101
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Zhu Z, Wang X. Roles of cohesin in chromosome architecture and gene expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 90:187-193. [PMID: 30096363 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin-mediated chromatin organization plays an important role in formation and stabilization of chromosome architecture and gene regulation. Mechanisms by which cohesin shapes chromosome and regulates gene expression remain unclear. The present article overviews biological characters and functions of cohesin and core subunits and explores roles of regulatory factors (e.g. Pds5, Wapl, and Eco1) in dynamic behaviors of cohesin. Cohesin interacts with CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) and other factors to maintain and stabilize multi-dimensional organizations of topological loops and distances between sites during cell segmentation. We also describe functional roles of cohesin in cell cycle by entrapping sister chromatids to form embrace and handcuff models, loading onto chromatin, establishing cohesion function, and regulating removal of cohesin and associated factors from the chromosome arm through prophase pathway or at onset of anaphase. It is questioned whether those factors associated with cohesin-regulated processes can be identified as biology- or disease-specific biomarkers and druggable targets to dynamically monitor changes during phasing, staging, progressing, and responding of diseases. It is also expected to explore heterogenetic roles of cohesin between single cells and regulatory roles of cohesin in trans-omic profiles and functions. Further understanding of cohesin functions will be beneficial to improve diagnosis and treatment of cohesinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhu
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Medical School, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Medical School, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics Shanghai, China.
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102
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Wang DC, Wang W, Zhang L, Wang X. A tour of 3D genome with a focus on CTCF. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 90:4-11. [PMID: 30031214 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The complex three-dimensional (3D) structure of the genome plays critical roles in the maintenance of genome stability, organization, and dynamics and in regulation of gene expression for understanding molecular mechanisms and diseases. Chromatin maintains biological functions and transcriptional activities through long distance interaction and interactions between loops and enhancers-promoters. We firstly overview the architecture and biology of chromatin and loops, topologically associated domains (TADs) and interactions, and compartments and functions. We specifically focus on CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) in 3D genome organization and function to furthermore understand the significance of CTCF biology, transcriptional regulations, interactions with cohesin, roles in DNA binding, influences of CTCF degradation, and communication with wings-apart like (Wapl) protein. We also summarize the advanced single cell approaches to further monitor dynamics of CTCF functions and structures in the maintenance of 3D genome organization and function at single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Medical School, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics Shanghai, China
| | - William Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Medical School, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Medical School, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Medical School, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics Shanghai, China.
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103
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Nishiyama T. Cohesion and cohesin-dependent chromatin organization. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 58:8-14. [PMID: 30544080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cohesin, one of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes, forms a ring-shaped protein complex, and mediates sister chromatid cohesion for accurate chromosome segregation and precise genome inheritance. The cohesin ring entraps one or two DNA molecules to achieve cohesion, which is further regulated by cohesin-binding proteins and modification enzymes in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Recent significant advancements in Hi-C technologies have revealed numerous cohesin-dependent higher-order chromatin structures. Simultaneously, single-molecule imaging has also unveiled the detailed dynamics of cohesin on DNA and/or chromatin. Thus, those studies are providing novel visions for the authentic chromatin structure regulated by cohesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nishiyama
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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104
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Mirkovic M, Oliveira RA. Centromeric Cohesin: Molecular Glue and Much More. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 56:485-513. [PMID: 28840250 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by the cohesin complex, is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis. Premature release of sister chromatid cohesion leads to random segregation of the genetic material and consequent aneuploidy. Multiple regulatory mechanisms ensure proper timing for cohesion establishment, concomitant with DNA replication, and cohesion release during the subsequent mitosis. Here we summarize the most important phases of the cohesin cycle and the coordination of cohesion release with the progression through mitosis. We further discuss recent evidence that has revealed additional functions for centromeric localization of cohesin in the fidelity of mitosis in metazoans. Beyond its well-established role as "molecular glue", centromeric cohesin complexes are now emerging as a scaffold for multiple fundamental processes during mitosis, including the formation of correct chromosome and kinetochore architecture, force balance with the mitotic spindle, and the association with key molecules that regulate mitotic fidelity, particularly at the chromosomal inner centromere. Centromeric chromatin may be thus seen as a dynamic place where cohesin ensures mitotic fidelity by multiple means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihailo Mirkovic
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Raquel A Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
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105
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Moronta-Gines M, van Staveren TRH, Wendt KS. One ring to bind them - Cohesin's interaction with chromatin fibers. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:167-176. [PMID: 31015387 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In the nuclei of eukaryotic cells, the genetic information is organized at several levels. First, the DNA is wound around the histone proteins, to form a structure termed as chromatin fiber. This fiber is then arranged into chromatin loops that can cluster together and form higher order structures. This packaging of chromatin provides on one side compaction but also functional compartmentalization. The cohesin complex is a multifunctional ring-shaped multiprotein complex that organizes the chromatin fiber to establish functional domains important for transcriptional regulation, help with DNA damage repair, and ascertain stable inheritance of the genome during cell division. Our current model for cohesin function suggests that cohesin tethers chromatin strands by topologically entrapping them within its ring. To achieve this, cohesin's association with chromatin needs to be very precisely regulated in timing and position on the chromatin strand. Here we will review the current insight in when and where cohesin associates with chromatin and which factors regulate this. Further, we will discuss the latest insights into where and how the cohesin ring opens to embrace chromatin and also the current knowledge about the 'exit gates' when cohesin is released from chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kerstin S Wendt
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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106
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Yang C, Hamamura Y, Sofroni K, Böwer F, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Schnittger A. SWITCH 1/DYAD is a WINGS APART-LIKE antagonist that maintains sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1755. [PMID: 30988453 PMCID: PMC6465247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09759-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis and meiosis both rely on cohesin, which embraces the sister chromatids and plays a crucial role for the faithful distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells. Prior to the cleavage by Separase at anaphase onset, cohesin is largely removed from chromosomes by the non-proteolytic action of WINGS APART-LIKE (WAPL), a mechanism referred to as the prophase pathway. To prevent the premature loss of sister chromatid cohesion, WAPL is inhibited in early mitosis by Sororin. However, Sororin homologs have only been found to function as WAPL inhibitors during mitosis in vertebrates and Drosophila. Here we show that SWITCH 1/DYAD defines a WAPL antagonist that acts in meiosis of Arabidopsis. Crucially, SWI1 becomes dispensable for sister chromatid cohesion in the absence of WAPL. Despite the lack of any sequence similarities, we found that SWI1 is regulated and functions in a similar manner as Sororin hence likely representing a case of convergent molecular evolution across the eukaryotic kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany
| | - Yuki Hamamura
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany
| | - Kostika Sofroni
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany
| | - Franziska Böwer
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany
| | | | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22609, Germany.
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107
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Pezzotta A, Mazzola M, Spreafico M, Marozzi A, Pistocchi A. Enigmatic Ladies of the Rings: How Cohesin Dysfunction Affects Myeloid Neoplasms Insurgence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:21. [PMID: 30873408 PMCID: PMC6400976 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes of the cohesin complex exert different functions, ranging from the adhesion of sister chromatids during the cell cycle, DNA repair, gene expression and chromatin architecture remodeling. In recent years, the improvement of DNA sequencing technologies allows the identification of cohesin mutations in different tumors such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, the role of cohesin dysfunction in cancer insurgence remains elusive. In this regard, cells harboring cohesin mutations do not show any increase in aneuploidy that might explain their oncogenic activity, nor cohesin mutations are sufficient to induce myeloid neoplasms as they have to co-occur with other causative mutations such as NPM1, FLT3-ITD, and DNMT3A. Several works, also using animal models for cohesin haploinsufficiency, correlate cohesin activity with dysregulated expression of genes involved in myeloid development and differentiation. These evidences support the involvement of cohesin mutations in myeloid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pezzotta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Mazzola
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Spreafico
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Marozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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108
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Cell division cycle associated 5 promotes colorectal cancer progression by activating the ERK signaling pathway. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:19. [PMID: 30808873 PMCID: PMC6391450 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle associated 5 (CDCA5) is implicated in the development and progression of a variety of human cancers. Functional significance of CDCA5 in colorectal cancer (CRC), however, has not been investigated. Using a combination of on-line data mining, biochemistry, and molecular biology, we examined the potential oncogenic activity of CDCA5 and the underlying mechanisms. Experiments with human tissue sample showed increased CDCA5 expression in CRC vs. in noncancerous adjacent tissue, and association of CDCA5 upregulation in CRC tissues with shorter patient survival. Also, representative CRC cell-lines had higher CDCA5 expression vs. fetal colonic mucosal cells. CDCA5 knockdown using lentivirus-mediated shRNA inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in cultured HCT116 and HT-29 cells, and suppressed the growth of xenograft in nude mice. CDCA5 knockdown decreased the expression of CDK1 and CyclinB1, increased caspase-3 activity, cleaved PARP and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. CDCA5 knockdown also significantly decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and expression of c-jun. Taken together, these findings suggest a significant role in CRC progression of CRC, likely by activating the ERK signaling pathway.
