101
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Liu Y, Gokhale S, Jung J, Zhu S, Luo C, Saha D, Guo JY, Zhang H, Kyin S, Zong WX, White E, Xie P. Mitochondrial Fission Factor Is a Novel Interacting Protein of the Critical B Cell Survival Regulator TRAF3 in B Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670338. [PMID: 34745083 PMCID: PMC8564014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins controlling mitochondrial fission have been recognized as essential regulators of mitochondrial functions, mitochondrial quality control and cell apoptosis. In the present study, we identified the critical B cell survival regulator TRAF3 as a novel binding partner of the key mitochondrial fission factor, MFF, in B lymphocytes. Elicited by our unexpected finding that the majority of cytoplasmic TRAF3 proteins were localized at the mitochondria in resting splenic B cells after ex vivo culture for 2 days, we found that TRAF3 specifically interacted with MFF as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays. We further found that in the absence of stimulation, increased protein levels of mitochondrial TRAF3 were associated with altered mitochondrial morphology, decreased mitochondrial respiration, increased mitochondrial ROS production and membrane permeabilization, which eventually culminated in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in resting B cells. Loss of TRAF3 had the opposite effects on the morphology and function of mitochondria as well as mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in resting B cells. Interestingly, co-expression of TRAF3 and MFF resulted in decreased phosphorylation and ubiquitination of MFF as well as decreased ubiquitination of TRAF3. Moreover, lentivirus-mediated overexpression of MFF restored mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in TRAF3-deficient malignant B cells. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights into the apoptosis-inducing mechanisms of TRAF3 in B cells: as a result of survival factor deprivation or under other types of stress, TRAF3 is mobilized to the mitochondria through its interaction with MFF, where it triggers mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. This new role of TRAF3 in controlling mitochondrial homeostasis might have key implications in TRAF3-mediated regulation of B cell transformation in different cellular contexts. Our findings also suggest that mitochondrial fission is an actionable therapeutic target in human B cell malignancies, including those with TRAF3 deletion or relevant mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Chang Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Debanjan Saha
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Jessie Yanxiang Guo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Huaye Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Saw Kyin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Wei-Xing Zong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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102
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Townsend PA, Kozhevnikova MV, Cexus ONF, Zamyatnin AA, Soond SM. BH3-mimetics: recent developments in cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:355. [PMID: 34753495 PMCID: PMC8576916 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hopeful outcomes from 30 years of research in BH3-mimetics have indeed served a number of solid paradigms for targeting intermediates from the apoptosis pathway in a variety of diseased states. Not only have such rational approaches in drug design yielded several key therapeutics, such outputs have also offered insights into the integrated mechanistic aspects of basic and clinical research at the genetics level for the future. In no other area of medical research have the effects of such work been felt, than in cancer research, through targeting the BAX-Bcl-2 protein-protein interactions. With these promising outputs in mind, several mimetics, and their potential therapeutic applications, have also been developed for several other pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and tissue fibrosis, thus highlighting the universal importance of the intrinsic arm of the apoptosis pathway and its input to general tissue homeostasis. Considering such recent developments, and in a field that has generated so much scientific interest, we take stock of how the broadening area of BH3-mimetics has developed and diversified, with a focus on their uses in single and combined cancer treatment regimens and recently explored therapeutic delivery methods that may aid the development of future therapeutics of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Townsend
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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103
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Wu W, Wang J, Xiao C, Su Z, Su H, Zhong W, Mao J, Liu X, Zhu YZ. SMYD2-mediated TRAF2 methylation promotes the NF-κB signaling pathways in inflammatory diseases. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e591. [PMID: 34841684 PMCID: PMC8567046 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The methylation of lysine residues has been involved in the multiple biological and diseases processes. Recently, some particular non-histone proteins have been elucidated to be methylated by SMYD2, a SET and MYND domain protein with lysine methyltransferase activity. METHODS SMYD2 was evaluated in synovial tissue and cells derived from rheumatoid arthritis patients. We confirmed TRAF2 could be methylated by SMYD2 using Mass spectrometry, pull-down, immunoprecipitation, methyltransferase assay, ubiquitination assay, luciferase reporter assays, and western blot analyses. Using loss- and gain-of function studies, we explored the biological functions of SMYD2 in vitro and in vivo. Using acute and chronic inflammation with different mice models to determine the impact of SMYD2. RESULTS Here, we first time confirmed that the cytoplasmic protein TRAF2 as the kernel node for NF-κB signaling pathway could be methylated by SMYD2. SMYD2-mediated TRAF2 methylation contributed to the durative sensitization of NF-κB signaling transduction through restraining its own proteolysis and enhancing the activity. In addition, we found knocking down of SMYD2 has different degrees of mitigation in acute and chronic inflammation mice models. Furthermore, as the lysine-specific demethylase, LSD1 could resist methylation on TRAF2 induced by SMYD2. CONCLUSIONS Our data uncovered an unprecedented cytoplasmic protein network that employed methylation of TRAF2 for the maintenance of NF-κB activation during inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wu
- School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai201203China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of PharmacyMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
| | - Jinghuan Wang
- School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai201203China
| | - Chenxi Xiao
- School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai201203China
| | - Zhenghua Su
- School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai201203China
| | - Haibi Su
- School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai201203China
| | - Wen Zhong
- School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai201203China
| | - Jianchun Mao
- Department of RhumatologyShanghai Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai201203China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai201203China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai201203China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of PharmacyMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
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104
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Brix N, Samaga D, Belka C, Zitzelsberger H, Lauber K. Analysis of clonogenic growth in vitro. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4963-4991. [PMID: 34697469 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The clonogenic assay measures the capacity of single cells to form colonies in vitro. It is widely used to identify and quantify self-renewing mammalian cells derived from in vitro cultures as well as from ex vivo tissue preparations of different origins. Varying research questions and the heterogeneous growth requirements of individual cell model systems led to the development of several assay principles and formats that differ with regard to their conceptual setup, 2D or 3D culture conditions, optional cytotoxic treatments and subsequent mathematical analysis. The protocol presented here is based on the initial clonogenic assay protocol as developed by Puck and Marcus more than 60 years ago. It updates and extends the 2006 Nature Protocols article by Franken et al. It discusses different strategies and principles to analyze clonogenic growth in vitro and presents the clonogenic assay in a modular protocol framework enabling a diversity of formats and measures to optimize determination of clonogenic growth parameters. We put particular focus on the phenomenon of cellular cooperation and consideration of how this can affect the mathematical analysis of survival data. This protocol is applicable to any mammalian cell model system from which single-cell suspensions can be prepared and which contains at least a small fraction of cells with self-renewing capacity in vitro. Depending on the cell system used, the entire procedure takes ~2-10 weeks, with a total hands-on time of <20 h per biological replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikko Brix
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Samaga
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer', Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer', Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer', Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU München, Munich, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Group 'Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer', Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site, Munich, Germany.
