10 expression is increased by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and ADAM10-mediated sEphrin-B2 generation is required for TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast activation. Pharmacological inhibition of ADAM10 reduces sEphrin-B2 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage and prevents lung fibrosis in mice. Consistent with the mouse data, ADAM10-sEphrin-B2 signaling is upregulated in fibroblasts from human subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. These results uncover a new molecular mechanism of tissue fibrogenesis and identify sEphrin-B2, its receptors EphB3 and EphB4 and ADAM10 as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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103
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Zhou W, Wang H, Yu W, Xie W, Zhao M, Huang L, Li X. The expression of the Slit-Robo signal in the retina of diabetic rats and the vitreous or fibrovascular retinal membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185795. [PMID: 28973045 PMCID: PMC5626485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Slit-Robo signal has an important role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Our study examined the expression of Slit2 and its receptor, Robo1, in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats via a single, intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The rats were sacrificed 1, 3 or 6 months after the injection. The expression of Slit2 and Robo1 in retinal tissue was measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and protein levels were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Recombinant N-Slit2 protein was used to study the effects of Slit2 on the expression of VEGF in vivo. The concentration of Slit2 protein in human eyes was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 27 eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 28 eyes in control group. The expression of Slit2, Robo1 and VEGF in the excised human fibrovascular membranes was examined by fluorescence immunostaining and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The expression of Slit2 and Robo1 in the retina was altered after STZ injection. Recombinant N-Slit2 protein did not increase the retinal VEGF expression. Vitreous concentrations of Slit2 were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group. In the human fibrovascular membranes of the study group, the co-localization of VEGF with the markers for Slit2 and Robo1was observed. The expression of Slit2 mRNA, Robo1 mRNA, and VEGF mRNA was significantly higher in human fibrovascular proliferative diabetic retinopathy membranes than in the control membranes. CONCLUSIONS The alteration of Slit2 and Robo1 expression in the retinas of diabetic rats and patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy suggests a role for the Slit-Robo signal in the various stages diabetic retinopathy. Further studies should address the possible involvement of the Slit-Robo signal in the pathophysiological progress of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hongya Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenzhen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wankun Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
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104
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Losa M, Latorre V, Andrabi M, Ladam F, Sagerström C, Novoa A, Zarrineh P, Bridoux L, Hanley NA, Mallo M, Bobola N. A tissue-specific, Gata6-driven transcriptional program instructs remodeling of the mature arterial tree. eLife 2017; 6:31362. [PMID: 28952437 PMCID: PMC5630260 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Connection of the heart to the systemic circulation is a critical developmental event that requires selective preservation of embryonic vessels (aortic arches). However, why some aortic arches regress while others are incorporated into the mature aortic tree remains unclear. By microdissection and deep sequencing in mouse, we find that neural crest (NC) only differentiates into vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) around those aortic arches destined for survival and reorganization, and identify the transcription factor Gata6 as a crucial regulator of this process. Gata6 is expressed in SMCs and its target genes activation control SMC differentiation. Furthermore, Gata6 is sufficient to promote SMCs differentiation in vivo, and drive preservation of aortic arches that ought to regress. These findings identify Gata6-directed differentiation of NC to SMCs as an essential mechanism that specifies the aortic tree, and provide a new framework for how mutations in GATA6 lead to congenital heart disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Losa
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Latorre
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Munazah Andrabi
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Franck Ladam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Charles Sagerström
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Ana Novoa
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Peyman Zarrineh
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Bridoux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Moises Mallo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nicoletta Bobola
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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105
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Eritja N, Yeramian A, Chen BJ, Llobet-Navas D, Ortega E, Colas E, Abal M, Dolcet X, Reventos J, Matias-Guiu X. Endometrial Carcinoma: Specific Targeted Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 943:149-207. [PMID: 27910068 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43139-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the western world with more than 280,000 cases per year worldwide. Prognosis for EC at early stages, when primary surgical resection is the most common initial treatment, is excellent. Five-year survival rate is around 70 %.Several molecular alterations have been described in the different types of EC. They occur in genes involved in important signaling pathways. In this chapter, we will review the most relevant altered pathways in EC, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, Tyrosine kinase, WNT/β-Catenin, cell cycle, and TGF-β signaling pathways. At the end of the chapter, the most significant clinical trials will be briefly discussed.This information is important to identify specific targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Eritja
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Andree Yeramian
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Bo-Juen Chen
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA
| | - David Llobet-Navas
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Eugenia Ortega
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eva Colas
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Abal
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Translational Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xavier Dolcet
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jaume Reventos
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Research Unit in Biomedicine and Translational and Pediatric Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
- GEICEN Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics and Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Av Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
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106
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Tosato G. Ephrin ligands and Eph receptors contribution to hematopoiesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3377-3394. [PMID: 28589441 PMCID: PMC11107787 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells reside predominantly in the bone marrow. They supply billions of mature blood cells every day during life through maturation into multilineage progenitors and self-renewal. Newly produced mature cells serve to replenish the pool of circulating blood cells at the end of their life-span. These mature blood cells and a few hematopoietic progenitors normally exit the bone marrow through the sinusoidal vessels, a specialized venous vascular system that spreads throughout the bone marrow. Many signals regulate the coordinated mobilization of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow to the circulation. In this review, we present recent advances on hematopoiesis and hematopoietic cell mobilization with a focus on the role of Ephrin ligands and their Eph receptors. These constitute a large family of transmembrane ligands and receptors that play critical roles in development and postnatally. New insights point to distinct roles of ephrin and Eph in different aspects of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 4124, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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107
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Bartlett CS, Scott RP, Carota IA, Wnuk ML, Kanwar YS, Miner JH, Quaggin SE. Glomerular mesangial cell recruitment and function require the co-receptor neuropilin-1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F1232-F1242. [PMID: 28835419 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00311.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria has been reported in cancer patients receiving agents that target the transmembrane receptor neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) suggesting potential adverse effects on glomerular function. Here we show that Nrp1 is highly expressed by mesangial cells and that genetic deletion of the Nrp1 gene from PDGF receptor-β+ mesangial cells results in proteinuric disease and glomerulosclerosis, leading to renal failure and death within 6 wk of age in mice. The major defect is a failure of mesangial cell migration that is required to establish the mature glomerular tuft. In vitro data show that the potent chemotactic effect of PDGFB is lost in Nrp1-deficient mesangial cells. Biochemical analyses reveal that Nrp1 is required for PDGFB-dependent phosphorylation of p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas), a large-scaffold molecule that is involved in motility of other cell types. In stark contrast, matrix adhesion and activation of ERK and Akt, which mediate proliferation of mesangial cells in response to PDGFB, are unaffected by the absence of Nrp1. Taken together, these results identify a critical cell-autonomous role for Nrp1 in the migratory behavior of mesangial cells and may help explain the renal effects that occur in patients receiving Nrp1-inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Bartlett
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rizaldy P Scott
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Isabel Anna Carota
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monika L Wnuk
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Susan E Quaggin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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108
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Toda H, Yamamoto M, Uyama H, Tabata Y. Effect of hydrogel elasticity and ephrinB2-immobilized manner on Runx2 expression of human mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2017; 58:312-322. [PMID: 28300720 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to design the manner of ephrinB2 immobilized onto polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels with varied elasticity and evaluate the effect of hydrogels elasticity and the immobilized manner of ephrinB2 on the Runx2 expression of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). The PAAm hydrogels were prepared by the radical polymerization of acrylamide (AAm), and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS). By changing the BIS concentration, the elasticity of PAAm hydrogels changed from 1 to 70kPa. For the bio-specific immobilization of ephrinB2, a chimeric protein of ephrinB2 and Fc domain was immobilized onto protein A-conjugated PAAm hydrogels by making use of the bio-specific interaction between the Fc domain and protein A. When hMSC were cultured on the ephrinB2-immobilized PAAm hydrogels with varied elasticity, the morphology of hMSC was of cuboidal shape on the PAAm hydrogels immobilized with ephrinB2 compared with non-conjugated ones, irrespective of the hydrogels elasticity. The bio-specific immobilization of ephrinB2 enhanced the level of Runx2 expression. The expression level was significantly high for the hydrogels of 3.6 and 5.9kPa elasticity with bio-specific immobilization of ephrinB2 compared with other hydrogels with the same elasticity. The hydrogels showed a significantly down-regulated RhoA activity. It is concluded that the Runx2 expression of hMSC is synergistically influenced by the hydrogels elasticity and their immobilized manner of ephrinB2 immobilized. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Differentiation fate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is modified by biochemical and biophysical factors, such as elasticity and signal proteins. However, there are few experiments about combinations of them. In this study, to evaluate the synergistic effect of them on cell properties of MSC, we established to design the manner of Eph signal ligand, ephrinB2, immobilized onto polyacrylamide hydrogels with varied elasticity. The gene expression level of an osteogenic maker, Runx2, was enhanced by the immobilized manner, and significantly enhanced for the hydrogels of around 4kPa elasticity with bio-specific immobilization of ephrinB2. This is the novel report describing to demonstrate that the Runx2 expression of MSC is synergistically influenced by the hydrogels elasticity and their manner of ephrinB2 immobilized.
