101
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Glinton K, DeBerge M, Yeap XY, Zhang J, Forbess J, Luo X, Thorp EB. Acute and chronic phagocyte determinants of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:593-603. [PMID: 30141073 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplant immunosuppression has reduced the incidence of T cell-mediated acute rejection, yet long-term cardiac graft survival rates remain a challenge. An important determinant of chronic solid organ allograft complication is accelerated vascular disease of the transplanted graft. In the case of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), the precise cellular etiology remains inadequately understood; however, histologic evidence hints at the accumulation and activation of innate phagocytes as a causal contributing factor. This includes monocytes, macrophages, and immature dendritic cell subsets. In addition to crosstalk with adaptive T and B immune cells, myeloid phagocytes secrete paracrine signals that directly activate fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells, both of which contribute to fibrous intimal thickening. Though maladaptive phagocyte functions may promote CAV, directed modulation of myeloid cell function, at the molecular level, holds promise for tolerance and prolonged cardiac graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofor Glinton
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Matthew DeBerge
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xin-Yi Yeap
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jenny Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joseph Forbess
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Medicine, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 300 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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102
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Singer K, Cheng WC, Kreutz M, Ho PC, Siska PJ. Immunometabolism in cancer at a glance. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/8/dmm034272. [PMID: 30076128 PMCID: PMC6124550 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific knowledge about tumor metabolism has grown at a fascinating rate in recent decades. We now know that tumors are highly active both in their metabolism of available nutrients and in the secretion of metabolic by-products. However, cancer cells can modulate metabolic pathways and thus adapt to specific nutrients. Unlike tumor cells, immune cells are not subject to a ‘micro-evolution’ that would allow them to adapt to progressing tumors that continuously develop new mechanisms of immune escape. Consequently, immune cells are often irreversibly affected and may allow or even support cancer progression. The mechanisms of how tumors change immune cell function are not sufficiently explored. It is, however, clear that commonly shared features of tumor metabolism, such as local nutrient depletion or production of metabolic ‘waste’ can broadly affect immune cells and contribute to immune evasion. Moreover, immune cells utilize different metabolic programs based on their subtype and function, and these immunometabolic pathways can be modified in the tumor microenvironment. In this review and accompanying poster, we identify and describe the common mechanisms by which tumors metabolically affect the tumor-infiltrating cells of native and adaptive immunity, and discuss how these mechanisms may lead to novel therapeutic opportunities. Summary: This ‘At a Glance’ review and accompanying poster address how tumors can negatively affect immune cells through depletion of critical nutrients or through production of toxic metabolic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wan-Chen Cheng
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland.,Ludwig Lausanne Branch, CH-1066 Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland.,Ludwig Lausanne Branch, CH-1066 Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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103
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Degauque N, Brosseau C, Brouard S. Regulation of the Immune Response by the Inflammatory Metabolic Microenvironment in the Context of Allotransplantation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1465. [PMID: 29988548 PMCID: PMC6026640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen challenge induced by allotransplantation results in the activation of T and B cells, followed by their differentiation and proliferation to mount an effective immune response. Metabolic fitness has been shown to be crucial for supporting the major shift from quiescent to active immune cells and for tuning the immune response. Metabolic reprogramming includes regulation of the balance between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration processes. Recent research has shed new light on the functions served by the end products of metabolism such as lactate, acetate, and ATP. At enhanced local concentrations, these metabolites have complex effects in which they not only induce T and B cell responses, cell mobility, and cytokine secretion but also favor the resolution of inflammation by promoting regulatory functions. Such mechanisms are instrumental in the context of the immune response in transplantation, not only to protect the graft and/or eliminate cells targeting it but also to maintain cell homeostasis per se. Metabolic adaptation thus plays an instrumental role on the outcome of the cellular and humoral responses. This, of course, raises the possibility of drugs that would interfere in these metabolic pathways to control the immune response but also highlights the risk that some drugs may perturb this metabolism and cell homeostasis and be deleterious for graft outcome. This review focuses on how metabolic alterations of the local immune microenvironment regulate the immune response and the impact of metabolic manipulation in allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Degauque
- CRTI UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Brosseau
- CRTI UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- CRTI UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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104
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Baur J, Otto C, Steger U, Klein-Hessling S, Muhammad K, Pusch T, Murti K, Wismer R, Germer CT, Klein I, Müller N, Serfling E, Avots A. The Transcription Factor NFATc1 Supports the Rejection of Heterotopic Heart Allografts. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1338. [PMID: 29946322 PMCID: PMC6005848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune suppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) are used worldwide in transplantation medicine to suppress graft rejection. Both CsA and FK506 inhibit the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) whose activity controls the immune receptor-mediated activation of lymphocytes. Downstream targets of CN in lymphocytes are the nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFATs). We show here that the activity of NFATc1, the most prominent NFAT factor in activated lymphocytes supports the acute rejection of heterotopic heart allografts. While ablation of NFATc1 in T cells prevented graft rejection, ectopic expression of inducible NFATc1/αA isoform led to rejection of heart allografts in recipient mice. Acceptance of transplanted hearts in mice bearing NFATc1-deficient T cells was accompanied by a reduction in number and cytotoxicity of graft infiltrating cells. In CD8+ T cells, NFATc1 controls numerous intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis and the expression of numerous lymphokines, chemokines, and their receptors, including Cxcr3 that supports the rejection of allogeneic heart transplants. These findings favors NFATc1 as a molecular target for the development of new strategies to control the cytotoxicity of T cells upon organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Baur
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Otto
- Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Steger
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klein-Hessling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pusch
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Krisna Murti
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rhoda Wismer
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Klein
- Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Müller
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Edgar Serfling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andris Avots
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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105
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Metformin exerts antitumor activity via induction of multiple death pathways in tumor cells and activation of a protective immune response. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25808-25825. [PMID: 29899823 PMCID: PMC5995253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor effect of metformin has been demonstrated in several types of cancer; however, the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. In this study, we showed that metformin acts directly on melanoma cells as well as on the tumor microenvironment, particularly in the context of the immune response. In vitro, metformin induces a complex interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in melanoma cells. The anti-metastatic activity of metformin in vivo was assessed in several mouse models challenged with B16F10 cells. Metformin's activity was, in part, immune system-dependent, whereas its antitumor properties were abrogated in immunodeficient (NSG) mice. Metformin treatment increased the number of lung CD8-effector-memory T and CD4+Foxp3+IL-10+ T cells in B16F10-transplanted mice. It also decreased the levels of Gr-1+CD11b+ and RORγ+ IL17+CD4+ cells in B16F10-injected mice and the anti-metastatic effect was impaired in RAG-1−/− mice challenged with B16F10 cells, suggesting an important role for T cells in the protection induced by metformin. Finally, metformin in combination with the clinical metabolic agents rapamycin and sitagliptin showed a higher antitumor effect. The metformin/sitagliptin combination was effective in a BRAFV600E/PTEN tamoxifen-inducible murine melanoma model. Taken together, these results suggest that metformin has a pronounced effect on melanoma cells, including the induction of a strong protective immune response in the tumor microenvironment, leading to tumor growth control, and the combination with other metabolic agents may increase this effect.