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105
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Ali H, Dong SXM, Gajanayaka N, Cassol E, Angel JB, Kumar A. Selective Induction of Cell Death in Human M1 Macrophages by Smac Mimetics Is Mediated by cIAP-2 and RIPK-1/3 through the Activation of mTORC. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2359-2373. [PMID: 34561230 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory macrophages have been implicated in many diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, targeting macrophage function and activation may represent a potential strategy to treat macrophage-associated diseases. We have previously shown that IFN-γ-induced differentiation of human M0 macrophages toward proinflammatory M1 state rendered them highly susceptible to the cytocidal effects of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases mimetics (SMs), antagonist of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), whereas M0 and anti-inflammatory M2c macrophages were resistant. In this study, we investigated the mechanism governing SM-induced cell death during differentiation into M1 macrophages and in polarized M1 macrophages. IFN-γ stimulation conferred on M0 macrophages the sensitivity to SM-induced cell death through the Jak/STAT, IFN regulatory factor-1, and mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC-1)/ribosomal protein S6 kinase pathways. Interestingly, mTORC-1 regulated SM-induced cell death independent of M1 differentiation. In contrast, SM-induced cell death in polarized M1 macrophages is regulated by the mTORC-2 pathway. Moreover, SM-induced cell death is regulated by cellular IAP (cIAP)-2, receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1, and RIPK-3 degradation through mTORC activation during differentiation into M1 macrophages and in polarized M1 macrophages. In contrast to cancer cell lines, SM-induced cell death in M1 macrophages is independent of endogenously produced TNF-α, as well as the NF-κB pathway. Collectively, selective induction of cell death in human M1 macrophages by SMs may be mediated by cIAP-2, RIPK-1, and RIPK-3 degradation through mTORC activation. Moreover, blocking cIAP-1/2, mTORC, or IFN regulatory factor-1 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to control M1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; .,Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Xin Min Dong
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; .,Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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106
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Shi S, Verstegen MMA, Roest HP, Ardisasmita AI, Cao W, Roos FJM, de Ruiter PE, Niemeijer M, Pan Q, IJzermans JNM, van der Laan LJW. Recapitulating Cholangiopathy-Associated Necroptotic Cell Death In Vitro Using Human Cholangiocyte Organoids. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:541-564. [PMID: 34700031 PMCID: PMC8688721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver and bile duct diseases often are associated with extensive cell death of cholangiocytes. Necroptosis represents a common mode of programmed cell death in cholangiopathy, however, detailed mechanistic knowledge is limited owing to the lack of appropriate in vitro models. To address this void, we investigated whether human intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICOs) can recapitulate cholangiopathy-associated necroptosis and whether this model can be used for drug screening. METHODS We evaluated the clinical relevance of necroptosis in end-stage liver diseases and liver transplantation by immunohistochemistry. Cholangiopathy-associated programmed cell death was evoked in ICOs derived from healthy donors or patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis or alcoholic liver diseases by the various stimuli. RESULTS The expression of key necroptosis mediators, receptor-interacting protein 3 and phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like, in cholangiocytes during end-stage liver diseases was confirmed. The phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like expression was etiology-dependent. Gene expression analysis confirmed that primary cholangiocytes are more prone to necroptosis compared with primary hepatocytes. Both apoptosis and necroptosis could be specifically evoked using tumor necrosis factor α and second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases mimetic, with or without caspase inhibition in healthy and patient-derived ICOs. Necroptosis also was induced by ethanol metabolites or human bile in ICOs from donors and patients. The organoid cultures further uncovered interdonor variable and species-specific drug responses. Dabrafenib was identified as a potent necroptosis inhibitor and showed a protective effect against ethanol metabolite toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Human ICOs recapitulate cholangiopathy-associated necroptosis and represent a useful in vitro platform for the study of biliary cytotoxicity and preclinical drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Shi
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Roest
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arif I Ardisasmita
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wanlu Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Floris J M Roos
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E de Ruiter
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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107
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Campbell GR, Zhuang J, Zhang G, Landa I, Kubiatowicz LJ, Dehaini D, Fang RH, Zhang L, Spector SA. CD4+ T cell-mimicking nanoparticles encapsulating DIABLO/SMAC mimetics broadly neutralize HIV-1 and selectively kill HIV-1-infected cells. Theranostics 2021; 11:9009-9021. [PMID: 34522224 PMCID: PMC8419049 DOI: 10.7150/thno.59728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is a major global health challenge. The development of an effective vaccine and a therapeutic cure are top priorities. The creation of vaccines that focus an antibody response toward a particular epitope of a protein has shown promise, but the genetic diversity of HIV-1 stymies this progress. Therapeutic strategies that provide effective and broad‐spectrum neutralization against HIV-1 infection are highly desirable. Methods: We investigated the potential of nanoengineered CD4+ T cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (TNP) encapsulating the DIABLO/SMAC mimetics LCL-161 or AT-406 (also known as SM-406 or Debio 1143) to both neutralize HIV-1 and selectively kill HIV-1-infected resting CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Results: DIABLO/SMAC mimetic-loaded TNP displayed outstanding neutralizing breadth and potency, and selectively kill HIV-1-infected cells via autophagy-dependent apoptosis while having no drug-induced off-target or cytotoxic effects on bystander cells. Genetic inhibition of early stages of autophagy abolishes this effect. Conclusion: DIABLO/SMAC mimetic loaded TNP have the potential to be used as therapeutic agents to neutralize cell-free HIV-1 and to kill specifically HIV-1-infected cells as part of an HIV-1 cure strategy.
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108
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Silke J, O’Reilly LA. NF-κB and Pancreatic Cancer; Chapter and Verse. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4510. [PMID: 34572737 PMCID: PMC8469693 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the world's most lethal cancers. An increase in occurrence, coupled with, presently limited treatment options, necessitates the pursuit of new therapeutic approaches. Many human cancers, including PDAC are initiated by unresolved inflammation. The transcription factor NF-κB coordinates many signals that drive cellular activation and proliferation during immunity but also those involved in inflammation and autophagy which may instigate tumorigenesis. It is not surprising therefore, that activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways is increasingly recognized as an important driver of pancreatic injury, progression to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Paradoxically, NF-κB dysregulation has also been shown to inhibit pancreatic inflammation and pancreatic cancer, depending on the context. A pro-oncogenic or pro-suppressive role for individual components of the NF-κB pathway appears to be cell type, microenvironment and even stage dependent. This review provides an outline of NF-κB signaling, focusing on the role of the various NF-κB family members in the evolving inflammatory PDAC microenvironment. Finally, we discuss pharmacological control of NF-κB to curb inflammation, focussing on novel anti-cancer agents which reinstate the process of cancer cell death, the Smac mimetics and their pre-clinical and early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silke
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lorraine Ann O’Reilly
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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109
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Crawford N, Stott KJ, Sessler T, McCann C, McDaid W, Lees A, Latimer C, Fox JP, Munck JM, Smyth T, Shah A, Martins V, Lawler M, Dunne PD, Kerr EM, McDade SS, Coyle VM, Longley DB. Clinical Positioning of the IAP Antagonist Tolinapant (ASTX660) in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1627-1639. [PMID: 34389694 PMCID: PMC7611622 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are intracellular proteins, with important roles in regulating cell death, inflammation, and immunity. Here, we examined the clinical and therapeutic relevance of IAPs in colorectal cancer. We found that elevated expression of cIAP1 and cIAP2 (but not XIAP) significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) stage III colorectal cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy, suggesting their involvement in promoting chemoresistance. A novel IAP antagonist tolinapant (ASTX660) potently and rapidly downregulated cIAP1 in colorectal cancer models, demonstrating its robust on-target efficacy. In cells co-cultured with TNFα to mimic an inflammatory tumor microenvironment, tolinapant induced caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell line models; however, the extent of apoptosis was limited because of inhibition by the caspase-8 paralogs FLIP and, unexpectedly, caspase-10. Importantly, tolinapant-induced apoptosis was augmented by FOLFOX in human colorectal cancer and murine organoid models in vitro and in vivo, due (at least in part) to FOLFOX-induced downregulation of class I histone deacetylases (HDAC), leading to acetylation of the FLIP-binding partner Ku70 and downregulation of FLIP. Moreover, the effects of FOLFOX could be phenocopied using the clinically relevant class I HDAC inhibitor, entinostat, which also induced acetylation of Ku70 and FLIP downregulation. Further analyses revealed that caspase-8 knockout RIPK3-positive colorectal cancer models were sensitive to tolinapant-induced necroptosis, an effect that could be exploited in caspase-8-proficient models using the clinically relevant caspase inhibitor emricasan. Our study provides evidence for immediate clinical exploration of tolinapant in combination with FOLFOX in poor prognosis MSS colorectal cancer with elevated cIAP1/2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyree Crawford
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Stott
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Sessler
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McCann
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - William McDaid
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Lees
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Latimer
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer P Fox
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tomoko Smyth
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alpesh Shah
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Lawler
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Dunne
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M Kerr
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Simon S McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky M Coyle
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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110
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Hannes S, Karlowitz R, van Wijk SJL. The Smac mimetic BV6 cooperates with STING to induce necroptosis in apoptosis-resistant pancreatic carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:816. [PMID: 34462421 PMCID: PMC8405653 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) still remains a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide and alternative treatments are urgently required. A common problem of PC is the development of resistance against apoptosis that limits therapeutic success. Here we demonstrate that the prototypical Smac mimetic BV6 cooperates with the stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) ligand 2',3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (2'3'-cGAMP) to trigger necroptosis in apoptosis-deficient PC cells. Pharmacological inhibition of key components of necroptosis signaling, such as receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), significantly rescues PC cells from 2'3'-cGAMP/BV6/zVAD.fmk-mediated cell death, suggesting the induction of necroptosis. Consistently, 2'3'-cGAMP/BV6 co-treatment promotes phosphorylation of MLKL. Furthermore, we show that 2'3'-cGAMP stimulates the production of type I IFNs, which cooperate with BV6 to trigger necroptosis in apoptosis-deficient settings. STING silencing via siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout protects PC cells from 2'3'-cGAMP/BV6/zVAD.fmk-mediated cell death. Interestingly, we demonstrate that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and IFN-regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) signaling are involved in triggering 2'3'-cGAMP/BV6/zVAD.fmk-induced necroptosis. In conclusion, we show that activated STING and BV6 act together to exert antitumor effects on PC cells with important implications for the design of new PC treatment concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hannes
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
- General and Visceral Surgery, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rebekka Karlowitz
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sjoerd J L van Wijk
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Apoptosis Deregulation and the Development of Cancer Multi-Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174363. [PMID: 34503172 PMCID: PMC8430856 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite recent therapeutic advances against cancer, many patients do not respond well or respond poorly, to treatment and develop resistance to more than one anti-cancer drug, a term called multi-drug resistance (MDR). One of the main factors that contribute to MDR is the deregulation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Herein, we describe the major apoptotic pathways and discuss how pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins are modified in cancer cells to convey drug resistance. We also focus on our current understanding related to the interactions between survival and cell death pathways, as well as on mechanisms underlying the balance shift towards cancer cell growth and drug resistance. Moreover, we highlight the role of the tumor microenvironment components in blocking apoptosis in MDR tumors, and we discuss the significance and potential exploitation of epigenetic modifications for cancer treatment. Finally, we summarize the current and future therapeutic approaches for overcoming MDR. Abstract The ability of tumor cells to evade apoptosis is established as one of the hallmarks of cancer. The deregulation of apoptotic pathways conveys a survival advantage enabling cancer cells to develop multi-drug resistance (MDR), a complex tumor phenotype referring to concurrent resistance toward agents with different function and/or structure. Proteins implicated in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, including the Bcl-2 superfamily and Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAP) family members, as well as their regulator, tumor suppressor p53, have been implicated in the development of MDR in many cancer types. The PI3K/AKT pathway is pivotal in promoting survival and proliferation and is often overactive in MDR tumors. In addition, the tumor microenvironment, particularly factors secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts, can inhibit apoptosis in cancer cells and reduce the effectiveness of different anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we describe the main alterations that occur in apoptosis-and related pathways to promote MDR. We also summarize the main therapeutic approaches against resistant tumors, including agents targeting Bcl-2 family members, small molecule inhibitors against IAPs or AKT and agents of natural origin that may be used as monotherapy or in combination with conventional therapeutics. Finally, we highlight the potential of therapeutic exploitation of epigenetic modifications to reverse the MDR phenotype.
