101
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Pimentel GD, Ganeshan K, Carvalheira JBC. Hypothalamic inflammation and the central nervous system control of energy homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 397:15-22. [PMID: 24952114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of energy homeostasis relies on robust neuronal circuits that regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Although the physiology of these circuits is well understood, the molecular and cellular response of this program to chronic diseases is still largely unclear. Hypothalamic inflammation has emerged as a major driver of energy homeostasis dysfunction in both obesity and anorexia. Importantly, this inflammation disrupts the action of metabolic signals promoting anabolism or supporting catabolism. In this review, we address the evidence that favors hypothalamic inflammation as a factor that resets energy homeostasis in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Pimentel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirthana Ganeshan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, United States
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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102
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Subramanian M, Thorp E, Tabas I. Identification of a non-growth factor role for GM-CSF in advanced atherosclerosis: promotion of macrophage apoptosis and plaque necrosis through IL-23 signaling. Circ Res 2014; 116:e13-24. [PMID: 25348165 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, Csf2) is a growth factor for myeloid-lineage cells that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the role of GM-CSF in advanced atherosclerotic plaque progression, the process that gives rise to clinically dangerous plaques, is unknown. OBJECTIVE To understand the role of GM-CSF in advanced atherosclerotic plaque progression. METHODS AND RESULTS Ldlr(-/-) mice and Csf2(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice were fed a Western-type diet for 12 weeks, and then parameters of advanced plaque progression in the aortic root were quantified. Lesions from the GM-CSF-deficient mice showed a substantial decrease in 2 key hallmarks of advanced atherosclerosis, lesional macrophage apoptosis and plaque necrosis, which indicates that GM-CSF promotes plaque progression. Based on a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we show that the mechanism involves GM-CSF-mediated production of interleukin-23, which increases apoptosis susceptibility in macrophages by promoting proteasomal degradation of the cell survival protein Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) and by increasing oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS In low-density lipoprotein-driven atherosclerosis in mice, GM-CSF promotes advanced plaque progression by increasing macrophage apoptosis susceptibility. This action of GM-CSF is mediated by its interleukin-23-inducing activity rather than its role as a growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Subramanian
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.S., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; and Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (E.T.)
| | - Edward Thorp
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.S., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; and Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (E.T.)
| | - Ira Tabas
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.S., I.T.), Pathology and Cell Biology (I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York, NY; and Department of Pathology, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (E.T.).
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103
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TCTP directly regulates ATM activity to control genome stability and organ development in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2986. [PMID: 24352200 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is implicated in growth regulation and cancer. Recently, human TCTP has been suggested to play a role in the DNA damage response by forming a complex with ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase . However, the exact nature of this interaction and its roles in vivo remained unclear. Here, we utilize Drosophila as an animal model to study the nuclear function of Drosophila TCTP (dTCTP). dTCTP mutants show increased radiation sensitivity during development as well as strong genetic interaction with dATM mutations, resulting in severe defects in developmental timing, organ size and chromosome stability. We identify Drosophila ATM (dATM) as a direct binding partner of dTCTP and describe a mechanistic basis for dATM activation by dTCTP. Altogether, this study provides the first in vivo evidence for direct modulation of dATM activity by dTCTP in the control of genome stability and organ development.