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109
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Carvajal-Maldonado D, Byrum AK, Jackson J, Wessel S, Lemaçon D, Guitton-Sert L, Quinet A, Tirman S, Graziano S, Masson JY, Cortez D, Gonzalo S, Mosammaparast N, Vindigni A. Perturbing cohesin dynamics drives MRE11 nuclease-dependent replication fork slowing. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:1294-1310. [PMID: 29917110 PMCID: PMC6379725 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pds5 is required for sister chromatid cohesion, and somewhat paradoxically, to remove cohesin from chromosomes. We found that Pds5 plays a critical role during DNA replication that is distinct from its previously known functions. Loss of Pds5 hinders replication fork progression in unperturbed human and mouse cells. Inhibition of MRE11 nuclease activity restores fork progression, suggesting that Pds5 protects forks from MRE11-activity. Loss of Pds5 also leads to double-strand breaks, which are again reduced by MRE11 inhibition. The replication function of Pds5 is independent of its previously reported interaction with BRCA2. Unlike Pds5, BRCA2 protects forks from nucleolytic degradation only in the presence of genotoxic stress. Moreover, our iPOND analysis shows that the loading of Pds5 and other cohesion factors on replication forks is not affected by the BRCA2 status. Pds5 role in DNA replication is shared by the other cohesin-removal factor Wapl, but not by the cohesin complex component Rad21. Interestingly, depletion of Rad21 in a Pds5-deficient background rescues the phenotype observed upon Pds5 depletion alone. These findings support a model where loss of either component of the cohesin releasin complex perturbs cohesin dynamics on replication forks, hindering fork progression and promoting MRE11-dependent fork slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Carvajal-Maldonado
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Andrea K Byrum
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica Jackson
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Sarah Wessel
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Delphine Lemaçon
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Laure Guitton-Sert
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Stephanie Tirman
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Simona Graziano
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - David Cortez
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Susana Gonzalo
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Nima Mosammaparast
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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110
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Moura M, Conde C. Phosphatases in Mitosis: Roles and Regulation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E55. [PMID: 30736436 PMCID: PMC6406801 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis requires extensive rearrangement of cellular architecture and of subcellular structures so that replicated chromosomes can bind correctly to spindle microtubules and segregate towards opposite poles. This process originates two new daughter nuclei with equal genetic content and relies on highly-dynamic and tightly regulated phosphorylation of numerous cell cycle proteins. A burst in protein phosphorylation orchestrated by several conserved kinases occurs as cells go into and progress through mitosis. The opposing dephosphorylation events are catalyzed by a small set of protein phosphatases, whose importance for the accuracy of mitosis is becoming increasingly appreciated. This review will focus on the established and emerging roles of mitotic phosphatases, describe their structural and biochemical properties, and discuss recent advances in understanding the regulation of phosphatase activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Moura
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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111
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Liang C, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Yan H, Zhang M, Xiang X, Yi Q, Pan X, Cheng H, Wang F. A positive feedback mechanism ensures proper assembly of the functional inner centromere during mitosis in human cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1437-1450. [PMID: 30498087 PMCID: PMC6364785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner centromere region of a mitotic chromosome critically regulates sister chromatid cohesion and kinetochore-microtubule attachments. However, the molecular mechanism underlying inner centromere assembly remains elusive. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing in HeLa cells, we disrupted the interaction of Shugoshin 1 (Sgo1) with histone H2A phosphorylated on Thr-120 (H2ApT120) to selectively release Sgo1 from mitotic centromeres. Interestingly, cells expressing the H2ApT120-binding defective mutant of Sgo1 have an elevated rate of chromosome missegregation accompanied by weakened centromeric cohesion and decreased centromere accumulation of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), an integral part of the inner centromere and a key player in the correction of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. When artificially tethered to centromeres, a Sgo1 mutant defective in binding protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is not able to support proper centromeric cohesion and CPC accumulation, indicating that the Sgo1-PP2A interaction is essential for the integrity of mitotic centromeres. We further provide evidence indicating that Sgo1 protects centromeric cohesin to create a binding site for the histone H3-associated protein kinase Haspin, which not only inhibits the cohesin release factor Wapl and thereby strengthens centromeric cohesion but also phosphorylates histone H3 at Thr-3 to position CPC at inner centromeres. Taken together, our findings reveal a positive feedback-based mechanism that ensures proper assembly of the functional inner centromere during mitosis. They further suggest a causal link between centromeric cohesion defects and chromosomal instability in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Liang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinfu Chen
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingfeng Xiang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi Yi
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuan Pan
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hankun Cheng
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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112
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Ehrmann I, Crichton JH, Gazzara MR, James K, Liu Y, Grellscheid SN, Curk T, de Rooij D, Steyn JS, Cockell S, Adams IR, Barash Y, Elliott DJ. An ancient germ cell-specific RNA-binding protein protects the germline from cryptic splice site poisoning. eLife 2019; 8:39304. [PMID: 30674417 PMCID: PMC6345566 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Male germ cells of all placental mammals express an ancient nuclear RNA binding protein of unknown function called RBMXL2. Here we find that deletion of the retrogene encoding RBMXL2 blocks spermatogenesis. Transcriptome analyses of age-matched deletion mice show that RBMXL2 controls splicing patterns during meiosis. In particular, RBMXL2 represses the selection of aberrant splice sites and the insertion of cryptic and premature terminal exons. Our data suggest a Rbmxl2 retrogene has been conserved across mammals as part of a splicing control mechanism that is fundamentally important to germ cell biology. We propose that this mechanism is essential to meiosis because it buffers the high ambient concentrations of splicing activators, thereby preventing poisoning of key transcripts and disruption to gene expression by aberrant splice site selection. In humans and other mammals, a sperm from a male fuses with an egg cell from a female to produce an embryo that may ultimately grow into a new individual. Sperm and egg cells are made when certain cells in the body divide in a process called meiosis. Many proteins are required for meiosis to happen and these proteins are made using instructions provided by genes, which are made of a molecule called DNA. The DNA within a gene is transcribed to make molecules of ribonucleic acid (or RNA for short). The cell then modifies many of these RNAs in a process called splicing before using them as templates to make proteins. During splicing, segments of RNA known as introns are discarded and other segments termed exons are joined together. Some exons may also be removed from RNAs in different combinations to create different proteins from the same gene. A protein called RBMXL2 is able to bind to RNA molecules and is only made during and after meiosis in humans and most other mammals. RBMXL2 can also bind to other proteins that are known to be involved in controlling splicing of RNAs, but its role in splicing remains unclear. To address this question, Ehrmann et al. studied the gene that encodes the RBMXL2 protein in mice. Removing this gene prevented male mice from being able to make sperm. Further experiments using a technique called RNA sequencing showed that the RBMXL2 protein helps to ensure that splicing happens correctly by preventing bits of exons and introns in mouse genes from being rearranged. These findings suggest that the gene encoding RBMXL2 is part of a splicing control mechanism that is important for making sperm and egg cells. The work of Ehrmann et al. could eventually help some couples understand why they have problems conceiving children. Male infertility is poorly understood, and not knowing its causes can harm the mental health of affected men. Furthermore, these findings may help researchers to understand the role of a closely related protein called RBMY that has also been linked to infertility in men, but is much more difficult to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Ehrmann
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - James H Crichton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R Gazzara
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Katherine James
- Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yilei Liu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sushma Nagaraja Grellscheid
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.,School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Tomaž Curk
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dirk de Rooij
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jannetta S Steyn
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Cockell
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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Meiosis-specific prophase-like pathway controls cleavage-independent release of cohesin by Wapl phosphorylation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007851. [PMID: 30605471 PMCID: PMC6317811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion on chromosome arms is essential for the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I while it is dispensable for sister chromatid separation during mitosis. It was assumed that, unlike the situation in mitosis, chromosome arms retain cohesion prior to onset of anaphase-I. Paradoxically, reduced immunostaining signals of meiosis-specific cohesin, including the kleisin Rec8, were observed on chromosomes during late prophase-I of budding yeast. This decrease is seen in the absence of Rec8 cleavage and depends on condensin-mediated recruitment of Polo-like kinase (PLK/Cdc5). In this study, we confirmed that this release indeed accompanies the dissociation of acetylated Smc3 as well as Rec8 from meiotic chromosomes during late prophase-I. This release requires, in addition to PLK, the cohesin regulator, Wapl (Rad61/Wpl1 in yeast), and Dbf4-dependent Cdc7 kinase (DDK). Meiosis-specific phosphorylation of Rad61/Wpl1 and Rec8 by PLK and DDK collaboratively promote this release. This process is similar to the vertebrate “prophase” pathway for cohesin release during G2 phase and pro-metaphase. In yeast, meiotic cohesin release coincides with PLK-dependent compaction of chromosomes in late meiotic prophase-I. We suggest that yeast uses this highly regulated cleavage-independent pathway to remove cohesin during late prophase-I to facilitate morphogenesis of condensed metaphase-I chromosomes. In meiosis the life and health of future generations is decided upon. Any failure in chromosome segregation has a detrimental impact. Therefore, it is currently believed that the physical connections between homologous chromosomes are maintained by meiotic cohesin with exceptional stability. Indeed, it was shown that cohesive cohesin does not show an appreciable turnover during long periods in oocyte development. In this context, it was long assumed but not properly investigated, that the prophase pathway for cohesin release would be specific to mitosis and would be safely suppressed during meiosis so as not to endanger essential connections between chromosomes. However, a previous study on budding yeast meiosis suggests the presence of cleavage-independent pathway of cohesin release during late prophase-I. In the work presented here we confirmed that the prophase pathway is not suppressed during meiosis, at least in budding yeast and showed that this cleavage-independent release is regulated by meiosis-specific phosphorylation of two cohesin subunits, Rec8 and Rad61(Wapl) by two cell-cycle regulators, PLK and DDK. Our results suggest that late meiotic prophase-I actively controls cohesin dynamics on meiotic chromosomes for chromosome segregation.