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112
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Tang D, Huang W, Yang Z, Wu X, Sang X, Wang K, Cao G. Identification and validation of 12 immune-related genes as a prognostic signature for colon adenocarcinoma. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22852. [PMID: 34396630 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract that threatens human health seriously. Thus, it is urgent to explore biomarkers that can be used to evaluate a patient's survival prognosis overall as a supplementary treatment. RNA-seq expression profiles were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus, and Lasso and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used for developing the prognostic model. Finally, a nomogram comprising the prognostic model was established to evaluate survival overall. A risk model comprised of a total of 12 immune-related gene pairs was constructed. Further analysis revealed the model's independent prognostic ability in relation to other clinical characteristics. This model's nomogram could help clinicians choose personalized treatment for COAD patients. This model has significant potential to complement COAD's clinical identifying characteristics, and also provide new insights into the identification of colon cancer patients with a high risk of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianan Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Stutz MD, Allison CC, Ojaimi S, Preston SP, Doerflinger M, Arandjelovic P, Whitehead L, Bader SM, Batey D, Asselin-Labat ML, Herold MJ, Strasser A, West NP, Pellegrini M. Macrophage and neutrophil death programs differentially confer resistance to tuberculosis. Immunity 2021; 54:1758-1771.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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114
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Cerna D, Lim B, Adelabu Y, Yoo S, Carter D, Fahim A, Mitsuuchi Y, Teicher BA, Bernhard E, Coleman CN, Takebe N, Ahmed MM. SMAC Mimetic/IAP Inhibitor Birinapant Enhances Radiosensitivity of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Radiat Res 2021; 195:549-560. [PMID: 33826739 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00171.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Birinapant is a novel SMAC peptidomimetic molecule in clinical development. It suppresses the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and promotes cytochrome-C/Apaf-1/caspase-9 activation to induce effective apoptosis. Because IAP inhibition has been shown to enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation, we investigated the role of birinapant in radiosensitization of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Two glioblastoma cell lines, U-251 and U-87, were used to analyze radiosensitization in vitro with 7-AAD cell death/apoptosis and clonogenic assays. Subcutaneous flank (U-251 and U-87) and intracranial orthotopic (U-251) xenografts in nude mice were used to evaluate radiosensitization in vivo. TNF-α levels in media and serum were measured using electrochemiluminescence. Radiosensitization in vitro was more prominent for U-251 cells than for U-87 cells. In vivo, in both tumor models, significant tumor growth delay was observed with combination treatment compared to radiation alone. There was a survival benefit with combination treatment in the orthotopic U-251 model. TNF-α levels in media correlated directly with radiation dose in vitro. These findings show that birinapant can enhance the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma cell lines in cell-based assays and tumor models via radiation-induced TNF-α. Further study into the use of birinapant with radiation therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cerna
- Molecular Radiation Therapeutics Branch Support, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Bora Lim
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yusuf Adelabu
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Stephen Yoo
- Molecular Radiation Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Donna Carter
- Molecular Radiation Therapeutics Branch Support, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Ahmed Fahim
- Molecular Radiation Therapeutics Branch Support, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | | | - Beverly A Teicher
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Eric Bernhard
- Radiotherapy Development Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Mansoor M Ahmed
- Molecular Radiation Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850.,Radiotherapy Development Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850.,Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850
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den Besten W, Verma K, Yamazoe S, Blaquiere N, Phung W, Izrael-Tomasevic A, Mulvihill MM, Helgason E, Prakash S, Goncharov T, Vucic D, Dueber E, Fairbrother WJ, Wertz I, Yu K, Staben ST. Primary Amine Tethered Small Molecules Promote the Degradation of X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10571-10575. [PMID: 34236858 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the proximity-driven ubiquitylation of E3-interacting small molecules could affect the degradation of E3 ubiquitin ligases. A series of XIAP BIR2 domain-binding small molecules was modified to append a nucleophilic primary amine. This modification transforms XIAP binders into inducers of XIAP degradation. The degradation of XIAP is E1- and proteasome-dependent, dependent on the ligase function of XIAP, and is rescued by subtle modifications of the small molecule that would obviate ubiquitylation. We demonstrate in vitro ubiquitylation of the small molecule that is dependent on its interaction with XIAP. Taken together, these results demonstrate the designed ubiquitylation of an engineered small molecule and a novel approach for the degradation of E3 ubiquitin ligases.
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116
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Liu J, Peng Y, Wei W. Light-Controllable PROTACs for Temporospatial Control of Protein Degradation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:678077. [PMID: 34350175 PMCID: PMC8326567 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.678077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) is an emerging and promising approach to target intracellular proteins for ubiquitination-mediated degradation, including those so-called undruggable protein targets, such as transcriptional factors and scaffold proteins. To date, plenty of PROTACs have been developed to degrade various disease-relevant proteins, such as estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), RTK, and CDKs. However, the on-target off-tissue and off-target effect is one of the major limitation that prevents the usage of PROTACs in clinic. To this end, we and several other groups have recently developed light-controllable PROTACs, as the representative for the third generation controllable PROTACs, by using either photo-caging or photo-switch approaches. In this review, we summarize the emerging light-controllable PROTACs and the prospective for other potential ways to achieve temporospatial control of PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yunhua Peng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Altrichter Y, Schöller J, Seitz O. Toward conditional control of Smac mimetic activity by RNA-templated reduction of azidopeptides on PNA or 2'-OMe-RNA. Biopolymers 2021; 112:e23466. [PMID: 34287823 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide templated reactions can be used to control the activity of functional molecules based on the presence of a specific trigger sequence. We report an RNA-controlled reaction system to conditionally restore the N-terminal amino group and thus binding affinity of azide-modified Smac mimetic compounds (SMCs) for their target protein X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP). Two templated reactions were compared: Staudinger reduction with phosphines and a photocatalytic reaction with Ru(bpy)2 (mcbpy). The latter proved faster and more efficient, especially for the activation of a bivalent SMC, which requires two consecutive reduction steps. The templated reaction proceeds with turnover when 2'-OMe-RNA probes are used, but is significantly more efficient with PNA, catalyzing a reaction in the presence of low, substoichiometric amounts (1%-3%, 10 nM) of target RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Altrichter
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Justus Schöller
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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118
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Campbell GR, Spector SA. Induction of Autophagy to Achieve a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cure. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071798. [PMID: 34359967 PMCID: PMC8307643 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective antiretroviral therapy has led to significant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) suppression and improvement in immune function. However, the persistence of integrated proviral DNA in latently infected reservoir cells, which drive viral rebound post-interruption of antiretroviral therapy, remains the major roadblock to a cure. Therefore, the targeted elimination or permanent silencing of this latently infected reservoir is a major focus of HIV-1 research. The most studied approach in the development of a cure is the activation of HIV-1 expression to expose latently infected cells for immune clearance while inducing HIV-1 cytotoxicity—the “kick and kill” approach. However, the complex and highly heterogeneous nature of the latent reservoir, combined with the failure of clinical trials to reduce the reservoir size casts doubt on the feasibility of this approach. This concern that total elimination of HIV-1 from the body may not be possible has led to increased emphasis on a “functional cure” where the virus remains but is unable to reactivate which presents the challenge of permanently silencing transcription of HIV-1 for prolonged drug-free remission—a “block and lock” approach. In this review, we discuss the interaction of HIV-1 and autophagy, and the exploitation of autophagy to kill selectively HIV-1 latently infected cells as part of a cure strategy. The cure strategy proposed has the advantage of significantly decreasing the size of the HIV-1 reservoir that can contribute to a functional cure and when optimised has the potential to eradicate completely HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-534-7477
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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119
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The alternative RelB NF-κB subunit is a novel critical player in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2021; 139:384-398. [PMID: 34232979 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent lymphoid malignancy affecting adults. NF-kB transcription factor family is activated by two main pathways, the canonical and the alternative NF-kB activation pathways with different functions. The alternative NF-kB pathway leads to the activation of the transcriptionally active RelB NF-kB subunit. Alternative NF-kB activation status and its role in DLBCL pathogenesis remain undefined. Here, we reveal a frequent activation of RelB in a large cohort of DLBCL patients and cell lines, independently of their ABC or GCB subtypes. RelB activity defines a new subset of DLBCL patients with a peculiar gene expression profile and mutational pattern. Importantly, RelB activation does not correlate with the MCD genetic subtype, enriched for ABC tumors carrying MYD88L265P and CD79B mutations that cooperatively activate canonical NF-kB, thus indicating that current genetic tools to evaluate NF-kB activity in DLBCL do not provide information on the alternative NF-kB activation. Further, the newly defined RelB-positive subgroup of DLBCL patients exhibits a dismal outcome following immunochemotherapy. Functional studies revealed that RelB confers DLBCL cell resistance to DNA-damage induced apoptosis in response to doxorubicin, a genotoxic agent used in front-line treatment for DLBCL. We also show that RelB positivity is associated with high expression of cIAP2. Altogether, RelB activation can be used to refine the prognostic stratification of DLBCL and may contribute to subvert the therapeutic DNA damage response in a segment of DLBCL patients.
