101
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Zipporah E B, Patra B, Govarthanan K, Yadav R, Mohan S, Shyamsunder P, Verma RS. Defective cell proliferation is an attribute of overexpressed Notch1 receptor and impaired autophagy in Fanconi Anemia. Genomics 2020; 112:4628-4639. [PMID: 32800766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome caused by mutation in FA pathway proteins, involved in Interstrand Cross Link (ICL) repair. FA cells exhibit in vitro proliferation arrest due to accumulated DNA damage, hence understanding the rescue mechanism that renders proliferation advantage is required. Gene expression profiling performed in FA patients Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) revealed a wide array of dysregulated biological processes. Functional enrichment and gene clustering analysis showed crippled autophagy process and escalated Notch signalling pathway in FA clinical samples and cell lines. Notch pathway mediators overexpression were reverted in FANCA mutant cells when treated with Rapamycin, an autophagy inducer. Additionally, Rapamycin stabilized cell viability after treatment with the DNA damaging agent, MitomycinC (MMC) and enhanced cell proliferation genes expression in FANCA mutant cells. Inherently FANCA mutant cells express impaired autophagy; thus activation of autophagy channelizes Notch signalling cascade and sustains cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binita Zipporah E
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Bamadeb Patra
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kavitha Govarthanan
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajesh Yadav
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sheila Mohan
- Apollo Speciality hospital, 320 Padma complex, Anna Salai, Chennai 600 035, India; Registry for Fanconi Anemia in India (REFAIN), India
| | - Pavithra Shyamsunder
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Rama Shanker Verma
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamilnadu, India.
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102
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Aman Y, Ryan B, Torsetnes SB, Knapskog AB, Watne LO, McEwan WA, Fang EF. Enhancing mitophagy as a therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 155:169-202. [PMID: 32854854 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating illnesses and a growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment of mitochondrial-specific autophagy, namely mitophagy, have emerged as important components of the cellular processes underlying neurodegeneration. Defective mitophagy has been highlighted as the cause of the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which consequently leads to cellular dysfunction and/or death in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we highlight the recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial homeostasis and mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, we evaluate how mitophagy is altered in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, as well as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the potential of restoring mitophagy as a therapeutic intervention. We also discuss the interlinked connections between mitophagy and innate immunity (e.g., the involvement of Parkin, interferons and TRIM21) as well as the opportunity these pathways provide to develop combinational therapeutic strategies targeting them and related molecular mechanisms in such neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahyah Aman
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Brent Ryan
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Silje Bøen Torsetnes
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Anne-Brita Knapskog
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Memory Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leiv Otto Watne
- Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - William A McEwan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Evandro Fei Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway.
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103
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Impact of Epigenetics on Complications of Fanconi Anemia: The Role of Vitamin D-Modulated Immunity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051355. [PMID: 32397406 PMCID: PMC7285109 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disorder with the clinical characteristics of (i) specific malformations at birth, (ii) progressive bone marrow failure already during early childhood and (iii) dramatically increased risk of developing cancer in early age, such as acute myeloid leukemia and squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with FA show DNA fragility due to a defect in the DNA repair machinery based on predominately recessive mutations in 23 genes. Interestingly, patients originating from the same family and sharing an identical mutation, frequently show significant differences in their clinical presentation. This implies that epigenetics plays an important role in the manifestation of the disease. The biologically active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 controls cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis via the modulation of the immune system. The nuclear hormone activates the transcription factor vitamin D receptor that affects, via fine-tuning of the epigenome, the transcription of >1000 human genes. In this review, we discuss that changes in the epigenome, in particular in immune cells, may be central for the clinical manifestation of FA. These epigenetic changes can be modulated by vitamin D suggesting that the individual FA patient’s vitamin D status and responsiveness are of critical importance for disease progression.
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104
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Wong HH, Sanyal S. Manipulation of autophagy by (+) RNA viruses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 101:3-11. [PMID: 31382014 PMCID: PMC7102625 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process central to host metabolism. Among its major functions are conservation of energy during starvation, recycling organelles, and turnover of long-lived proteins. Besides, autophagy plays a critical role in removing intracellular pathogens and very likely represents a primordial intrinsic cellular defence mechanism. More recent findings indicate that it has not only retained its ability to degrade intracellular pathogens, but also functions to augment and fine tune antiviral immune responses. Interestingly, viruses have also co-evolved strategies to manipulate this pathway and use it to their advantage. Particularly intriguing is infection-dependent activation of autophagy with positive stranded (+)RNA virus infections, which benefit from the pathway without succumbing to lysosomal degradation. In this review we summarise recent data on viral manipulation of autophagy, with a particular emphasis on +RNA viruses and highlight key unanswered questions in the field that we believe merit further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Him Wong
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong,Corresponding author at: HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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105
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Kodavati M, Wang H, Hegde ML. Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics in Motor Neuron Disease: An Emerging Perspective. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041065. [PMID: 32344665 PMCID: PMC7226538 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria plays privotal role in diverse pathways that regulate cellular function and survival, and have emerged as a prime focus in aging and age-associated motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Accumulating evidence suggests that many amyloidogenic proteins, including MND-associated RNA/DNA-binding proteins fused in sarcoma (FUS) and TAR DNA binding protein (TDP)-43, are strongly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Animal model and patient studies have highlighted changes in mitochondrial structure, plasticity, replication/copy number, mitochondrial DNA instability, and altered membrane potential in several subsets of MNDs, and these observations are consistent with the evidence of increased excitotoxicity, induction of reactive oxygen species, and activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Studies in MND rodent models also indicate that mitochondrial abnormalities begin prior to the clinical and pathological onset of the disease, suggesting a causal role of mitochondrial dysfunction. Our recent studies, which demonstrated the involvement of specific defects in DNA break-ligation mediated by DNA ligase 3 (LIG3) in FUS-associated ALS, raised a key question of its potential implication in mitochondrial DNA transactions because LIG3 is essential for both mitochondrial DNA replication and repair. This question, as well as how wild-type and mutant MND-associated factors affect mitochondria, remain to be elucidated. These new investigation avenues into the mechanistic role of mitochondrial dysfunction in MNDs are critical to identify therapeutic targets to alleviate mitochondrial toxicity and its consequences. In this article, we critically review recent advances in our understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in diverse subgroups of MNDs and discuss challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Kodavati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (H.W.)
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (H.W.)