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114
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Saito S, Zhuang Y, Suzuki T, Ota Y, Bateman ME, Alkhatib AL, Morris GF, Lasky JA. HDAC8 inhibition ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L175-L186. [PMID: 30358439 PMCID: PMC6383499 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00551.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibroproliferative lung disease, and fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation (FMD) is thought to be a key event in the pathogenesis of IPF. Histone deacetylase-8 (HDAC8) has been shown to associate with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; a marker of FMD) and regulates cell contractility in vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the role of HDAC8 in FMD or pulmonary fibrosis has never been reported. This study investigated the role of HDAC8 in pulmonary fibrosis with a focus on FMD. We observed that HDAC8 expression was increased in IPF lung tissue as well as transforming growth factor (TGF)β1-treated normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs). Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that HDAC8 was associated with α-SMA in TGFβ1-treated NHLFs. HDAC8 inhibition with NCC170 (HDAC8-selective inhibitor) repressed TGFβ1-induced fibroblast contraction and α-SMA protein expression in NHLFs cultured in collagen gels. HDAC8 inhibition with HDAC8 siRNA also repressed TGFβ1-induced expression of profibrotic molecules such as fibronectin and increased expression of antifibrotic molecules such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). Chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR using an antibody against H3K27ac (histone H3 acetylated at lysine 27; a known HDAC8 substrate and a marker for active enhancers) suggested that HDAC8 inhibition with NCC170 ameliorated TGFβ1-induced loss of H3K27ac at the PPARγ gene enhancer. Furthermore, NCC170 treatment significantly decreased fibrosis measured by Ashcroft score as well as expression of type 1 collagen and fibronectin in bleomycin-treated mouse lungs. These data suggest that HDAC8 contributes to pulmonary fibrosis and that there is a therapeutic potential for HDAC8 inhibitors to treat IPF as well as other fibrotic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Saito
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
- Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center, Roadmap Scholars Program, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yosuke Ota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto , Japan
| | - Marjorie E Bateman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ala L Alkhatib
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Gilbert F Morris
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Joseph A Lasky
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
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115
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Cai C, Wang W, Tu Z. Aberrantly DNA Methylated-Differentially Expressed Genes and Pathways in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:355-366. [PMID: 30719129 PMCID: PMC6360310 DOI: 10.7150/jca.27832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Methylation plays a significant role in the etiology and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study is to identify aberrantly methylated-diferentially expressed genes (DEGs) and dysregulated pathways associated with the development of HCC through integrated analysis of gene expression and methylation microarray. Method: Aberrantly methylated-DEGs were identified from gene expression microarrays (GSE62232, GSE74656) and gene methylation microarrays (GSE44909, GSE57958). Functional enrichment and pathway enrichment analyses were performed through the database of DAVID. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established by STRING and visualized in Cytoscape. Subsequently, overall survival (OS) analysis of hub genes was performed by OncoLnc. Finally, we validated the expression level of CDCA5 by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, and performed Immunohistochemical experiments utilizing a tissue microarray. Cell growth assay and flow cytometry were behaved to explore the function of CDCA5. Results: Aberrantly methylated-DEGs were enriched in biological process, molecular function, cellular component and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. Among them, cell cycle was enriched most frequently, and some terms associated with cancer were enriched, such as p53 signaling pathway, pathways in cancers, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and AMPK signaling pathway. After survival analysis and validation in TCGA database including methylation and gene expression status, 12 hub genes were identified. Furthermore, the expression level of new gene CDCA5 was validated in HCC cell lines and hepatic normal cell lines through qRT-PCR and western blotting. In additional, immunohistochemistry experiments revealed higher CDCA5 protein expression from HCC tumor tissues compared with paracancer tissues by tissue microarray. Finally, through loss of function, we demonstrated that CDCA5 promoted proliferation by regulating the cell cycle. Conclusions: In summary, the present study implied possible aberrantly methylated-differentially expressed genes and dysregulated pathways in HCC by bioinformatics analysis and experiments, which could be helpful in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of HCC. Hub genes including CDC20, AURKB, BIRC5, RRM2, MCM2, PTTG1, CDKN2A, NEK2, CENPF, RACGAP1, GNA14 and especially the new gene CDCA5 may serve as biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhou Cai
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Ward of Liver transplant, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery. First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhenhua Tu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Ward of Liver transplant, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery. First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease, Shenzhen Third People`s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
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116
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Yang Y, Wang W, Li M, Gao Y, Zhang W, Huang Y, Zhuo W, Yan X, Liu W, Wang F, Chen D, Zhou T. NudCL2 is an Hsp90 cochaperone to regulate sister chromatid cohesion by stabilizing cohesin subunits. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:381-395. [PMID: 30368549 PMCID: PMC6339671 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion plays a key role in ensuring precise chromosome segregation during mitosis, which is mediated by the multisubunit cohesin complex. However, the molecular regulation of cohesin subunits stability remains unclear. Here, we show that NudCL2 (NudC-like protein 2) is essential for the stability of cohesin subunits by regulating Hsp90 ATPase activity in mammalian cells. Depletion of NudCL2 induces mitotic defects and premature sister chromatid separation and destabilizes cohesin subunits that interact with NudCL2. Similar defects are also observed upon inhibition of Hsp90 ATPase activity. Interestingly, ectopic expression of Hsp90 efficiently rescues the protein instability and functional deficiency of cohesin induced by NudCL2 depletion, but not vice versa. Moreover, NudCL2 not only binds to Hsp90, but also significantly modulates Hsp90 ATPase activity and promotes the chaperone function of Hsp90. Taken together, these data suggest that NudCL2 is a previously undescribed Hsp90 cochaperone to modulate sister chromatid cohesion by stabilizing cohesin subunits, providing a hitherto unrecognized mechanism that is crucial for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuliang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yan
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dingwei Chen
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310020, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and the Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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117
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Ishiguro K. The cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis. Genes Cells 2019; 24:6-30. [PMID: 30479058 PMCID: PMC7379579 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is an evolutionary conserved multi-protein complex that plays a pivotal role in chromosome dynamics. It plays a role both in sister chromatid cohesion and in establishing higher order chromosome architecture, in somatic and germ cells. Notably, the cohesin complex in meiosis differs from that in mitosis. In mammalian meiosis, distinct types of cohesin complexes are produced by altering the combination of meiosis-specific subunits. The meiosis-specific subunits endow the cohesin complex with specific functions for numerous meiosis-associated chromosomal events, such as chromosome axis formation, homologue association, meiotic recombination and centromeric cohesion for sister kinetochore geometry. This review mainly focuses on the cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis, pointing out the differences in its roles from those in mitosis. Further, common and divergent aspects of the meiosis-specific cohesin complex between mammals and other organisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei‐ichiro Ishiguro
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and GeneticsKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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118
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Yi Q, Chen Q, Yan H, Zhang M, Liang C, Xiang X, Pan X, Wang F. Aurora B kinase activity-dependent and -independent functions of the chromosomal passenger complex in regulating sister chromatid cohesion. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2021-2035. [PMID: 30523151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is a master regulator of mitosis. CPC consists of inner centromere protein (INCENP), Survivin, Borealin, and the kinase Aurora B and plays key roles in regulating kinetochore-microtubule attachments and spindle assembly checkpoint signaling. However, the role of CPC in sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by the cohesin complex, remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that Aurora B kinase activity contributes to centromeric cohesion protection partly through promoting kinetochore localization of the kinase Bub1. Interestingly, disrupting the interaction of INCENP with heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) in HeLa cells selectively weakens cohesion at mitotic centromeres without detectably reducing the kinase activity of Aurora B. Thus, through this INCENP-HP1 interaction, the CPC also protects centromeric cohesion independently of Aurora B kinase activity. Moreover, the requirement for the INCENP-HP1 interaction in centromeric cohesion protection can be bypassed by tethering HP1 to centromeres or by depleting the cohesin release factor Wapl. We provide further evidence suggesting that the INCENP-HP1 interaction protects centromeric cohesion by promoting the centromere localization of Haspin, a protein kinase that antagonizes Wapl activity at centromeres. Taken together, this study identifies Aurora B kinase activity-dependent and -independent roles for the CPC in regulating centromeric cohesion during mitosis in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yi
- From the Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qinfu Chen
- From the Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- From the Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- From the Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Cai Liang
- From the Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xingfeng Xiang
- From the Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuan Pan
- From the Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- From the Ministry of Education (MOE) Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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119