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109
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Cuervo H, Pereira B, Nadeem T, Lin M, Lee F, Kitajewski J, Lin CS. PDGFRβ-P2A-CreER T2 mice: a genetic tool to target pericytes in angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2017; 20:655-662. [PMID: 28752390 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are essential mural cells distinguished by their association with small caliber blood vessels and the presence of a basement membrane shared with endothelial cells. Pericyte interaction with the endothelium plays an important role in angiogenesis; however, very few tools are currently available that allow for the targeting of pericytes in mouse models, limiting our ability to understand their biology. We have generated a novel mouse line expressing tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase under the control of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β promoter: PDGFRβ-P2A-CreER T2 . We evaluated the expression of the PDGFRβ-P2A-CreER T2 line by crossing it with fluorescent reporter lines and analyzed reporter signal in the angiogenic retina and brain at different time points after tamoxifen administration. Reporter lines showed labeling of NG2+, desmin+, PDGFRβ+ perivascular cells in the retina and the brain, indicating successful targeting of pericytes; however, signal from reporter lines was also observed in a small subset of glial cells both in the retina and the brain. We also evaluated recombination in tumors and found efficient recombination in perivascular cells associated with tumor vasculature. As a proof of principle, we used our newly generated driver to delete Notch signaling in perivascular cells and observed a loss of smooth muscle cells in retinal arteries, consistent with previously published studies evaluating Notch3 null mice. We conclude that the PDGFRβ-P2A-CreER T2 line is a powerful new tool to target pericytes and will aid the field in gaining a deeper understanding of the role of these cells in physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henar Cuervo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave. E-202, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Brianna Pereira
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Taliha Nadeem
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave. E-202, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mika Lin
- Transgenic Mouse Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, ICRC604, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Biology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Frances Lee
- Transgenic Mouse Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, ICRC604, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Northwell Health-Lenox Health Greenwich Village, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Kitajewski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott Ave. E-202, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, ICRC604, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chyuan-Sheng Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, ICRC604, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Transgenic Mouse Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, ICRC604, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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110
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Su SA, Yang D, Wu Y, Xie Y, Zhu W, Cai Z, Shen J, Fu Z, Wang Y, Jia L, Wang Y, Wang JA, Xiang M. EphrinB2 Regulates Cardiac Fibrosis Through Modulating the Interaction of Stat3 and TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling. Circ Res 2017; 121:617-627. [PMID: 28743805 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac fibrosis is a common feature in left ventricular remodeling that leads to heart failure, regardless of the cause. EphrinB2 (erythropoietin-producing hepatoma interactor B2), a pivotal bidirectional signaling molecule ubiquitously expressed in mammals, is crucial in angiogenesis during development and disease progression. Recently, EphrinB2 was reported to protect kidneys from injury-induced fibrogenesis. However, its role in cardiac fibrosis remains to be clarified. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the role of EphrinB2 in cardiac fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms during the pathological remodeling process. METHODS AND RESULTS EphrinB2 was highly expressed in the myocardium of patients with advanced heart failure, as well as in mouse models of myocardial infarction and cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II infusion, which was accompanied by myofibroblast activation and collagen fiber deposition. In contrast, intramyocardial injection of lentiviruses carrying EphrinB2-shRNA ameliorated cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function in mouse model of myocardial infarction. Furthermore, in vitro studies in cultured cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated that EphrinB2 promoted the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Mechanistically, the profibrotic effect of EphrinB2 on cardiac fibroblast was determined via activating the Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)/Smad3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3) signaling. We further determined that EphrinB2 modulated the interaction between Stat3 and Smad3 and identified that the MAD homology 2 domain of Smad3 and the coil-coil domain and DNA-binding domain of Stat3 mediated the interaction. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovered a previously unrecognized profibrotic role of EphrinB2 in cardiac fibrosis, which is achieved through the interaction of Stat3 with TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, implying a promising therapeutic target in fibrotic diseases and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-An Su
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Du Yang
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Yue Wu
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Yao Xie
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Wei Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Zhejun Cai
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Jian Shen
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Zurong Fu
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Yaping Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Liangliang Jia
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Yidong Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Jian-An Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.)
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (S.-a.S., D.Y., Y.W., W.Z., Z.C., J.S., Z.F., Y.W., L.J., Y.W., J.-a.W., M.X.); and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Center, United Kingdom (Y.X.).
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111
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Teichert M, Milde L, Holm A, Stanicek L, Gengenbacher N, Savant S, Ruckdeschel T, Hasanov Z, Srivastava K, Hu J, Hertel S, Bartol A, Schlereth K, Augustin HG. Pericyte-expressed Tie2 controls angiogenesis and vessel maturation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16106. [PMID: 28719590 PMCID: PMC5520106 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tie receptors with their Angiopoietin ligands act as regulators of angiogenesis and vessel maturation. Tie2 exerts its functions through its supposed endothelial-specific expression. Yet, Tie2 is also expressed at lower levels by pericytes and it has not been unravelled through which mechanisms pericyte Angiopoietin/Tie signalling affects angiogenesis. Here we show that human and murine pericytes express functional Tie2 receptor. Silencing of Tie2 in pericytes results in a pro-migratory phenotype. Pericyte Tie2 controls sprouting angiogenesis in in vitro sprouting and in vivo spheroid assays. Tie2 downstream signalling in pericytes involves Calpain, Akt and FOXO3A. Ng2-Cre-driven deletion of pericyte-expressed Tie2 in mice transiently delays postnatal retinal angiogenesis. Yet, Tie2 deletion in pericytes results in a pronounced pro-angiogenic effect leading to enhanced tumour growth. Together, the data expand and revise the current concepts on vascular Angiopoietin/Tie signalling and propose a bidirectional, reciprocal EC-pericyte model of Tie2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Teichert
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Milde
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annegret Holm
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Stanicek
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gengenbacher
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soniya Savant
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tina Ruckdeschel
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zulfiyya Hasanov
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kshitij Srivastava
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Junhao Hu
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stella Hertel
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arne Bartol
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Schlereth
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis (CBTM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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112
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Sweeney MD, Ayyadurai S, Zlokovic BV. Pericytes of the neurovascular unit: key functions and signaling pathways. Nat Neurosci 2017; 19:771-83. [PMID: 27227366 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes are vascular mural cells embedded in the basement membrane of blood microvessels. They extend their processes along capillaries, pre-capillary arterioles and post-capillary venules. CNS pericytes are uniquely positioned in the neurovascular unit between endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. They integrate, coordinate and process signals from their neighboring cells to generate diverse functional responses that are critical for CNS functions in health and disease, including regulation of the blood-brain barrier permeability, angiogenesis, clearance of toxic metabolites, capillary hemodynamic responses, neuroinflammation and stem cell activity. Here we examine the key signaling pathways between pericytes and their neighboring endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons that control neurovascular functions. We also review the role of pericytes in CNS disorders including rare monogenic diseases and complex neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and brain tumors. Finally, we discuss directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shiva Ayyadurai
- Systems Biology Group, CytoSolve Research Division, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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113
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Ronca R, Benkheil M, Mitola S, Struyf S, Liekens S. Tumor angiogenesis revisited: Regulators and clinical implications. Med Res Rev 2017. [PMID: 28643862 DOI: 10.1002/med.21452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since Judah Folkman hypothesized in 1971 that angiogenesis is required for solid tumor growth, numerous studies have been conducted to unravel the angiogenesis process, analyze its role in primary tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenic diseases, and to develop inhibitors of proangiogenic factors. These studies have led in 2004 to the approval of the first antiangiogenic agent (bevacizumab, a humanized antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor) for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. This approval launched great expectations for the use of antiangiogenic therapy for malignant diseases. However, these expectations have not been met and, as knowledge of blood vessel formation accumulates, many of the original paradigms no longer hold. Therefore, the regulators and clinical implications of angiogenesis need to be revisited. In this review, we discuss recently identified angiogenesis mediators and pathways, new concepts that have emerged over the past 10 years, tumor resistance and toxicity associated with the use of currently available antiangiogenic treatment and potentially new targets and/or approaches for malignant and nonmalignant neovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ronca