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (H.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence:
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106
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Corti O, Blomgren K, Poletti A, Beart PM. Autophagy in neurodegeneration: New insights underpinning therapy for neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 154:354-371. [PMID: 32149395 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In autophagy long-lived proteins, protein aggregates or damaged organelles are engulfed by vesicles called autophagosomes prior to lysosomal degradation. Autophagy dysfunction is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases in which misfolded proteins or dysfunctional mitochondria accumulate. Excessive autophagy can also exacerbate brain injury under certain conditions. In this review, we provide specific examples to illustrate the critical role played by autophagy in pathological conditions affecting the brain and discuss potential therapeutic implications. We show how a singular type of autophagy-dependent cell death termed autosis has attracted attention as a promising target for improving outcomes in perinatal asphyxia and hypoxic-ischaemic injury to the immature brain. We provide evidence that autophagy inhibition may be protective against radiotherapy-induced damage to the young brain. We describe a specialized form of macroautophagy of therapeutic relevance for motoneuron and neuromuscular diseases, known as chaperone-assisted selective autophagy, in which heat shock protein B8 is used to deliver aberrant proteins to autophagosomes. We summarize studies pinpointing mitophagy mediated by the serine/threonine kinase PINK1 and the ubiquitin-protein ligase Parkin as a mechanism potentially relevant to Parkinson's disease, despite debate over the physiological conditions in which it is activated in organisms. Finally, with the example of the autophagy-inducing agent rilmenidine and its discrepant effects in cell culture and mouse models of motor neuron disorders, we illustrate the importance of considering aspects such a disease stage and aggressiveness, type of insult and load of damaged or toxic cellular components, when choosing the appropriate drug, timepoint and duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Corti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Paediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Centro di Eccellenza sulle Malattie Neurodegenerative, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Philip M Beart
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
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107
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Bakula D, Scheibye-Knudsen M. MitophAging: Mitophagy in Aging and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:239. [PMID: 32373609 PMCID: PMC7179682 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining mitochondrial health is emerging as a keystone in aging and associated diseases. The selective degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy is of particular importance in keeping a pristine mitochondrial pool. Indeed, inherited monogenic diseases with defects in mitophagy display complex multisystem pathologies but particularly progressive neurodegeneration. Fortunately, therapies are being developed that target mitophagy allowing new hope for treatments for previously incurable diseases. Herein, we describe mitophagy and associated diseases, coin the term mitophaging and describe new small molecule interventions that target different steps in the mitophagic pathway. Consequently, several age-associated diseases may be treated by targeting mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bakula
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Scheibye-Knudsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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108
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Ragu S, Matos-Rodrigues G, Lopez BS. Replication Stress, DNA Damage, Inflammatory Cytokines and Innate Immune Response. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E409. [PMID: 32283785 PMCID: PMC7230342 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete and accurate DNA replication is essential to genome stability maintenance during cellular division. However, cells are routinely challenged by endogenous as well as exogenous agents that threaten DNA stability. DNA breaks and the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) arising from endogenous replication stress have been observed at pre- or early stages of oncogenesis and senescence. Proper detection and signalling of DNA damage are essential for the autonomous cellular response in which the DDR regulates cell cycle progression and controls the repair machinery. In addition to this autonomous cellular response, replicative stress changes the cellular microenvironment, activating the innate immune response that enables the organism to protect itself against the proliferation of damaged cells. Thereby, the recent descriptions of the mechanisms of the pro-inflammatory response activation after replication stress, DNA damage and DDR defects constitute important conceptual novelties. Here, we review the links of replication, DNA damage and DDR defects to innate immunity activation by pro-inflammatory paracrine effects, highlighting the implications for human syndromes and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernard S. Lopez
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 24 rue du Faubourg St Jacques, 75014 Paris, France; (S.R.); (G.M.-R.)
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109
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Olasunkanmi OI, Chen S, Mageto J, Zhong Z. Virus-Induced Cytoplasmic Aggregates and Inclusions are Critical Cellular Regulatory and Antiviral Factors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040399. [PMID: 32260341 PMCID: PMC7232513 DOI: 10.3390/v12040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA granules, aggresomes, and autophagy are key players in the immune response to viral infections. They provide countermeasures that regulate translation and proteostasis in order to rewire cell signaling, prevent viral interference, and maintain cellular homeostasis. The formation of cellular aggregates and inclusions is one of the strategies to minimize viral infections and virus-induced cell damage and to promote cellular survival. However, viruses have developed several strategies to interfere with these cellular processes in order to achieve productive replication within the host cells. A review on how these mechanisms could function as modulators of cell signaling and antiviral factors will be instrumental in refining the current scientific knowledge and proposing means whereby cellular granules and aggregates could be induced or prevented to enhance the antiviral immune response in mammalian cells.
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110
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Strappazzon F. A global view of the miRNA-mitophagy connexion. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:37-54. [PMID: 32620248 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamics organelles that provide the necessary energy for cellular functions. However, when they are dysfunctional, they can, by contrast, be very harmful for the cell. Mitophagy ensures their recycling and preserves cell performance. This mechanism is particularly important in neurons because they use a lot of energy. Failed mitophagy can thus affect the development of neurons and lead to brain problems. In this regard, a tight regulation of this process is needed. In recent years microRNAs, as regulators of several biological processes, have attracted attention in the field of mitophagy. In this review, we focused on the studies that highlight the miRNAs implicated in the regulation of mitophagic pathways. In particular, we described the first study carried out 7 years ago, in the context of mitophagy during erythroid differentiation. Next, we have cited all the other works to date on microRNAs and mitophagy regulation. Finally, we have underlined the importance of these discoveries in order to define new therapeutic approaches in the context of age-related diseases involving mitochondrial dysfunctions, such as cancers and neurodegenerative diseases.
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111
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The Late Domain of Prototype Foamy Virus Gag Facilitates Autophagic Clearance of Stress Granules by Promoting Amphisome Formation. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01719-19. [PMID: 31969431 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01719-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototype foamy virus (PFV), a complex retrovirus belonging to Spumaretrovirinae, maintains lifelong latent infection. The maintenance of lifelong latent infection by viruses relies on the repression of the type I interferon (IFN) response. However, the mechanism involving PFV latency, especially regarding the suppression of the IFN response, is poorly understood. Our previous study showed that PFV promotes autophagic flux. However, the underlying mechanism and the role of PFV-induced autophagy in latent infection have not been clarified. Here, we report that the PFV viral structural protein Gag induced amphisome formation and triggered autophagic clearance of stress granules (SGs) to attenuate type I IFN production. Moreover, the late domain (L-domain) of Gag played a central role in Alix recruitment, which promoted endosomal sorting complex required for transport I (ESCRT-I) formation and amphisome accumulation by facilitating late endosome formation. Our data suggest that PFV Gag represses the host IFN response through autophagic clearance of SGs by activating the endosome-autophagy pathway. More importantly, we found a novel mechanism by which a retrovirus inhibits the SG response to repress the type I IFN response.IMPORTANCE Maintenance of lifelong latent infection for viruses relies on repression of the type I IFN response. Autophagy plays a double-edged sword in antiviral immunity. However, the role of autophagy in the regulation of the type I IFN response and the mechanism involving virus-promoted autophagy have not been fully elucidated. SGs are an immune complex associated with the antiviral immune response and are critical for type I IFN production. Autophagic clearance of SGs is one means of degradation of SGs and is associated with regulation of immunity, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. In this article, we demonstrate that PFV Gag recruits ESCRT-I to facilitate amphisome formation. Our data also suggest that amphisome formation is a critical event for autophagic clearance of SGs and repression of the type I IFN response. More importantly, we found a novel mechanism by which a retrovirus inhibits the SG response to repress the type I IFN response.