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106
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Kumar V. T cells and their immunometabolism: A novel way to understanding sepsis immunopathogenesis and future therapeutics. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:379-392. [PMID: 29773345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis has always been considered as a big challenge for pharmaceutical companies in terms of discovering and designing new therapeutics. The pathogenesis of sepsis involves aberrant activation of innate immune cells (i.e. macrophages, neutrophils etc.) at early stages. However, a stage of immunosuppression is also observed during sepsis even in the patients who have recovered from it. This stage of immunosuppression is observed due to the loss of conventional (i.e. CD4+, CD8+) T cells, Th17 cells and an upregulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). This process also impacts metabolic processes controlling immune cell metabolism called immunometabolism. The present review is focused on the T cell-mediated immune response, their immunometabolism and targeting T cell immunometabolism during sepsis as future therapeutic approach. The first part of the manuscripts describes an impact of sepsis on conventional T cells, Th17 cells and Tregs along with their impact on sepsis. The subsequent section further describes the immunometabolism of these cells (CD4+, CD8+, Th17, and Tregs) under normal conditions and during sepsis-induced immunosuppression. The article ends with the therapeutic targeting of T cell immunometabolism (both conventional T cells and Tregs) during sepsis as a future immunomodulatory approach for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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107
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Wobma HM, Kanai M, Ma SP, Shih Y, Li HW, Duran-Struuck R, Winchester R, Goeta S, Brown LM, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Dual IFN-γ/hypoxia priming enhances immunosuppression of mesenchymal stromal cells through regulatory proteins and metabolic mechanisms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 1:45-56. [PMID: 30364570 PMCID: PMC6197483 DOI: 10.1016/j.regen.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive capacity of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) renders them promising candidates for treating diverse immune disorders. However, after hundreds of clinical trials, there are still no MSC therapies approved in the United States. MSCs require specific cues to adopt their immunosuppressive phenotype, and yet most clinical trials use cells expanded in basic culture medium and growth conditions. We propose that priming MSCs prior to administration will improve their therapeutic efficacy. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) priming are cues common to situations of immune escape that have individually shown promise as MSC priming cues but have not been systematically compared. Using mixed lymphocyte reactions, we show that priming MSCs with either cue alone improves T-cell inhibition. However, combining the two cues results in additive effects and markedly enhances the immunosuppressive phenotype of MSCs. We demonstrate that IFN-γ induces expression of numerous immunosuppressive proteins (IDO, PD-L1, HLA-E, HLA-G), whereas hypoxia switches MSCs to glycolysis, causing rapid glucose consumption and production of T-cell inhibitory lactate levels. Dual IFN-γ/hypoxia primed MSCs display both attributes and have even higher induction of immunosuppressive proteins over IFN-γ priming alone (IDO and HLA-G), which may reflect another benefit of metabolic reconfiguration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M. Wobma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Kanai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen P. Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Shih
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hao Wei Li
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert Winchester
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahar Goeta
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lewis M. Brown
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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108
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Fan MY, Turka LA. Immunometabolism and PI(3)K Signaling As a Link between IL-2, Foxp3 Expression, and Suppressor Function in Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:69. [PMID: 29434595 PMCID: PMC5796885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an essential component of immune homeostasis. Modulation of Treg function has been proposed as a means of treating autoimmune conditions and preventing rejection of organ transplants, although achieving this goal will require a detailed understanding of Treg signaling pathways. Signaling within Tregs is known to differ considerably from that observed in other T cell subsets. Of note, Tregs are the only cell type known to constitutively express CD25, the main ligand-binding subunit of the IL-2 receptor. The PI(3)K/Akt/mTOR cascade constitutes a major signaling pathway downstream of IL-2 and is closely tied to cellular metabolism. Due to increasing recognition of the links between cellular fuel usage and immune cell function, the interplay between IL-2 signaling and Treg metabolism represents an important space for exploration and a potential approach for immunomodulation. Here, we discuss how IL-2 may affect Treg metabolism via PI(3)K signaling, as well as the effects of altered metabolism on Treg lineage stability and suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Y Fan
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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109
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Pallet N, Fernández-Ramos AA, Loriot MA. Impact of Immunosuppressive Drugs on the Metabolism of T Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:169-200. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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110
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Li W, Sivakumar R, Titov AA, Choi SC, Morel L. Metabolic Factors that Contribute to Lupus Pathogenesis. Crit Rev Immunol 2017; 36:75-98. [PMID: 27480903 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016017164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which organ damage is mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies directed against nucleic acids and protein complexes. Studies in SLE patients and in mouse models of lupus have implicated virtually every cell type in the immune system in the induction or amplification of the autoimmune response as well as the promotion of an inflammatory environment that aggravates tissue injury. Here, we review the contribution of CD4+ T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells to lupus pathogenesis and then discuss alterations in the metabolism of these cells that may contribute to disease, given the recent advances in the field of immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gene Engineering and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Ramya Sivakumar
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Anton A Titov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Seung-Chul Choi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
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111