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104
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Cremona CA, Behrens A. ATM signalling and cancer. Oncogene 2014; 33:3351-60. [PMID: 23851492 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ATM, the protein kinase mutated in the rare human disease ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), has been the focus of intense scrutiny over the past two decades. Initially this was because of the unusual radiosensitive phenotype of cells from A-T patients, and latterly because investigating ATM signalling has yielded valuable insights into the DNA damage response, redox signalling and cancer. With the recent explosion in genomic data, ATM alterations have been revealed both in the germline as a predisposing factor for cancer and as somatic changes in tumours themselves. Here we review these findings, as well as advances in the understanding of ATM signalling mechanisms in cancer and ATM inhibition as a strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Cremona
- Mammalian Genetics Lab, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - A Behrens
- Mammalian Genetics Lab, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
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105
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Sakai K, Igarashi M, Yamamuro D, Ohshiro T, Nagashima S, Takahashi M, Enkhtuvshin B, Sekiya M, Okazaki H, Osuga JI, Ishibashi S. Critical role of neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase 1 in cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in murine macrophages. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2033-40. [PMID: 24868095 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m047787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis of intracellular cholesteryl ester (CE) is the rate-limiting step in the efflux of cholesterol from macrophage foam cells. In mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs), this process is thought to involve several enzymes: hormone-sensitive lipase (Lipe), carboxylesterase 3 (Ces3), neutral CE hydrolase 1 (Nceh1). However, there is some disagreement over the relative contributions of these enzymes. To solve this problem, we first compared the abilities of several compounds to inhibit the hydrolysis of CE in cells overexpressing Lipe, Ces3, or Nceh1. Cells overexpressing Ces3 had negligible neutral CE hydrolase activity. We next examined the effects of these inhibitors on the hydrolysis of CE and subsequent cholesterol trafficking in MPMs. CE accumulation was increased by a selective inhibitor of Nceh1, paraoxon, and two nonselective inhibitors of Nceh1, (+)-AS115 and (-)-AS115, but not by two Lipe-selective inhibitors, orlistat and 76-0079. Paraoxon inhibited cholesterol efflux to apoA-I or HDL, while 76-0079 did not. These results suggest that Nceh1 plays a dominant role over Lipe in the hydrolysis of CE and subsequent cholesterol efflux in MPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Sakai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaki Igarashi
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Taichi Ohshiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Bolormaa Enkhtuvshin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okazaki
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Osuga
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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106
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Chaetocin-induced ROS-mediated apoptosis involves ATM-YAP1 axis and JNK-dependent inhibition of glucose metabolism. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1212. [PMID: 24810048 PMCID: PMC4047915 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress serves as an important regulator of both apoptosis and metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells. Chaetocin, a histone methyltransferase inhibitor, is known to induce ROS generation. As elevating basal ROS level sensitizes glioma cells to apoptosis, the ability of Chaetocin in regulating apoptotic and metabolic adaptive responses in glioma was investigated. Chaetocin induced glioma cell apoptosis in a ROS-dependent manner. Increased intracellular ROS induced (i) Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) expression independent of the canonical Hippo pathway as well as (ii) ATM and JNK activation. Increased interaction of YAP1 with p73 and p300 induced apoptosis in an ATM-dependent manner. Chaetocin induced JNK modulated several metabolic parameters like glucose uptake, lactate production, ATP generation, and activity of glycolytic enzymes hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. However, JNK had no effect on ATM or YAP1 expression. Coherent with the in vitro findings, Chaetocin reduced tumor burden in heterotypic xenograft glioma mouse model. Chaetocin-treated tumors exhibited heightened ROS, pATM, YAP1 and pJNK levels. Our study highlights the coordinated control of glioma cell proliferation and metabolism by ROS through (i) ATM-YAP1-driven apoptotic pathway and (ii) JNK-regulated metabolic adaptation. The elucidation of these newfound connections and the roles played by ROS to simultaneously shift metabolic program and induce apoptosis could provide insights toward the development of new anti-glioma strategies.