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Litwin I, Pilarczyk E, Wysocki R. The Emerging Role of Cohesin in the DNA Damage Response. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120581. [PMID: 30487431 PMCID: PMC6316000 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful transmission of genetic material is crucial for all organisms since changes in genetic information may result in genomic instability that causes developmental disorders and cancers. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that preserve genome integrity is of fundamental importance. Cohesin is a multiprotein complex whose canonical function is to hold sister chromatids together from S-phase until the onset of anaphase to ensure the equal division of chromosomes. However, recent research points to a crucial function of cohesin in the DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of cohesin function in DNA damage signaling and repair. First, we focus on cohesin architecture and molecular mechanisms that govern sister chromatid cohesion. Next, we briefly characterize the main DDR pathways. Finally, we describe mechanisms that determine cohesin accumulation at DNA damage sites and discuss possible roles of cohesin in DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Litwin
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pilarczyk
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Robert Wysocki
- Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
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120
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Cortone G, Zheng G, Pensieri P, Chiappetta V, Tatè R, Malacaria E, Pichierri P, Yu H, Pisani FM. Interaction of the Warsaw breakage syndrome DNA helicase DDX11 with the replication fork-protection factor Timeless promotes sister chromatid cohesion. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007622. [PMID: 30303954 PMCID: PMC6179184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion is coupled to DNA replication, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. DDX11 (also named ChlR1) is a super-family 2 Fe-S cluster-containing DNA helicase implicated in Warsaw breakage syndrome (WABS). Herein, we examined the role of DDX11 in cohesion establishment in human cells. We demonstrated that DDX11 interacts with Timeless, a component of the replication fork-protection complex, through a conserved peptide motif. The DDX11-Timeless interaction is critical for sister chromatid cohesion in interphase and mitosis. Immunofluorescence studies further revealed that cohesin association with chromatin requires DDX11. Finally, we demonstrated that DDX11 localises at nascent DNA by SIRF analysis. Moreover, we found that DDX11 promotes cohesin binding to the DNA replication forks in concert with Timeless and that recombinant purified cohesin interacts with DDX11 in vitro. Collectively, our results establish a critical role for the DDX11-Timeless interaction in coordinating DNA replication with sister chromatid cohesion, and have important implications for understanding the molecular basis of WABS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cortone
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Ge Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Pasquale Pensieri
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana Chiappetta
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosarita Tatè
- Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Eva Malacaria
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Pichierri
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e Salute, Rome, Italy
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HY); (FMP)
| | - Francesca M. Pisani
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (HY); (FMP)
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121
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Lee HS, Lin Z, Chae S, Yoo YS, Kim BG, Lee Y, Johnson JL, Kim YS, Cantley LC, Lee CW, Yu H, Cho H. The chromatin remodeler RSF1 controls centromeric histone modifications to coordinate chromosome segregation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3848. [PMID: 30242288 PMCID: PMC6155007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin remodelers regulate the nucleosome barrier during transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. The chromatin remodeler RSF1 is enriched at mitotic centromeres, but the functional consequences of this enrichment are not completely understood. Shugoshin (Sgo1) protects centromeric cohesion during mitosis and requires BuB1-dependent histone H2A phosphorylation (H2A-pT120) for localization. Loss of Sgo1 at centromeres causes chromosome missegregation. Here, we show that RSF1 regulates Sgo1 localization to centromeres through coordinating a crosstalk between histone acetylation and phosphorylation. RSF1 interacts with and recruits HDAC1 to centromeres, where it counteracts TIP60-mediated acetylation of H2A at K118. This deacetylation is required for the accumulation of H2A-pT120 and Sgo1 deposition, as H2A-K118 acetylation suppresses H2A-T120 phosphorylation by Bub1. Centromeric tethering of HDAC1 prevents premature chromatid separation in RSF1 knockout cells. Our results indicate that RSF1 regulates the dynamics of H2A histone modifications at mitotic centromeres and contributes to the maintenance of chromosome stability. The chromatin remodeler RSF1 is enriched at mitotic centromeres but its function there is poorly understood. Here, the authors show that RSF1 regulates H2A phosphorylation and acetylation at mitotic centromeres and contributes to chromosome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Soo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.,Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Zhonghui Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75930, USA.,College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Sunyoung Chae
- Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.,Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - You-Sun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75930, USA.
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea. .,Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
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122
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Sapkota H, Wasiak E, Daum JR, Gorbsky GJ. Multiple determinants and consequences of cohesion fatigue in mammalian cells. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1811-1824. [PMID: 29846129 PMCID: PMC6085821 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-05-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells delayed in metaphase with intact mitotic spindles undergo cohesion fatigue, where sister chromatids separate asynchronously, while cells remain in mitosis. Cohesion fatigue requires release of sister chromatid cohesion. However, the pathways that breach sister chromatid cohesion during cohesion fatigue remain unknown. Using moderate-salt buffers to remove loosely bound chromatin cohesin, we show that "cohesive" cohesin is not released during chromatid separation during cohesion fatigue. Using a regulated protein heterodimerization system to lock different cohesin ring interfaces at specific times in mitosis, we show that the Wapl-mediated pathway of cohesin release is not required for cohesion fatigue. By manipulating microtubule stability and cohesin complex integrity in cell lines with varying sensitivity to cohesion fatigue, we show that rates of cohesion fatigue reflect a dynamic balance between spindle pulling forces and resistance to separation by interchromatid cohesion. Finally, while massive separation of chromatids in cohesion fatigue likely produces inviable cell progeny, we find that short metaphase delays, leading to partial chromatid separation, predispose cells to chromosome missegregation. Thus, complete separation of one or a few chromosomes and/or partial separation of sister chromatids may be an unrecognized but common source of chromosome instability that perpetuates the evolution of malignant cells in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Sapkota
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Emilia Wasiak
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - John R. Daum
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Gary J. Gorbsky
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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123
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Ivanov MP, Ladurner R, Poser I, Beveridge R, Rampler E, Hudecz O, Novatchkova M, Hériché JK, Wutz G, van der Lelij P, Kreidl E, Hutchins JR, Axelsson-Ekker H, Ellenberg J, Hyman AA, Mechtler K, Peters JM. The replicative helicase MCM recruits cohesin acetyltransferase ESCO2 to mediate centromeric sister chromatid cohesion. EMBO J 2018; 37:e97150. [PMID: 29930102 PMCID: PMC6068434 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation depends on sister chromatid cohesion which is established by cohesin during DNA replication. Cohesive cohesin complexes become acetylated to prevent their precocious release by WAPL before cells have reached mitosis. To obtain insight into how DNA replication, cohesion establishment and cohesin acetylation are coordinated, we analysed the interaction partners of 55 human proteins implicated in these processes by mass spectrometry. This proteomic screen revealed that on chromatin the cohesin acetyltransferase ESCO2 associates with the MCM2-7 subcomplex of the replicative Cdc45-MCM-GINS helicase. The analysis of ESCO2 mutants defective in MCM binding indicates that these interactions are required for proper recruitment of ESCO2 to chromatin, cohesin acetylation during DNA replication, and centromeric cohesion. We propose that MCM binding enables ESCO2 to travel with replisomes to acetylate cohesive cohesin complexes in the vicinity of replication forks so that these complexes can be protected from precocious release by WAPL Our results also indicate that ESCO1 and ESCO2 have distinct functions in maintaining cohesion between chromosome arms and centromeres, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rene Ladurner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Poser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Evelyn Rampler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Hudecz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Emanuel Kreidl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jan Ellenberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
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124
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Minamino M, Tei S, Negishi L, Kanemaki MT, Yoshimura A, Sutani T, Bando M, Shirahige K. Temporal Regulation of ESCO2 Degradation by the MCM Complex, the CUL4-DDB1-VPRBP Complex, and the Anaphase-Promoting Complex. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2665-2672.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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125
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Wang J, Xia C, Pu M, Dai B, Yang X, Shang R, Yang Z, Zhang R, Tao K, Dou K. Silencing of CDCA5 inhibits cancer progression and serves as a prognostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:1875-1884. [PMID: 30015982 PMCID: PMC6111608 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle associated 5 (CDCA5) has been associated with the progression of several types of cancers. However, its possible role and mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. In the present study, immunohistochemical staining and real-time PCR were used to assess CDCA5 protein and mRNA levels in clinical samples. Statistical analysis was performed to explore the clinical correlation between CDCA5 protein expression and clinicopathological features and overall survival in HCC patients. Cell counting and colony formation assays were employed to analyse the effect of CDCA5 on cell proliferation, and flow cytometry was used to study the role of CDCA5 in cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Moreover, subcutaneous xenograft tumour models were implemented to predict the efficacy of targeting CDCA5 in HCC in vivo. We found that CDCA5 expression was significantly higher in HCC tumour tissues, was associated with clinicopathological characteristics, and predicted poor overall survival in HCC patients. Silencing of CDCA5 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited cell proliferation and induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in vitro. The xenograft growth assay revealed that CDCA5 downregulation impeded HCC growth in vivo. Further study indicated that CDCA5 depletion decreased the levels of ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results indicate that CDCA5 may act as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Congcong Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Meng Pu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Air Force General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Bin Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xisheng Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Runze Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ruohan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Kaishan Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Kefeng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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126