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112
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Abstract
The process of mitophagy, in which mitochondria are selectively turned over at the autophagolysosome, plays a central role in both eliminating dysfunctional mitochondria and reducing mitochondrial mass as an adaptive response to key physiological stresses, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and DNA damage. Defects in mitophagy have been linked to altered mitochondrial metabolism, production of excess reactive oxygen species and ferroptosis, heightened inflammasome activation, altered cell fate decisions, and senescence, among other cellular consequences. Consequently, functional mitophagy contributes to proper tissue differentiation and repair and metabolic homeostasis, limiting inflammatory responses and modulating tumor progression and metastasis. This review examines the major pathways that control mitophagy, including PINK1-dependent mitophagy and BNIP3/NIX-dependent mitophagy. It also discusses the cellular signaling mechanisms used to sense mitochondrial dysfunction to activate mitophagy and how defective mitophagy results in deregulated tumor cell growth and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay F. Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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113
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Chen Q, Lei JH, Bao J, Wang H, Hao W, Li L, Peng C, Masuda T, Miao K, Xu J, Xu X, Deng C. BRCA1 Deficiency Impairs Mitophagy and Promotes Inflammasome Activation and Mammary Tumor Metastasis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903616. [PMID: 32195105 PMCID: PMC7080549 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is a major tumor suppressor gene and is most frequently mutated in hereditary breast cancer. BRCA1 plays a critical role in many biological processes, especially maintaining genomic stability in the nucleus, yet its role in the cytoplasm remains elusive. Here, it is revealed that BRCA1 maintains a healthy mitochondrial network through regulating mitochondrial dynamics, including fission and fusion. BRCA1 deficiency causes dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics through increased expression of mitofusin1/2. With mitochondrial stress, BRCA1 is recruited to the mitochondrial outer membrane, where it plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy mitochondrial network. Consequently, BRCA1 deficiency impairs stress-induced mitophagy through blocking ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which creates a tumor-associated microenvironment, thereby facilitating tumor proliferation and metastasis. It is further shown that inflammasome inhibition can prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. This study uncovers an important role of BRCA1 in regulating mitophagy and suggests a therapeutic approach for fighting this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Zhuhai UM Science and Technology Research InstituteZhuhai519031China
| | - Josh Haipeng Lei
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Jiaolin Bao
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Haitao Wang
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Wenhui Hao
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Licen Li
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Cheng Peng
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Takaaki Masuda
- Department of SurgeryKyushu University Beppu HospitalBeppu‐shiOita874‐0838Japan
| | - Kai Miao
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Jun Xu
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
| | - Chu‐Xia Deng
- Cancer CenterFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
- Center for Precision Medicine Research and TrainingUniversity of MacauMacauMacau, SARChina
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114
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Autophagy as a Cellular Stress Response Mechanism in the Nervous System. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2560-2588. [PMID: 31962122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells of an organism face with various types of insults during their lifetime. Exposure to toxins, metabolic problems, ischaemia/reperfusion, physical trauma, genetic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases are among the conditions that trigger cellular stress responses. In this context, autophagy is one of the mechanisms that supports cell survival under stressful conditions. Autophagic vesicle engulfs the cargo and transports it to lysosome for degradation and turnover. As such, autophagy eliminates abnormal proteins, clears damaged organelles, limits oxidative stress and helps to improve metabolic balance. Nervous system cells and particularly postmitotic neurons are highly sensitive to a spectrum of insults, and autophagy emerges as one of the key stress response mechanism, ensuring health and survival of these vulnerable cell types. In this review, we will overview mechanisms through which cells cope with stress, and how these stress responses regulate autophagy, with a special focus on the nervous system.
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115
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Solanki A, Rajendran A, Mohan S, Raj R, Vundinti BR. Mitochondrial DNA variations and mitochondrial dysfunction in Fanconi anemia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227603. [PMID: 31940411 PMCID: PMC6961948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In-vitro studies with different Fanconi anemia (FA) cell lines and FANC gene silenced cell lines indicating involvement of mitochondria function in pathogenesis of FA have been reported. However, in-vivo studies have not been studied so far to understand the role of mitochondrial markers in pathogenesis of FA. We have carried out a systematic set of biomarker studies for elucidating involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in disease pathogenesis for Indian FA patients. We report changes in the mtDNA number in 59% of FA patients studied, a high frequency of mtDNA variations (37.5% of non-synonymous variations and 62.5% synonymous variations) and downregulation of mtDNA complex-I and complex-III encoding genes of OXPHOS (p<0.05) as strong biomarkers for impairment of mitochondrial functions in FA. Deregulation of expression of mitophagy genes (ATG; p>0.05, Beclin-1; p>0.05, and MAP1-LC3, p<0.05) has also been observed, suggesting inability of FA cells to clear off impaired mitochondria. We hypothesize that accumulation of such impaired mitochondria in FA cells therefore may be the principal cause for bone marrow failure (BMF) and a plausible effect of inefficient clearance of impaired mitochondria in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani Solanki
- Department of Cytogenetics, National Institute of Immunohaematology, K.E.M. Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aruna Rajendran
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Egmore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sheila Mohan
- Pediatric Haematology Department, Apollo Children’s Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Revathy Raj
- Pediatric Haematology Department, Apollo Children’s Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Babu Rao Vundinti
- Department of Cytogenetics, National Institute of Immunohaematology, K.E.M. Hospital Campus, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
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Kirkin V. History of the Selective Autophagy Research: How Did It Begin and Where Does It Stand Today? J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3-27. [PMID: 31082435 PMCID: PMC6971693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, self-eating, is a pivotal catabolic mechanism that ensures homeostasis and survival of the cell in the face of stressors as different as starvation, infection, or protein misfolding. The importance of the research in this field was recognized by the general public after the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 2016 to Yoshinori Ohsumi for discoveries of the mechanisms of autophagy using yeast as a model organism. One of the seminal findings of Ohsumi was on the role ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs)-Atg5, Atg12, and Atg8-play in the formation of the double-membrane vesicle autophagosome, which is the functional unit of autophagy. Subsequent work by several groups demonstrated that, like the founding member of the UBL family ubiquitin, these small but versatile protein and lipid modifiers interact with a plethora of proteins, which either directly regulate autophagosome formation, for example, components of the Atg1/ULK1 complex, or are involved in cargo recognition, for example, Atg19 and p62/SQSTM1. By tethering the cargo to the UBLs present on the forming autophagosome, the latter proteins were proposed to effectively act as selective autophagy receptors. The discovery of the selective autophagy receptors brought a breakthrough in the autophagy field, supplying the mechanistic underpinning for the formation of an autophagosome selectively around the cytosolic cargo, that is, a protein aggregate, a mitochondrion, or a cytosolic bacterium. In this historical overview, I highlight key steps that the research into selective autophagy has been taking over the past 20 years. I comment on their significance and discuss current challenges in developing more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of selective autophagy. I will conclude by introducing the new directions that this dynamic research field is taking into its third decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kirkin
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
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117
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Keller MD, Torres VJ, Cadwell K. Autophagy and microbial pathogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:872-886. [PMID: 31896796 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cell biological process that promotes resilience in the face of environmental perturbations. Given that infectious agents represent a major type of environmental threat, it follows that the autophagy pathway is central to the outcome of host-microbe interactions. Detailed molecular studies have revealed intricate ways in which autophagy suppresses or enhances the fitness of infectious agents, particularly intracellular pathogens such as viruses that require the host cell machinery for replication. Findings in animal models have reinforced the importance of these events that occur within individual cells and have extended the role of autophagy to extracellular microbes and immunity at the whole organism level. These functions impact adaptation to bacteria that are part of the gut microbiota, which has implications for the etiology of chronic disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. Despite major advances in how autophagy regulates inflammatory reactions toward microbes, many challenges remain, including distinguishing autophagy from closely related pathways such as LC3-associated phagocytosis. Here, we review the role of autophagy in microbial pathogenesis at the level of organismal biology. In addition to providing an overview of the prominent function of autophagy proteins in host-microbe interactions, we highlight how observations at the cellular level are informing pathogenesis studies and offer our perspective on the future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Keller
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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118
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Li C, Lieber A. Adenovirus vectors in hematopoietic stem cell genome editing. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3623-3648. [PMID: 31705806 PMCID: PMC10473235 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) represents a therapeutic option for a number of hematological genetic diseases, as HSCs have the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into all blood cell lineages. This review presents advances of genome editing in HSCs utilizing adenovirus vectors as delivery vehicles. We focus on capsid-modified, helper-dependent adenovirus vectors that are devoid of all viral genes and therefore exhibit an improved safety profile. We discuss HSC genome engineering for several inherited disorders and infectious diseases including hemoglobinopathies, Fanconi anemia, hemophilia, and HIV-1 infection by ex vivo and in vivo editing in transgenic mice, nonhuman primates, as well as in human CD34+ cells. Mechanisms of therapeutic gene transfer including episomal expression of designer nucleases and base editors, transposase-mediated random integration, and targeted homology-directed repair triggered integration into selected genomic safe harbor loci are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - André Lieber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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119
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Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular recycling process that maintains cellular homeostasis by orchestrating immunity upon viral infection. Following viral infection, autophagy is often initiated to curtail infection by delivering viral particles for lysosomal degradation and further integrating with innate pattern recognition receptor signaling to induce interferon (IFN)-mediated viral clearance. However, some viruses have evolved anti-autophagy strategies to escape host immunity and to promote viral replication. In this chapter, we illustrate how autophagy prevents viral infection to generate an optimal anti-viral milieu, and then concentrate on how viruses subvert and hijack the autophagic process to evade immunosurveillance, thereby facilitating viral replication and pathogenesis. Understanding the interplays between autophagy and viral infection is anticipated to guide the development of effective anti-viral therapeutics to fight against infectious diseases.