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120
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Bricelj A, Steinebach C, Kuchta R, Gütschow M, Sosič I. E3 Ligase Ligands in Successful PROTACs: An Overview of Syntheses and Linker Attachment Points. Front Chem 2021; 9:707317. [PMID: 34291038 PMCID: PMC8287636 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.707317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have received tremendous attention as a new and exciting class of therapeutic agents that promise to significantly impact drug discovery. These bifunctional molecules consist of a target binding unit, a linker, and an E3 ligase binding moiety. The chemically-induced formation of ternary complexes leads to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Among the plethora of E3 ligases, only a few have been utilized for the novel PROTAC technology. However, extensive knowledge on the preparation of E3 ligands and their utilization for PROTACs has already been acquired. This review provides an in-depth analysis of synthetic entries to functionalized ligands for the most relevant E3 ligase ligands, i.e. CRBN, VHL, IAP, and MDM2. Less commonly used E3 ligase and their ligands are also presented. We compare different preparative routes to E3 ligands with respect to feasibility and productivity. A particular focus was set on the chemistry of the linker attachment by discussing the synthetic opportunities to connect the E3 ligand at an appropriate exit vector with a linker to assemble the final PROTAC. This comprehensive review includes many facets involved in the synthesis of such complex molecules and is expected to serve as a compendium to support future synthetic attempts towards PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleša Bricelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Robert Kuchta
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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121
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Berthelet J, Wimmer VC, Whitfield HJ, Serrano A, Boudier T, Mangiola S, Merdas M, El-Saafin F, Baloyan D, Wilcox J, Wilcox S, Parslow AC, Papenfuss AT, Yeo B, Ernst M, Pal B, Anderson RL, Davis MJ, Rogers KL, Hollande F, Merino D. The site of breast cancer metastases dictates their clonal composition and reversible transcriptomic profile. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf4408. [PMID: 34233875 PMCID: PMC8262813 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is a driver of breast cancer progression, but the nature of the clonal interactive network involved in this process remains unclear. Here, we optimized the use of optical barcoding to visualize and characterize 31 cancer subclones in vivo. By mapping the clonal composition of thousands of metastases in two clinically relevant sites, the lungs and liver, we found that metastases were highly polyclonal in lungs but not in the liver. Furthermore, the transcriptome of the subclones varied according to their metastatic niche. We also identified a reversible niche-driven signature that was conserved in lung and liver metastases collected during patient autopsies. Among this signature, we found that the tumor necrosis factor-α pathway was up-regulated in lung compared to liver metastases, and inhibition of this pathway affected metastasis diversity. These results highlight that the cellular and molecular heterogeneity observed in metastases is largely dictated by the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Berthelet
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Verena C Wimmer
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Holly J Whitfield
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Antonin Serrano
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Boudier
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stefano Mangiola
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Michal Merdas
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Farrah El-Saafin
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David Baloyan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jordan Wilcox
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Steven Wilcox
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Adam C Parslow
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Belinda Yeo
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Bhupinder Pal
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kelly L Rogers
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Delphine Merino
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Koschel J, Nishanth G, Just S, Harit K, Kröger A, Deckert M, Naumann M, Schlüter D. OTUB1 prevents lethal hepatocyte necroptosis through stabilization of c-IAP1 during murine liver inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2257-2275. [PMID: 33712742 PMCID: PMC8257688 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacterial and sterile inflammation of the liver, hepatocyte apoptosis is, in contrast to necroptosis, a common feature. The molecular mechanisms preventing hepatocyte necroptosis and the potential consequences of hepatocyte necroptosis are largely unknown. Apoptosis and necroptosis are critically regulated by the ubiquitination of signaling molecules but especially the regulatory function of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) is imperfectly defined. Here, we addressed the role of the DUB OTU domain aldehyde binding-1 (OTUB1) in hepatocyte cell death upon both infection with the hepatocyte-infecting bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) and D-Galactosamine (DGal)/Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced sterile inflammation. Combined in vivo and in vitro experiments comprising mice lacking OTUB1 specifically in liver parenchymal cells (OTUB1LPC-KO) and human OTUB1-deficient HepG2 cells revealed that OTUB1 prevented hepatocyte necroptosis but not apoptosis upon infection with Lm and DGal/TNF challenge. Lm-induced necroptosis in OTUB1LPC-KO mice resulted in increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and rapid lethality. Treatment with the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIPK) 1 inhibitor necrostatin-1s and deletion of the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) prevented liver damage and death of infected OTUB1LPC-KO mice. Mechanistically, OTUB1 reduced K48-linked polyubiquitination of the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (c-IAP1), thereby diminishing its degradation. In the absence of OTUB1, c-IAP1 degradation resulted in reduced K63-linked polyubiquitination and increased phosphorylation of RIPK1, RIPK1/RIPK3 necrosome formation, MLKL-phosphorylation and hepatocyte death. Additionally, OTUB1-deficiency induced RIPK1-dependent extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and TNF production in Lm-infected hepatocytes. Collectively, these findings identify OTUB1 as a novel regulator of hepatocyte-intrinsic necroptosis and a critical factor for survival of bacterial hepatitis and TNF challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephin Koschel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gopala Nishanth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Sissy Just
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kunjan Harit
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Innate Immunity and Infection Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Yang C, Ran Q, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zhao C, Yu X, Zhu F, Ji Y, Du Q, Yang T, Zhang W, He S. Doxorubicin sensitizes cancer cells to Smac mimetic via synergistic activation of the CYLD/RIPK1/FADD/caspase-8-dependent apoptosis. Apoptosis 2021; 25:441-455. [PMID: 32418059 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Smac/Diablo is a pro-apoptotic protein via interaction with inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) to relieve their inhibition of caspases. Smac mimetic compounds (also known as antagonists of IAPs) mimic the function of Smac/Diablo and sensitize cancer cells to TNF-induced apoptosis. However, the majority of cancer cells are resistant to Smac mimetic alone. Doxorubicin is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug and causes adverse effect of cardiotoxicity in many patients. Therefore, it is important to find strategies of combined chemotherapy to increase chemosensitivity and reduce the adverse effects. Here, we report that doxorubicin synergizes with Smac mimetic to trigger TNF-mediated apoptosis, which is mechanistically distinct from doxorubicin-induced cell death. Doxorubicin sensitizes cancer cells including human pancreatic and colorectal cancer cells to Smac mimetic treatment. The combined treatment leads to synergistic induction of TNFα to initiate apoptosis through activating NF-κB and c-Jun signaling pathways. Knockdown of caspase-8 or knockout of FADD significantly blocked apoptosis synergistically induced by Smac mimetic and doxorubicin, but had no effect on cell death caused by doxorubicin alone. Moreover, Smac mimetic and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis requires receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and its deubiquitinating enzyme cylindromatosis (CYLD), not A20. These in vitro findings demonstrate that combination of Smac mimetic and doxorubicin synergistically triggers apoptosis through the TNF/CYLD/RIPK1/FADD/caspase-8 signaling pathway. Importantly, the combined treatment induced in vivo synergistic anti-tumor effects in the xenograft tumor model. Thus, the combined therapy using Smac mimetic and doxorubicin presents a promising apoptosis-inducing strategy with great potential for the development of anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkui Yang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China. .,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qiao Ran
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yu
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Ji
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210038, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Du
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sudan He
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medial College, Beijing, China. .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China. .,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Miles MA, Caruso S, Baxter AA, Poon IKH, Hawkins CJ. Smac mimetics can provoke lytic cell death that is neither apoptotic nor necroptotic. Apoptosis 2021; 25:500-518. [PMID: 32440848 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Smac mimetics, or IAP antagonists, are a class of drugs currently being evaluated as anti-cancer therapeutics. These agents antagonize IAP proteins, including cIAP1/2 and XIAP, to induce cell death via apoptotic or, upon caspase-8 deficiency, necroptotic cell death pathways. Many cancer cells are unresponsive to Smac mimetic treatment as a single agent but can be sensitized to killing in the presence of the cytokine TNFα, provided either exogenously or via autocrine production. We found that high concentrations of a subset of Smac mimetics could provoke death in cells that did not produce TNFα, despite sensitization at lower concentrations by TNFα. The ability of these drugs to kill did not correlate with valency. These cells remained responsive to the lethal effects of Smac mimetics at high concentrations despite genetic or pharmacological impairments in apoptotic, necroptotic, pyroptotic, autophagic and ferroptotic cell death pathways. Analysis of dying cells revealed necrotic morphology, which was accompanied by the release of lactate dehydrogenase and cell membrane rupture without prior phosphatidylserine exposure implying cell lysis, which occurred over a several hours. Our study reveals that cells incapable of autocrine TNFα production are sensitive to some Smac mimetic compounds when used at high concentrations, and this exposure elicits a lytic cell death phenotype that occurs via a mechanism not requiring apoptotic caspases or necroptotic effectors RIPK3 or MLKL. These data reveal the possibility that non-canonical cell death pathways can be triggered by these drugs when applied at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Sarah Caruso
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Christine J Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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125
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Fisher DAC, Fowles JS, Zhou A, Oh ST. Inflammatory Pathophysiology as a Contributor to Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683401. [PMID: 34140953 PMCID: PMC8204249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), feature clonal dominance and remodeling of the bone marrow niche in a manner that promotes malignant over non-malignant hematopoiesis. This take-over of hematopoiesis by the malignant clone is hypothesized to include hyperactivation of inflammatory signaling and overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. In the Ph-negative MPNs, inflammatory cytokines are considered to be responsible for a highly deleterious pathophysiologic process: the phenotypic transformation of polycythemia vera (PV) or essential thrombocythemia (ET) to secondary myelofibrosis (MF), and the equivalent emergence of primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Bone marrow fibrosis itself is thought to be mediated heavily by the cytokine TGF-β, and possibly other cytokines produced as a result of hyperactivated JAK2 kinase in the malignant clone. MF also features extramedullary hematopoiesis and progression to bone marrow failure, both of which may be mediated in part by responses to cytokines. In MF, elevated levels of individual cytokines in plasma are adverse prognostic indicators: elevated IL-8/CXCL8, in particular, predicts risk of transformation of MF to secondary AML (sAML). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, also known as TNFα), may underlie malignant clonal dominance, based on results from mouse models. Human PV and ET, as well as MF, harbor overproduction of multiple cytokines, above what is observed in normal aging, which can lead to cellular signaling abnormalities separate from those directly mediated by hyperactivated JAK2 or MPL kinases. Evidence that NFκB pathway signaling is frequently hyperactivated in a pan-hematopoietic pattern in MPNs, including in cells outside the malignant clone, emphasizes that MPNs are pan-hematopoietic diseases, which remodel the bone marrow milieu to favor persistence of the malignancy. Clinical evidence that JAK2 inhibition by ruxolitinib in MF neither reliably reduces malignant clonal burden nor eliminates cytokine elevations, suggests targeting cytokine mediated signaling as a therapeutic strategy, which is being pursued in new clinical trials. Greater knowledge of inflammatory pathophysiology in MPNs can therefore contribute to the development of more effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arthur Corpuz Fisher