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mohammed Benkheil
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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114
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Reynolds LE, D'Amico G, Lechertier T, Papachristodoulou A, Muñoz-Félix JM, De Arcangelis A, Baker M, Serrels B, Hodivala-Dilke KM. Dual role of pericyte α6β1-integrin in tumour blood vessels. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1583-1595. [PMID: 28289267 PMCID: PMC5450232 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The α6β1-integrin is a major laminin receptor, and formation of a laminin-rich basement membrane is a key feature in tumour blood vessel stabilisation and pericyte recruitment, processes that are important in the growth and maturation of tumour blood vessels. However, the role of pericyte α6β1-integrin in angiogenesis is largely unknown. We developed mice where the α6-integrin subunit is deleted in pericytes and examined tumour angiogenesis and growth. These mice had: (1) reduced pericyte coverage of tumour blood vessels; (2) reduced tumour blood vessel stability; (3) increased blood vessel diameter; (4) enhanced blood vessel leakiness, and (5) abnormal blood vessel basement membrane architecture. Surprisingly, tumour growth, blood vessel density and metastasis were not altered. Analysis of retinas revealed that deletion of pericyte α6-integrin did not affect physiological angiogenesis. At the molecular level, we provide evidence that pericyte α6-integrin controls PDGFRβ expression and AKT-mTOR signalling. Taken together, we show that pericyte α6β1-integrin regulates tumour blood vessels by both controlling PDGFRβ and basement membrane architecture. These data establish a novel dual role for pericyte α6-integrin as modulating the blood vessel phenotype during pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E Reynolds
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gabriela D'Amico
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tanguy Lechertier
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Alexandros Papachristodoulou
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Dept. of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - José M Muñoz-Félix
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Adèle De Arcangelis
- IGBMC, UMR 7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, BP. 10142, 1, Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch Cedex 67404, France
| | - Marianne Baker
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kairbaan M Hodivala-Dilke
- Adhesion and Angiogenesis Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - A CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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115
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Kemmerling N, Wunderlich P, Theil S, Linnartz-Gerlach B, Hersch N, Hoffmann B, Heneka MT, de Strooper B, Neumann H, Walter J. Intramembranous processing by γ-secretase regulates reverse signaling of ephrin-B2 in migration of microglia. Glia 2017; 65:1103-1118. [PMID: 28370426 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Eph-ephrin system plays pivotal roles in cell adhesion and migration. The receptor-like functions of the ephrin ligands allow the regulation of intracellular processes via reverse signaling. γ-Secretase mediated processing of ephrin-B has previously been linked to activation of Src, a kinase crucial for focal adhesion and podosome phosphorylation. Here, we analyzed the role of γ-secretase in the stimulation of reverse ephrin-B2 signaling in the migration of mouse embryonic stem cell derived microglia. The proteolytic generation of the ephrin-B2 intracellular domain (ICD) by γ-secretase stimulates Src and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Inhibition of γ-secretase decreased the phosphorylation of Src and FAK, and reduced cell motility. These effects were associated with enlargement of the podosomal surface. Interestingly, expression of ephrin-B2 ICD could rescue these effects, indicating that this proteolytic fragment mediates the activation of Src and FAK, and thereby regulates podosomal dynamics in microglial cells. Together, these results identify γ-secretase as well as ephrin-B2 as regulators of microglial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Kemmerling
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Theil
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | | | - Nils Hersch
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7 Biomechanics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, ICS-7 Biomechanics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Bart de Strooper
- KULeuven Centre for Human Genetics, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.,Centre for Brain and Disease, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology), Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Harald Neumann
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
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116
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NG2 Proteoglycan Enhances Brain Tumor Progression by Promoting Beta-1 Integrin Activation in both Cis and Trans Orientations. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040031. [PMID: 28362324 PMCID: PMC5406706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
By physically interacting with beta-1 integrins, the NG2 proteoglycan enhances activation of the integrin heterodimers. In glioma cells, co-localization of NG2 and 31 integrin in individual cells (cis interaction) can be demonstrated by immunolabeling, and the NG2-integrin interaction can be confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. NG2-dependent integrin activation is detected via use of conformationally sensitive monoclonal antibodies that reveal the activated state of the beta-1 subunit in NG2-positive versus NG2-negative cells. NG2-dependent activation of beta-1 integrins triggers downstream activation of FAK and PI3K/Akt signaling, resulting in increased glioma cell proliferation, motility, and survival. Similar NG2-dependent cis activation of beta-1 integrins occurs in microvascular pericytes, leading to enhanced proliferation and motility of these vascular cells. Surprisingly, pericyte NG2 is also able to promote beta-1 integrin activation in closely apposed endothelial cells (trans interaction). Enhanced beta-1 signaling in endothelial cells promotes endothelial maturation by inducing the formation of endothelial junctions, resulting in increased barrier function of the endothelium and increased basal lamina assembly. NG2-dependent beta-1 integrin signaling is therefore important for tumor progression by virtue of its affects not only on the tumor cells themselves, but also on the maturation and function of tumor blood vessels.
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117
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Ghori A, Freimann FB, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Kremenetskaia I, Gertz K, Endres M, Vajkoczy P. EphrinB2 Activation Enhances Vascular Repair Mechanisms and Reduces Brain Swelling After Mild Cerebral Ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:867-878. [PMID: 28254815 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral edema caused by the disruption of the blood-brain barrier is a major complication after stroke. Therefore, strategies to accelerate and enhance neurovascular recovery after stroke are of prime interest. Our main aim was to study the role of ephrinB2/EphB4 signaling in mediating the vascular repair and in blood-brain barrier restoration after mild cerebral ischemia occlusion/reperfusion. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we show that the guidance molecule ephrinB2 plays a key role in neurovascular protection and blood-brain barrier restoration after stroke. In a focal stroke model, we characterize the stroke-induced damage to cerebral blood vessels and their subsequent endogenous repair on a cellular, molecular, and functional level. EphrinB2 and its tyrosine kinase receptor EphB4 are upregulated early after stroke by endothelial cells and perivascular support cells, in parallel to their reassembly during neurovascular recovery. Using both retroviral and pharmacological approaches, we show that the inhibition of ephrinB2/EphB4 signaling suppresses post-middle cerebral artery occlusion neurovascular repair mechanisms resulting in an aggravation of brain swelling. In contrast, the activation of ephrinB2 after brain ischemia leads to an increased pericyte recruitment and increased endothelial-pericyte interaction, resulting in an accelerated neurovascular repair after ischemia. CONCLUSIONS We show that reducing swelling could result in improved outcome because of reduction in damaged brain tissue. We also identify a novel role for ephrinB2/EphB4 signaling in the maintenance of the neurovascular homeostasis and provide a novel therapeutic approach in reducing brain swelling after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Ghori
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (A.G., F.B.F., M.N.-K., I.K., P.V.), Center for Stroke Research (K.G., M.E., P.V.), Department of Neurology (M.E.), and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Max-Delbrück-Centrum Für Molekulare Medizin Berlin-Buch, Germany (M.E.); and Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (A.G.)
| | - Florian B Freimann
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (A.G., F.B.F., M.N.-K., I.K., P.V.), Center for Stroke Research (K.G., M.E., P.V.), Department of Neurology (M.E.), and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Max-Delbrück-Centrum Für Molekulare Medizin Berlin-Buch, Germany (M.E.); and Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (A.G.)
| | - Melina Nieminen-Kelhä
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (A.G., F.B.F., M.N.-K., I.K., P.V.), Center for Stroke Research (K.G., M.E., P.V.), Department of Neurology (M.E.), and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Max-Delbrück-Centrum Für Molekulare Medizin Berlin-Buch, Germany (M.E.); and Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (A.G.)
| | - Irina Kremenetskaia
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (A.G., F.B.F., M.N.-K., I.K., P.V.), Center for Stroke Research (K.G., M.E., P.V.), Department of Neurology (M.E.), and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Max-Delbrück-Centrum Für Molekulare Medizin Berlin-Buch, Germany (M.E.); and Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (A.G.)
| | - Karen Gertz
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (A.G., F.B.F., M.N.-K., I.K., P.V.), Center for Stroke Research (K.G., M.E., P.V.), Department of Neurology (M.E.), and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Max-Delbrück-Centrum Für Molekulare Medizin Berlin-Buch, Germany (M.E.); and Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (A.G.)
| | - Matthias Endres
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (A.G., F.B.F., M.N.-K., I.K., P.V.), Center for Stroke Research (K.G., M.E., P.V.), Department of Neurology (M.E.), and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Max-Delbrück-Centrum Für Molekulare Medizin Berlin-Buch, Germany (M.E.); and Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (A.G.)
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- From the Department of Neurosurgery (A.G., F.B.F., M.N.-K., I.K., P.V.), Center for Stroke Research (K.G., M.E., P.V.), Department of Neurology (M.E.), and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.E.), Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Max-Delbrück-Centrum Für Molekulare Medizin Berlin-Buch, Germany (M.E.); and Freie Universität Berlin, Germany (A.G.).