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Abstract
Cohesin is a ring-shaped protein complex that organises the genome, enabling its condensation, expression, repair and transmission. Cohesin is best known for its role in chromosome segregation, where it provides the cohesion that is established between the two newly duplicated sister chromatids during S phase. This cohesion enables the proper attachment of sister chromatids to microtubules of the spindle by resisting their opposing pulling forces. Once all chromosomes are correctly attached, cohesin is abruptly destroyed, triggering the equal segregation of sister chromatids to opposite poles in anaphase. Here we summarise the molecular functions and regulation of cohesin that underlie its central role in chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Makrantoni
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Adele L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
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127
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Wolf PG, Cuba Ramos A, Kenzel J, Neumann B, Stemmann O. Studying meiotic cohesin in somatic cells reveals that Rec8-containing cohesin requires Stag3 to function and is regulated by Wapl and sororin. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs212100. [PMID: 29724914 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA-embracing, ring-shaped multiprotein complex cohesin mediates sister chromatid cohesion and is stepwise displaced in mitosis by Wapl and separase (also known as ESPL1) to facilitate anaphase. Proper regulation of chromosome cohesion throughout meiosis is critical for preventing formation of aneuploid gametes, which are associated with trisomies and infertility in humans. Studying cohesion in meiocytes is complicated by their difficult experimental amenability and the absence of cohesin turnover. Here, we use cultured somatic cells to unravel fundamental aspects of meiotic cohesin. When expressed in Hek293 cells, the kleisin Rec8 displays no affinity for the peripheral cohesin subunits Stag1 or Stag2 and remains cytoplasmic. However, co-expression of Stag3 is sufficient for Rec8 to enter the nucleus, load onto chromatin, and functionally replace its mitotic counterpart Scc1 (also known as RAD21) during sister chromatid cohesion and dissolution. Rec8-Stag3 cohesin physically interacts with Pds5, Wapl and sororin (also known as CDCA5). Importantly, Rec8-Stag3 cohesin is shown to be susceptible to Wapl-dependent ring opening and sororin-mediated protection. These findings exemplify that our model system is suitable to rapidly generate testable predictions for important unresolved issues of meiotic cohesion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Wolf
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Cuba Ramos
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia Kenzel
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Brigitte Neumann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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128
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Kolbinger FR, Koeneke E, Ridinger J, Heimburg T, Müller M, Bayer T, Sippl W, Jung M, Gunkel N, Miller AK, Westermann F, Witt O, Oehme I. The HDAC6/8/10 inhibitor TH34 induces DNA damage-mediated cell death in human high-grade neuroblastoma cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2649-2664. [PMID: 29947893 PMCID: PMC6063332 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High histone deacetylase (HDAC) 8 and HDAC10 expression levels have been identified as predictors of exceptionally poor outcomes in neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. HDAC8 inhibition synergizes with retinoic acid treatment to induce neuroblast maturation in vitro and to inhibit neuroblastoma xenograft growth in vivo. HDAC10 inhibition increases intracellular accumulation of chemotherapeutics through interference with lysosomal homeostasis, ultimately leading to cell death in cultured neuroblastoma cells. So far, no HDAC inhibitor covering HDAC8 and HDAC10 at micromolar concentrations without inhibiting HDACs 1, 2 and 3 has been described. Here, we introduce TH34 (3-(N-benzylamino)-4-methylbenzhydroxamic acid), a novel HDAC6/8/10 inhibitor for neuroblastoma therapy. TH34 is well-tolerated by non-transformed human skin fibroblasts at concentrations up to 25 µM and modestly impairs colony growth in medulloblastoma cell lines, but specifically induces caspase-dependent programmed cell death in a concentration-dependent manner in several human neuroblastoma cell lines. In addition to the induction of DNA double-strand breaks, HDAC6/8/10 inhibition also leads to mitotic aberrations and cell-cycle arrest. Neuroblastoma cells display elevated levels of neuronal differentiation markers, mirrored by formation of neurite-like outgrowths under maintained TH34 treatment. Eventually, after long-term treatment, all neuroblastoma cells undergo cell death. The combination of TH34 with plasma-achievable concentrations of retinoic acid, a drug applied in neuroblastoma therapy, synergistically inhibits colony growth (combination index (CI) < 0.1 for 10 µM of each). In summary, our study supports using selective HDAC inhibitors as targeted antineoplastic agents and underlines the therapeutic potential of selective HDAC6/8/10 inhibition in high-grade neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona R Kolbinger
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emily Koeneke
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Ridinger
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tino Heimburg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Bayer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolas Gunkel
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aubry K Miller
- Cancer Drug Development Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Westermann
- Research Group Neuroblastoma Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Oehme
- Preclinical Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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129
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Stanyte R, Nuebler J, Blaukopf C, Hoefler R, Stocsits R, Peters JM, Gerlich DW. Dynamics of sister chromatid resolution during cell cycle progression. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1985-2004. [PMID: 29695489 PMCID: PMC5987726 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201801157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful genome transmission in dividing cells requires that the two copies of each chromosome's DNA package into separate but physically linked sister chromatids. The linkage between sister chromatids is mediated by cohesin, yet where sister chromatids are linked and how they resolve during cell cycle progression has remained unclear. In this study, we investigated sister chromatid organization in live human cells using dCas9-mEGFP labeling of endogenous genomic loci. We detected substantial sister locus separation during G2 phase irrespective of the proximity to cohesin enrichment sites. Almost all sister loci separated within a few hours after their respective replication and then rapidly equilibrated their average distances within dynamic chromatin polymers. Our findings explain why the topology of sister chromatid resolution in G2 largely reflects the DNA replication program. Furthermore, these data suggest that cohesin enrichment sites are not persistent cohesive sites in human cells. Rather, cohesion might occur at variable genomic positions within the cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugile Stanyte
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Nuebler
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Claudia Blaukopf
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Hoefler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Stocsits
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel W Gerlich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
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130
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Takahashi M, Hirota T. Dynamics of sister chromatids through the cell cycle: Together and apart. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1887-1889. [PMID: 29764905 PMCID: PMC5987729 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Takahashi and Hirota preview work from Stanyte et al. examining the behavior of sister chromatids and their resolution as the cell cycle progresses. When and how sister chromatid resolution occurs after DNA replication is a fundamental question. Stanyte et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201801157) used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to label and track genomic loci in live cells throughout the cell cycle, shedding light on how replication is linked to mitotic sister chromatid organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Takahashi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Hirota
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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131
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Morales C, Losada A. Establishing and dissolving cohesion during the vertebrate cell cycle. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 52:51-57. [PMID: 29433064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Replicated chromatids are held together from the time they emerge from the replication fork until their separation in anaphase. This process, known as cohesion, promotes faithful DNA repair by homologous recombination in interphase and ensures accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. Identification of cohesin thirty years ago solved a long-standing question about the nature of the linkage keeping together the sister chromatids. Cohesin is an evolutionarily conserved complex composed of a heterodimer of the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) family of ATPases, Smc1 and Smc3, the kleisin subunit Rad21 and a Huntingtin/EF3/PP2A/Tor1 (HEAT) repeat domain-containing subunit named SA/STAG. In addition to mediating cohesion, cohesin plays a major role in genome organization. Cohesin functions rely on the ability of the complex to entrap DNA topologically and in a dynamic manner. Establishment of cohesion during S phase requires coordination with the DNA replication machinery and restricts the dynamic behaviour of at least a fraction of cohesin. Dissolution of cohesion in subsequent mitosis is regulated by multiple mechanisms that ensure that daughter cells receive the correct number of intact chromosomes. We here review recent progress on our understanding of how these processes are regulated in somatic vertebrate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Morales
- Chromosome Dynamics Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Losada
- Chromosome Dynamics Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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132