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Seki SM, Gaultier A. Exploring Non-Metabolic Functions of Glycolytic Enzymes in Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1549. [PMID: 29213268 PMCID: PMC5702622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of the twentieth century, discoveries in cancer research began to elucidate the idiosyncratic metabolic proclivities of tumor cells (1). Investigators postulated that revealing the distinct nutritional requirements of cells with unchecked growth potential would reveal targetable metabolic vulnerabilities by which their survival could be selectively curtailed. Soon thereafter, researchers in the field of immunology began drawing parallels between the metabolic characteristics of highly proliferative cancer cells and those of immune cells that respond to perceived threats to host physiology by invading tissues, clonally expanding, and generating vast amounts of pro-inflammatory effector molecules to provide the host with protection. Throughout the past decade, increasing effort has gone into elucidating the biosynthetic and bioenergetic requirements of immune cells during inflammatory responses. It is now well established that, like tumor cells, immune cells must undergo metabolic adaptations to fulfill their effector functions (2, 3). Unraveling the metabolic adaptations that license inflammatory immune responses may lead to the development of novel classes of therapeutics for pathologies with prominent inflammatory components (e.g., autoimmunity). However, the translational potential of discoveries made toward this end is currently limited by the ubiquitous nature of the "pathologic" process being targeted: metabolism. Recent works have started to unravel unexpected non-metabolic functions for metabolic enzymes in the context of inflammation, including signaling and gene regulation. One way information gained through the study of immunometabolism may be leveraged for therapeutic benefit is by exploiting these non-canonical features of metabolic machinery, modulating their contribution to the immune response without impacting their basal metabolic functions. The focus of this review is to discuss the metabolically independent functions of glycolytic enzymes and how these could impact T cells, agents of the immune system that are commonly considered as orchestrators of auto-inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Seki
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alban Gaultier
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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112
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Jones N, Cronin JG, Dolton G, Panetti S, Schauenburg AJ, Galloway SAE, Sewell AK, Cole DK, Thornton CA, Francis NJ. Metabolic Adaptation of Human CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cells to T-Cell Receptor-Mediated Stimulation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1516. [PMID: 29170670 PMCID: PMC5684100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Linking immunometabolic adaptation to T-cell function provides insight for the development of new therapeutic approaches in multiple disease settings. T-cell activation and downstream effector functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells are controlled by the strength of interaction between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and peptides presented by human leukocyte antigens (pHLA). The role of TCR–pHLA interactions in modulating T-cell metabolism is unknown. Here, for the first time, we explore the relative contributions of the main metabolic pathways to functional responses in human CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Increased expression of hexokinase II accompanied by higher basal glycolysis is demonstrated in CD4+ T-cells; cytokine production in CD8+ T-cells is more reliant on oxidative phosphorylation. Using antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell clones and altered peptide ligands, we demonstrate that binding affinity tunes the underlying metabolic shift. Overall, this study provides important new insight into how metabolic pathways are controlled during antigen-specific activation of human T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - James G Cronin
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Panetti
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew K Sewell
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David K Cole
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Francis
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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113
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Metformin ameliorates arsenic trioxide hepatotoxicity via inhibiting mitochondrial complex I. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3159. [PMID: 29095437 PMCID: PMC5775401 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a well-accepted chemotherapy agent in managing promyelocytic leukemia. ATO often causes severe health hazards such as hepatotoxicity, dermatosis, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The production of reactive oxygen species, (ROS) play a significant role in ATO-induced hepatotoxicity. The oral hypoglycemic drug, metformin, is considered to be a potential novel agent for chemoprevention in the treatment of cancer. Moreover, metformin has also been shown to have hepatoprotective effects. In the present study, we demonstrated that metformin protected normal hepatocytes from ATO-induced apoptotic cell death in vitro and in vivo. Gene expression screening revealed that glucose metabolism might be related to the metformin-induced protective effect on ATO-treated AML12 cells. The metformin-promoted or induced glycolysis was not responsible for the protection of AML12 cells from ATO-induced apoptotic cell death. Instead, metformin increased the intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio by inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, further decreasing the intracellular ROS induced by ATO. Treatment with low glucose or rotenone, a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I inhibitor, also protected AML12 cells from ATO-induced apoptotic cell death. We show for the first time that metformin protects the hepatocyte from ATO by regulating the mitochondrial function. With its properties of chemoprevention, chemosensitization and the amelioration of liver damage, metformin has great prospects for clinical application other than type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
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114
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Immunometabolism, pregnancy, and nutrition. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 40:157-174. [PMID: 29071391 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of immunometabolism has substantially progressed over the last years and provided pivotal insights into distinct metabolic regulators and reprogramming pathways of immune cell populations in various immunological settings. However, insights into immunometabolic reprogramming in the context of reproduction are still enigmatic. During pregnancy, the maternal immune system needs to actively adapt to the presence of the fetal antigens, i.e., by functional modifications of distinct innate immune cell subsets, the generation of regulatory T cells, and the suppression of an anti-fetal effector T cell response. Considering that metabolic pathways have been shown to affect the functional role of such immune cells in a number of settings, we here review the potential role of immunometabolism with regard to the molecular and cellular mechanisms necessary for successful reproduction. Since immunometabolism holds the potential for a therapeutic approach to alter the course of immune diseases, we further highlight how a targeted metabolic reprogramming of immune cells may be triggered by maternal anthropometric or nutritional aspects.