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118
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Chang Y, Lau WL, Jo H, Tsujino K, Gewin L, Reed NI, Atakilit A, Nunes ACF, DeGrado WF, Sheppard D. Pharmacologic Blockade of αv β1 Integrin Ameliorates Renal Failure and Fibrosis In Vivo. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:1998-2005. [PMID: 28220032 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated fibroblasts are deemed the main executors of organ fibrosis. However, regulation of the pathologic functions of these cells in vivo is poorly understood. PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) is highly expressed in activated pericytes, a main source of fibroblasts. Studies using a PDGFRβ promoter-driven Cre system to delete αv integrins in activated fibroblasts identified these integrins as core regulators of fibroblast activity across solid organs, including the kidneys. Here, we used the same PDGFRβ-Cre line to isolate and study renal fibroblasts ex vivo We found that renal fibroblasts express three αv integrins, namely αvβ1, αvβ3, and αvβ5. Blockade of αvβ1 prevented direct binding of fibroblasts to the latency-associated peptide of TGF-β1 and prevented activation of the latent TGF-β complex. Continuous administration of a recently described potent small molecule inhibitor of αvβ1, compound 8, starting the day of unilateral ureteral obstruction operation, inhibited collagen deposition in the kidneys of mice 14 days later. Compound 8 also effectively attenuated renal failure, as measured by BUN levels in mice fed an adenine diet known to cause renal injury followed by fibrosis. Inhibition of αvβ1 integrin could thus hold promise as a therapeutic intervention in CKD characterized by renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongen Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California;
| | - Wei Ling Lau
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Hyunil Jo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and
| | - Kazuyuki Tsujino
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Leslie Gewin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nilgun Isik Reed
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Amha Atakilit
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | | | | | - Dean Sheppard
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
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119
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Wei W, Wang H, Ji S. Paradoxes of the EphB1 receptor in malignant brain tumors. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:21. [PMID: 28194092 PMCID: PMC5299699 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eph receptors are a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. Eph receptor-mediated forward and ephrin ligand-mediated reverse signalings are termed bidirectional signaling. Increasing evidence shows that Eph/ephrin signaling regulates cell migration, adhesion, morphological changes, differentiation, proliferation and survival through cell–cell communication. Some recent studies have started to implicate Eph/ephrin signaling in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that EphB1 receptor and its ephrin ligands are expressed in the central nervous system. EphB1/ephrin signaling plays an important role in the regulation of synapse formation and maturation, migration of neural progenitors, establishment of tissue patterns, and the development of immune organs. Besides, various recent studies have detected the abnormal expression of EphB1 receptor in different brain tumors. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of EphB1/ephrins signaling in the development of these tumors are not fully understood. This review focuses on EphB1 that has both tumor-suppressing and -promoting roles in some brain tumors. Understanding the intracellular mechanisms of EphB1 in tumorigenesis and metastasis of brain tumors might provide a foundation for the development of EphB1-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wei
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China.,Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Hongju Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001 China
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120
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Guimarães-Camboa N, Cattaneo P, Sun Y, Moore-Morris T, Gu Y, Dalton ND, Rockenstein E, Masliah E, Peterson KL, Stallcup WB, Chen J, Evans SM. Pericytes of Multiple Organs Do Not Behave as Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:345-359.e5. [PMID: 28111199 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are widely believed to function as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotent tissue-resident progenitors with great potential for regenerative medicine. Cultured pericytes isolated from distinct tissues can differentiate into multiple cell types in vitro or following transplantation in vivo. However, the cell fate plasticity of endogenous pericytes in vivo remains unclear. Here, we show that the transcription factor Tbx18 selectively marks pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in multiple organs of adult mouse. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-purified Tbx18-expressing cells behaved as MSCs in vitro. However, lineage-tracing experiments using an inducible Tbx18-CreERT2 line revealed that pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells maintained their identity in aging and diverse pathological settings and did not significantly contribute to other cell lineages. These results challenge the current view of endogenous pericytes as multipotent tissue-resident progenitors and suggest that the plasticity observed in vitro or following transplantation in vivo arises from artificial cell manipulations ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Guimarães-Camboa
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute for Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar and GABBA Graduate Program, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Paola Cattaneo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yunfu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | | | - Yusu Gu
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nancy D Dalton
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kirk L Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William B Stallcup
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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121
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The role of Eph/ephrin molecules in stromal–hematopoietic interactions. Int J Hematol 2016; 103:145-54. [PMID: 26475284 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1886-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal/stem cells(BMSC) are fundamental regulatory elements of the hematopoietic stem cell niche; however, the molecular signals that mediate BMSC support of hematopoiesis are poorly understood. Recent studies indicate that BMSC and hematopoietic stem/progenitors cells differentially express the Eph cell surface tyrosine kinase receptors, and their ephrinligands. Eph/ephrin interactions are thought to mediate cross-talk between BMSC and different hematopoietic cell populations to influence cell development, migration and function. This review summarizes Eph/ephrin interactions in the regulation of BMSC communication with hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and discusses Eph/ephrintargeted therapeutic strategies that are currently being pursued or various hematotological malignancies.
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122
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Bifari F, Decimo I, Pino A, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Zhao S, Lange C, Panuccio G, Boeckx B, Thienpont B, Vinckier S, Wyns S, Bouché A, Lambrechts D, Giugliano M, Dewerchin M, Martin-Villalba A, Carmeliet P. Neurogenic Radial Glia-like Cells in Meninges Migrate and Differentiate into Functionally Integrated Neurons in the Neonatal Cortex. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 20:360-373.e7. [PMID: 27889318 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Whether new neurons are added in the postnatal cerebral cortex is still debated. Here, we report that the meninges of perinatal mice contain a population of neurogenic progenitors formed during embryonic development that migrate to the caudal cortex and differentiate into Satb2+ neurons in cortical layers II-IV. The resulting neurons are electrically functional and integrated into local microcircuits. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified meningeal cells with distinct transcriptome signatures characteristic of (1) neurogenic radial glia-like cells (resembling neural stem cells in the SVZ), (2) neuronal cells, and (3) a cell type with an intermediate phenotype, possibly representing radial glia-like meningeal cells differentiating to neuronal cells. Thus, we have identified a pool of embryonically derived radial glia-like cells present in the meninges that migrate and differentiate into functional neurons in the neonatal cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Annachiara Pino
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Sheng Zhao
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Lange
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Theoretical Neurobiology and Neuroengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Wyns
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Bouché
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michele Giugliano
- Theoretical Neurobiology and Neuroengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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123
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Gautam J, Zhang X, Yao Y. The role of pericytic laminin in blood brain barrier integrity maintenance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36450. [PMID: 27808256 PMCID: PMC5093438 DOI: 10.1038/srep36450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin, a major component of the basement membrane, plays an important role in blood brain barrier regulation. At the neurovascular unit, brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes synthesize and deposit different laminin isoforms into the basement membrane. It has been shown that laminin α4 (endothelial laminin) regulates vascular integrity at embryonic/neonatal stage, while astrocytic laminin maintains vascular integrity in adulthood. Here, we investigate the function of pericyte-derived laminin in vascular integrity. Using a conditional knockout mouse line, we report that loss of pericytic laminin leads to hydrocephalus and BBB breakdown in a small percentage (10.7%) of the mutants. Interestingly, BBB disruption always goes hand-in-hand with hydrocephalus in these mutants, and neither symptom is observed in the rest 89.3% of the mutants. Further mechanistic studies show that reduced tight junction proteins, diminished AQP4 expression, and decreased pericyte coverage are responsible for the BBB disruption. Together, these data suggest that pericyte-derived laminin is involved in the maintenance of BBB integrity and regulation of ventricular size/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gautam
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 1110 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Xuanming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 1110 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 1110 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
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124
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Stallcup WB, You WK, Kucharova K, Cejudo-Martin P, Yotsumoto F. NG2 Proteoglycan-Dependent Contributions of Pericytes and Macrophages to Brain Tumor Vascularization and Progression. Microcirculation 2016; 23:122-33. [PMID: 26465118 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The NG2 proteoglycan promotes tumor growth as a component of both tumor and stromal cells. Using intracranial, NG2-negative B16F10 melanomas, we have investigated the importance of PC and Mac NG2 in brain tumor progression. Reduced melanoma growth in Mac-NG2ko and PC-NG2ko mice demonstrates the importance of NG2 in both stromal compartments. In each genotype, the loss of PC-endothelial cell interaction diminishes the formation of endothelial junctions and assembly of the basal lamina. Tumor vessels in Mac-NG2ko mice have smaller diameters, reduced patency, and increased leakiness compared to PC-NG2ko mice, thus decreasing tumor blood supply and increasing hypoxia. While the reduced PC interaction with endothelial cells in PC-NG2ko mice results from the loss of PC activation of β1 integrin signaling in endothelial cells, reduced PC-endothelial cell interaction in Mac-NG2ko mice results from 90% reduced Mac recruitment. The absence of Mac-derived signals in Mac-NG2ko mice causes the loss of PC association with endothelial cells. Reduced Mac recruitment may be due to diminished activation of integrins in the absence of NG2, causing decreased Mac interaction with endothelial adhesion molecules that are needed for extravasation. These results reflect the complex interplay that occurs between Mac, PC, and endothelial cells during tumor vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Stallcup
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Weon-Kyoo You
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA.,Biologics Business, Research and Development Center, Hanwha Chemical, Daejon, South Korea
| | - Karolina Kucharova
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pilar Cejudo-Martin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fusanori Yotsumoto
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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125