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107
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Stagni V, Oropallo V, Fianco G, Antonelli M, Cinà I, Barilà D. Tug of war between survival and death: exploring ATM function in cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5388-409. [PMID: 24681585 PMCID: PMC4013570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a one of the main guardian of genome stability and plays a central role in the DNA damage response (DDR). The deregulation of these pathways is strongly linked to cancer initiation and progression as well as to the development of therapeutic approaches. These observations, along with reports that identify ATM loss of function as an event that may promote tumor initiation and progression, point to ATM as a bona fide tumor suppressor. The identification of ATM as a positive modulator of several signalling networks that sustain tumorigenesis, including oxidative stress, hypoxia, receptor tyrosine kinase and AKT serine-threonine kinase activation, raise the question of whether ATM function in cancer may be more complex. This review aims to give a complete overview on the work of several labs that links ATM to the control of the balance between cell survival, proliferation and death in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venturina Stagni
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Veronica Oropallo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Fianco
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Martina Antonelli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Irene Cinà
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
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108
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Yang Y, Hui CW, Li J, Herrup K. The interaction of the atm genotype with inflammation and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85863. [PMID: 24465754 PMCID: PMC3896418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In ataxia-telangiectasia (A–T) the death of neurons is associated with the loss of neuronal cell cycle control. In most Atm−/− mouse models, however, these cell cycle anomalies are present but the phenotype of neuronal cell loss found in humans is not. Mouse Atm−/− neurons re-enter a cell cycle and replicate their DNA, but they do not die – even months after initiating the cycle. In the current study, we explore whether systemic inflammation or hypoxia-induced oxidative stress can serve as second stressors that can promote cell death in ATM-deficient neurons. We find that after either immune or hypoxic challenge, the levels of cell cycle proteins – PCNA, cyclin A and cyclin B – are significantly elevated in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Both the number of cells that express cell cycle proteins as well as the intensity of the expression levels in each cell is increased in the stressed animals. The cell cycle-positive neurons also increasingly express cell death markers such as activated caspase-3, γ-H2AX and TUNEL staining. Interestingly, nuclear HDAC4 localization is also enhanced in Atm−/− Purkinje neurons after the immune challenge suggesting that both genetic and epigenetic changes in Atm−/− mice respond to environmental challenges. Our findings support the hypothesis that multiple insults are needed to drive even genetically vulnerable neurons to die a cell cycle-related cell death and point to either inflammation or oxidative stressors as potential contributors to the A−T disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, SOM E720, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chin Wai Hui
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong ; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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109
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Schiekofer S, Bobak I, Kleber ME, Maerz W, Rudofsky G, Dugi KA, Schneider JG. Association between a gene variant near ataxia telangiectasia mutated and coronary artery disease in men. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2014; 11:60-3. [PMID: 24281401 DOI: 10.1177/1479164113514232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes is accompanied by increased mortality from coronary artery disease (CAD), but the mechanisms linking these conditions remain elusive. Hence, treatment of hyperglycaemia alone is not sufficient to avoid CAD in diabetes. Alternative views suggest that metabolic and vascular diseases share unifying cellular defects that could serve as targets for novel therapeutic strategies. Recently, a variant [single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); rs11212617] near the gene for ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) has been associated with glycaemic response to metformin. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined rs11212617 in 240 male patients who underwent elective coronary angiography. RESULTS While the variant was not associated with glucose concentrations, the A allele was significantly associated with the presence of CAD (chi-square, p = 0.003), as well as with logarithmically transformed quantitative CAD indices [severe score (SS): 0.5 (0.4-0.6) vs 0.3 (0.2-0.5); extent score (ES): 2.63 (2.4-2.9) vs 1.94 (1.4-2.4), both p < 0.05, respectively]. Multivariate analysis revealed an independent association between the A allele with ES (β = 0.17, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that ATM-dependent signalling might play a role in the development of atherosclerotic vascular disease, but larger studies are necessary to substantiate such a hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schiekofer
- Center for Geriatric Medicine at Bezirksklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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110
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Abstract