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120
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Fang EF, Hou Y, Lautrup S, Jensen MB, Yang B, SenGupta T, Caponio D, Khezri R, Demarest TG, Aman Y, Figueroa D, Morevati M, Lee HJ, Kato H, Kassahun H, Lee JH, Filippelli D, Okur MN, Mangerich A, Croteau DL, Maezawa Y, Lyssiotis CA, Tao J, Yokote K, Rusten TE, Mattson MP, Jasper H, Nilsen H, Bohr VA. NAD + augmentation restores mitophagy and limits accelerated aging in Werner syndrome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5284. [PMID: 31754102 PMCID: PMC6872719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction is a primary feature of Werner syndrome (WS), a human premature aging disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Werner (WRN) DNA helicase. WS patients exhibit severe metabolic phenotypes, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood, and whether the metabolic deficit can be targeted for therapeutic intervention has not been determined. Here we report impaired mitophagy and depletion of NAD+, a fundamental ubiquitous molecule, in WS patient samples and WS invertebrate models. WRN regulates transcription of a key NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT1). NAD+ repletion restores NAD+ metabolic profiles and improves mitochondrial quality through DCT-1 and ULK-1-dependent mitophagy. At the organismal level, NAD+ repletion remarkably extends lifespan and delays accelerated aging, including stem cell dysfunction, in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster models of WS. Our findings suggest that accelerated aging in WS is mediated by impaired mitochondrial function and mitophagy, and that bolstering cellular NAD+ levels counteracts WS phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro F Fang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Yujun Hou
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - Beimeng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Tanima SenGupta
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Domenica Caponio
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Rojyar Khezri
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tyler G Demarest
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yahyah Aman
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - David Figueroa
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Marya Morevati
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hisaya Kato
- Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Henok Kassahun
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jong-Hyuk Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deborah Filippelli
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mustafa Nazir Okur
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jun Tao
- Department of Hypertension and Vascular Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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121
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Zhong F, Liang S, Zhong Z. Emerging Role of Mitochondrial DNA as a Major Driver of Inflammation and Disease Progression. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1120-1133. [PMID: 31744765 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation benefits the host by promoting the elimination of invading pathogens and clearance of cellular debris after tissue injury. Inflammation also stimulates tissue repair and regeneration to restore homeostasis and organismal health. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the only form of non-nuclear DNA in eukaryotic cells, is a major activator of inflammation when leaked out from stressed mitochondria. Here, we review the current understanding on the role of mtDNA in innate immunity, discussing how dysregulated mtDNA metabolism can promote chronic inflammation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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122
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Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective. Cell 2019; 176:11-42. [PMID: 30633901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1688] [Impact Index Per Article: 337.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lysosomal degradation pathway of autophagy plays a fundamental role in cellular, tissue, and organismal homeostasis and is mediated by evolutionarily conserved autophagy-related (ATG) genes. Definitive etiological links exist between mutations in genes that control autophagy and human disease, especially neurodegenerative, inflammatory disorders and cancer. Autophagy selectively targets dysfunctional organelles, intracellular microbes, and pathogenic proteins, and deficiencies in these processes may lead to disease. Moreover, ATG genes have diverse physiologically important roles in other membrane-trafficking and signaling pathways. This Review discusses the biological functions of autophagy genes from the perspective of understanding-and potentially reversing-the pathophysiology of human disease and aging.
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123
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Abstract
Autophagy is a powerful tool that host cells use to defend against viral infection. Double-membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, deliver trapped viral cargo to the lysosome for degradation. Specifically, autophagy initiates an innate immune response by cooperating with pattern recognition receptor signalling to induce interferon production. It also selectively degrades immune components associated with viral particles. Following degradation, autophagy coordinates adaptive immunity by delivering virus-derived antigens for presentation to T lymphocytes. However, in an ongoing evolutionary arms race, viruses have acquired the potent ability to hijack and subvert autophagy for their benefit. In this Review, we focus on the key regulatory steps during viral infection in which autophagy is involved and discuss the specific molecular mechanisms that diverse viruses use to repurpose autophagy for their life cycle and pathogenesis. Autophagy is crucial for innate and adaptive antiviral immunity; in turn, viruses evade and subvert autophagy to support their replication and pathogenesis. In this Review, Choi, Bowman and Jung discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern autophagy during host–virus interactions.
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124
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Lagundžin D, Hu WF, Law HCH, Krieger KL, Qiao F, Clement EJ, Drincic AT, Nedić O, Naldrett MJ, Alvarez S, Woods NT. Delineating the role of FANCA in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in β cells through its protein interactome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220568. [PMID: 31461451 PMCID: PMC6713327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia affects 72% of Fanconi anemia (FA) patients and an additional 25% experience lowered glucose tolerance or frank diabetes. The underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to the dysfunction of FA pancreas β cells is unknown. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the functional role of FANCA, the most commonly mutated gene in FA, in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). This study reveals that FANCA or FANCB knockdown impairs GSIS in human pancreas β cell line EndoC-βH3. To identify potential pathways by which FANCA might regulate GSIS, we employed a proteomics approach to identify FANCA protein interactions in EndoC-βH3 differentially regulated in response to elevated glucose levels. Glucose-dependent changes in the FANCA interaction network were observed, including increased association with other FA family proteins, suggesting an activation of the DNA damage response in response to elevated glucose levels. Reactive oxygen species increase in response to glucose stimulation and are necessary for GSIS in EndoC-βH3 cells. Glucose-induced activation of the DNA damage response was also observed as an increase in the DNA damage foci marker γ-H2AX and dependent upon the presence of reactive oxygen species. These results illuminate the role of FANCA in GSIS and its protein interactions regulated by glucose stimulation that may explain the prevalence of β cell-specific endocrinopathies in FA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Lagundžin
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Wen-Feng Hu
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Henry C. H. Law
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kimiko L. Krieger
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Fangfang Qiao
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Emalie J. Clement
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Andjela T. Drincic
- Department of Internal Medicine: Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Olgica Nedić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Banatska, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael J. Naldrett
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Nicholas T. Woods
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lou G, Palikaras K, Lautrup S, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Tavernarakis N, Fang EF. Mitophagy and Neuroprotection. Trends Mol Med 2019; 26:8-20. [PMID: 31375365 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are strongly age-related and currently cannot be cured, with a surge of patient numbers in the coming decades in view of the emerging worldwide ageing population, bringing healthcare and socioeconomic challenges. Effective therapies are urgently needed, and are dependent on new aetiological mechanisms. In neurons, efficient clearance of damaged mitochondria, through the highly evolutionary conserved cellular process termed mitophagy, plays a fundamental role in mitochondrial and metabolic homeostasis, energy supply, neuronal survival, and health. Conversely, defective mitophagy leads to accumulation of damaged mitochondria and cellular dysfunction, contributing to ageing and age-predisposed neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss the contribution of defective mitophagy in these diseases, and underlying molecular mechanisms, and highlight novel therapeutics based on new discovered mitophagy-inducing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Lou
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Crete, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Morten Scheibye-Knudsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Crete, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Evandro F Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), Oslo, Norway.