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Caporali A, Martello A, Miscianinov V, Maselli D, Vono R, Spinetti G. Contribution of pericyte paracrine regulation of the endothelium to angiogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 171:56-64. [PMID: 27742570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During physiological development and after a stressor event, vascular cells communicate with each other to evoke new vessel formation-a process known as angiogenesis. This communication occurs via direct contact and via paracrine release of proteins and nucleic acids, both in a free form or encapsulated into micro-vesicles. In diseases with an altered angiogenic response, such as cancer and diabetic vascular complications, it becomes of paramount importance to tune the cell communication process. Endothelial cell growth and migration are essential processes for new vessel formation, and pericytes, together with some classes of circulating monocytes, are important endothelial regulators. The interaction between pericytes and the endothelium is facilitated by their anatomical apposition, which involves endothelial cells and pericytes sharing the same basement membrane. However, the role of pericytes is not fully understood. The characteristics and the function of tissue-specific pericytesis are the focus of this review. Factors involved in the cross-talk between these cell types and the opportunities afforded by micro-RNA and micro-vesicle techniques are discussed. Targeting these mechanisms in pathological conditions, in which the vessel response is altered, is considered in relation to identification of new therapies for restoring the blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Caporali
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Martello
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - V Miscianinov
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D Maselli
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - R Vono
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
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126
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Swonger JM, Liu JS, Ivey MJ, Tallquist MD. Genetic tools for identifying and manipulating fibroblasts in the mouse. Differentiation 2016; 92:66-83. [PMID: 27342817 PMCID: PMC5079827 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of mouse genetic tools to track and manipulate fibroblasts has provided invaluable in vivo information regarding the activities of these cells. Recently, many new mouse strains have been described for the specific purpose of studying fibroblast behavior. Colorimetric reporter mice and lines expressing Cre are available for the study of fibroblasts in the organs prone to fibrosis, including heart, kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle. In this review we summarize the current state of the models that have been used to define tissue resident fibroblast populations. While these complex genetic reagents provide unique insights into the process of fibrosis, they also require a thorough understanding of the caveats and limitations. Here, we discuss the specificity and efficiency of the available genetic models and briefly describe how they have been used to document the mechanisms of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Swonger
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Jocelyn S Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Malina J Ivey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Michelle D Tallquist
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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127
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Gieseck RL, Ramalingam TR, Hart KM, Vannella KM, Cantu DA, Lu WY, Ferreira-González S, Forbes SJ, Vallier L, Wynn TA. Interleukin-13 Activates Distinct Cellular Pathways Leading to Ductular Reaction, Steatosis, and Fibrosis. Immunity 2016; 45:145-58. [PMID: 27421703 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroproliferative diseases are driven by dysregulated tissue repair responses and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality because they affect nearly every organ system. Type 2 cytokine responses are critically involved in tissue repair; however, the mechanisms that regulate beneficial regeneration versus pathological fibrosis are not well understood. Here, we have shown that the type 2 effector cytokine interleukin-13 simultaneously, yet independently, directed hepatic fibrosis and the compensatory proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary cells in progressive models of liver disease induced by interleukin-13 overexpression or after infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Using transgenic mice with interleukin-13 signaling genetically disrupted in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, or resident tissue fibroblasts, we have revealed direct and distinct roles for interleukin-13 in fibrosis, steatosis, cholestasis, and ductular reaction. Together, these studies show that these mechanisms are simultaneously controlled but distinctly regulated by interleukin-13 signaling. Thus, it may be possible to promote interleukin-13-dependent hepatobiliary expansion without generating pathological fibrosis. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Gieseck
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kevin M Hart
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kevin M Vannella
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - David A Cantu
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Wei-Yu Lu
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sofía Ferreira-González
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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128
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Bersini S, Yazdi IK, Talò G, Shin SR, Moretti M, Khademhosseini A. Cell-microenvironment interactions and architectures in microvascular systems. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1113-1130. [PMID: 27417066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, significant advances have been made in the design and optimization of novel biomaterials and microfabrication techniques to generate vascularized tissues. Novel microfluidic systems have facilitated the development and optimization of in vitro models for exploring the complex pathophysiological phenomena that occur inside a microvascular environment. To date, most of these models have focused on engineering of increasingly complex systems, rather than analyzing the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive microvascular network morphogenesis and remodeling. In fact, mutual interactions among endothelial cells (ECs), supporting mural cells and organ-specific cells, as well as between ECs and the extracellular matrix, are key driving forces for vascularization. This review focuses on the integration of materials science, microengineering and vascular biology for the development of in vitro microvascular systems. Various approaches currently being applied to study cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions, as well as biochemical/biophysical cues promoting vascularization and their impact on microvascular network formation, will be identified and discussed. Finally, this review will explore in vitro applications of microvascular systems, in vivo integration of transplanted vascularized tissues, and the important challenges for vascularization and controlling the microcirculatory system within the engineered tissues, especially for microfabrication approaches. It is likely that existing models and more complex models will further our understanding of the key elements of vascular network growth, stabilization and remodeling to translate basic research principles into functional, vascularized tissue constructs for regenerative medicine applications, drug screening and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bersini
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Iman K Yazdi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giuseppe Talò
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy; Regenerative Medicine Technologies Lab, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lugano, Switzerland; Cardiocentro Ticino, Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia; College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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129
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Krusche B, Ottone C, Clements MP, Johnstone ER, Goetsch K, Lieven H, Mota SG, Singh P, Khadayate S, Ashraf A, Davies T, Pollard SM, De Paola V, Roncaroli F, Martinez-Torrecuadrada J, Bertone P, Parrinello S. EphrinB2 drives perivascular invasion and proliferation of glioblastoma stem-like cells. eLife 2016; 5:e14845. [PMID: 27350048 PMCID: PMC4924994 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are aggressive and therapy-resistant brain tumours, which contain a subpopulation of tumour-propagating glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) thought to drive progression and recurrence. Diffuse invasion of the brain parenchyma, including along preexisting blood vessels, is a leading cause of therapeutic resistance, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that ephrin-B2 mediates GSC perivascular invasion. Intravital imaging, coupled with mechanistic studies in murine GBM models and patient-derived GSC, revealed that endothelial ephrin-B2 compartmentalises non-tumourigenic cells. In contrast, upregulation of the same ephrin-B2 ligand in GSC enabled perivascular migration through homotypic forward signalling. Surprisingly, ephrin-B2 reverse signalling also promoted tumourigenesis cell-autonomously, by mediating anchorage-independent cytokinesis via RhoA. In human GSC-derived orthotopic xenografts, EFNB2 knock-down blocked tumour initiation and treatment of established tumours with ephrin-B2-blocking antibodies suppressed progression. Thus, our results indicate that targeting ephrin-B2 may be an effective strategy for the simultaneous inhibition of invasion and proliferation in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Krusche
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Ottone
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie P Clements
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan R Johnstone
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Goetsch
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huang Lieven
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroplasticity and Diseases Group, MRC Clinical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia G Mota
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Poonam Singh
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Khadayate
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Azhaar Ashraf
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Davies
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven M Pollard
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo De Paola
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroplasticity and Diseases Group, MRC Clinical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Bertone
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Parrinello
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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130
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Rundle CH, Xing W, Lau KHW, Mohan S. Bidirectional ephrin signaling in bone. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016; 2:65-76. [PMID: 30775469 PMCID: PMC6372807 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between ephrin ligands (efn) and their receptors (Eph) is capable of inducing forward signaling, from ligand to receptor, as well as reverse signaling, from receptor to ligand. The ephrins are widely expressed in many tissues, where they mediate cell migration and adherence, properties that make the efn-Eph signaling critically important in establishing and maintaining tissue boundaries. The efn-Eph system has also received considerable attention in skeletal tissues, as ligand and receptor combinations are predicted to mediate interactions between the different types of cells that regulate bone development and homeostasis. This review summarizes our current understanding of efn-Eph signaling with a particular focus on the expression and functions of ephrins and their receptors in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Rundle
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Kin-Hing William Lau
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, 11201 Benton St, Loma Linda, CA 92357, USA.,Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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131
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EphrinB2/EphB4 pathway in postnatal angiogenesis: a potential therapeutic target for ischemic cardiovascular disease. Angiogenesis 2016; 19:297-309. [PMID: 27216867 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Proangiogenic therapy appears to be a promising and feasible strategy for the patients with ischemic cardiovascular disease, but the results of preclinical and clinical trials are limited due to the complicated mechanisms of angiogenesis. Facilitating the formation of functional vessels is important in rescuing the ischemic cardiomyocytes. EphrinB2/EphB4, a novel pathway in angiogenesis, plays a critical role in both microvascular growth and neovascular maturation. Hence, investigating the mechanisms of EphrinB2/EphB4 pathway in angiogenesis may contribute to the development of novel therapeutics for ischemic cardiovascular disease. Previous reviews mainly focused on the role of EphrinB2/EphB4 pathway in embryo vascular development, but their role in postnatal angiogenesis in ischemic heart disease has not been fully illustrated. Here, we summarized the current knowledge of EphrinB2/EphB4 in angiogenesis and their interaction with other angiogenic pathways in ischemic cardiovascular disease.