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115
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Ahmed D, Cassol E. Role of cellular metabolism in regulating type I interferon responses: Implications for tumour immunology and treatment. Cancer Lett 2017; 409:20-29. [PMID: 28888999 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) are increasingly recognized for their role in regulating anti-tumour immune responses. However, chronic activation of these pathways can result in immunosuppression and has been linked to poor responses to genotoxic and radiotoxic therapies. Emerging evidence suggests energy, lipid and amino acid metabolism play an important role in regulating and fine tuning type I IFN responses. Further, dysregulation of these processes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic viral infections and autoimmune disorders. Systematic evaluation of these interrelationships in cancer models and patients may have important implications for the development of targeted IFN based anti-cancer therapeutics with minimal toxicity and limited off target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duale Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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116
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Varanasi SK, Donohoe D, Jaggi U, Rouse BT. Manipulating Glucose Metabolism during Different Stages of Viral Pathogenesis Can Have either Detrimental or Beneficial Effects. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:1748-1761. [PMID: 28768727 PMCID: PMC5584583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This report deals with physiological changes and their implication following ocular infection with HSV. This infection usually results in a blinding inflammatory reaction in the cornea, orchestrated mainly by proinflammatory CD4 T cells and constrained in severity by regulatory T cells. In the present report, we make the unexpected finding that blood glucose levels change significantly during the course of infection. Whereas levels remained normal during the early phase of infection when the virus was actively replicating in the cornea, they increased around 2-fold during the time when inflammatory responses to the virus was occurring. We could show that glucose levels influenced the extent of induction of the inflammatory T cell subset in vitro that mainly drives lesions, but not regulatory T cells. Additionally, if glucose utilization was limited in vivo as a consequence of therapy in the inflammatory phase with the drug 2-deoxy-glucose (2DG), lesions were diminished compared with untreated infected controls. In addition, lesions in 2DG-treated animals contained less proinflammatory effectors. Glucose metabolism also influenced the acute phase of infection when the replicating virus was present in the eye. Thus, therapy with 2DG to limit glucose utilization caused mice to become susceptible to the lethal effects of HSV infection, with the virus spreading to the brain causing encephalitis. Taken together, our results indicate that glucose metabolism changed during the course of HSV infection and that modulating glucose levels can influence the outcome of infection, being detrimental or beneficial according to the stage of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Karthik Varanasi
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Dallas Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, College of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996; and
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Department of Genome Science and Technology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996;
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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117
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Bettencourt IA, Powell JD. Targeting Metabolism as a Novel Therapeutic Approach to Autoimmunity, Inflammation, and Transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:999-1005. [PMID: 28115589 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell activation and differentiation occurs concurrently with metabolic reprogramming. This ensures that activated cells generate the energy and substrates necessary to perform their specified function. Likewise, the metabolic programs among different cells of the immune system vary. By targeting different metabolic pathways, these differences allow for selective regulation of immune responses. Further, the relative susceptibility of cells to a metabolic inhibitor is dictated by their metabolic demands; cellular selectivity is based on demand. Therefore, where differences exist in metabolic pathways between healthy and pathogenic cells, there is opportunity for selective regulation with agents lacking intrinsic specificity. There are now a host of studies demonstrating how inhibitors of metabolism (e.g., glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation) can regulate immune responses and treat immune-mediated pathogenesis. In this brief review we detail how inhibitors of metabolism can be employed to regulate immune responses in both autoimmunity and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Bettencourt
- Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Department of Oncology, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
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118
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Nedelcovych MT, Tenora L, Kim BH, Kelschenbach J, Chao W, Hadas E, Jančařík A, Prchalová E, Zimmermann SC, Dash RP, Gadiano AJ, Garrett C, Furtmüller G, Oh B, Brandacher G, Alt J, Majer P, Volsky DJ, Rais R, Slusher BS. N-(Pivaloyloxy)alkoxy-carbonyl Prodrugs of the Glutamine Antagonist 6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) as a Potential Treatment for HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7186-7198. [PMID: 28759224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant excitatory neurotransmission associated with overproduction of glutamate has been implicated in the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The glutamine antagonist 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON, 14) attenuates glutamate synthesis in HIV-infected microglia/macrophages, offering therapeutic potential for HAND. We show that 14 prevents manifestation of spatial memory deficits in chimeric EcoHIV-infected mice, a model of HAND. 14 is not clinically available, however, because its development was hampered by peripheral toxicities. We describe the synthesis of several substituted N-(pivaloyloxy)alkoxy-carbonyl prodrugs of 14 designed to circulate inert in plasma and be taken up and biotransformed to 14 in the brain. The lead prodrug, isopropyl 6-diazo-5-oxo-2-(((phenyl(pivaloyloxy)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)hexanoate (13d), was stable in swine and human plasma but liberated 14 in swine brain homogenate. When dosed systemically in swine, 13d provided a 15-fold enhanced CSF-to-plasma ratio and a 9-fold enhanced brain-to-plasma ratio relative to 14, opening a possible clinical path for the treatment of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukáš Tenora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi , 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Boe-Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jennifer Kelschenbach
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Wei Chao
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Eran Hadas
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Andrej Jančařík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi , 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Prchalová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi , 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi , 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David J Volsky
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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119
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Andrejeva G, Rathmell JC. Similarities and Distinctions of Cancer and Immune Metabolism in Inflammation and Tumors. Cell Metab 2017; 26:49-70. [PMID: 28683294 PMCID: PMC5555084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been appreciated for nearly 100 years that cancer cells are metabolically distinct from resting tissues. More recently understood is that this metabolic phenotype is not unique to cancer cells but instead reflects characteristics of proliferating cells. Similar metabolic transitions also occur in the immune system as cells transition from resting state to stimulated effectors. A key finding in immune metabolism is that the metabolic programs of different cell subsets are distinctly associated with immunological function. Further, interruption of those metabolic pathways can shift immune cell fate to modulate immunity. These studies have identified numerous metabolic similarities between cancer and immune cells but also critical differences that may be exploited and that affect treatment of cancer and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Andrejeva