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126
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Autophagy genes in myeloid cells counteract IFNγ-induced TNF-mediated cell death and fatal TNF-induced shock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16497-16506. [PMID: 31346084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822157116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host inflammatory responses must be tightly regulated to ensure effective immunity while limiting tissue injury. IFN gamma (IFNγ) primes macrophages to mount robust inflammatory responses. However, IFNγ also induces cell death, and the pathways that regulate IFNγ-induced cell death are incompletely understood. Using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening, we identified autophagy genes as central mediators of myeloid cell survival during the IFNγ response. Hypersensitivity of autophagy gene-deficient cells to IFNγ was mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling via receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)- and caspase 8-mediated cell death. Mice with myeloid cell-specific autophagy gene deficiency exhibited marked hypersensitivity to fatal systemic TNF administration. This increased mortality in myeloid autophagy gene-deficient mice required the IFNγ receptor, and mortality was completely reversed by pharmacologic inhibition of RIPK1 kinase activity. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of IFNγ-induced cell death via TNF, demonstrate a critical function of autophagy genes in promoting cell viability in the presence of inflammatory cytokines, and implicate this cell survival function in protection against mortality during the systemic inflammatory response.
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127
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Panigrahi DP, Praharaj PP, Bhol CS, Mahapatra KK, Patra S, Behera BP, Mishra SR, Bhutia SK. The emerging, multifaceted role of mitophagy in cancer and cancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 66:45-58. [PMID: 31351198 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process which selectively eliminates dysfunctional mitochondria by targeting them to the autophagosome for degradation. Dysregulated mitophagy results in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which plays an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The role of mitophagy receptors and adaptors including PINK1, Parkin, BNIP3, BNIP3L/NIX, and p62/SQSTM1, and the signaling pathways that govern mitophagy are impaired in cancer. Furthermore, the contribution of mitophagy in regulating the metabolic switch may establish a balance between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation for cancer cell survival. Moreover, ROS-driven mitophagy achieves different goals depending on the stage of tumorigenesis. Mitophagy promotes plasticity in the cancer stem cell through the metabolic reconfiguration for better adaption to the tumor microenvironment. In addition, the present review sheds some light on the role of mitophagy in stemness and differentiation during the transition of cell's fate, which could have a crucial role in cancer progression and metastasis. In conclusion, this review deals with the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying mitophagy, along with highlighting the dual role of mitophagy in different aspects of cancer, suggesting it as a possible target in the mitophagy-modulated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasna P Panigrahi
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Prakash P Praharaj
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Chandra S Bhol
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Kewal K Mahapatra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Bishnu P Behera
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Soumya R Mishra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit K Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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128
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Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Cellular Senescence. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070686. [PMID: 31284597 PMCID: PMC6678662 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence refers to a stress response aiming to preserve cellular and, therefore, organismal homeostasis. Importantly, deregulation of mitochondrial homeostatic mechanisms, manifested as impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolism and dynamics, has emerged as a hallmark of cellular senescence. On the other hand, impaired mitostasis has been suggested to induce cellular senescence. This review aims to provide an overview of homeostatic mechanisms operating within mitochondria and a comprehensive insight into the interplay between cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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129
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Gorodetska I, Kozeretska I, Dubrovska A. BRCA Genes: The Role in Genome Stability, Cancer Stemness and Therapy Resistance. J Cancer 2019; 10:2109-2127. [PMID: 31205572 PMCID: PMC6548160 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process, and tumors frequently harbor multiple mutations regulating genome integrity, cell division and death. The integrity of cellular genome is closely controlled by the mechanisms of DNA damage signaling and DNA repair. The association of breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 with breast and ovarian cancer development was first demonstrated over 20 years ago. Since then the germline mutations within these genes were linked to genomic instability and increased risk of many other cancer types. Genomic instability is an engine of the oncogenic transformation of non-tumorigenic cells into tumor-initiating cells and further tumor evolution. In this review we discuss the biological functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and the role of BRCA mutations in tumor initiation, regulation of cancer stemness, therapy resistance and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ielizaveta Gorodetska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Iryna Kozeretska
- Department of General and Medical Genetics, ESC "The Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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130
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Yang Q, Xie H, Zhong Y, Li D, Ke X, Ying H, Yu B, Zhang T. Severe Fanconi Anemia phenotypes in Fancd2 depletion mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:713-719. [PMID: 31078270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder characterized by congenital malfunction, bone marrow failure and hypersensitivity to DNA damage. FANCD2 protein play the central role in FA pathway. To study the in vivo role of FANCD2, we generated and characterized a new Fancd2 knockout mouse strain with 7bp deletion in Fancd2 gene 5' terminus using Crispr-Cas9 in congenic C57BL/6J background. This Fancd2-/- mice displayed similar but overall more severe manifestation than the previous ES cell targeted Fancd2 model. These features include increased embryonic and postnatal lethality rate, higher incidence of microphthalmia, and more severe hypogonadism. The anemia we observed in this Fancd2-/- mice has not been described in other FA models. Further study indicated that the hematopoiesis deficiency was associated with increased apoptotic cell death, G2/M phase arrest and hypersensitivity to MMC and IR damage of Fancd2-/- bone marrow progenitor cells. Collectively, the resulting Fancd2-/- mice with higher resemblance of FA patient symptoms, will be useful in understand the parthenogenesis of pancytopenia and bone marrow failure in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixinhe Zhong
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongbo Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianfu Ke
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huazhong Ying
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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131
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Lewis TW, Barthelemy JR, Virts EL, Kennedy FM, Gadgil RY, Wiek C, Linka RM, Zhang F, Andreassen PR, Hanenberg H, Leffak M. Deficiency of the Fanconi anemia E2 ubiqitin conjugase UBE2T only partially abrogates Alu-mediated recombination in a new model of homology dependent recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3503-3520. [PMID: 30715513 PMCID: PMC6468168 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the UBE2T ubiquitin conjugase is in the monoubiquitination of the FANCI-FANCD2 heterodimer, a central step in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway. Genetic inactivation of UBE2T is responsible for the phenotypes of FANCT patients; however, a FANCT patient carrying a maternal duplication and a paternal deletion in the UBE2T loci displayed normal peripheral blood counts and UBE2T protein levels in B-lymphoblast cell lines. To test whether reversion by recombination between UBE2T AluYa5 elements could have occurred in the patient's hematopoietic stem cells despite the defects in homologous recombination (HR) in FA cells, we constructed HeLa cell lines containing the UBE2T AluYa5 elements and neighboring intervening sequences flanked by fluorescent reporter genes. Introduction of a DNA double strand break in the model UBE2T locus in vivo promoted single strand annealing (SSA) between proximal Alu elements and deletion of the intervening color marker gene, recapitulating the reversion of the UBE2T duplication in the FA patient. To test whether UBE2T null cells retain HR activity, the UBE2T genes were knocked out in HeLa cells and U2OS cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic knockout of UBE2T only partially reduced HR, demonstrating that UBE2T-independent pathways can compensate for the recombination defect in UBE2T/FANCT null cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Joanna R Barthelemy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Virts
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Felicia M Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rujuta Y Gadgil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rene M Linka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Leffak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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132