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132
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Ulvmar MH, Martinez-Corral I, Stanczuk L, Mäkinen T. Pdgfrb-Cre targets lymphatic endothelial cells of both venous and non-venous origins. Genesis 2016; 54:350-8. [PMID: 27060598 PMCID: PMC5021155 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Pdgfrb‐Cre line has been used as a tool to specifically target pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Recent studies showed additional targeting of cardiac and mesenteric lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) by the Pdgfrb‐Cre transgene. In the heart, this was suggested to provide evidence for a previously unknown nonvenous source of LECs originating from yolk sac (YS) hemogenic endothelium (HemEC). Here we show that Pdgfrb‐Cre does not, however, target YS HemEC or YS‐derived erythro‐myeloid progenitors (EMPs). Instead, a high proportion of ECs in embryonic blood vessels of multiple organs, as well as venous‐derived LECs were targeted. Assessment of temporal Cre activity using the R26‐mTmG double reporter suggested recent occurrence of Pdgfrb‐Cre recombination in both blood and lymphatic ECs. It thus cannot be excluded that Pdgfrb‐Cre mediated targeting of LECs is due to de novo expression of the Pdgfrb‐Cre transgene or their previously established venous endothelial origin. Importantly, Pdgfrb‐Cre targeting of LECs does not provide evidence for YS HemEC origin of the lymphatic vasculature. Our results highlight the need for careful interpretation of lineage tracing using constitutive Cre lines that cannot discriminate active from historical expression. The early vascular targeting by the Pdgfrb‐Cre also warrants consideration for its use in studies of mural cells. genesis 54:350–358, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Genesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Ulvmar
- Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ines Martinez-Corral
- Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lukas Stanczuk
- Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Taija Mäkinen
- Department of Immunology Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
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133
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Kobayashi H, Liu Q, Binns TC, Urrutia AA, Davidoff O, Kapitsinou PP, Pfaff AS, Olauson H, Wernerson A, Fogo AB, Fong GH, Gross KW, Haase VH. Distinct subpopulations of FOXD1 stroma-derived cells regulate renal erythropoietin. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1926-38. [PMID: 27088801 DOI: 10.1172/jci83551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal peritubular interstitial fibroblast-like cells are critical for adult erythropoiesis, as they are the main source of erythropoietin (EPO). Hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF-2) controls EPO synthesis in the kidney and liver and is regulated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) dioxygenases PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3, which function as cellular oxygen sensors. Renal interstitial cells with EPO-producing capacity are poorly characterized, and the role of the PHD/HIF-2 axis in renal EPO-producing cell (REPC) plasticity is unclear. Here we targeted the PHD/HIF-2/EPO axis in FOXD1 stroma-derived renal interstitial cells and examined the role of individual PHDs in REPC pool size regulation and renal EPO output. Renal interstitial cells with EPO-producing capacity were entirely derived from FOXD1-expressing stroma, and Phd2 inactivation alone induced renal Epo in a limited number of renal interstitial cells. EPO induction was submaximal, as hypoxia or pharmacologic PHD inhibition further increased the REPC fraction among Phd2-/- renal interstitial cells. Moreover, Phd1 and Phd3 were differentially expressed in renal interstitium, and heterozygous deficiency for Phd1 and Phd3 increased REPC numbers in Phd2-/- mice. We propose that FOXD1 lineage renal interstitial cells consist of distinct subpopulations that differ in their responsiveness to Phd2 inactivation and thus regulation of HIF-2 activity and EPO production under hypoxia or conditions of pharmacologic or genetic PHD inactivation.
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134
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Ando K, Fukuhara S, Izumi N, Nakajima H, Fukui H, Kelsh RN, Mochizuki N. Clarification of mural cell coverage of vascular endothelial cells by live imaging of zebrafish. Development 2016; 143:1328-39. [PMID: 26952986 PMCID: PMC4852519 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mural cells (MCs) consisting of vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes cover the endothelial cells (ECs) to regulate vascular stability and homeostasis. Here, we clarified the mechanism by which MCs develop and cover ECs by generating transgenic zebrafish lines that allow live imaging of MCs and by lineage tracing in vivo To cover cranial vessels, MCs derived from either neural crest cells or mesoderm emerged around the preformed EC tubes, proliferated and migrated along EC tubes. During their migration, the MCs moved forward by extending their processes along the inter-EC junctions, suggesting a role for inter-EC junctions as a scaffold for MC migration. In the trunk vasculature, MCs derived from mesoderm covered the ventral side of the dorsal aorta (DA), but not the posterior cardinal vein. Furthermore, the MCs migrating from the DA or emerging around intersegmental vessels (ISVs) preferentially covered arterial ISVs rather than venous ISVs, indicating that MCs mostly cover arteries during vascular development. Thus, live imaging and lineage tracing enabled us to clarify precisely how MCs cover the EC tubes and to identify the origins of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ando
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Nanae Izumi
- Frontier Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakajima
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hajime Fukui
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Robert N Kelsh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Developmental Biology Programme, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan AMED-CREST, Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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135
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Helsley RN, Sui Y, Park SH, Liu Z, Lee RG, Zhu B, Kern PA, Zhou C. Targeting IκB kinase β in Adipocyte Lineage Cells for Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1883-95. [PMID: 26991836 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammation through activation of nuclear factor-κB, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions. In this study, we evaluated an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) inhibitor of IKKβ and found that IKKβ ASO ameliorated diet-induced metabolic dysfunctions in mice. Interestingly, IKKβ ASO also inhibited adipocyte differentiation and reduced adiposity in high-fat (HF)-fed mice, indicating an important role of IKKβ signaling in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. Indeed, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic deletion of IKKβ in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes blocked these cells differentiating into adipocytes. To further elucidate the role of adipose progenitor IKKβ signaling in diet-induced obesity, we generated mice that selectively lack IKKβ in the white adipose lineage and confirmed the essential role of IKKβ in mediating adipocyte differentiation in vivo. Deficiency of IKKβ decreased HF-elicited adipogenesis in addition to reducing inflammation and protected mice from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Further, pharmacological inhibition of IKKβ also blocked human adipose stem cell differentiation. Our findings establish IKKβ as a pivotal regulator of adipogenesis and suggest that overnutrition-mediated IKKβ activation serves as an initial signal that triggers adipose progenitor cell differentiation in response to HF feeding. Inhibition of IKKβ with antisense therapy may represent as a novel therapeutic approach to combat obesity and metabolic dysfunctions. Stem Cells 2016;34:1883-1895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Helsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yipeng Sui
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Se-Hyung Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Richard G Lee
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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136
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Sun KH, Chang Y, Reed NI, Sheppard D. α-Smooth muscle actin is an inconsistent marker of fibroblasts responsible for force-dependent TGFβ activation or collagen production across multiple models of organ fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L824-36. [PMID: 26944089 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00350.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological sequela of tissue injury or inflammation, and is a major cause of organ failure. Subsets of fibroblasts contribute to tissue fibrosis in multiple ways, including generating contractile force to activate integrin-bound, latent TGFβ and secreting excess amounts of collagens and other extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) that make up pathologic scar. However, the precise fibroblast subsets that drive fibrosis have been poorly understood. In the absence of well-characterized markers, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) is often used to identify pathologic fibroblasts, and some authors have equated αSMA(+) cells with contractile myofibroblasts and proposed that these cells are the major source of ECM. Here, we investigated how well αSMA expression describes fibroblast subsets responsible for TGFβ activation and collagen production in three commonly used models of organ fibrosis that we previously reported could be inhibited by loss of αv integrins on all fibroblasts (using PDGFRβ-Cre). Interestingly, αSMA-directed deletion of αv integrins protected mice from CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis, but not bleomycin-induced pulmonary or unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. Using Col-EGFP/αSMA-RFP dual reporter mice, we found that only a minority of collagen-producing cells coexpress αSMA in the fibrotic lung and kidney. Notably, Col-EGFP(+)αSMA-RFP(-) cells isolated from the fibrotic lung and kidney were equally capable of activating TGFβ as were Col-EGFP(+)αSMA-RFP(+) cells from the same organ, and this TGFβ activation was blocked by a TGFβ-blocking antibody and an inhibitor of nonmuscle myosin, respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that αSMA is an inconsistent marker of contractile and collagen-producing fibroblasts in murine experimental models of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hui Sun
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and
| | - Yongen Chang
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Nilgun I Reed
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; and
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137
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Eph/ephrin signaling in the kidney and lower urinary tract. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:359-71. [PMID: 25903642 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development and homeostasis of the highly specialized cell types and tissues that constitute the organs of the urinary system, the kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra, require the tightly regulated exchange of signals in and between these tissues. Eph/ephrin signaling is a bidirectional signaling pathway that has been functionally implicated in many developmental and homeostatic contexts, most prominently in the vascular and neural system. Expression and knockout analyses have now provided evidence that Eph/ephrin signaling is of crucial relevance for cell and tissue interactions in the urinary system as well. A clear requirement has emerged in the formation of the vesicoureteric junction, in urorectal septation and glomerulogenesis during embryonic development, in maintenance of medullary tubular cells and podocytes in homeostasis, and in podocyte and glomerular injury responses. Deregulation of Eph/ephrin signaling may also contribute to the formation and progression of tumors in the urinary system, most prominently bladder and renal cell carcinoma. While in the embryonic contexts Eph/ephrin signaling regulates adhesion of epithelial cells, in the adult setting, cell-shape changes and cell survival seem to be the primary cellular processes mediated by this signaling module. With progression of the genetic analyses of mice conditionally mutant for compound alleles of Eph receptor and ephrin ligand genes, additional essential functions are likely to arise in the urinary system.