- Divisions of Hematology & Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jared Scott Fowles
- Divisions of Hematology & Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amy Zhou
- Divisions of Hematology & Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stephen Tracy Oh
- Divisions of Hematology & Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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126
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Necroptosis molecular mechanisms: Recent findings regarding novel necroptosis regulators. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1007-1017. [PMID: 34075202 PMCID: PMC8166896 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of programmed necrosis that is mediated by various cytokines and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Cells dying by necroptosis show necrotic phenotypes, including swelling and membrane rupture, and release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, thereby mediating extreme inflammatory responses. Studies on gene knockout or necroptosis-specific inhibitor treatment in animal models have provided extensive evidence regarding the important roles of necroptosis in inflammatory diseases. The necroptosis signaling pathway is primarily modulated by activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), mediating MLKL oligomerization. In the necroptosis process, these proteins are fine-tuned by posttranslational regulation via phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and protein-protein interactions. Herein, we review recent findings on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of necroptosis.
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127
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Shimada T, Kudoh Y, Noguchi T, Kagi T, Suzuki M, Tsuchida M, Komatsu H, Takahashi M, Hirata Y, Matsuzawa A. The E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase RNF4 Promotes TNF-α-Induced Cell Death Triggered by RIPK1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5796. [PMID: 34071450 PMCID: PMC8199362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a key component of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor signaling complex that regulates both pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling. The reciprocal functions of RIPK1 in TNF signaling are determined by the state of the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of RIPK1. However, the underlying mechanisms associated with the PTMs of RIPK1 are unclear. In this study, we found that RING finger protein 4 (RNF4), a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, is required for the RIPK1 autophosphorylation and subsequent cell death. It has been reported that RNF4 negatively regulates TNF-α-induced activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through downregulation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activity, indicating the possibility that RNF4-mediated TAK1 suppression results in enhanced sensitivity to cell death. However, interestingly, RNF4 was needed to induce RIPK1-mediated cell death even in the absence of TAK1, suggesting that RNF4 can promote RIPK1-mediated cell death without suppressing the TAK1 activity. Thus, these observations reveal the existence of a novel mechanism whereby RNF4 promotes the autophosphorylation of RIPK1, which provides a novel insight into the molecular basis for the PTMs of RIPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takuya Noguchi
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.K.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (H.K.); (M.T.); (Y.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Atsushi Matsuzawa
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (T.S.); (Y.K.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.T.); (H.K.); (M.T.); (Y.H.)
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128
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Rizk J, Agerholm R, Jönsson A, Dogan AA, Dufva M, Bekiaris V. cIAP1/2 antagonization by SMAC mimetic induces non-canonical NF-κB mediated T H 17 cell homotypic interactions and increases their resistance to shear stress. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2097-2099. [PMID: 33960415 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SMAC antagonization of cIAP1/2 in TH 17 cells upregulates cell adhesion and cytoskeleton genes through the NIK-RelB and p52 axis. SMAC also increases the homotypic interactions of TH 17 cells through a non-canonical NF-κB- and integrin-mediated mechanism resulting in increased ability of TH 17 cells to withstand shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rizk
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Agerholm
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexander Jönsson
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Asli Aybike Dogan
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vasileios Bekiaris
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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129
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Roehle K, Qiang L, Ventre KS, Heid D, Ali LR, Lenehan P, Heckler M, Crowley SJ, Stump CT, Ro G, Godicelj A, Bhuiyan AM, Yang A, Quiles Del Rey M, Biary T, Luoma AM, Bruck PT, Tegethoff JF, Nopper SL, Li J, Byrne KT, Pelletier M, Wucherpfennig KW, Stanger BZ, Akin JJ, Mancias JD, Agudo J, Dougan M, Dougan SK. cIAP1/2 antagonism eliminates MHC class I-negative tumors through T cell-dependent reprogramming of mononuclear phagocytes. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf5058. [PMID: 34011631 PMCID: PMC8406785 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf5058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Loss of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) sensing are major causes of primary and acquired resistance to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Thus, additional treatment options are needed for tumors that lose expression of MHC class I. The cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins 1 and 2 (cIAP1/2) regulate classical and alternative nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Induction of noncanonical NF-κB signaling with cIAP1/2 antagonists mimics costimulatory signaling, augmenting antitumor immunity. We show that induction of noncanonical NF-κB signaling induces T cell-dependent immune responses, even in β2-microglobulin (β2M)-deficient tumors, demonstrating that direct CD8 T cell recognition of tumor cell-expressed MHC class I is not required. Instead, T cell-produced lymphotoxin reprograms both mouse and human macrophages to be tumoricidal. In wild-type mice, but not mice incapable of antigen-specific T cell responses, cIAP1/2 antagonism reduces tumor burden by increasing phagocytosis of live tumor cells. Efficacy is augmented by combination with CD47 blockade. Thus, activation of noncanonical NF-κB stimulates a T cell-macrophage axis that curtails growth of tumors that are resistant to checkpoint blockade because of loss of MHC class I or IFN-γ sensing. These findings provide a potential mechanism for controlling checkpoint blockade refractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roehle
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine S Ventre
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel Heid
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lestat R Ali
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Lenehan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Max Heckler
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie J Crowley
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Courtney T Stump
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gabrielle Ro
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anže Godicelj
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aladdin M Bhuiyan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Annan Yang
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria Quiles Del Rey
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tamara Biary
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Adrienne M Luoma
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick T Bruck
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jana F Tegethoff
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Svenja L Nopper
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jinyang Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katelyn T Byrne
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marc Pelletier
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James J Akin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Radiation and Genome Stability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Judith Agudo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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130
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Zhang YC, Qin XL, Ma XL, Mo HQ, Qin S, Zhang CX, Wei XW, Liu XQ, Zhang Y, Tian FJ, Lin Y. CLDN1 regulates trophoblast apoptosis and proliferation in preeclampsia. Reproduction 2021; 161:623-632. [PMID: 33784242 PMCID: PMC8111329 DOI: 10.1530/rep-20-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a gestational hypertensive disease; however, preeclampsia remains poorly understood. Bioinformatics analysis was applied to find novel genes involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and identified CLDN1 as one of the most differentially expressed genes when comparing patients with preeclampsia and healthy controls. The results of the qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry experiments demonstrated that CLDN1 was significantly downregulated in the chorionic villi in samples from patients with preeclampsia. Furthermore, knockdown of CLDN1 in HTR-8/SVneo cells resulted in the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis, and overexpression of CLDN1 reversed these effects. In addition, RNA-seq assays demonstrated that the gene BIRC3 is potentially downstream of CLDN1 and is involved in the regulation of apoptosis. Knockdown of CLDN1 confirmed that the expression level of BIRC3 was obviously decreased and was associated with a significant increase in cleaved PARP. Interestingly, the apoptotic effect in CLDN1 knockdown cells was rescued after BIRC3 overexpression. Overall, these results indicate that a decrease in CLDN1 inhibits BIRC3 expression and increases cleaved PARP levels thus participating in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Li Qin
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ma
- The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Qin Mo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Xi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Qing Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hu Bei, China
| | - Fu-Ju Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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131
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Effect of longevity genetic variants on the molecular aging rate. GeroScience 2021; 43:1237-1251. [PMID: 33948810 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a genome-wide association study of 1320 centenarians from the New England Centenarian Study (median age = 104 years) and 2899 unrelated controls using >9 M genetic variants imputed to the HRC panel of ~65,000 haplotypes. The genetic variants with the most significant associations were correlated to 4131 proteins that were profiled in the serum of a subset of 224 study participants using a SOMAscan array. The genetic associations were replicated in a genome-wide association study of 480 centenarians and ~800 controls of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. The proteomic associations were replicated in a proteomic scan of approximately 1000 Ashkenazi Jewish participants from a third cohort. The analysis replicated a protein signature associated with APOE genotypes and confirmed strong overexpression of BIRC2 (p < 5E-16) and under-expression of APOB in carriers of the APOE2 allele (p < 0.05). The analysis also discovered and replicated associations between longevity variants and slower changes of protein biomarkers of aging, including a novel protein signature of rs2184061 (CDKN2A/CDKN2B in chromosome 9) that suggests a genetic regulation of GDF15. The analyses showed that longevity variants correlate with proteome signatures that could be manipulated to discover healthy-aging targets.