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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120
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121
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MacIver NJ, Rathmell JC. Editorial overview: Metabolism of T cells: integrating nutrients, signals, and cell fate. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:viii-xi. [PMID: 28684058 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancie J MacIver
- Departments of Pediatrics, Immunology, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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122
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Zarrinpar A, Bensinger SJ. The Therapeutic Potential of T Cell Metabolism. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1705-1712. [PMID: 27931083 PMCID: PMC6705609 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transplant rejection mediated by the adaptive immune system remains a major barrier to achieving long-term tolerance and graft survival. Emerging evidence indicates that lymphocytes rapidly shift their metabolic programs in response to activation, co-stimulatory, and cytokine signals to support required effector cell differentiation and function. These observations have led to the hypothesis that manipulating the metabolic programs of immune cells could serve as a powerful therapeutic strategy for attenuating deleterious immune responses and facilitating durable tolerance in the setting of allogeneic solid organ or bone marrow transplant. In this mini-review, we introduce the fundamentals of metabolism, highlight the current understanding of how adaptive immune cells utilize their metabolic programs, and discuss the potential for targeting metabolism as a therapeutic approach to induce tolerance in the transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Zarrinpar
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - S. J. Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Corresponding author: Steven J. Bensinger,
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123
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Tilly G, Doan-Ngoc TM, Yap M, Caristan A, Jacquemont L, Danger R, Cadoux M, Bruneau S, Giral M, Guerif P, Nicol B, Garcia A, Laplaud DA, Brouard S, Pecqueur Hellman C, Degauque N. IL-15 Harnesses Pro-inflammatory Function of TEMRA CD8 in Kidney-Transplant Recipients. Front Immunol 2017; 8:778. [PMID: 28713392 PMCID: PMC5492498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of TEMRA CD8 is evident in a large array of immunological conditions ranging from auto- to allo-immunity. Nevertheless, the factors leading to their accumulation and activation remain ill-defined and, efficient therapeutics to control their inflammatory response is lacking. Here, we show that IL-15-stimulated TEMRA from kidney-transplant (KT) recipients promote inflammation by inducing the expression of CX3CL1 by endothelial cells in an IFN-γ- and TNF-α-dependent manner. The responsiveness of TEMRA to IL-15 is not restricted to chronic stimulation, as TEMRA from healthy volunteers respond earlier and faster when compared to effector memory (EM). IL-15 induces antiapoptotic signals and promotes proliferation dependent of PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and ERK pathways. Without ex vivo stimulation, TEMRA cells are metabolically more active than naive and EM, as shown by their high ATP reservoir and a high expression of genes involved in glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Upon stimulation, TEMRA adapt their metabolism by sustaining an increased mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. Finally, we show that the inhibition of glycolysis is highly effective in preventing endothelial inflammation induced by TEMRA from KT recipients. Together, our findings highlight the metabolic fitness that tightly regulates the immune function of TEMRA in physiological and pathogenic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Tilly
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Tra-My Doan-Ngoc
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Michelle Yap
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Caristan
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Lola Jacquemont
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Danger
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marion Cadoux
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sarah Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Giral
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierrick Guerif
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bryan Nicol
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Nicolas Degauque
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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124
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Peled Y, Lavee J, Raichlin E, Katz M, Arad M, Kassif Y, Peled A, Asher E, Elian D, Har-Zahav Y, Shlomo N, Freimark D, Goldenberg I, Klempfner R. Metformin therapy reduces the risk of malignancy after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017; 36:1350-1357. [PMID: 28736111 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignancy and diabetes mellitus (DM) cause significant morbidity and mortality after heart transplantation (HTx). Metformin, one of the most commonly used anti-diabetic drugs worldwide, has also been shown to exhibit anti-tumor activity. We therefore investigated the association between metformin therapy and malignancy after HTx. METHODS The study population comprised 237 patients who underwent HTx between 1991 and 2016 and were prospectively followed-up. Clinical data were recorded on prospectively designed forms. The primary outcome was any cancer recorded during 15 years of follow-up. Treatment with metformin and the development of DM after HTx were assessed as time-dependent factors in the analyses. RESULTS Of the 237 study patients, 85 (36%) had diabetes. Of the DM patients, 48 (56%) were treated with metformin. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that, at 15 years after HTx, malignancy rate was 4% for DM patients treated with metformin, 62% for those who did not receive metformin and 27% for non-DM patients (log-rank test, p < 0.0001). Consistently, multivariate analysis showed that for DM patients, metformin therapy was independently associated with a significant 90% reduction (hazard ratio = 0.10; 95% confidence interval 0.02 to 0.40; p = 0.001) in the risk of the development of a malignancy. DM patients who were treated with metformin had a markedly lower risk (65%; p = 0.001) for the development of a malignancy or death after HTx as compared with non-DM patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that metformin therapy is independently associated with a significant reduction in the risk of malignancy after HTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Peled
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Jacob Lavee
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eugenia Raichlin
- Cardiology Department, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Moshe Katz
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Arad
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yigal Kassif
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Peled
- Clalit Health Services, Central Region, Israel
| | - Elad Asher
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Elian
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yedael Har-Zahav
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Nir Shlomo
- Israeli Association for Cardiovascular Trials, The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Dov Freimark
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Goldenberg
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Israeli Association for Cardiovascular Trials, The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Robert Klempfner
- The Olga and Lev Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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125
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Angelin A, Gil-de-Gómez L, Dahiya S, Jiao J, Guo L, Levine MH, Wang Z, Quinn WJ, Kopinski PK, Wang L, Akimova T, Liu Y, Bhatti TR, Han R, Laskin BL, Baur JA, Blair IA, Wallace DC, Hancock WW, Beier UH. Foxp3 Reprograms T Cell Metabolism to Function in Low-Glucose, High-Lactate Environments. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1282-1293.e7. [PMID: 28416194 PMCID: PMC5462872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells function in diverse metabolic environments. Tissues with low glucose and high lactate concentrations, such as the intestinal tract or ischemic tissues, frequently require immune responses to be more pro-tolerant, avoiding unwanted reactions against self-antigens or commensal bacteria. T-regulatory cells (Tregs) maintain peripheral tolerance, but how Tregs function in low-glucose, lactate-rich environments is unknown. We report that the Treg transcription factor Foxp3 reprograms T cell metabolism by suppressing Myc and glycolysis, enhancing oxidative phosphorylation, and increasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidation. These adaptations allow Tregs a metabolic advantage in low-glucose, lactate-rich environments; they resist lactate-mediated suppression of T cell function and proliferation. This metabolic phenotype may explain how Tregs promote peripheral immune tolerance during tissue injury but also how cancer cells evade immune destruction in the tumor microenvironment. Understanding Treg metabolism may therefore lead to novel approaches for selective immune modulation in cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Angelin