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138
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Hashimoto T, Tsuneki M, Foster TR, Santana JM, Bai H, Wang M, Hu H, Hanisch JJ, Dardik A. Membrane-mediated regulation of vascular identity. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2016; 108:65-84. [PMID: 26992081 PMCID: PMC5310768 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular diseases span diverse pathology, but frequently arise from aberrant signaling attributed to specific membrane-associated molecules, particularly the Eph-ephrin family. Originally recognized as markers of embryonic vessel identity, Eph receptors and their membrane-associated ligands, ephrins, are now known to have a range of vital functions in vascular physiology. Interactions of Ephs with ephrins at cell-to-cell interfaces promote a variety of cellular responses such as repulsion, adhesion, attraction, and migration, and frequently occur during organ development, including vessel formation. Elaborate coordination of Eph- and ephrin-related signaling among different cell populations is required for proper formation of the embryonic vessel network. There is growing evidence supporting the idea that Eph and ephrin proteins also have postnatal interactions with a number of other membrane-associated signal transduction pathways, coordinating translation of environmental signals into cells. This article provides an overview of membrane-bound signaling mechanisms that define vascular identity in both the embryo and the adult, focusing on Eph- and ephrin-related signaling. We also discuss the role and clinical significance of this signaling system in normal organ development, neoplasms, and vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hashimoto
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuneki
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Trenton R. Foster
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeans M. Santana
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hualong Bai
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Mo Wang
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Haidi Hu
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jesse J. Hanisch
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alan Dardik
- The Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, Connecticut
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Wang Y, Wu Z, Thorin E, Tremblay J, Lavoie JL, Luo H, Peng J, Qi S, Wu T, Chen F, Shen J, Hu S, Wu J. Estrogen and testosterone in concert with EFNB3 regulate vascular smooth muscle cell contractility and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H861-72. [PMID: 26851246 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00873.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
EPH kinases and their ligands, ephrins (EFNs), have vital and diverse biological functions, although their function in blood pressure (BP) control has not been studied in detail. In the present study, we report that Efnb3 gene knockout (KO) led to increased BP in female but not male mice. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were target cells for EFNB3 function in BP regulation. The deletion of EFNB3 augmented contractility of VSMCs from female but not male KO mice, compared with their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Estrogen augmented VSMC contractility while testosterone reduced it in the absence of EFNB3, although these sex hormones had no effect on the contractility of VSMCs from WT mice. The effect of estrogen on KO VSMC contractility was via a nongenomic pathway involving GPER, while that of testosterone was likely via a genomic pathway, according to VSMC contractility assays and GPER knockdown assays. The sex hormone-dependent contraction phenotypes in KO VSMCs were reflected in BP in vivo. Ovariectomy rendered female KO mice normotensive. At the molecular level, EFNB3 KO in VSMCs resulted in reduced myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation, an event enhancing sensitivity to Ca(2+)flux in VSMCs. Our investigation has revealed previously unknown EFNB3 functions in BP regulation and show that EFNB3 might be a hypertension risk gene in certain individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zenghui Wu
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Eric Thorin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie L Lavoie
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Département de Kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hongyu Luo
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Junzheng Peng
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shijie Qi
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Fei Chen
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Shenjiang Hu
- Institute of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, China; and
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nephrology Service, CRCHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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140
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Mechanisms of ephrin-Eph signalling in development, physiology and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:240-56. [PMID: 26790531 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptor Tyr kinases and their membrane-tethered ligands, the ephrins, elicit short-distance cell-cell signalling and thus regulate many developmental processes at the interface between pattern formation and morphogenesis, including cell sorting and positioning, and the formation of segmented structures and ordered neural maps. Their roles extend into adulthood, when ephrin-Eph signalling regulates neuronal plasticity, homeostatic events and disease processes. Recently, new insights have been gained into the mechanisms of ephrin-Eph signalling in different cell types, and into the physiological importance of ephrin-Eph in different organs and in disease, raising questions for future research directions.
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141
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Sun X, Altalhi W, Nunes SS. Vascularization strategies of engineered tissues and their application in cardiac regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:183-94. [PMID: 26056716 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of vascular networks is to transport blood and deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues, which occurs at the interface of the microvasculature. Therefore, the formation of the vessels at the microcirculatory level, or angiogenesis, is critical for tissue regeneration and repair. Current strategies for vascularization of engineered tissues have incorporated multi-disciplinary approaches including engineered biomaterials, cells and angiogenic factors. Pre-vascularization of scaffolds composed of native matrix, synthetic polymers, or other biological materials can be achieved through the use of single cells in mono or co-culture, in combination or not with angiogenic factors or by the use of isolated vessels. The advance of these methods, together with a growing understanding of the biology behind vascularization, has facilitated the development of vascularization strategies for engineered tissues with therapeutic potential for tissue regeneration and repair. Here, we review the different cell-based strategies utilized to pre-vascularize engineered tissues and in making more complex vascularized cardiac tissues for regenerative medicine applications.
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142
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Toda H, Yamamoto M, Uyama H, Tabata Y. Fabrication of hydrogels with elasticity changed by alkaline phosphatase for stem cell culture. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:215-227. [PMID: 26525116 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to design hydrogels whose elasticity can be changed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in cell culture and evaluate the effect of hydrogel elasticity on an osteogenic gene expression of cells. Hydrogels were prepared by the radical polymerization of acrylamide (AAm), N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS), and Phosmer™M containing phosphate groups (PE-PAAm hydrogels). The storage modulus of PE-PAAm hydrogels prepared was changed by the preparation conditions. When human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were cultured on the ALP-responsive PE-PAAm hydrogels in the presence or absence of ALP, the morphology of hMSC was observed and one of the osteogenic differentiation markers, Runx2, was evaluated. By ALP addition into the culture medium, the morphology of hMSC was changed into an elongated shape without cell damage. ALP addition modified the level of Runx2 gene expression, which was influenced by the modulus of PE-PAAm hydrogels. It is concluded that the elasticity change of hydrogel substrates in cell culture had an influence on the Runx2 gene expression of hMSC. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Stem cells sense the surface elasticity of culture substrates, and their differentiation fate is biologically modified by substrate properties. Most of experiments have been performed in static conditions during cell culture, while the in vivo microenvironment is dynamically changed. In this study, we established to design an enzyme-responsive hydrogel whose elasticity can be changed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in cell culture to mimic in vivo conditions. As a result, the cells were deformed and the gene expression level of an osteogenic maker, Runx2, was modified by ALP treatment. This is the novel report describing to demonstrate that the dynamic alteration of hydrogel substrate elasticity could modulate the osteoblastic gene expression of human MSC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Toda
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamamoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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143
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Butko E, Pouget C, Traver D. Complex regulation of HSC emergence by the Notch signaling pathway. Dev Biol 2015; 409:129-138. [PMID: 26586199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells are formed during embryonic development, and serve as the foundation of the definitive blood program for life. Notch signaling has been well established as an essential direct contributor to HSC specification. However, several recent studies have indicated that the contribution of Notch signaling is complex. HSC specification requires multiple Notch signaling inputs, some received directly by hematopoietic precursors, and others that occur indirectly within neighboring somites. Of note, proinflammatory signals provided by primitive myeloid cells are needed for HSC specification via upregulation of the Notch pathway in hemogenic endothelium. In addition to multiple requirements for Notch activation, recent studies indicate that Notch signaling must subsequently be repressed to permit HSC emergence. Finally, Notch must then be reactivated to maintain HSC fate. In this review, we discuss the growing understanding of the dynamic contributions of Notch signaling to the establishment of hematopoiesis during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerald Butko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claire Pouget
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Traver
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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144
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She ZG, Chang Y, Pang HB, Han W, Chen HZ, Smith JW, Stallcup WB. NG2 Proteoglycan Ablation Reduces Foam Cell Formation and Atherogenesis via Decreased Low-Density Lipoprotein Retention by Synthetic Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:49-59. [PMID: 26543095 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity and hyperlipidemia are critical risk factors for atherosclerosis. Because ablation of NG2 proteoglycan in mice leads to hyperlipidemia and obesity, we investigated the impact of NG2 ablation on atherosclerosis in apoE null mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Immunostaining indicates that NG2 expression in plaque, primarily by synthetic smooth muscle cells, increases during atherogenesis. NG2 ablation unexpectedly results in decreased (30%) plaque development, despite aggravated obesity and hyperlipidemia. Mechanistic studies reveal that NG2-positive plaque synthetic smooth muscle cells in culture can sequester low-density lipoprotein to enhance foam-cell formation, processes in which NG2 itself plays direct roles. In agreement with these observations, low-density lipoprotein retention and lipid accumulation in the NG2/ApoE knockout aorta is 30% less than that seen in the control aorta. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that synthetic smooth muscle cell-dependent low-density lipoprotein retention and foam cell formation outweigh obesity and hyperlipidemia in promoting mouse atherogenesis. Our study sheds new light on the role of synthetic smooth muscle cells during atherogenesis. Blocking plaque NG2 or altering synthetic smooth muscle cells function may be promising therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang She
- From the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (Z.-G.S., Y.C., H.-B.P., W.H., J.W.S., W.B.S.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China (H.-Z.C.).
| | - Yunchao Chang
- From the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (Z.-G.S., Y.C., H.-B.P., W.H., J.W.S., W.B.S.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China (H.-Z.C.)
| | - Hong-Bo Pang
- From the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (Z.-G.S., Y.C., H.-B.P., W.H., J.W.S., W.B.S.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China (H.-Z.C.)
| | - Wenlong Han
- From the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (Z.-G.S., Y.C., H.-B.P., W.H., J.W.S., W.B.S.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China (H.-Z.C.)
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- From the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (Z.-G.S., Y.C., H.-B.P., W.H., J.W.S., W.B.S.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China (H.-Z.C.)
| | - Jeffrey W Smith
- From the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (Z.-G.S., Y.C., H.-B.P., W.H., J.W.S., W.B.S.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China (H.-Z.C.)
| | - William B Stallcup
- From the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA (Z.-G.S., Y.C., H.-B.P., W.H., J.W.S., W.B.S.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China (H.-Z.C.)