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132
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Sun H, Du Y, Yao M, Wang Q, Ji K, Du L, Xu C, He N, Wang J, Zhang M, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wen K, Liu Q. cIAP1/2 are involved in the radiosensitizing effect of birinapant on NSCLC cell line in vitro. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6125-6136. [PMID: 33939305 PMCID: PMC8366455 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour radioresistance is a major problem for cancer radiation therapy. To identify the underlying mechanisms of this resistance, we used human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and focused on the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) family, which contributes to tumourigenesis and chemoresistance. We investigated the possible correlation between radioresistance in six NSCLC cell lines and IAP protein levels and tested the radiosensitizing effect of birinapant in vitro, a molecule that mimics the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase. We found that birinapant-induced apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC cells after exposure to radiation. These effects were induced by birinapant downregulation of cIAP protein levels and changes of cIAP gene expression. Overall, birinapant can inhibit tumour growth of NSCLC cell lines to ironizing radiation and act as a promising strategy to overcome radioresistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Yanan Du
- Tianjin Center for Disease Control and PreventionTianjinChina
| | - Ming Yao
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Qin Wang
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Kaihua Ji
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Liqing Du
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Chang Xu
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Ningning He
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Jinhan Wang
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Manman Zhang
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
| | - Kaixue Wen
- Shanxi Academy of Medical SciencesShanxi Bethune HospitalShanxiChina
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Radiation MedicineChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeTianjinChina
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133
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Granqvist V, Holmgren C, Larsson C. Induction of interferon-β and interferon signaling by TRAIL and Smac mimetics via caspase-8 in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248175. [PMID: 33770100 PMCID: PMC7996988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer prognosis is frequently good but a substantial number of patients suffer from relapse. The death receptor ligand TRAIL can in combination with Smac mimetics induce apoptosis in some luminal-like ER-positive breast cancer cell lines, such as CAMA-1, but not in MCF-7 cells. Here we show that TRAIL and the Smac mimetic LCL161 induce non-canonical NF-κB and IFN signaling in ER-positive MCF-7 cells and in CAMA-1 breast cancer cells when apoptosis is blocked by caspase inhibition. Levels of p52 are increased and STAT1 gets phosphorylated. STAT1 phosphorylation is induced by TRAIL alone in MCF-7 cells and is independent of non-canonical NF-κB since downregulation of NIK has no effect. The phosphorylation of STAT1 is a rather late event, appearing after 24 hours of TRAIL stimulation. It is preceded by an increase in IFNB1 mRNA levels and can be blocked by siRNA targeting the type I IFN receptor IFNAR1 and by inhibition of Janus kinases by Ruxolitinib. Moreover, downregulation of caspase-8, but not inhibition of caspase activity, blocks TRAIL-mediated STAT1 phosphorylation and induction of IFN-related genes. The data suggest that TRAIL-induced IFNB1 expression in MCF-7 cells is dependent on a non-apoptotic role of caspase-8 and leads to autocrine interferon-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Granqvist
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Holmgren
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Larsson
- Lund University, Translational Cancer Research, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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134
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Ebert G, Lopaticki S, O'Neill MT, Steel RWJ, Doerflinger M, Rajasekaran P, Yang ASP, Erickson S, Ioannidis L, Arandjelovic P, Mackiewicz L, Allison C, Silke J, Pellegrini M, Boddey JA. Targeting the Extrinsic Pathway of Hepatocyte Apoptosis Promotes Clearance of Plasmodium Liver Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4343-4354.e4. [PMID: 32234472 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites infect the liver and develop into exoerythrocytic merozoites that initiate blood-stage disease. The hepatocyte molecular pathways that permit or abrogate parasite replication and merozoite formation have not been thoroughly explored, and a deeper understanding may identify therapeutic strategies to mitigate malaria. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) proteins regulate cell survival and are co-opted by intracellular pathogens to support development. Here, we show that cIAP1 levels are upregulated during Plasmodium liver infection and that genetic or pharmacological targeting of cIAPs using clinical-stage antagonists preferentially kills infected hepatocytes and promotes immunity. Using gene-targeted mice, the mechanism was defined as TNF-TNFR1-mediated apoptosis via caspases 3 and 8 to clear parasites. This study reveals the importance of cIAPs to Plasmodium infection and demonstrates that host-directed antimalarial drugs can eliminate liver parasites and induce immunity while likely providing a high barrier to resistance in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Ebert
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sash Lopaticki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew T O'Neill
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan W J Steel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcel Doerflinger
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pravin Rajasekaran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Annie S P Yang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Erickson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip Arandjelovic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Liana Mackiewicz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cody Allison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Justin A Boddey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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135
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Fhu CW, Ali A. Dysregulation of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Human Malignancies: A Window for Therapeutic Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071513. [PMID: 33805973 PMCID: PMC8037609 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) governs the non-lysosomal degradation of oxidized, damaged, or misfolded proteins in eukaryotic cells. Dysregulation of the UPS results in loss of ability to maintain protein quality through proteolysis, and is closely related to the development of various malignancies and tumorigenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive general overview on the regulation and roles of UPS and discuss the mechanisms linking dysregulated UPS to human malignancies. Inhibitors developed against components of the UPS, which include U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA-approved and those currently undergoing clinical trials, are also presented in this review. Abstract The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) governs the non-lysosomal degradation of oxidized, damaged, or misfolded proteins in eukaryotic cells. This process is tightly regulated through the activation and transfer of polyubiquitin chains to target proteins which are then recognized and degraded by the 26S proteasome complex. The role of UPS is crucial in regulating protein levels through degradation to maintain fundamental cellular processes such as growth, division, signal transduction, and stress response. Dysregulation of the UPS, resulting in loss of ability to maintain protein quality through proteolysis, is closely related to the development of various malignancies and tumorigenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive general overview on the regulation and roles of UPS and discuss functional links of dysregulated UPS in human malignancies. Inhibitors developed against components of the UPS, which include U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA-approved and those currently undergoing clinical trials, are also presented in this review.