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luis Gil-de-Gómez
- Penn SRP Center, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Satinder Dahiya
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jing Jiao
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lili Guo
- Penn SRP Center, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew H Levine
- Department of Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Department of Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William J Quinn
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Piotr K Kopinski
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Liqing Wang
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tatiana Akimova
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yujie Liu
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tricia R Bhatti
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rongxiang Han
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin L Laskin
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Penn SRP Center, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wayne W Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ulf H Beier
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
The bidirectional interaction between the immune system and whole-body metabolism has been well recognized for many years. Via effects on adipocytes and hepatocytes, immune cells can modulate whole-body metabolism (in metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes and obesity) and, reciprocally, host nutrition and commensal-microbiota-derived metabolites modulate immunological homeostasis. Studies demonstrating the metabolic similarities of proliferating immune cells and cancer cells have helped give birth to the new field of immunometabolism, which focuses on how the cell-intrinsic metabolic properties of lymphocytes and macrophages can themselves dictate the fate and function of the cells and eventually shape an immune response. We focus on this aspect here, particularly as it relates to regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Newton
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bhavana Priyadharshini
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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127
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Baxter VK, Glowinski R, Braxton AM, Potter MC, Slusher BS, Griffin DE. Glutamine antagonist-mediated immune suppression decreases pathology but delays virus clearance in mice during nonfatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis. Virology 2017; 508:134-149. [PMID: 28531865 PMCID: PMC5510753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Infection of weanling C57BL/6 mice with the TE strain of Sindbis virus (SINV) causes nonfatal encephalomyelitis associated with hippocampal-based memory impairment that is partially prevented by treatment with 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), a glutamine antagonist (Potter et al., J Neurovirol 21:159, 2015). To determine the mechanism(s) of protection, lymph node and central nervous system (CNS) tissues from SINV-infected mice treated daily for 1 week with low (0.3mg/kg) or high (0.6mg/kg) dose DON were examined. DON treatment suppressed lymphocyte proliferation in cervical lymph nodes resulting in reduced CNS immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and cell death compared to untreated SINV-infected mice. Production of SINV-specific antibody and interferon-gamma were also impaired by DON treatment with a delay in virus clearance. Cessation of treatment allowed activation of the antiviral immune response and viral clearance, but revived CNS pathology, demonstrating the ability of the immune response to mediate both CNS damage and virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Rebecca Glowinski
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Alicia M Braxton
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Michelle C Potter
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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128
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Patel CH, Powell JD. Targeting T cell metabolism to regulate T cell activation, differentiation and function in disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:82-88. [PMID: 28521236 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in T cell activation, differentiation and function. To this end, cellular metabolism not only meets the energetic demands of T cells but also provides critical substrates for their growth and function. Furthermore, metabolites themselves are emerging as key regulators of immune responses. As the details of how metabolic reprogramming regulates immune function are revealed, new potential targets for modulating immune responses have emerged. Indeed, the distinct metabolic demands of different T cell subsets make them exquisitely sensitive to pharmacologic inhibitors of metabolism. In this review, we will describe the emerging strategies whereby targeting metabolism can shape the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag H Patel
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy , Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRB I Rm 443, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy , Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, CRB I Rm 443, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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129
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Cunningham CA, Bergsbaken T, Fink PJ. Cutting Edge: Defective Aerobic Glycolysis Defines the Distinct Effector Function in Antigen-Activated CD8 + Recent Thymic Emigrants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4575-4580. [PMID: 28507025 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) are the youngest peripheral T cells that have completed thymic selection and egress to the lymphoid periphery. RTEs are functionally distinct from their more mature but still naive T cell counterparts, because they exhibit dampened proliferation and reduced cytokine production upon activation. In this article, we show that, compared with more mature but still naive T cells, RTEs are impaired in their ability to perform aerobic glycolysis following activation. Impaired metabolism underlies the reduced IFN-γ production observed in activated RTEs. This failure to undergo Ag-induced aerobic glycolysis is caused by reduced mTORC1 activity and diminished Myc induction in RTEs. Critically, exogenous IL-2 restores Myc expression in RTEs, driving aerobic glycolysis and IFN-γ production to the level of mature T cells. These results reveal a previously unknown metabolic component to postthymic T cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Cunningham
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Tessa Bergsbaken
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Pamela J Fink
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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130
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An increasing body of evidence indicates that bio-energetic metabolism of activated T cells is a potential target to control the autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes (T1D). RECENT FINDINGS T-cell activation and proliferation is linked to the cell capacity to provide sufficient energy and biosynthesis molecules to support T-cell growth and division. This makes T cells susceptible to metabolic inhibition for the control of the T-cell response. There is a wide therapeutic arsenal of metabolic inhibitors, including novel classes of drugs that have become recently available. With the current knowledge and availability of metabolic inhibitors, we are now in the position to design a metabolic inhibition strategy to determine whether targeting of autoreactive T cells is an effective strategy to control the process of β-cell destruction in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Bordignon
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Canu
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Dyczko
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Leone
- San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Via Olgettina 58, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Monti
- San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Via Olgettina 58, 20131, Milan, Italy.