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145
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Nunan R, Campbell J, Mori R, Pitulescu ME, Jiang WG, Harding KG, Adams RH, Nobes CD, Martin P. Ephrin-Bs Drive Junctional Downregulation and Actin Stress Fiber Disassembly to Enable Wound Re-epithelialization. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1380-1395. [PMID: 26549443 PMCID: PMC4660216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For a skin wound to successfully heal, the cut epidermal-edge cells have to migrate forward at the interface between scab and healthy granulation tissue. Much is known about how lead-edge cells migrate, but very little is known about the mechanisms that enable active participation by cells further back. Here we show that ephrin-B1 and its receptor EphB2 are both upregulated in vivo, just for the duration of repair, in the first 70 or so rows of epidermal cells, and this signal leads to downregulation of the molecular components of adherens and tight (but not desmosomal) junctions, leading to loosening between neighbors and enabling shuffle room among epidermal cells. Additionally, this signaling leads to the shutdown of actomyosin stress fibers in these same epidermal cells, which may act to release tension within the wound monolayer. If this signaling axis is perturbed, then disrupted healing is a consequence in mouse and man. Ephrin-B/EphBs are upregulated in the migrating wound epidermis in mouse and man Ephrin-B/EphB signaling drives junction loosening, thus enabling re-epithelialization Ephrin-B/EphB signaling also leads to dissolution of stress fibers and tension release In human chronic wounds ephrin-Bs are misregulated and may be a therapeutic target
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nunan
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jessica Campbell
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ryoichi Mori
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mara E Pitulescu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Wen G Jiang
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Keith G Harding
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Catherine D Nobes
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Paul Martin
- Schools of Biochemistry and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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146
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Kusumbe AP, Ramasamy SK, Starsichova A, Adams RH. Sample preparation for high-resolution 3D confocal imaging of mouse skeletal tissue. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1904-14. [PMID: 26513669 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution confocal imaging is a vital tool for analyzing the 3D architecture and detailed spatial distribution of cells in situ. However, imaging of skeletal tissue has remained technically challenging because of its calcified nature. Here we describe a protocol that allows high-resolution imaging of skeletal tissue with preservation of cellular morphology and tissue architecture. The procedure involves tissue fixation, decalcification and cryosectioning of the mouse skeletal tissue to generate thick sections. The thick sections generated by this procedure are not only compatible with the analysis of genetically expressed fluorescent proteins but they also preserve antigenicity, thus enabling diverse combinations of antibody labeling. Further, this procedure also permits other fluorescence techniques such as TUNEL and ethynyl deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assays. Images resulting from the confocal imaging can be assessed qualitatively and quantitatively to analyze various parameters such as distribution and interrelationships of cell types. The technique is straightforward and robust, highly reproducible and can be completed in ∼11 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali P Kusumbe
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Saravana K Ramasamy
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Starsichova
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.,University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany
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147
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Choe Y, Huynh T, Pleasure SJ. Epithelial cells supply Sonic Hedgehog to the perinatal dentate gyrus via transport by platelets. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26457609 PMCID: PMC4600762 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentate neural stem cells produce neurons throughout life in mammals. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is critical for maintenance of these cells; however, the perinatal source of Shh is enigmatic. In the present study, we examined the role of Shh expressed by hair follicles (HFs) that expand perinatally in temporal concordance with the proliferation of Shh-responding dentate stem cells. Specific inhibition of Shh from HFs or from epithelial sources in general hindered development of Shh-responding dentate stem cells. We also found that the blood–brain barrier (BBB) of the perinatal dentate gyrus (DG) is leaky with stem cells in the dentate exposed to blood-born factors. In attempting to identify how Shh might be transported in blood, we found that platelets contain epithelial Shh, provide Shh to the perinatal DG and that inhibition of platelet generation reduced hedgehog-responsive dentate stem cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07834.001 Although most of the neurons in the brain have been made by the time we are born, new neurons develop throughout life in part of the brain called the hippocampus. These neurons are thought to help with learning and forming memories. Conditions such as depression and Alzheimer's disease have been linked to not being able to produce enough new neurons. The neurons develop from a pool of stem cells in part of the hippocampus. A protein called Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) helps to ensure there are enough stem cells and control when they develop into new neurons. The brain cells that produce Shh in adult mice do not appear until a week after birth, by which point the stem cells are already present and generating neurons. This has led scientists to question where these cells get Shh from around the time of birth. One idea is that cells outside of the brain contribute the Shh such as hair follicles—the structures that hairs grow out of—in the scalp. Hair follicles produce Shh, develop at around the same time as the brain stem cells, and are known to regulate the development of other nearby stem cells. So, Choe et al. conducted a series of experiments in genetically engineered newborn mice and found that the brain stem cells multiply at around the same time that the hair follicles start to produce Shh. Furthermore, reducing the amount of Shh produced by the hair follicles hampered the growth of these stem cells and caused fewer neurons to develop from the stem cell pool. These results raised the question of how Shh gets from the hair follicles to the stem cell pool in the developing brain. In adult animals, a barrier exists between the brain and the blood supply to protect the brain from infection. However, parts of this barrier are still leaky before birth, which might allow blood cells to carry Shh to the brain. Cloe et al. found that platelets—the blood cells responsible for clotting—are able to carry Shh to the brain stem cell pool. Further experiments showed that preventing platelets from forming caused fewer stem cells to develop. The suggestion that Shh from the epithelium—the tissue layer that hair follicles are found in—is able to signal to the brain during a specific window of time raises several questions that require further study. Does epithelial Shh also signal to other organs during embryonic or postnatal development? Does injury to the nervous system that increases the permeability of the blood–brain barrier lead to the delivery of Shh to the brain via the circulation in adult animals? DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07834.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshik Choe
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Trung Huynh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Program in Developmental Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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148
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Glial influences on BBB functions and molecular players in immune cell trafficking. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:472-82. [PMID: 26454208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes an elaborate structure formed by specialized capillary endothelial cells, which together with pericytes and perivascular glial cells regulates the exchanges between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery. Intricate interactions between the different cellular constituents of the BBB are crucial in establishing a functional BBB and maintaining the delicate homeostasis of the CNS microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the role of astrocytes and microglia in inducing and maintaining barrier properties under physiological conditions as well as their involvement during neuroinflammatory pathologies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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149
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Peng T, Frank DB, Kadzik RS, Morley MP, Rathi KS, Wang T, Zhou S, Cheng L, Lu MM, Morrisey EE. Hedgehog actively maintains adult lung quiescence and regulates repair and regeneration. Nature 2015; 526:578-82. [PMID: 26436454 PMCID: PMC4713039 DOI: 10.1038/nature14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal tissue quiescence is thought to be a default state in the absence of a proliferative stimulus such as injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that certain embryonic development programs are reactivated aberrantly in adult organs to drive repair and regeneration1–3, it is not well understood how quiescence is maintained in organs such as the lung which displays a remarkably low level of cellular turnover4,5. We now demonstrate that quiescence in the adult lung is an actively maintained state and is regulated by hedgehog signaling. Epithelial-specific deletion of sonic hedgehog during postnatal homeostasis in the lung results in a proliferative expansion of the adjacent lung mesenchyme. Hedgehog signaling is initially down-regulated during the acute phase of epithelial injury as the mesenchyme proliferates in response, but returns to baseline during injury resolution as quiescence is restored. Activation of hedgehog during acute epithelial injury attenuates the proliferative expansion of the lung mesenchyme, whereas inactivation of hedgehog signaling prevents the restoration of quiescence during injury resolution. Finally, we show that hedgehog also regulates epithelial quiescence and regeneration in response to injury via a mesenchymal feedback mechanism. These results demonstrate that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions coordinated by hedgehog actively maintains postnatal tissue homeostasis, and deregulation of hedgehog during injury leads to aberrant repair and regeneration in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien Peng
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - David B Frank
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Rachel S Kadzik
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Komal S Rathi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lan Cheng
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Min Min Lu
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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150
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Matsuo K, Kuroda Y, Nango N, Shimoda K, Kubota Y, Ema M, Bakiri L, Wagner EF, Takeda Y, Yashiro W, Momose A. Osteogenic capillaries orchestrate growth plate-independent ossification of the malleus. Development 2015; 142:3912-20. [PMID: 26428006 PMCID: PMC4712877 DOI: 10.1242/dev.123885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is a developmental process by which cartilage is replaced by bone. Terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes are calcified, vascularized, and removed by chondroclasts before bone matrix is laid down by osteoblasts. In mammals, the malleus is one of three auditory ossicles that transmit vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. The malleus is formed from a cartilaginous precursor without growth plate involvement, but little is known about how bones of this type undergo endochondral ossification. Here, we demonstrate that in the processus brevis of the malleus, clusters of osteoblasts surrounding the capillary loop produce bone matrix, causing the volume of the capillary lumen to decrease rapidly in post-weaning mice. Synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed a concentric, cylindrical arrangement of osteocyte lacunae along capillaries, indicative of pericapillary bone formation. Moreover, we report that overexpression of Fosl1, which encodes a component of the AP-1 transcription factor complex, in osteoblasts significantly blocked malleal capillary narrowing. These data suggest that osteoblast/endothelial cell interactions control growth plate-free endochondral ossification through ‘osteogenic capillaries’ in a Fosl1-regulated manner. Summary: The endochondral ossification of the malleus, an ossicle of the mouse inner ear, occurs around capillaries and is mediated by the AP-1 transcription factor Fosl1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Matsuo
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kuroda
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Nango
- Ratoc System Engineering Co., Ltd., 1-24-8 Sekiguchi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kouji Shimoda
- Laboratory Animal Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Vascular Biology, The Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Latifa Bakiri
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Genes, Development and Disease Group, National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Yoshihiro Takeda
- X-ray Research Laboratory, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Wataru Yashiro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba, Sendai Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Momose
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba, Sendai Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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