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136
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Hashimoto M, Saito Y, Nakagawa R, Ogahara I, Takagi S, Takata S, Amitani H, Endo M, Yuki H, Ramilowski JA, Severin J, Manabe RI, Watanabe T, Ozaki K, Kaneko A, Kajita H, Fujiki S, Sato K, Honma T, Uchida N, Fukami T, Okazaki Y, Ohara O, Shultz LD, Yamada M, Taniguchi S, Vyas P, de Hoon M, Momozawa Y, Ishikawa F. Combined inhibition of XIAP and BCL2 drives maximal therapeutic efficacy in genetically diverse aggressive acute myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:340-356. [DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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137
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Kist M, Vucic D. Cell death pathways: intricate connections and disease implications. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106700. [PMID: 33439509 PMCID: PMC7917554 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various forms of cell death have been identified over the last decades with each relying on a different subset of proteins for the activation and execution of their respective pathway(s). In addition to the three best characterized pathways-apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis-other forms of regulated cell death including autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD), mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)-mediated necrosis, parthanatos, NETosis and ferroptosis, and their relevance for organismal homeostasis are becoming better understood. Importantly, it is increasingly clear that none of these pathways operate alone. Instead, a more complex picture is emerging with many pathways sharing components and signaling principles. Finally, a number of cell death regulators are implicated in human diseases and represent attractive therapeutic targets. Therefore, better understanding of physiological and mechanistic aspects of cell death signaling should yield improved reagents for addressing unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kist
- Department of Early Discovery BiochemistryGenentechSouth San FranciscoUSA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery BiochemistryGenentechSouth San FranciscoUSA
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138
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Knoll G, Ehrenschwender M. The non-peptidomimetic IAP antagonist ASTX660 sensitizes colorectal cancer cells for extrinsic apoptosis. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:714-723. [PMID: 33484626 PMCID: PMC7931242 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis resistance worsens treatment response in cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Inhibition of anti-apoptotic proteins can restore cell death and improve treatment efficacy. cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP belong to the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family and block apoptosis. Targeting IAPs with peptides or peptidomimetics mimicking the IAP-antagonizing activity of the cell's endogenous IAP antagonist SMAC (SMAC mimetics) showed promising results and fueled development of novel compounds. ASTX660 belongs to the recently introduced class of non-peptidomimetic IAP antagonists and successfully completed phase I clinical trials. However, ASTX660 has thus far only been evaluated in few cancer entities. Here, we demonstrate that ASTX660 has cell death-promoting activity in colorectal cancer and provide a head-to-head comparison with birinapant, the clinically most advanced peptidomimetic IAP antagonist. ASTX660 facilitates activation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway upon stimulation with the death ligands TNF and TRAIL and boosts effector caspase activation and subsequent apoptosis. Mechanistically, ASTX660 enhances amplification of death receptor-generated apoptotic signals in a mitochondria-dependent manner. Failure to activate the mitochondria-associated (intrinsic) apoptosis pathway attenuated the apoptosis-promoting effect of ASTX660. Further clinical studies are warranted to highlight the therapeutic potential of ASTX660 in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Knoll
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and HygieneUniversity Hospital RegensburgGermany
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139
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Kist M, Kőműves LG, Goncharov T, Dugger DL, Yu C, Roose-Girma M, Newton K, Webster JD, Vucic D. Impaired RIPK1 ubiquitination sensitizes mice to TNF toxicity and inflammatory cell death. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:985-1000. [PMID: 32999468 PMCID: PMC7937686 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1; RIPK1) is a key regulator of multiple signaling pathways that mediate inflammatory responses and cell death. TNF-TNFR1 triggered signaling complex formation, subsequent NF-κB and MAPK activation and induction of cell death involve RIPK1 ubiquitination at several lysine residues including Lys376 and Lys115. Here we show that mutating the ubiquitination site K376 of RIPK1 (K376R) in mice activates cell death resulting in embryonic lethality. In contrast to Ripk1K376R/K376R mice, Ripk1K115R/K115R mice reached adulthood and showed slightly higher responsiveness to TNF-induced death. Cell death observed in Ripk1K376R/K376R embryos relied on RIPK1 kinase activity as administration of RIPK1 inhibitor GNE684 to pregnant heterozygous mice effectively blocked cell death and prolonged survival. Embryonic lethality of Ripk1K376R/K376R mice was prevented by the loss of TNFR1, or by simultaneous deletion of caspase-8 and RIPK3. Interestingly, elimination of the wild-type allele from adult Ripk1K376R/cko mice was tolerated. However, adult Ripk1K376R/cko mice were exquisitely sensitive to TNF-induced hypothermia and associated lethality. Absence of the K376 ubiquitination site diminished K11-linked, K63-linked, and linear ubiquitination of RIPK1, and promoted the assembly of death-inducing cellular complexes, suggesting that multiple ubiquitin linkages contribute to the stability of the RIPK1 signaling complex that stimulates NF-κB and MAPK activation. In contrast, mutating K115 did not affect RIPK1 ubiquitination or TNF stimulated NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Overall, our data indicate that selective impairment of RIPK1 ubiquitination can lower the threshold for RIPK1 activation by TNF resulting in cell death and embryonic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kist
- Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - László G Kőműves
- Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tatiana Goncharov
- Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Debra L Dugger
- Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Charles Yu
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kim Newton
- Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Joshua D Webster
- Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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140
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Semenza GL. Intratumoral Hypoxia and Mechanisms of Immune Evasion Mediated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factors. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:73-83. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00034.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems represents a promising strategy for defeating cancer. However, during tumor progression, cancer cells battle to shift the balance from immune activation to immunosuppression. Critical sites of this battle are regions of intratumoral hypoxia, and a major driving force for immunosuppression is the activity of hypoxia-inducible factors, which regulate the transcription of large batteries of genes in both cancer and stromal cells that block the infiltration and activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, while stimulating the infiltration and activity of regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors or their target gene products may restore anticancer immunity and improve the response to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg L. Semenza
- Vascular Program, Institute for Cell Engineering; and Departments of Genetic Medicine, Pediatrics, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, Medicine, and Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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141
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Lou J, Zhou Y, Feng Z, Ma M, Yao Y, Wang Y, Deng Y, Wu Y. Caspase-Independent Regulated Necrosis Pathways as Potential Targets in Cancer Management. Front Oncol 2021; 10:616952. [PMID: 33665167 PMCID: PMC7921719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.616952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated necrosis is an emerging type of cell death independent of caspase. Recently, with increasing findings of regulated necrosis in the field of biochemistry and genetics, the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of regulated necrosis are gradually understood. Nowadays, there are several modes of regulated necrosis that are tightly related to cancer initiation and development, including necroptosis, ferroptosis, parthanatos, pyroptosis, and so on. What’s more, accumulating evidence shows that various compounds can exhibit the anti-cancer effect via inducing regulated necrosis in cancer cells, which indicates that caspase-independent regulated necrosis pathways are potential targets in cancer management. In this review, we expand the molecular mechanisms as well as signaling pathways of multiple modes of regulated necrosis. We also elaborate on the roles they play in tumorigenesis and discuss how each of the regulated necrosis pathways could be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyao Lou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zengyu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mindi Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulian Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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142
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Gu SS, Zhang W, Wang X, Jiang P, Traugh N, Li Z, Meyer C, Stewig B, Xie Y, Bu X, Manos MP, Font-Tello A, Gjini E, Lako A, Lim K, Conway J, Tewari AK, Zeng Z, Sahu AD, Tokheim C, Weirather JL, Fu J, Zhang Y, Kroger B, Liang JH, Cejas P, Freeman GJ, Rodig S, Long HW, Gewurz BE, Hodi FS, Brown M, Liu XS. Therapeutically Increasing MHC-I Expression Potentiates Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1524-1541. [PMID: 33589424 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy revolutionized cancer treatment, but many patients with impaired MHC-I expression remain refractory. Here, we combined FACS-based genome-wide CRISPR screens with a data-mining approach to identify drugs that can upregulate MHC-I without inducing PD-L1. CRISPR screening identified TRAF3, a suppressor of the NFκB pathway, as a negative regulator of MHC-I but not PD-L1. The Traf3-knockout gene expression signature is associated with better survival in ICB-naïve patients with cancer and better ICB response. We then screened for drugs with similar transcriptional effects as this signature and identified Second Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspase (SMAC) mimetics. We experimentally validated that the SMAC mimetic birinapant upregulates MHC-I, sensitizes cancer cells to T cell-dependent killing, and adds to ICB efficacy. Our findings provide preclinical rationale for treating tumors expressing low MHC-I expression with SMAC mimetics to enhance sensitivity to immunotherapy. The approach used in this study can be generalized to identify other drugs that enhance immunotherapy efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE: MHC-I loss or downregulation in cancer cells is a major mechanism of resistance to T cell-based immunotherapies. Our study reveals that birinapant may be used for patients with low baseline MHC-I to enhance ICB response. This represents promising immunotherapy opportunities given the biosafety profile of birinapant from multiple clinical trials.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqing Stan Gu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wubing Zhang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicole Traugh
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Clifford Meyer
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Blair Stewig
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yingtian Xie
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xia Bu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael P Manos
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alba Font-Tello
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evisa Gjini
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana Lako
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Klothilda Lim
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jake Conway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alok K Tewari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zexian Zeng
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Avinash Das Sahu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Collin Tokheim
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason L Weirather
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingxin Fu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin Kroger
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jin Hua Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paloma Cejas
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott Rodig
- Department of Pathologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry W Long
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin E Gewurz
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - F Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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143
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Loss of cIAP1 in Endothelial Cells Limits Metastatic Extravasation through Tumor-Derived Lymphotoxin Alpha. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040599. [PMID: 33546280 PMCID: PMC7913358 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined whether Smac mimetics play a role in metastasis, specifically in circulation, tumor extravasation and growth in a metastatic site. Reports suggest inducing the degradation of IAPs through use of Smac mimetics, alters the ability of the tumor cell to metastasize. However, a role for the immune or stromal compartment in affecting the ability of tumor cells to metastasize upon loss of IAPs has not been defined. To address this open question, we utilized syngeneic tumor models in a late-stage model of metastasis. Loss of cIAP1 in the endothelial compartment, rather than depletion of cIAP2 or absence of cIAP1 in the hematopoietic compartment, caused reduction of tumor load in the lung. Our results underline the involvement of the endothelium in hindering tumor cell extravasation upon loss of cIAP1, in contrast to the immune compartment. Endothelial specific depletion of cIAP1 did not lead to cell death but resulted in an unresponsive endothelium barrier to permeability factors causing a decrease in tumor cell extravasation. Surprisingly, lymphotoxin alpha (LTA), and not TNF, secreted by the tumor cells, was critical for the extravasation. Using TCGA, we found high LTA mRNA expression correlated with decreased survival in kidney carcinoma and associated with advanced disease stage. Our data suggest that Smac mimetics, targeting cIAP1/2, reduce metastasis to the lung by inhibiting tumor cell extravasation.