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131
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Rhoads JP, Major AS, Rathmell JC. Fine tuning of immunometabolism for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:313-320. [PMID: 28381829 PMCID: PMC5502208 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
All immune cells depend on specific and efficient metabolic pathways to mount an appropriate response. Over the past decade, the field of immunometabolism has expanded our understanding of the various means by which cells modulate metabolism to achieve the effector functions necessary to fight infection or maintain homeostasis. Harnessing these metabolic pathways to manipulate inappropriate immune responses as a therapeutic strategy in cancer and autoimmunity has received increasing scrutiny by the scientific community. Fine tuning immunometabolism to provide the desired response, or prevent a deleterious response, is an attractive alternative to chemotherapy or overt immunosuppression. The various metabolic pathways used by immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and osteoarthritis offer numerous opportunities for selective targeting of specific immune cell subsets to manipulate cellular metabolism for therapeutic benefit in these rheumatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian P Rhoads
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Amy S Major
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; the Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA; and at the Department for Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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132
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag H Patel
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Immunology CRB I Rm 443, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Immunology CRB I Rm 443, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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133
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Cheng CH, Lee CF, Fryer M, Furtmüller GJ, Oh B, Powell JD, Brandacher G. Murine Full-thickness Skin Transplantation. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117792 DOI: 10.3791/55105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine full-thickness skin transplantation is a well-established in vivo model to study alloimmune response and graft rejection. Despite its limited application to humans, skin transplantation in mice has been widely employed for transplantation research. The procedure is easy to learn and perform, and it does not require delicate microsurgical techniques nor extensive training. Moreover, graft rejection in this model occurs in a very reproducible immunological reaction and is easily monitored by direct inspection and palpation. In addition, secondary skin transplantation with donor-matched or third-party skin grafts can be performed on more complex transplant models as an alternative and uncomplicated method to assess donor-specific tolerance. The complications are low and are in general limited to anesthesia overdose or respiratory distress after the procedure. Graft failure, on the other hand, occurs commonly as a result of poor preparation of the graft, incorrect positioning in the graft bed, or inappropriate placement of the bandage. In this article, we present a protocol for full-thickness skin transplantation in mice and describe the important steps necessary for a successful procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Cheng
- Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Liver and Transplantation Surgery, Chang-Gung Transplantation Institute, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine;
| | - Chen-Fang Lee
- Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Liver and Transplantation Surgery, Chang-Gung Transplantation Institute, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine
| | - Madeline Fryer
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Byoungchol Oh
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Jonathan D Powell
- Sidney-Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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134
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Scharping NE, Menk AV, Whetstone RD, Zeng X, Delgoffe GM. Efficacy of PD-1 Blockade Is Potentiated by Metformin-Induced Reduction of Tumor Hypoxia. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 5:9-16. [PMID: 27941003 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Blockade of the coinhibitory checkpoint molecule PD-1 has emerged as an effective treatment for many cancers, resulting in remarkable responses. However, despite successes in the clinic, most patients do not respond to PD-1 blockade. Metabolic dysregulation is a common phenotype in cancer, but both patients and tumors are metabolically heterogeneous. We hypothesized that the deregulated oxidative energetics of tumor cells present a metabolic barrier to antitumor immunity through the generation of a hypoxic microenvironment and that normalization of tumor hypoxia might improve response to immunotherapy. We show that the murine tumor lines B16 and MC38 differed in their ability to consume oxygen and produce hypoxic environments, which correlated with their sensitivity to checkpoint blockade. Metformin, a broadly prescribed type II diabetes treatment, inhibited oxygen consumption in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, resulting in reduced intratumoral hypoxia. Although metformin monotherapy had little therapeutic benefit in highly aggressive tumors, combination of metformin with PD-1 blockade resulted in improved intratumoral T-cell function and tumor clearance. Our data suggest tumor hypoxia acts as a barrier to immunotherapy and that remodeling the hypoxic tumor microenvironment has potential to convert patients resistant to immunotherapy into those that receive clinical benefit. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(1); 9-16. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Scharping
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashley V Menk
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan D Whetstone
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue Zeng
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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135
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The intragraft microenvironment as a central determinant of chronic rejection or local immunoregulation/tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2016; 22:55-63. [PMID: 27898465 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic rejection is associated with persistent mononuclear cell recruitment, endothelial activation and proliferation, local tissue hypoxia and related biology that enhance effector immune responses. In contrast, the tumor microenvironment elicits signals/factors that inhibit effector T cell responses and rather promote immunoregulation locally within the tissue itself. The identification of immunoregulatory check points and/or secreted factors that are deficient within allografts is of great importance in the understanding and prevention of chronic rejection. RECENT FINDINGS The relative deficiency of immunomodulatory molecules (cell surface and secreted) on microvascular endothelial cells within the intragraft microenvironment, is of functional importance in shaping the phenotype of rejection. These regulatory molecules include coinhibitory and/or intracellular regulatory signals/factors that enhance local activation of T regulatory cells. For example, semaphorins may interact with endothelial cells and CD4 T cells to promote local tolerance. Additionally, metabolites and electrolytes within the allograft microenvironment may regulate local effector and regulatory cell responses. SUMMARY Multiple factors within allografts shape the microenvironment either towards local immunoregulation or proinflammation. Promoting the expression of intragraft cell surface or secreted molecules that support immunoregulation will be critical for long-term graft survival and/or alloimmune tolerance.