Patients with some progeroid syndromes, such as Werner syndrome, exhibit atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) at a young age as a manifestation of premature aging. Recent studies have revealed that most progeroid syndromes are caused by genetic defects in specific molecules involved in the DNA damage response, a cornerstone of genome stability. Ionizing radiation is one of the most potent genotoxic stimuli and causes various kinds of DNA damage. Further, there is increasing evidence that therapeutic radiation treatments can cause cardiovascular complications. Here, we describe the DNA damage and subsequent response, review recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of progeroid syndromes (especially those syndromes that involve CVD), review the pathological and epidemiological analysis of radiation-induced CVD, and discuss the possible role of DNA damage and the DNA damage response in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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111
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Wu J, Xiao Y, Liu J, Yang H, Dong X, Hu S, Jin S, Wu D. Potential role of ATM in hepatocyte endocytosis of ApoE-deficient, ApoB48-containing lipoprotein in ApoE-deficient mice. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:462-8. [PMID: 24276232 PMCID: PMC4035781 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals carrying mutations at both ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene alleles reportedly have increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Previous studies have demonstrated that defective ATM function promotes atherosclerosis. We previously demonstrated that ATM facilitates the clearance of plasma apolipoprotein (Apo)E-deficient, ApoB48-containing (E−/B48) lipoproteins in ApoE-deficient mice (ApoE−/− mice). However, to date there is no exact explanation available as to the mechanism(s) through which ATM is involved in the removal of E−/B48 lipoprotein in ApoE−/− mice. In this study, to our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that heterozygous ATM mutation reduces the hepatocyte uptake of E−/B48 lipoproteins in ApoE−/− mice; however, heterozygous ATM mutation did not affect hepatocyte binding to E−/B48 lipoproteins. Moreover, our results revealed that ATM proteins were localized in the nucleus, early endosomes and late endosomes, but not in the plasma membrane in the hepatocytes of ApoE−/− mice. In addition, following treatment with the ATM activator, chloroquine, and E−/B48 lipoproteins, ATM interacted with class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3Ks) and the activated ATM protein enhanced class III PI3K activity. Furthermore, treatment with a class III PI3K inhibitor (LY290042 and 3-MA) attenuated the intracellular total cholesterol accumulation induced by ATM activation. These results provide insight into the mechanisms behind the involvment of ATM in the process of endocytosis of E−/B48 lipoprotein in ApoE−/− mice, demonstrating the role of class III PI3K protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Juang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Xiaomin Dong
- Department of Osteology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - San Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shanrui Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Dongfang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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112
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Charitou P, Burgering BMT. Forkhead box(O) in control of reactive oxygen species and genomic stability to ensure healthy lifespan. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1400-19. [PMID: 22978495 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Transcription factors of the Forkhead box O class (FOXOs) are associated with lifespan and play a role in age-related diseases. FOXOs, therefore, serve as a paradigm for developing an understanding as to how age-related diseases, such as cancer and diabetes interconnect with lifespan. Understanding the regulatory inputs on FOXO may reveal how changes in these regulatory signaling pathways affect disease and lifespan. RECENT ADVANCES Numerous regulators of FOXO have now been described and a clear and evolutionary conserved role has emerged for phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (also known as c-Akt or AKT) signaling and c-jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Analysis of FOXO function in the context of these signaling pathways has shown the importance of FOXO-mediated transcriptional regulation on cell cycle progression and other cell fates, such as cell metabolism, stress resistance, and apoptosis in mediating disease and lifespan. CRITICAL ISSUES Persistent DNA damage is also tightly linked to disease and aging; yet, data on a possible link between DNA damage and FOXO have been limited. Here, we discuss possible connections between FOXO and the DNA damage response in the context of the broader role of connecting lifespan and disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the role of lifespan in diseases onset may provide unique and generic possibilities to intervene in disease processes to ensure a healthy lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Charitou
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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113
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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114