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144
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Pemmaraju N, Chen NC, Verstovsek S. Immunotherapy and Immunomodulation in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:409-429. [PMID: 33641877 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are characterized by chronic inflammation. The discovery of constitutively active JAK-STAT signaling associated with driver mutations has led to clinical and translational breakthroughs. Insights into the other pathways and novel factors of potential importance are being actively investigated. Various classes of agents with immunomodulating or immunosuppressive properties have been used with varying degrees of success in treating myeloproliferative neoplasms. Early clinical trials are investigating the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors, cell-based immunotherapies, and SMAC mimetics. The dynamic landscape of immunotherapy and immunomodulation in myeloproliferative neoplasms is the topic of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Pemmaraju
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard #3000, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Natalie C Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas School of Health Sciences at Houston, 6431 Fannin, MSB 1.150, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Srdan Verstovsek
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard #428, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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145
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Cheng J, Feng X, Li Z, Zhou F, Yang JM, Zhao Y. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) with small molecules for the treatment of human diseases. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:552-565. [PMID: 34046627 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NIK is a key kinase required for the activation of alternative NF-κB signaling pathways. Overactivation of NIK in patients has been observed and is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, B-cell malignances, and solid tumors. Over the past decade, inhibition of NIK overactivation with small molecules has been pursued as an attractive strategy for drug discovery, where numerous potent and selective NIK inhibitors with novel pharmacophores have been identified. This review summarizes the structural features and key efficacy studies of the NIK inhibitors reported, which justify the mechanism of action of such inhibitors in animal models driven by NIK overactivation. Given the strong pathological associations between overactivation of NIK and human diseases, human clinical trials of NIK inhibitors as drug candidates are eagerly awaited. Information showcased in this review article might be helpful for the discovery and clinical development of the next generation of NIK inhibitors in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xuexin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608.,School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng Jiangsu 224051 China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University Yancheng Jiangsu 224051 China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zuchongzhi Rd. Shanghai 201203 China +86 21 50800608.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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146
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Lan Y, Ng CT, Ong CN, Yu LE, Bay BH. Transcriptomic analysis identifies dysregulated genes and functional networks in human small airway epithelial cells exposed to ambient PM 2.5. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111702. [PMID: 33396033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellular models exhibiting human physiological features of pseudostratified columnar epithelia, provide a more realistic approach for elucidating detailed mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced pulmonary toxicity. In this study, we characterized the barrier and mucociliary functions of differentiated human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs), cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI). Due to the presence of mucociliary protection, particle internalization was reduced, with a concomitant decrease in cytotoxicity in differentiated S-ALI cells, as compared to conventional submerged SAEC cultures. After 24-hour exposure to PM2.5 surrogates, 117 up-regulated genes and 156 down-regulated genes were detected in S-ALI cells, through transcriptomic analysis using the Affymetrix Clariom™ S Human Array. Transcription-level changes in >60 signaling pathways, were revealed by functional annotation of the 273 differentially expressed genes, using the PANTHER Gene List Analysis. These pathways are involved in multiple cellular processes, that include inflammation and apoptosis. Exposure to urban PM2.5 led to complex responses in airway epithelia, including a net induction of downstream pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic responses. Collectively, this study highlights the importance of using the more advanced ALI model rather than the undifferentiated submerged model, to avoid over-assessment of inhaled particle toxicity in human. The results of our study also suggest that reduction of ambient PM2.5 concentrations would have a protective effect on respiratory health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Cheng Teng Ng
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Liya E Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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147
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Cockram PE, Kist M, Prakash S, Chen SH, Wertz IE, Vucic D. Ubiquitination in the regulation of inflammatory cell death and cancer. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:591-605. [PMID: 33432113 PMCID: PMC7798376 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system is complex, multifaceted, and is crucial for the modulation of a vast number of cellular processes. Ubiquitination is tightly regulated at different levels by a range of enzymes including E1s, E2s, and E3s, and an array of DUBs. The UPS directs protein degradation through the proteasome, and regulates a wide array of cellular processes including transcription and epigenetic factors as well as key oncoproteins. Ubiquitination is key to the dynamic regulation of programmed cell death. Notably, the TNF signaling pathway is controlled by competing ubiquitin conjugation and deubiquitination, which governs both proteasomal degradation and signaling complex formation. In the inflammatory response, ubiquitination is capable of both activating and dampening inflammasome activation through the control of either protein stability, complex formation, or, in some cases, directly affecting receptor activity. In this review, we discuss the enzymes and targets in the ubiquitin system that regulate fundamental cellular processes regulating cell death, and inflammation, as well as disease consequences resulting from their dysregulation. Finally, we highlight several pre-clinical and clinical compounds that regulate ubiquitin system enzymes, with the aim of restoring homeostasis and ameliorating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Cockram
- Departments of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.,Departments of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Matthias Kist
- Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sumit Prakash
- Departments of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Si-Han Chen
- Departments of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ingrid E Wertz
- Departments of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA. .,Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Departments of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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148
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Varfolomeev E, Goncharov T, Vucic D. Immunoblot Analysis of the Regulation of TNF Receptor Family-Induced NF-κB Signaling by c-IAP Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2366:109-123. [PMID: 34236635 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1669-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Proper maintenance of organismal homeostasis, development, and immune defense requires precise regulation of survival and signaling pathways. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are evolutionarily conserved regulators of cell death and immune signaling that impact numerous cellular processes. Although initially characterized as inhibitors of apoptosis, the ubiquitin ligase activity of IAP proteins is critical for modulating various signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, MAPK) and cell survival. Cellular IAP1 and 2 regulate the pro-survival canonical NF-κB pathway by ubiquitinating RIP1 and themselves thus enabling recruitment of kinase (IKK) and E3 ligase (LUBAC) complexes. On the other hand, c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are negative regulators of noncanonical NF-κB signaling by promoting ubiquitination and consequent proteasomal degradation of the NF-κB-inducing kinase NIK. Here we describe the involvement of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 in NF-κB signaling and provide detailed methodology for examining functional roles of c-IAPs in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Varfolomeev
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Goncharov
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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149
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Engin A. Protein Kinase-Mediated Decision Between the Life and Death. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:1-33. [PMID: 33539010 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases are intracellular signaling enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of specific residues in their target substrate proteins. They play important role for regulation of life and death decisions. The complexity of the relationship between death receptors and protein kinases' cell death decision-making mechanisms create many difficulties in the treatment of various diseases. The most of fifteen different cell death pathways, which are reported by Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) are protein kinase signal transduction-mediated negative or positive selections. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a main player of death pathways is a dual-functioning molecule in that it can promote both cell survival or cell death. All apoptotic and necrotic signal transductions are conveyed through death domain-containing death receptors, which are expressed on the surface of nearly all human cells. In humans, eight members of the death receptor family have been identified. While the interaction of TNF with TNF Receptor 1 (TNFR1) activates various signal transduction pathways, different death receptors activate three main signal transduction pathways: nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB)-mediated differentiation or pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated stress response and caspase-mediated apoptosis. The link between the NF-ĸB and the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways comprise another check-point to regulate cell death. TNF-α also promotes the "receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 1" (RIPK1)/RIPK3/ mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)-dependent necrosis. Thus, necrosome is mainly comprised of MLKL, RIPK3 and, in some cases, RIPK1. In fact, RIPK1 is at the crossroad between life and death, downstream of various receptors as a regulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced death. TNFR1 signaling complex (TNF-RSC), which contains multiple kinase activities, promotes phosphorylation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) α/IKKβ, IκBα, and NF-κB. IKKs affect cell-survival pathways in NF-κB-independent manner. Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation triggers various signaling pathways dependent on myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88), Interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinase (IRAK1), IRAK2 and IRAK4, lead to post-translational activation of nucleotide and oligomerization domain (NLRP3). Thereby, cell fate decisions following TLR signaling is parallel with death receptor signaling. Inhibition of IKKα/IKKβ or its upstream activators sensitize cells to death by inducing RIPK1-dependent apoptosis or necroptosis. During apoptosis, several kinases of the NF-κB pathway, including IKK1 and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), are cleaved by cellular caspases. This event can terminate the NF-κB-derived survival signals. In both canonical and non-canonical pathways, IKK is key to NF-κB activation. Whereas, the activation process of IKK, the functions of NEMO ubiquitination, IKK-related non-canonical pathway and the nuclear transportation of NEMO and functions of IKKα are still debated in cell death. In addition, cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95)-mediated non-apoptotic signaling and CD95- death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) interactions are waiting for clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
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150
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Ahmad I, Dera A, Irfan S, Rajagopalan P, Ali Beg M, Alshahrani M, Mir M, Abohashrh M, Alam M, Wahab S, Verma A, Srivastava S. BV6 enhances apoptosis in Lung cancer cells by ameliorating caspase expressions through attenuation of XIAP, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2 proteins. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 18:1651-1657. [DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1281_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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