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Srinivasan M, Scheinost JC, Petela NJ, Gligoris TG, Wissler M, Ogushi S, Collier JE, Voulgaris M, Kurze A, Chan KL, Hu B, Costanzo V, Nasmyth KA. The Cohesin Ring Uses Its Hinge to Organize DNA Using Non-topological as well as Topological Mechanisms. Cell 2018; 173:1508-1519.e18. [PMID: 29754816 PMCID: PMC6371919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As predicted by the notion that sister chromatid cohesion is mediated by entrapment of sister DNAs inside cohesin rings, there is perfect correlation between co-entrapment of circular minichromosomes and sister chromatid cohesion. In most cells where cohesin loads without conferring cohesion, it does so by entrapment of individual DNAs. However, cohesin with a hinge domain whose positively charged lumen is neutralized loads and moves along chromatin despite failing to entrap DNAs. Thus, cohesin engages chromatin in non-topological, as well as topological, manners. Since hinge mutations, but not Smc-kleisin fusions, abolish entrapment, DNAs may enter cohesin rings through hinge opening. Mutation of three highly conserved lysine residues inside the Smc1 moiety of Smc1/3 hinges abolishes all loading without affecting cohesin's recruitment to CEN loading sites or its ability to hydrolyze ATP. We suggest that loading and translocation are mediated by conformational changes in cohesin's hinge driven by cycles of ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna C Scheinost
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Naomi J Petela
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Thomas G Gligoris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maria Wissler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sugako Ogushi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - James E Collier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Menelaos Voulgaris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Alexander Kurze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Kok-Lung Chan
- Genome Centre, University of Sussex, Sussex House, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- DNA Metabolism Laboratory, IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 21139 Milan, Italy
| | - Kim A Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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133
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Zheng G, Kanchwala M, Xing C, Yu H. MCM2-7-dependent cohesin loading during S phase promotes sister-chromatid cohesion. eLife 2018; 7:e33920. [PMID: 29611806 PMCID: PMC5897099 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication transforms cohesin rings dynamically associated with chromatin into the cohesive form to establish sister-chromatid cohesion. Here, we show that, in human cells, cohesin loading onto chromosomes during early S phase requires the replicative helicase MCM2-7 and the kinase DDK. Cohesin and its loader SCC2/4 (NIPBL/MAU2 in humans) associate with DDK and phosphorylated MCM2-7. This binding does not require MCM2-7 activation by CDC45 and GINS, but its persistence on activated MCM2-7 requires fork-stabilizing replisome components. Inactivation of these replisome components impairs cohesin loading and causes interphase cohesion defects. Interfering with Okazaki fragment processing or nucleosome assembly does not impact cohesion. Therefore, MCM2-7-coupled cohesin loading promotes cohesion establishment, which occurs without Okazaki fragment maturation. We propose that the cohesin-loader complex bound to MCM2-7 is mobilized upon helicase activation, transiently held by the replisome, and deposited behind the replication fork to encircle sister chromatids and establish cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- Bioinformatics Lab, Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chao Xing
- Bioinformatics Lab, Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of BioinformaticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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134
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Cho Y, Ideue T, Nagayama M, Araki N, Tani T. RBMX is a component of the centromere noncoding RNP complex involved in cohesion regulation. Genes Cells 2018; 23:172-184. [PMID: 29383807 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Satellite I RNA, a noncoding (nc)RNA transcribed from repetitive regions in human centromeres, binds to Aurora kinase B and forms a ncRNP complex required for chromosome segregation. To examine its function in this process, we purified satellite I ncRNP complex from nuclear extracts prepared from asynchronized or mitotic (M) phase-arrested HeLa cells and then carried out LC/MS to identify proteins bound to satellite I RNA. RBMX (RNA-binding motif protein, X-linked), which was isolated from M phase-arrested cells, was selected for further characterization. We found that RBMX associates with satellite I RNA only during M phase. Knockdown of RBMX induced premature separation of sister chromatid cohesion and abnormal nuclear division. Likewise, knockdown of satellite I RNA also caused premature separation of sister chromatids during M phase. The amounts of RBMX and Sororin, a cohesion regulator, were reduced in satellite I RNA-depleted cells. These results suggest that satellite I RNA plays a role in stabilizing RBMX and Sororin in the ncRNP complex to maintain proper sister chromatid cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Ideue
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Nagayama
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Norie Araki
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tokio Tani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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135
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Yi Q, Chen Q, Liang C, Yan H, Zhang Z, Xiang X, Zhang M, Qi F, Zhou L, Wang F. HP1 links centromeric heterochromatin to centromere cohesion in mammals. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745484. [PMID: 29491004 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin protein-1 (HP1) is a key component of heterochromatin. Reminiscent of the cohesin complex which mediates sister-chromatid cohesion, most HP1 proteins in mammalian cells are displaced from chromosome arms during mitotic entry, whereas a pool remains at the heterochromatic centromere region. The function of HP1 at mitotic centromeres remains largely elusive. Here, we show that double knockout (DKO) of HP1α and HP1γ causes defective mitosis progression and weakened centromeric cohesion. While mutating the chromoshadow domain (CSD) prevents HP1α from protecting sister-chromatid cohesion, centromeric targeting of HP1α CSD alone is sufficient to rescue the cohesion defects in HP1 DKO cells. Interestingly, HP1-dependent cohesion protection requires Haspin, an antagonist of the cohesin-releasing factor Wapl. Moreover, HP1α CSD directly binds the N-terminal region of Haspin and facilitates its centromeric localization. The need for HP1 in cohesion protection can be bypassed by centromeric targeting of Haspin or inhibiting Wapl activity. Taken together, these results reveal a redundant role for HP1α and HP1γ in the protection of centromeric cohesion through promoting Haspin localization at mitotic centromeres in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yi
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinfu Chen
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai Liang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingfeng Xiang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Qi
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linli Zhou
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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136
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Shen Z, Yu X, Zheng Y, Lai X, Li J, Hong Y, Zhang H, Chen C, Su Z, Guo R. CDCA5 regulates proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma and has potential as a negative prognostic marker. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:891-901. [PMID: 29503564 PMCID: PMC5824752 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s154754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CDCA5 plays an important role in the development of various human cancers, but the associated mechanisms have not been investigated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods We evaluated expression levels and functions of CDCA5 in HCC and showed that CDCA5 is upregulated in HCC tissues compared with paired or unpaired normal liver tissues. Results Increased CDCA5 expression in HCCs was significantly associated with shorter survival of patients. Knockdown of CDCA5 using lentivirus-mediated shRNA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed cell survival, as well as induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell apoptosis of HCC cells. The tumor suppression effects of CDCA5 knockdown were mediated by decreased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and CyclinB1, which were increased in HCC tissues comparing with adjacent normal liver tissues. Moreover, upregulation of CDCA5 was positively associated with increased CDK1 and CyclinB1 expression in HCC tissues. Conclusion The present data warrant consideration of CDCA5 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xueping Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xueping Lai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Julan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Hong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Huatang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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137
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Misulovin Z, Pherson M, Gause M, Dorsett D. Brca2, Pds5 and Wapl differentially control cohesin chromosome association and function. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007225. [PMID: 29447171 PMCID: PMC5831647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex topologically encircles chromosomes and mediates sister chromatid cohesion to ensure accurate chromosome segregation upon cell division. Cohesin also participates in DNA repair and gene transcription. The Nipped-B-Mau2 protein complex loads cohesin onto chromosomes and the Pds5-Wapl complex removes cohesin. Pds5 is also essential for sister chromatid cohesion, indicating that it has functions beyond cohesin removal. The Brca2 DNA repair protein interacts with Pds5, but the roles of this complex beyond DNA repair are unknown. Here we show that Brca2 opposes Pds5 function in sister chromatid cohesion by assaying precocious sister chromatid separation in metaphase spreads of cultured cells depleted for these proteins. By genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation we find that Pds5 facilitates SA cohesin subunit association with DNA replication origins and that Brca2 inhibits SA binding, mirroring their effects on sister chromatid cohesion. Cohesin binding is maximal at replication origins and extends outward to occupy active genes and regulatory sequences. Pds5 and Wapl, but not Brca2, limit the distance that cohesin extends from origins, thereby determining which active genes, enhancers and silencers bind cohesin. Using RNA-seq we find that Brca2, Pds5 and Wapl influence the expression of most genes sensitive to Nipped-B and cohesin, largely in the same direction. These findings demonstrate that Brca2 regulates sister chromatid cohesion and gene expression in addition to its canonical role in DNA repair and expand the known functions of accessory proteins in cohesin's diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziva Misulovin
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle Pherson
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria Gause
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dale Dorsett
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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138