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Raimondi M, Cesselli D, Di Loreto C, La Marra F, Schneider C, Demarchi F. USP1 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 1) targets ULK1 and regulates its cellular compartmentalization and autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:613-630. [PMID: 30335599 PMCID: PMC6526860 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1535291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) is a core component at multiple steps of canonical macroautophagy/autophagy. The activity of ULK1 is tightly regulated by several post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, yet the deubiquitinase (DUB) responsible for its reversible deubiquitination has not been described. Here, we identified USP1 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 1) as a key player in the modulation of ULK1 K63-linked deubiquitination. Moreover, both USP1 depletion and its chemical inhibition by pimozide are coupled to a reduction of ULK1 in Triton X-100 soluble cellular lysates, and its compartmentalization to a fraction that can be solubilized in 5 M urea. In USP1-depleted cells this fraction is also enriched in SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), the aggresome marker HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6), and the prototype of USP1 targets FANCD2 (FA complementation group D2). Consistently, in USP1-depleted and pimozide-treated cells, ULK1 forms protein aggregates enriched in SQSTM1, as detected by both immummunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation studies. Notably, depletion of USP1 inhibits canonical autophagic flux and promotes an alternative route leading to lysosomal-mediated degradation of SQSTM1. Our findings reveal a novel function of the USP1-ULK1 axis as a modulator of the switch between canonical and unconventional autophagy. Further, we provide the first evidence supporting the existence of a subset of breast tumors co-expressing ULK1 and MAP1LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) proteins. Because the USP1 inhibitor pimozide affects breast cancer cell growth, targeting USP1 in those tumors relying on autophagy for growth might prove to be a convenient therapeutic strategy. Abbreviations: ATG13: autophagy related 13; BECN1: beclin 1; BZ: bortezomib; CAPN1: calpain 1; DUB: deubiquitinase; FANCI: FA complementation group I; FANCD2: FA complementation group D2; FZR1: fizzy and cell division cycle 20 related 1; HDAC6: histone deacetylase 6; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; PMZ: pimozide; SH3GLB1: SH3 domain containing GRB2 like, endophilin B1; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; USP1: ubiquitin specific peptidase 1; WDR48: WD repeat domain 48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Raimondi
- L.N.C.I.B. Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Schneider
- L.N.C.I.B. Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Demarchi
- L.N.C.I.B. Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
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133
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Yu MK, Ma J, Ono K, Zheng F, Fong SH, Gary A, Chen J, Demchak B, Pratt D, Ideker T. DDOT: A Swiss Army Knife for Investigating Data-Driven Biological Ontologies. Cell Syst 2019; 8:267-273.e3. [PMID: 30878356 PMCID: PMC7042149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Systems biology requires not only genome-scale data but also methods to integrate these data into interpretable models. Previously, we developed approaches that organize omics data into a structured hierarchy of cellular components and pathways, called a "data-driven ontology." Such hierarchies recapitulate known cellular subsystems and discover new ones. To broadly facilitate this type of modeling, we report the development of a software library called the Data-Driven Ontology Toolkit (DDOT), consisting of a Python package (https://github.com/idekerlab/ddot) to assemble and analyze ontologies and a web application (http://hiview.ucsd.edu) to visualize them. Using DDOT, we programmatically assemble a compendium of ontologies for 652 diseases by integrating gene-disease mappings with a gene similarity network derived from omics data. For example, the ontology for Fanconi anemia describes known and novel disease mechanisms in its hierarchy of 194 genes and 74 subsystems. DDOT provides an easy interface to share ontologies online at the Network Data Exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ku Yu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jianzhu Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Keiichiro Ono
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Samson H Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aaron Gary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Barry Demchak
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Graduate Program in Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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134
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Vincow ES, Thomas RE, Merrihew GE, Shulman NJ, Bammler TK, MacDonald JW, MacCoss MJ, Pallanck LJ. Autophagy accounts for approximately one-third of mitochondrial protein turnover and is protein selective. Autophagy 2019; 15:1592-1605. [PMID: 30865561 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1586258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The destruction of mitochondria through macroautophagy (autophagy) has been recognised as a major route of mitochondrial protein degradation since its discovery more than 50 years ago, but fundamental questions remain unanswered. First, how much mitochondrial protein turnover occurs through auto-phagy? Mitochondrial proteins are also degraded by nonautophagic mechanisms, and the proportion of mitochondrial protein turnover that occurs through autophagy is still unknown. Second, does auto-phagy degrade mitochondrial proteins uniformly or selectively? Autophagy was originally thought to degrade all mitochondrial proteins at the same rate, but recent work suggests that mitochondrial autophagy may be protein selective. To investigate these questions, we used a proteomics-based approach in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, comparing mitochondrial protein turnover rates in autophagy-deficient Atg7 mutants and controls. We found that ~35% of mitochondrial protein turnover occurred via autophagy. Similar analyses using parkin mutants revealed that parkin-dependent mitophagy accounted for ~25% of mitochondrial protein turnover, suggesting that most mitochondrial autophagy specifically eliminates dysfunctional mitochondria. We also found that our results were incompatible with uniform autophagic turnover of mitochondrial proteins and consistent with protein-selective autophagy. In particular, the autophagic turnover rates of individual mitochondrial proteins varied widely, and only a small amount of the variation could be attributed to tissue differences in mitochondrial composition and autophagy rate. Furthermore, analyses comparing autophagy-deficient and control human fibroblasts revealed diverse autophagy-dependent turnover rates even in homogeneous cells. In summary, our work indicates that autophagy acts selectively on mitochondrial proteins, and that most mitochondrial protein turnover occurs through non-autophagic processes. Abbreviations: Atg5: Autophagy-related 5 (Drosophila); ATG5: autophagy related 5 (human); Atg7: Autophagy-related 7 (Drosophila); ATG7: autophagy related 7 (human); DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFP: green fluorescent protein; MS: mass spectrometry; park: parkin (Drosophila); Pink1: PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (Drosophila); PINK1: PTEN-induced kinase 1 (human); PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (human); RNA: ribonucleic acid; SD: standard deviation; Ub: ubiquitin/ubiquitinated; WT: wild-type; YME1L: YME1 like ATPase (Drosophila); YME1L1: YME1 like 1 ATPase (human).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn S Vincow
- a Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Ruth E Thomas
- a Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Gennifer E Merrihew
- a Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Nicholas J Shulman
- a Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - James W MacDonald
- b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Michael J MacCoss
- a Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Leo J Pallanck
- a Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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135
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Shabrish S, Kelkar M, Chavan N, Desai M, Bargir U, Gupta M, Mehta P, Chichra A, S C, Taur P, Saxena V, Vundinti BR, Madkaikar M. Natural Killer Cell Degranulation Defect: A Cause for Impaired NK-Cell Cytotoxicity and Hyperinflammation in Fanconi Anemia Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:490. [PMID: 30949167 PMCID: PMC6438155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare inherited syndrome characterized by progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), abnormal skin pigmentation, short stature, and increased cancer risk. BMF in FA is multifactorial and largely results from the death of hematopoietic stem cells due to genomic instability. Also, inflammatory pathology in FA has been previously reported, however the mechanism is still not clear. In literature, decreased NK-cell count and/or impaired NK-cell activity, along with other immunological abnormalities have been described in FA-patients (1). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing a defective degranulation mechanism leading to abnormal NK-cell cytotoxicity in FA-patients, which may explain the development of a hyperinflammatory response in these patients. This may predispose some patients to develop Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) which manifests with prolonged fever, progressive cytopenias and organomegaly. Early diagnosis and initiation of immunosuppressive therapy in these patients will help to better manage these patients. We also propose FA genes to be listed as a cause of familial HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Shabrish
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Madhura Kelkar
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Niranjan Chavan
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh Desai
- Division of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Umair Bargir
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Maya Gupta
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Chandrakala S
- Department of Haematology, Seth G. S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasad Taur
- Division of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Vinay Saxena
- National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Haffkine Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Babu Rao Vundinti
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Iummunohematology (ICMR), KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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136
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a disease of DNA repair characterized by bone marrow failure and a reduced ability to remove DNA interstrand cross-links. Here, we provide evidence that the FA protein FANCI also functions in ribosome biogenesis, the process of making ribosomes that initiates in the nucleolus. We show that FANCI localizes to the nucleolus and is functionally and physically tied to the transcription of pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and to large ribosomal subunit (LSU) pre-rRNA processing independent of FANCD2. While FANCI is known to be monoubiquitinated when activated for DNA repair, we find that it is predominantly in the deubiquitinated state in the nucleolus, requiring the nucleoplasmic deubiquitinase (DUB) USP1 and the nucleolar DUB USP36. Our model suggests a possible dual pathophysiology for FA that includes defects in DNA repair and in ribosome biogenesis.