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Zhang C, He Y, Okutsu M, Ong LC, Jin Y, Zheng L, Chow P, Yu S, Zhang M, Yan Z. Autophagy is involved in adipogenic differentiation by repressesing proteasome-dependent PPARγ2 degradation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E530-9. [PMID: 23800883 PMCID: PMC5504416 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00640.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that autophagy is essential in the process of obesity. Here, we performed daily injection of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) in mice and found that systemic administration of CQ blocks high-fat diet-induced obesity. To investigate the potential underlying molecular mechanism, we employed genetic and pharmacological interventions in cultured preadipocytes to investigate the role of autophagy in the control of the expression of the adipogenic regulator peroxisome proliferatior-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). We show that adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes is associated with activation of autophagy and increased PPARγ2 protein level. Treatment with CQ, shRNA-mediated knockdown, or genetic engineering-induced deletion of autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) promoted proteasome-dependent PPARγ2 degradation and attenuated adipogenic differentiation. Therefore, activated autophagy increases PPARγ2 stability and promotes adipogenic differentiation, and inhibition of autophagy may prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity and the consequential type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongben Zhang
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics and Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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115
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Franck D, Tracy L, Armata HL, Delaney CL, Jung DY, Ko HJ, Ong H, Kim JK, Scrable H, Sluss HK. Glucose Tolerance in Mice is Linked to the Dose of the p53 Transactivation Domain. Endocr Res 2013; 38:139-150. [PMID: 23102272 PMCID: PMC5074905 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2012.735735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To test the transactivation domain-mediated control of glucose homeostasis by the tumor suppressor p53. BACKGROUND The tumor suppressor p53 has a critical role in maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Phosphorylation of Ser18 in the transaction domain of p53 controls the expression of Zpf385a, a zinc finger protein that regulates adipogenesis and adipose function. This results suggest that the transactivation domain of p53 is essential to the control of glucose homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice with mutations in the p53 transactivation domain were examined for glucose homeostasis as well as various metabolic parameters. Glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were performed on age matched wild type and mutant animals. In addition, mice expressing increased dosage of p53 were also examined. RESULTS Mice with a mutation in p53Ser18 exhibit reduced Zpf385a expression in adipose tissue, adipose tissue-specific insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. Mice with relative deficits in the transactivation domain of p53 exhibit similar defects in glucose homeostasis, while "Super p53" mice with an increased dosage of p53 exhibit improved glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION These data support the role of an ATM-p53 cellular stress axis that helps combat glucose intolerance and insulin resistance and regulates glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Franck
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Department of Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - Laura Tracy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Department of Biology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609 USA
| | - Heather L. Armata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Christine L. Delaney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Dae Young Jung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Hwi Jin Ko
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Helena Ong
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Jason K. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | | | - Hayla K. Sluss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Corresponding author: Hayla K. Sluss, Department of Medicine, LRB 370W, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01655 USA, Phone: (508) 856-3372,
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Shimasaki Y, Pan N, Messina LM, Li C, Chen K, Liu L, Cooper MP, Vita JA, Keaney JF. Uncoupling protein 2 impacts endothelial phenotype via p53-mediated control of mitochondrial dynamics. Circ Res 2013; 113:891-901. [PMID: 23819990 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitochondria, although required for cellular ATP production, are also known to have other important functions that may include modulating cellular responses to environmental stimuli. However, the mechanisms whereby mitochondria impact cellular phenotype are not yet clear. OBJECTIVE To determine how mitochondria impact endothelial cell function. METHODS AND RESULTS We report here that stimuli for endothelial cell proliferation evoke strong upregulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). Analysis in silico indicated increased UCP2 expression is common in highly proliferative cell types, including cancer cells. Upregulation of UCP2 was critical for controlling mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) and superoxide production. In the absence of UCP2, endothelial growth stimulation provoked mitochondrial network fragmentation and premature senescence via a mechanism involving superoxide-mediated p53 activation. Mitochondrial network fragmentation was both necessary and sufficient for the impact of UCP2 on endothelial cell phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These data identify a novel mechanism whereby mitochondria preserve normal network integrity and impact cell phenotype via dynamic regulation of UCP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Shimasaki
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine