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136
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Moore DJ. New onset diabetes mellitus after heart transplantation in children is a common but potentially modifiable burden. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:886-887. [PMID: 27726266 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Moore
- Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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137
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From Pipe Dream to Donor-Specific PC Elimination: Novel Ways to Target Alloantibodies. Transplantation 2016; 100:2238-2239. [PMID: 27776015 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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138
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Choi SC, Titov AA, Sivakumar R, Li W, Morel L. Immune Cell Metabolism in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18:66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-016-0615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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139
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Protective Effects of Glutamine Antagonist 6-Diazo-5-Oxo-l-Norleucine in Mice with Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2016; 90:9251-62. [PMID: 27489275 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01045-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inflammation is a necessary part of the response to infection but can also cause neuronal injury in both infectious and autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). A neurovirulent strain of Sindbis virus (NSV) causes fatal paralysis in adult C57BL/6 mice during clearance of infectious virus from the CNS, and the virus-specific immune response is implicated as a mediator of neuronal damage. Previous studies have shown that survival is improved in T-cell-deficient mice and in mice with pharmacological inhibition of the inflammatory response and glutamate excitotoxicity. Because glutamine metabolism is important in the CNS for the generation of glutamate and in the immune system for lymphocyte proliferation, we tested the effect of the glutamine antagonist DON (6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine) on the outcome of NSV infection in mice. DON treatment for 7 days from the time of infection delayed the onset of paralysis and death. Protection was associated with reduced lymphocyte proliferation in the draining cervical lymph nodes, decreased leukocyte infiltration into the CNS, lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, and delayed viral clearance. In vitro studies showed that DON inhibited stimulus-induced proliferation of lymphocytes. When in vivo treatment with DON was stopped, paralytic disease developed along with the inflammatory response and viral clearance. These studies show that fatal NSV-induced encephalomyelitis is immune mediated and that antagonists of glutamine metabolism can modulate the immune response and protect against virus-induced neuroinflammatory disease. IMPORTANCE Encephalomyelitis due to infection with mosquito-borne alphaviruses is an important cause of death and of long-term neurological disability in those who survive infection. This study demonstrates the role of the virus-induced immune response in the generation of neurological disease. DON, a glutamine antagonist, inhibited the proliferation of lymphocytes in response to infection, prevented the development of brain inflammation, and protected mice from paralysis and death during treatment. However, because DON inhibited the immune response to infection, clearance of the virus from the brain was also prevented. When treatment was stopped, the immune response was generated, brain inflammation occurred, virus was cleared, and mice developed paralysis and died. Therefore, more definitive treatment for alphaviral encephalomyelitis should inhibit virus replication as well as neuroinflammatory damage.
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140
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Abstract
In recent years a substantial number of findings have been made in the area of immunometabolism, by which we mean the changes in intracellular metabolic pathways in immune cells that alter their function. Here, we provide a brief refresher course on six of the major metabolic pathways involved (specifically, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism), giving specific examples of how precise changes in the metabolites of these pathways shape the immune cell response. What is emerging is a complex interplay between metabolic reprogramming and immunity, which is providing an extra dimension to our understanding of the immune system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Vanderbilt Centre for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jeff Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Centre for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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141
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Abstract
HIF1α is a common component of pathways involved in the control of cellular metabolism and has a role in regulating immune cell effector functions. Additionally, HIF1α is critical for the maturation of dendritic cells and for the activation of T cells. HIF1α is induced in LPS-activated macrophages, where it is critically involved in glycolysis and the induction of proinflammatory genes, notably Il1b. The mechanism of LPS-stimulated HIF1α induction involves succinate, which inhibits prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs). Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is also induced and interacts with and promotes the function of HIF1α. In another critical inflammatory cell type, Th17 cells, HIF1α acts via the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt) to drive Th17 differentiation. HIF1α is therefore a key reprogrammer of metabolism in inflammatory cells that promotes inflammatory gene expression.
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142
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Dimeloe S, Burgener AV, Grählert J, Hess C. T-cell metabolism governing activation, proliferation and differentiation; a modular view. Immunology 2016; 150:35-44. [PMID: 27479920 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are a critical component of the adaptive immune system mediating protection against infection and malignancy, but also implicated in many immune pathologies. Upon recognition of specific antigens T cells clonally expand, traffic to inflamed sites and acquire effector functions, such as the capacity to kill infected and malignantly transformed cells and secrete cytokines to coordinate the immune response. These processes have significant bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands, which are met by dynamic changes in T-cell metabolism, specifically increases in glucose uptake and metabolism; mitochondrial function; amino acid uptake, and cholesterol and lipid synthesis. These metabolic changes are coordinate by key cellular kinases and transcription factors. Dysregulated T-cell metabolism is associated with impaired immunity in chronic infection and cancer and conversely with excessive T-cell activity in autoimmune and inflammatory pathologies. Here we review the key aspects of T-cell metabolism relevant to their immune function, and discuss evidence for the potential to therapeutically modulate T-cell metabolism in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dimeloe
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Valérie Burgener
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Grählert
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hess
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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143
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Assmann N, Finlay DK. Metabolic regulation of immune responses: therapeutic opportunities. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2031-9. [PMID: 27249676 DOI: 10.1172/jci83005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell metabolism is dynamically regulated in parallel with the substantial changes in cellular function that accompany immune cell activation. While these changes in metabolism are important for facilitating the increased energetic and biosynthetic demands of activated cells, immune cell metabolism also has direct roles in controlling the functions of immune cells and shaping the immune response. A theme is emerging wherein nutrients, metabolic enzymes, and metabolites can act as an extension of the established immune signal transduction pathways, thereby adding an extra layer of complexity to the regulation of immunity. This Review will outline the metabolic configurations adopted by different immune cell subsets, describe the emerging roles for metabolic enzymes and metabolites in the control of immune cell function, and discuss the therapeutic implications of this emerging immune regulatory axis.
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144
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Nguyen HD, Chatterjee S, Haarberg KMK, Wu Y, Bastian D, Heinrichs J, Fu J, Daenthanasanmak A, Schutt S, Shrestha S, Liu C, Wang H, Chi H, Mehrotra S, Yu XZ. Metabolic reprogramming of alloantigen-activated T cells after hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1337-52. [PMID: 26950421 DOI: 10.1172/jci82587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloreactive donor T cells are the driving force in the induction of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), yet little is known about T cell metabolism in response to alloantigens after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Here, we have demonstrated that donor T cells undergo metabolic reprograming after allogeneic HCT. Specifically, we employed a murine allogeneic BM transplant model and determined that T cells switch from fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) and pyruvate oxidation via the tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle to aerobic glycolysis, thereby increasing dependence upon glutaminolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Glycolysis was required for optimal function of alloantigen-activated T cells and induction of GVHD, as inhibition of glycolysis by targeting mTORC1 or 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) ameliorated GVHD mortality and morbidity. Together, our results indicate that donor T cells use glycolysis as the predominant metabolic process after allogeneic HCT and suggest that glycolysis has potential as a therapeutic target for the control of GVHD.
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