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137
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Rein T. Is Autophagy Involved in the Diverse Effects of Antidepressants? Cells 2019; 8:E44. [PMID: 30642024 PMCID: PMC6356221 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has received increased attention as a conserved process governing cellular energy and protein homeostasis that is thus relevant in a range of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Recently, autophagy has also been linked to depression, mainly through its involvement in the action of antidepressants. Some antidepressant drugs and psychotropic medication have been reported to exert beneficial effects in other diseases, for example, in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This review collates the evidence for the hypothesis that autophagy contributes to the effects of antidepressants beyond depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rein
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany.
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138
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Mechanistic link between DNA damage sensing, repairing and signaling factors and immune signaling. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 115:297-324. [PMID: 30798935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, DNA damage sensing, repairing and signaling machineries were thought to mainly suppress genomic instability in response to genotoxic stress. Emerging evidence indicates a crosstalk between DNA repair machinery and the immune system. In this chapter, we attempt to decipher the molecular choreography of how factors, including ATM, BRCA1, DNA-PK, FANCA/D2, MRE11, MUS81, NBS1, RAD51 and TREX1, of multiple DNA metabolic processes are directly or indirectly involved in suppressing cytosolic DNA sensing pathway-mediated immune signaling. We provide systematic details showing how different DDR factors' roles in modulating immune signaling are not direct, but are rather a consequence of their inherent ability to sense, repair and signal in response to DNA damage. Unexpectedly, most DDR factors negatively impact the immune system; that is, the immune system shows defective signaling if there are defects in DNA repair pathways. Thus, in addition to their known DNA repair and replication functions, DDR factors help prevent erroneous activation of immune signaling. A more precise understanding of the mechanisms by which different DDR factors function in immune signaling can be exploited to redirect the immune system for both preventing and treating autoimmunity, cellular senescence and cancer in humans.
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139
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Selective Autophagy Regulates Innate Immunity Through Cargo Receptor Network. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1209:145-166. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0606-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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140
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Regulation of Inflammasome by Autophagy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1209:109-123. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0606-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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141
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Yang K, Huang R, Fujihira H, Suzuki T, Yan N. N-glycanase NGLY1 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and inflammation through NRF1. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2600-2616. [PMID: 30135079 PMCID: PMC6170171 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yang et al. show that NGLY1, a deglycosylation enzyme, regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and mitophagy through transcription factor NRF1. In the absence of NGLY1, cellular clearance of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy is impaired, resulting in chronic activation of innate immune nucleic acid–sensing pathways. Mutations in the NGLY1 (N-glycanase 1) gene, encoding an evolutionarily conserved deglycosylation enzyme, are associated with a rare congenital disorder leading to global developmental delay and neurological abnormalities. The molecular mechanism of the NGLY1 disease and its function in tissue and immune homeostasis remain unknown. Here, we find that NGLY1-deficient human and mouse cells chronically activate cytosolic nucleic acid–sensing pathways, leading to elevated interferon gene signature. We also find that cellular clearance of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy is impaired in the absence of NGLY1, resulting in severely fragmented mitochondria and activation of cGAS–STING as well as MDA5–MAVS pathways. Furthermore, we show that NGLY1 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis through transcriptional factor NRF1. Remarkably, pharmacological activation of a homologous but nonglycosylated transcriptional factor NRF2 restores mitochondrial homeostasis and suppresses immune gene activation in NGLY1-deficient cells. Together, our findings reveal novel functions of the NGLY1–NRF1 pathway in mitochondrial homeostasis and inflammation and uncover an unexpected therapeutic strategy using pharmacological activators of NRF2 for treating mitochondrial and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ryan Huang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Haruhiko Fujihira
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan.,Division of Glycobiologics, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Glycometabolic Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX .,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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142
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Xu G, Li T, Chen J, Li C, Zhao H, Yao C, Dong H, Wen K, Wang K, Zhao J, Xia Q, Zhou T, Zhang H, Gao P, Li A, Pan X. Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa-associated gene PRPF8 is essential for hypoxia-induced mitophagy through regulating ULK1 mRNA splicing. Autophagy 2018; 14:1818-1830. [PMID: 30103670 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1501251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged and damaged mitochondria can be selectively degraded by specific autophagic elimination, termed mitophagy. Defects in mitophagy have been increasingly linked to several diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases and other aging-related diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy are not fully understood. Here, we identify PRPF8 (pre-mRNA processing factor 8), a core component of the spliceosome, as an essential mediator in hypoxia-induced mitophagy from an RNAi screen based on a fluorescent mitophagy reporter, mt-Keima. Knockdown of PRPF8 significantly impairs mitophagosome formation and subsequent mitochondrial clearance through the aberrant mRNA splicing of ULK1, which mediates macroautophagy/autophagy initiation. Importantly, autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP)-associated PRPF8 mutant R2310K is defective in regulating mitophagy. Moreover, knockdown of other adRP-associated splicing factors, including PRPF6, PRPF31 and SNRNP200, also lead to ULK1 mRNA mis-splicing and mitophagy defects. Thus, these findings demonstrate that PRPF8 is essential for mitophagy and suggest that dysregulation of spliceosome-mediated mitophagy may contribute to pathogenesis of retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Ting Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Changyan Li
- b State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing , China
| | - Haixin Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Chengcheng Yao
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Hua Dong
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Kaiqing Wen
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Kai Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Jie Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Qing Xia
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Tao Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- c Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China
| | - Ping Gao
- c Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China
| | - Ailing Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China
| | - Xin Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , National Center of Biomedical Analysis , Beijing , China.,d State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Beijing , China
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143
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Abstract
Rodríguez and D'Andrea introduce the Fanconi anemia pathway and its role in DNA repair and other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Rodríguez
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Laboratorio de Citogenética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Alan D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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144
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Yeo SK, Paul R, Haas M, Wang C, Guan JL. Improved efficacy of mitochondrial disrupting agents upon inhibition of autophagy in a mouse model of BRCA1-deficient breast cancer. Autophagy 2018; 14:1214-1225. [PMID: 29938573 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1460010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and stratification of patients is fundamental to the success of treatment modalities. Breast tumors deficient in BRCA1 are mostly associated with basal-like breast cancers and targeted therapeutics for this disease subtype are still lacking. In order to address whether macroautophagy/autophagy inhibition will be effective in BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors, we generated mice with conditional deletion of an essential autophagy gene, Rb1cc1, along with Brca1 and Trp53, through utilization of the K14-Cre transgene. We found that Rb1cc1 deletion suppressed tumorigenesis in the BRCA1-deficient model when compared to wild type and heterozygous Rb1cc1 controls. However, in contrast to previous studies in the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT) model, tumor growth and the distribution of histological subtypes were not affected by loss of RB1CC1. Interestingly, loss of RB1CC1 decreased mitochondrial mass and oxidative respiratory capacity of these tumor cells, along with a decrease in the phosphorylation of MTOR substrates and transcript levels of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Importantly, we observed an increased sensitivity to mitochondrial disrupting agents upon loss of RB1CC1. Consequently, our data showed that combination of an autophagy inhibitor, spautin-1, along with a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, metformin, was more effective in limiting oxidative respiratory capacity, colony-forming ability and tumor growth. Altogether, our results indicate that inhibition of autophagy can increase the benefits of metformin treatment in BRCA1-deficient breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syn Kok Yeo