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Andrisse S, Patel GD, Chen JE, Webber AM, Spears LD, Koehler RM, Robinson-Hill RM, Ching JK, Jeong I, Fisher JS. ATM and GLUT1-S490 phosphorylation regulate GLUT1 mediated transport in skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66027. [PMID: 23776597 PMCID: PMC3679034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The glucose and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) transporter GLUT1 contains a phosphorylation site, S490, for ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The objective of this study was to determine whether ATM and GLUT1-S490 regulate GLUT1. Research Design and Methods L6 myoblasts and mouse skeletal muscles were used to study the effects of ATM inhibition, ATM activation, and S490 mutation on GLUT1 localization, trafficking, and transport activity. Results In myoblasts, inhibition of ATM significantly diminished cell surface GLUT1, glucose and DHA transport, GLUT1 externalization, and association of GLUT1 with Gα-interacting protein-interacting protein, C-terminus (GIPC1), which has been implicated in recycling of endosomal proteins. In contrast, ATM activation by doxorubicin (DXR) increased DHA transport, cell surface GLUT1, and the GLUT1/GIPC1 association. S490A mutation decreased glucose and DHA transport, cell surface GLUT1, and interaction of GLUT1 with GIPC1, while S490D mutation increased transport, cell surface GLUT1, and the GLUT1/GIPC1 interaction. ATM dysfunction or ATM inhibition reduced DHA transport in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles and decreased glucose transport in EDL and soleus. In contrast, DXR increased DHA transport in EDL. Conclusions These results provide evidence that ATM and GLUT1-S490 promote cell surface GLUT1 and GLUT1-mediated transport in skeletal muscle associated with upregulation of the GLUT1/GIPC1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Andrisse
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gaytri D. Patel
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Chen
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Webber
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Larry D. Spears
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rikki M. Koehler
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rona M. Robinson-Hill
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James K. Ching
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Imju Jeong
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Fisher
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Halaby MJ, Kastein BK, Yang DQ. Chloroquine stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthase in muscle cells through activation of Akt. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:708-13. [PMID: 23702482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine is a pharmaceutical agent that has been widely used to treat patients with malaria. Chloroquine has also been reported to have hypoglycemic effects on humans and animal models of diabetes. Despite many previous studies, the mechanism responsible for its hypoglycemic effect is still unclear. Chloroquine was recently reported to be an activator of ATM, the protein deficient in the Ataxia-telagiectasia (A-T) disease. Since ATM is also known as an insulin responsive protein that mediates Akt activation, we tested the effect of chloroquine on the activity of Akt and its downstream targets. In L6 muscle cells treated with insulin and chloroquine, the phosphorylation of Akt and glucose uptake were dramatically increased compared to cells treated with insulin alone, suggesting that chloroquine is a potent activator of Akt and glucose uptake in these cells. We also found that the reduction of insulin-mediated Akt activity in muscle tissues of insulin resistant rats was partially reversed by chloroquine treatment. Moreover, insulin-mediated phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in L6 cells was greatly enhanced by chloroquine. A substantial decrease in phosphorylation of glycogen synthase was also observed in chloroquine-treated L6 cells, indicating enhanced activity of glycogen synthase. Taken together, our results not only show that chloroquine is a novel activator of Akt that stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthase, but also validate chloroquine as a potential therapeutic agent for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jo Halaby
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
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119
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Shiloh Y, Ziv Y. The ATM protein kinase: regulating the cellular response to genotoxic stress, and more. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:197-210. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1186] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
In 1988, the gene responsible for the autosomal recessive disease ataxia- telangiectasia (A-T) was localized to 11q22.3-23.1. It was eventually cloned in 1995. Many independent laboratories have since demonstrated that in replicating cells, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is predominantly a nuclear protein that is involved in the early recognition and response to double-stranded DNA breaks. ATM is a high-molecular-weight PI3K-family kinase. ATM also plays many important cytoplasmic roles where it phosphorylates hundreds of protein substrates that activate and coordinate cell-signaling pathways involved in cell-cycle checkpoints, nuclear localization, gene transcription and expression, the response to oxidative stress, apoptosis, nonsense-mediated decay, and others. Appreciating these roles helps to provide new insights into the diverse clinical phenotypes exhibited by A-T patients-children and adults alike-which include neurodegeneration, high cancer risk, adverse reactions to radiation and chemotherapy, pulmonary failure, immunodeficiency, glucose transporter aberrations, insulin-resistant diabetogenic responses, and distinct chromosomal and chromatin changes. An exciting recent development is the ATM-dependent pathology encountered in mitochondria, leading to inefficient respiration and energy metabolism and the excessive generation of free radicals that themselves create life-threatening DNA lesions that must be repaired within minutes to minimize individual cell losses.