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Murayama Y. DNA entry, exit and second DNA capture by cohesin: insights from biochemical experiments. Nucleus 2018; 9:492-502. [PMID: 30205748 PMCID: PMC6244732 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2018.1516486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin is a ring-shaped, multi-subunit ATPase assembly that is fundamental to the spatiotemporal organization of chromosomes. The ring establishes a variety of chromosomal structures including sister chromatid cohesion and chromatin loops. At the core of the ring is a pair of highly conserved SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) proteins, which are closed by the flexible kleisin subunit. In common with other essential SMC complexes including condensin and the SMC5-6 complex, cohesin encircles DNA inside its cavity, with the aid of HEAT (Huntingtin, elongation factor 3, protein phosphatase 2A and TOR) repeat auxiliary proteins. Through this topological embrace, cohesin is thought to establish a series of intra- and interchromosomal interactions by tethering more than one DNA molecule. Recent progress in biochemical reconstitution of cohesin provides molecular insights into how this ring complex topologically binds and mediates DNA-DNA interactions. Here, I review these studies and discuss how cohesin mediates such chromosome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Murayama
- Chromosome Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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139
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Liang C, Chen Q, Yi Q, Zhang M, Yan H, Zhang B, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Qi F, Ye S, Wang F. A kinase-dependent role for Haspin in antagonizing Wapl and protecting mitotic centromere cohesion. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:43-56. [PMID: 29138236 PMCID: PMC5757254 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister-chromatid cohesion mediated by the cohesin complex is fundamental for precise chromosome segregation in mitosis. Through binding the cohesin subunit Pds5, Wapl releases the bulk of cohesin from chromosome arms in prophase, whereas centromeric cohesin is protected from Wapl until anaphase onset. Strong centromere cohesion requires centromeric localization of the mitotic histone kinase Haspin, which is dependent on the interaction of its non-catalytic N-terminus with Pds5B. It remains unclear how Haspin fully blocks the Wapl-Pds5B interaction at centromeres. Here, we show that the C-terminal kinase domain of Haspin (Haspin-KD) binds and phosphorylates the YSR motif of Wapl (Wapl-YSR), thereby directly inhibiting the YSR motif-dependent interaction of Wapl with Pds5B. Cells expressing a Wapl-binding-deficient mutant of Haspin or treated with Haspin inhibitors show centromeric cohesion defects. Phospho-mimetic mutation in Wapl-YSR prevents Wapl from binding Pds5B and releasing cohesin. Forced targeting Haspin-KD to centromeres partly bypasses the need for Haspin-Pds5B interaction in cohesion protection. Taken together, these results indicate a kinase-dependent role for Haspin in antagonizing Wapl and protecting centromeric cohesion in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Liang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinfu Chen
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Yi
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linli Zhou
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Qi
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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140
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Wutz G, Várnai C, Nagasaka K, Cisneros DA, Stocsits RR, Tang W, Schoenfelder S, Jessberger G, Muhar M, Hossain MJ, Walther N, Koch B, Kueblbeck M, Ellenberg J, Zuber J, Fraser P, Peters JM. Topologically associating domains and chromatin loops depend on cohesin and are regulated by CTCF, WAPL, and PDS5 proteins. EMBO J 2017; 36:3573-3599. [PMID: 29217591 PMCID: PMC5730888 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201798004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomes are spatially organized into compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs), and loops to facilitate gene regulation and other chromosomal functions. How compartments, TADs, and loops are generated is unknown. It has been proposed that cohesin forms TADs and loops by extruding chromatin loops until it encounters CTCF, but direct evidence for this hypothesis is missing. Here, we show that cohesin suppresses compartments but is required for TADs and loops, that CTCF defines their boundaries, and that the cohesin unloading factor WAPL and its PDS5 binding partners control the length of loops. In the absence of WAPL and PDS5 proteins, cohesin forms extended loops, presumably by passing CTCF sites, accumulates in axial chromosomal positions (vermicelli), and condenses chromosomes. Unexpectedly, PDS5 proteins are also required for boundary function. These results show that cohesin has an essential genome-wide function in mediating long-range chromatin interactions and support the hypothesis that cohesin creates these by loop extrusion, until it is delayed by CTCF in a manner dependent on PDS5 proteins, or until it is released from DNA by WAPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Várnai
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kota Nagasaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - David A Cisneros
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman R Stocsits
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Wen Tang
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schoenfelder
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregor Jessberger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Muhar
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - M Julius Hossain
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nike Walther
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Koch
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz Kueblbeck
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Fraser
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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141
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Greaney J, Wei Z, Homer H. Regulation of chromosome segregation in oocytes and the cellular basis for female meiotic errors. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 24:135-161. [PMID: 29244163 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meiotic chromosome segregation in human oocytes is notoriously error-prone, especially with ageing. Such errors markedly reduce the reproductive chances of increasing numbers of women embarking on pregnancy later in life. However, understanding the basis for these errors is hampered by limited access to human oocytes. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Important new discoveries have arisen from molecular analyses of human female recombination and aneuploidy along with high-resolution analyses of human oocyte maturation and mouse models. Here, we review these findings to provide a contemporary picture of the key players choreographing chromosome segregation in mammalian oocytes and the cellular basis for errors. SEARCH METHODS A search of PubMed was conducted using keywords including meiosis, oocytes, recombination, cohesion, cohesin complex, chromosome segregation, kinetochores, spindle, aneuploidy, meiotic cell cycle, spindle assembly checkpoint, anaphase-promoting complex, DNA damage, telomeres, mitochondria, female ageing and female fertility. We extracted papers focusing on mouse and human oocytes that best aligned with the themes of this review and that reported transformative and novel discoveries. OUTCOMES Meiosis incorporates two sequential rounds of chromosome segregation executed by a spindle whose component microtubules bind chromosomes via kinetochores. Cohesion mediated by the cohesin complex holds chromosomes together and should be resolved at the appropriate time, in a specific step-wise manner and in conjunction with meiotically programmed kinetochore behaviour. In women, the stage is set for meiotic error even before birth when female-specific crossover maturation inefficiency leads to the formation of at-risk recombination patterns. In adult life, multiple co-conspiring factors interact with at-risk crossovers to increase the likelihood of mis-segregation. Available evidence support that these factors include, but are not limited to, cohesion deterioration, uncoordinated sister kinetochore behaviour, erroneous microtubule attachments, spindle instability and structural chromosomal defects that impact centromeres and telomeres. Data from mice indicate that cohesin and centromere-specific histones are long-lived proteins in oocytes. Since these proteins are pivotal for chromosome segregation, but lack any obvious renewal pathway, their deterioration with age provides an appealing explanation for at least some of the problems in older oocytes. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Research in the mouse model has identified a number of candidate genes and pathways that are important for chromosome segregation in this species. However, many of these have not yet been investigated in human oocytes so it is uncertain at this stage to what extent they apply to women. The challenge for the future involves applying emerging knowledge of female meiotic molecular regulation towards improving clinical fertility management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Greaney
- Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Zhe Wei
- Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Hayden Homer
- Christopher Chen Oocyte Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Campus, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
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142
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Lu Y, Dai X, Zhang M, Miao Y, Zhou C, Cui Z, Xiong B. Cohesin acetyltransferase Esco2 regulates SAC and kinetochore functions via maintaining H4K16 acetylation during mouse oocyte meiosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:9388-9397. [PMID: 28934466 PMCID: PMC5766191 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by cohesin complex and established by the acetyltransferases Esco1 and Esco2, is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. Mutations in Esco2 cause Roberts syndrome, a developmental disease characterized by severe prenatal retardation as well as limb and facial abnormalities. However, its exact roles during oocyte meiosis have not clearly defined. Here, we report that Esco2 localizes to the chromosomes during oocyte meiotic maturation. Depletion of Esco2 by morpholino microinjection leads to the precocious polar body extrusion, the escape of metaphase I arrest induced by nocodazole treatment and the loss of BubR1 from kinetochores, indicative of inactivated SAC. Furthermore, depletion of Esco2 causes a severely impaired spindle assembly and chromosome alignment, accompanied by the remarkably elevated incidence of defective kinetochore-microtubule attachments which consequently lead to the generation of aneuploid eggs. Notably, we find that the involvement of Esco2 in SAC and kinetochore functions is mediated by its binding to histone H4 and acetylation of H4K16 both in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our data assign a novel meiotic function to Esco2 beyond its role in the cohesion establishment during mouse oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoxin Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mianqun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yilong Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changyin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaokang Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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143