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Ritama Paul
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Michael Haas
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Chenran Wang
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- a Department of Cancer Biology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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145
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Zhang X, Shi Y, Song L, Shen C, Cai Q, Zhang Z, Wu J, Fu G, Shen W. Identification of mutations in patients with acquired pure red cell aplasia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:685-692. [PMID: 29767669 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare, autoimmune-related disease. This study aimed to describe the previously unidentified DNA alterations associated with PRCA. Here, next generation sequencing using a panel containing 295 critical genes was applied to detect potentially pathogenic mutations in four patients with PRCA. A total of 529 mutations were identified and further classified into three categories, namely, uncertain (n = 25), likely benign (n = 20) and benign (n = 484) mutations, based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) 2015 guidelines and ClinVar database. The spatial proximity between two loci of the uncertain or benign mutations was evaluated using Hi-C datasets of KBM7 and K562 cell lines, respectively. Significant spatial proximity was observed in uncertain mutation pairs compared with benign mutation pairs. In addition, 17 variants were eventually identified after excluding those with mutant frequencies >0.001, including 7 newly identified variants. FANCF and LRP1B mutations existed twice in patients. FANCF and LRP1B mutations were likely to affect protein stability based on prediction analysis. Taken together, our data may provide valuable information about PRCA. FANCF and LRP1B mutations may be associated with acquired PRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Zhang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjun Song
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Shen
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Cai
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jun Wu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohui Fu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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146
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Ma Y, Vassetzky Y, Dokudovskaya S. mTORC1 pathway in DNA damage response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1293-1311. [PMID: 29936127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms have evolved various mechanisms to control their metabolism and response to various stresses, allowing them to survive and grow in different environments. In eukaryotes, the highly conserved mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cellular metabolism, proliferation and survival. A growing body of evidence indicates that mTOR signaling is closely related to another cellular protection mechanism, the DNA damage response (DDR). Many factors important for the DDR are also involved in the mTOR pathway. In this review, we discuss how these two pathways communicate to ensure an efficient protection of the cell against metabolic and genotoxic stresses. We also describe how anticancer therapies benefit from simultaneous targeting of the DDR and mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Ma
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Svetlana Dokudovskaya
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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147
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Mouton-Liger F, Rosazza T, Sepulveda-Diaz J, Ieang A, Hassoun SM, Claire E, Mangone G, Brice A, Michel PP, Corvol JC, Corti O. Parkin deficiency modulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by attenuating an A20-dependent negative feedback loop. Glia 2018; 66:1736-1751. [PMID: 29665074 PMCID: PMC6190839 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, key mechanisms in the
pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), are usually explored independently.
Loss‐of‐function mutations of PARK2 and PARK6,
encoding the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Parkin and the mitochondrial
serine/threonine kinase PINK1, account for a large proportion of cases of autosomal
recessive early‐onset PD. PINK1 and Parkin regulate mitochondrial quality control and
have been linked to the modulation of innate immunity pathways. We report here an
exacerbation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by specific inducers in microglia and
bone marrow‐derived macrophages from Park2−/− and Pink1−/− mice. The caspase 1‐dependent release of IL‐1β and IL‐18 was, therefore,
enhanced in Park2−/− and Pink1−/− cells. This defect was confirmed in blood‐derived macrophages from patients
with PARK2 mutations and was reversed by MCC950, which specifically
inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation. Enhanced NLRP3 signaling in
Parkin‐deficient cells was accompanied by a lack of induction of A20, a well‐known
negative regulator of the NF‐κB pathway recently shown to attenuate NLRP3
inflammasome activity. We also found an inverse correlation between A20 abundance and
IL‐1β release, in human macrophages challenged with NLRP3 inflammasome inducers.
Overall, our observations suggest that the A20/NLRP3‐inflammasome axis participates
in the pathogenesis of PARK2‐linked PD, paving the way for the
exploration of its potential as a biomarker and treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mouton-Liger
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Thibault Rosazza
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Julia Sepulveda-Diaz
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Amélie Ieang
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Sidi-Mohamed Hassoun
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Emilie Claire
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Graziella Mangone
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center of Neurology (CIC-1422), Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Patrick P Michel
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center of Neurology (CIC-1422), Department of Neurology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Olga Corti
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France.,Inserm, U1127, Paris, F-75013, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, F-75013, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Paris, F-75013, France
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148
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Genetic aberrations in macroautophagy genes leading to diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018. [PMID: 29524522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The catabolic process of macroautophagy, through the rapid degradation of unwanted cellular components, is involved in a multitude of cellular and organismal functions that are essential to maintain homeostasis. Those functions include adaptation to starvation, cell development and differentiation, innate and adaptive immunity, tumor suppression, autophagic cell death, and maintenance of stem cell stemness. Not surprisingly, an impairment or block of macroautophagy can lead to severe pathologies. A still increasing number of reports, in particular, have revealed that mutations in the autophagy-related (ATG) genes, encoding the key players of macroautophagy, are either the cause or represent a risk factor for the development of several illnesses. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the diseases and disorders currently known that are or could be caused by mutations in core ATG proteins but also in the so-called autophagy receptors, which provide specificity to the process of macroautophagy. Our compendium underlines the medical relevance of this pathway and underscores the importance of the eventual development of therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating macroautophagy.
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149
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Abstract
Glycolysis has long been considered as the major metabolic process for energy production and anabolic growth in cancer cells. Although such a view has been instrumental for the development of powerful imaging tools that are still used in the clinics, it is now clear that mitochondria play a key role in oncogenesis. Besides exerting central bioenergetic functions, mitochondria provide indeed building blocks for tumor anabolism, control redox and calcium homeostasis, participate in transcriptional regulation, and govern cell death. Thus, mitochondria constitute promising targets for the development of novel anticancer agents. However, tumors arise, progress, and respond to therapy in the context of an intimate crosstalk with the host immune system, and many immunological functions rely on intact mitochondrial metabolism. Here, we review the cancer cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms through which mitochondria influence all steps of oncogenesis, with a focus on the therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondrial metabolism for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ettore Porporato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Filigheddu
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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150
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Sumpter R, Levine B. Emerging functions of the Fanconi anemia pathway at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:2657-2662. [PMID: 28811338 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disease, in which homozygous or compound heterozygous inactivating mutations in any of 21 genes lead to genomic instability, early-onset bone marrow failure and increased cancer risk. The FA pathway is essential for DNA damage response (DDR) to DNA interstrand crosslinks. However, proteins of the FA pathway have additional cytoprotective functions that may be independent of DDR. We have shown that many FA proteins participate in the selective autophagy pathway that is required for the destruction of unwanted intracellular constituents. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we briefly review the role of the FA pathway in DDR and recent findings that link proteins of the FA pathway to selective autophagy of viruses and mitochondria. Finally, we discuss how perturbations in FA protein-mediated selective autophagy may contribute to inflammatory as well as genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Sumpter
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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