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Singh KK, Shukla PC, Quan A, Al-Omran M, Lovren F, Pan Y, Brezden-Masley C, Ingram AJ, Stanford WL, Teoh H, Verma S. BRCA1 is a novel target to improve endothelial dysfunction and retard atherosclerosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 146:949-960.e4. [PMID: 23415688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE BRCA1, a tumor suppressor gene implicated in breast and ovarian cancers, exerts multiple effects on DNA repair and affords resistance against cellular stress responses. We hypothesized that BRCA1 limits endothelial cell apoptosis and dysfunction, and via this mechanism attenuates atherosclerosis. METHODS Loss and gain of function were achieved in cultured endothelial cells by silencing and overexpressing BRCA1, respectively. In vivo loss and gain of function were performed by generating endothelial cell-specific knockout (EC-BRCA1(-/-)) mice and administering a BRCA1 adenovirus. Well-established cell and animal models of angiogenesis and atherosclerosis were used. RESULTS BRCA1 is basally expressed in endothelial cells. BRCA1 overexpression protected and BRCA1 silencing exaggerated inflammation- and doxorubicin-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Key indices of endothelial function were modulated in a manner consistent with an effect of BRCA1 to limit endothelial cell apoptosis and improve endothelial function. BRCA1 overexpression strongly attenuated the production of reactive oxygen species and upregulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylated Akt, and vascular endothelial growth factor-a expression. BRCA1 overexpression also improved capillary density and promoted blood flow restoration in mice subjected to hind-limb ischemia. BRCA1-overexpressing ApoE(-/-) mice fed a Western diet developed significantly less aortic plaque lesions, exhibited reduced macrophage infiltration, and generated less reactive oxygen species. Lung sections and aortic segments from EC-BRCA1(-/-) mice demonstrated greater inflammation-associated apoptosis and impaired endothelial function, respectively. BRCA1 expression was attenuated in the plaque region of human atherosclerotic carotid artery samples compared with the adjacent plaque-free area. CONCLUSIONS These data collectively highlight a previously unrecognized role of BRCA1 as a gatekeeper of inflammation-induced endothelial cell function and a target to limit atherosclerosis. Translational studies evaluating endothelial function and atherosclerosis in individuals with BRCA1 mutations are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K Singh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute at St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Weng S, Sprague JE, Oh J, Riek AE, Chin K, Garcia M, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Vitamin D deficiency induces high blood pressure and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54625. [PMID: 23349943 PMCID: PMC3551761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple epidemiological studies link vitamin D deficiency to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD), but causality and possible mechanisms underlying these associations are not established. To clarify the role of vitamin D-deficiency in CVD in vivo, we generated mouse models of diet-induced vitamin D deficiency in two backgrounds (LDL receptor- and ApoE-null mice) that resemble humans with diet-induced hypertension and atherosclerosis. Mice were fed vitamin D-deficient or -sufficient chow for 6 weeks and then switched to high fat (HF) vitamin D-deficient or -sufficient diet for 8-10 weeks. Mice with diet-induced vitamin D deficiency showed increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high plasma renin, and decreased urinary sodium excretion. Hypertension was reversed and renin was suppressed by returning chow-fed vitamin D-deficient mice to vitamin D-sufficient chow diet for 6 weeks. On a HF diet, vitamin D-deficient mice had ~2-fold greater atherosclerosis in the aortic arch and ~2-8-fold greater atherosclerosis in the thoracic and abdominal aorta compared to vitamin D-sufficient mice. In the aortic root, HF-fed vitamin D-deficient mice had increased macrophage infiltration with increased fat accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation, but a lower prevalence of the M1 macrophage phenotype within atherosclerotic plaques. Similarly, peritoneal macrophages from vitamin D-deficient mice displayed an M2-predominant phenotype with increased foam cell formation and ER stress. Treatment of vitamin D-deficient mice with the ER stress reliever PBA during HF feeding suppressed atherosclerosis, decreased peritoneal macrophage foam cell formation, and downregulated ER stress proteins without changing blood pressure. Thus, we suggest that vitamin D deficiency activates both the renin angiotensin system and macrophage ER stress to contribute to the development of hypertension and accelerated atherosclerosis, highlighting vitamin D replacement as a potential therapy to reduce blood pressure and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Sprague
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jisu Oh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amy E. Riek
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Chin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Miguel Garcia
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carlos Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Ching JK, Spears LD, Armon JL, Renth AL, Andrisse S, Collins RL, Fisher JS. Impaired insulin-stimulated glucose transport in ATM-deficient mouse skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 38:589-96. [PMID: 23724874 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are reports that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays a role in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, although this is not the case in some cell types. Because Akt plays a key role in insulin signaling, which leads to glucose transport in skeletal muscle, the predominant tissue in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, we examined whether insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and (or) glucose transport would be decreased in skeletal muscle of mice lacking functional ATM, compared with muscle from wild-type mice. We found that in vitro insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was normal in soleus muscle from mice with 1 nonfunctional allele of ATM (ATM+/-) and from mice with 2 nonfunctional alleles (ATM-/-). However, insulin did not stimulate glucose transport or the phosphorylation of AS160 in ATM-/- soleus. ATM protein level was markedly higher in wild-type extensor digitorum longus (EDL) than in wild-type soleus. In EDL from ATM-/- mice, insulin did not stimulate glucose transport. However, in contrast to findings for soleus, insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was blunted in ATM-/- EDL, concomitant with a tendency for insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity to be decreased. Together, the findings suggest that ATM plays a role in insulin-stimulated glucose transport at the level of AS160 in muscle comprised of slow and fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (soleus) and at the level of Akt in muscle containing fast glycolytic fibers (EDL).