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Kukolj E, Kaufmann T, Dick AE, Zeillinger R, Gerlich DW, Slade D. PARP inhibition causes premature loss of cohesion in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103931-103951. [PMID: 29262611 PMCID: PMC5732777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) regulate various aspects of cellular function including mitotic progression. Although PARP inhibitors have been undergoing various clinical trials and the PARP1/2 inhibitor olaparib was approved as monotherapy for BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer, their mode of action in killing tumour cells is not fully understood. We investigated the effect of PARP inhibition on mitosis in cancerous (cervical, ovary, breast and osteosarcoma) and non-cancerous cells by live-cell imaging. The clinically relevant inhibitor olaparib induced strong perturbations in mitosis, including problems with chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate, anaphase delay, and premature loss of cohesion (cohesion fatigue) after a prolonged metaphase arrest, resulting in sister chromatid scattering. PARP1 and PARP2 depletion suppressed the phenotype while PARP2 overexpression enhanced it, suggesting that olaparib-bound PARP1 and PARP2 rather than the lack of catalytic activity causes this phenotype. Olaparib-induced mitotic chromatid scattering was observed in various cancer cell lines with increased protein levels of PARP1 and PARP2, but not in non-cancer or cancer cell lines that expressed lower levels of PARP1 or PARP2. Interestingly, the sister chromatid scattering phenotype occurred only when olaparib was added during the S-phase preceding mitosis, suggesting that PARP1 and PARP2 entrapment at replication forks impairs sister chromatid cohesion. Clinically relevant DNA-damaging agents that impair replication progression such as topoisomerase inhibitors and cisplatin were also found to induce sister chromatid scattering and metaphase plate alignment problems, suggesting that these mitotic phenotypes are a common outcome of replication perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kukolj
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Kaufmann
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amalie E Dick
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Zeillinger
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel W Gerlich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dea Slade
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, Vienna, Austria
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144
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Rhodes JDP, Haarhuis JHI, Grimm JB, Rowland BD, Lavis LD, Nasmyth KA. Cohesin Can Remain Associated with Chromosomes during DNA Replication. Cell Rep 2017; 20:2749-2755. [PMID: 28930671 PMCID: PMC5613076 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure disjunction to opposite poles during anaphase, sister chromatids must be held together following DNA replication. This is mediated by cohesin, which is thought to entrap sister DNAs inside a tripartite ring composed of its Smc and kleisin (Scc1) subunits. How such structures are created during S phase is poorly understood, in particular whether they are derived from complexes that had entrapped DNAs prior to replication. To address this, we used selective photobleaching to determine whether cohesin associated with chromatin in G1 persists in situ after replication. We developed a non-fluorescent HaloTag ligand to discriminate the fluorescence recovery signal from labeling of newly synthesized Halo-tagged Scc1 protein (pulse-chase or pcFRAP). In cells where cohesin turnover is inactivated by deletion of WAPL, Scc1 can remain associated with chromatin throughout S phase. These findings suggest that cohesion might be generated by cohesin that is already bound to un-replicated DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D P Rhodes
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Judith H I Haarhuis
- Department of Cell Biology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan B Grimm
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Benjamin D Rowland
- Department of Cell Biology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luke D Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kim A Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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145
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Alomer RM, da Silva EML, Chen J, Piekarz KM, McDonald K, Sansam CG, Sansam CL, Rankin S. Esco1 and Esco2 regulate distinct cohesin functions during cell cycle progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9906-9911. [PMID: 28847955 PMCID: PMC5604028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708291114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatids are tethered together by the cohesin complex from the time they are made until their separation at anaphase. The ability of cohesin to tether sister chromatids together depends on acetylation of its Smc3 subunit by members of the Eco1 family of cohesin acetyltransferases. Vertebrates express two orthologs of Eco1, called Esco1 and Esco2, both of which are capable of modifying Smc3, but their relative contributions to sister chromatid cohesion are unknown. We therefore set out to determine the precise contributions of Esco1 and Esco2 to cohesion in vertebrate cells. Here we show that cohesion establishment is critically dependent upon Esco2. Although most Smc3 acetylation is Esco1 dependent, inactivation of the ESCO1 gene has little effect on mitotic cohesion. The unique ability of Esco2 to promote cohesion is mediated by sequences in the N terminus of the protein. We propose that Esco1-dependent modification of Smc3 regulates almost exclusively the noncohesive activities of cohesin, such as DNA repair, transcriptional control, chromosome loop formation, and/or stabilization. Collectively, our data indicate that Esco1 and Esco2 contribute to distinct and separable activities of cohesin in vertebrate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Alomer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Eulália M L da Silva
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Jingrong Chen
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Katarzyna M Piekarz
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Katherine McDonald
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Courtney G Sansam
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Christopher L Sansam
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Susannah Rankin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104;
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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146
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Capalbo A, Hoffmann ER, Cimadomo D, Maria Ubaldi F, Rienzi L. Human female meiosis revised: new insights into the mechanisms of chromosome segregation and aneuploidies from advanced genomics and time-lapse imaging. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:706-722. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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147
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Cheng JM, Liu YX. Age-Related Loss of Cohesion: Causes and Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1578. [PMID: 28737671 PMCID: PMC5536066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a leading genetic cause of birth defects and lower implantation rates in humans. Most errors in chromosome number originate from oocytes. Aneuploidy in oocytes increases with advanced maternal age. Recent studies support the hypothesis that cohesion deterioration with advanced maternal age represents a leading cause of age-related aneuploidy. Cohesin generates cohesion, and is established only during the premeiotic S phase of fetal development without any replenishment throughout a female's period of fertility. Cohesion holds sister chromatids together until meiosis resumes at puberty, and then chromosome segregation requires the release of sister chromatid cohesion from chromosome arms and centromeres at anaphase I and anaphase II, respectively. The time of cohesion cleavage plays an important role in correct chromosome segregation. This review focuses specifically on the causes and effects of age-related cohesion deterioration in female meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Mei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Yi-Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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148
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Gruber S. Shaping chromosomes by DNA capture and release: gating the SMC rings. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 46:87-93. [PMID: 28460277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
SMC proteins organize chromosomes to coordinate essential nuclear processes such as gene expression and DNA recombination as well as to segregate chromosomes during cell division. SMC mediated DNA bridging keeps sister chromatids aligned for much of the cell cycle, while the active extrusion of DNA loops by SMC presumably compacts chromosomes. Chromosome superstructure is thus given by the number of DNA linkages and the size of chromosomal DNA loops, which in turn depend on the dynamics of SMC loading and unloading. The latter is regulated by the intrinsic SMC ATPase activity, multiple external factors and post-translational modification. Here, I highlight recent advances in our understanding of DNA capture and release by SMC-with a focus on cohesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gruber
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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149
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Abstract
The cohesin complex prevents separation of chromosomes following their duplication until the appropriate time during cell division. In vertebrates, establishment and maintenance of cohesin-dependent linkages depend on two distinct proteins, sororin and shugoshin. New findings published in The EMBO Journal show that in Drosophila, the function of both of these cohesin regulators is carried out by a single hybrid protein, Dalmatian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Marston
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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150
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Jordan PW, Eyster C, Chen J, Pezza RJ, Rankin S. Sororin is enriched at the central region of synapsed meiotic chromosomes. Chromosome Res 2017; 25:115-128. [PMID: 28050734 PMCID: PMC5441961 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-016-9542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During meiotic prophase, cohesin complexes mediate cohesion between sister chromatids and promote pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes. Precisely how the activity of cohesin is controlled to promote these events is not fully understood. In metazoans, cohesion establishment between sister chromatids during mitotic divisions is accompanied by recruitment of the cohesion-stabilizing protein Sororin. During somatic cell division cycles, Sororin is recruited in response to DNA replication-dependent modification of the cohesin complex by ESCO acetyltransferases. How Sororin is recruited and acts in meiosis is less clear. Here, we have surveyed the chromosomal localization of Sororin and its relationship to the meiotic cohesins and other chromatin modifiers with the objective of determining how Sororin contributes to meiotic chromosome dynamics. We show that Sororin localizes to the cores of meiotic chromosomes in a manner that is dependent on synapsis and the synaptonemal complex protein SYCP1. In contrast, cohesin, with which Sororin interacts in mitotic cells, shows axial enrichment on meiotic chromosomes even in the absence of synapsis between homologs. Using high-resolution microscopy, we show that Sororin is localized to the central region of the synaptonemal complex. These results indicate that Sororin regulation during meiosis is distinct from its regulation in mitotic cells and may suggest that it interacts with a distinctly different partner to ensure proper chromosome dynamics in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Jordan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Craig Eyster
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jingrong Chen
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Roberto J Pezza
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Susannah Rankin
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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