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kain Ching
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, 3507 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO 63103, USA
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124
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Maryanovich M, Gross A. A ROS rheostat for cell fate regulation. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 23:129-34. [PMID: 23117019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) are tightly regulated to prevent tissue damage. ROS also help to monitor different cell fates, suggesting that a 'ROS rheostat' exists in cells. It is well established that ROS are crucial for stem cell biology; in this review, we discuss how mitochondrial ROS influence hematopoietic cell fates. We also examine the importance in this process of BID and other BCL-2 family members, many of which have been implicated in regulating cell fates by modulating mitochondrial integrity/activity and cell cycle progression in the hematopoietic lineage. Based on this knowledge, we propose that selected BCL-2 proteins coordinate mitochondria and nuclear activities via ROS to enable 'synchronized' cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maryanovich
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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125
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Zinkel SS, Yin XM, Gross A. Rejuvenating Bi(d)ology. Oncogene 2012; 32:3213-3219. [PMID: 23069655 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The BH3-only Bid protein is a critical sentinel of cellular stress in the liver and the hematopoietic system. Bid's initial 'claim to fame' came from its ability-as a caspase-truncated product-to trigger the mitochondrial apoptotic program following death receptor activation. Today we know that Bid can response to multiple types of proteases, which are activated under different conditions such as T-cell activation, ischemical reperfusion injury and lysosomal injury. Activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic program by Bid-via its recently identified receptor mitochondrial carrier homolog 2-involves multiple mechanisms, including release of cytochrome c and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac), alteration of mitochondrial cristae organization, generation of reactive oxygen species and engagement of the permeability transition pore. Bid is also emerging-in its full-length form-as a pivotal sentinel of DNA damage in the bone marrow regulated by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinases. The ATM/ATR-Bid pathway is critically involved in preserving the quiescence and survival of hematopoietic stem cells both in the absence and presence of external stress, and a large part of this review will be dedicated to recent advances in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Zinkel
- Departments of Medicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - X M Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Gross
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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126
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Wang JC, Bennett M. Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence. Circ Res 2012; 111:245-59. [PMID: 22773427 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.261388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is classed as a disease of aging, such that increasing age is an independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is also associated with premature biological aging, as atherosclerotic plaques show evidence of cellular senescence characterized by reduced cell proliferation, irreversible growth arrest and apoptosis, elevated DNA damage, epigenetic modifications, and telomere shortening and dysfunction. Not only is cellular senescence associated with atherosclerosis, there is growing evidence that cellular senescence promotes atherosclerosis. This review examines the pathology of normal vascular aging, the evidence for cellular senescence in atherosclerosis, the mechanisms underlying cellular senescence including reactive oxygen species, replication exhaustion and DNA damage, the functional consequences of vascular cell senescence, and the possibility that preventing accelerated cellular senescence is a therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Striking results reported by Okuno et al. (2012) in the July issue of Nature Medicine show that the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase counteracts excessive oxygen radical production in immature angiogenic blood vessels. Its deletion results in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38α and arrest of pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Alitalo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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128
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Luo L, Huang W, Tao R, Hu N, Xiao ZX, Luo Z. ATM and LKB1 dependent activation of AMPK sensitizes cancer cells to etoposide-induced apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2012; 328:114-9. [PMID: 22960274 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to determine the effect of AMPK on etoposide-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Our results revealed that etoposide induced AMPK activation in prostate C4-2 cancer cells, an event that was attenuated by ATM siRNA. In A549 cells that lack LKB1, AMPK was unable to be activated by etoposide, which was restored by introduction of LKB1. Likewise, silencing LKB1 in C4-2 cells impaired AMPK activation. Finally, etoposide displayed a potent pro-apoptotic effect in cancer cells with functional LKB1 and AMPK. Thus, our results establish a linear relationship of ATM, LKB1 and AMPK in response to the DNA damage drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Luo
- Research Institute of Digestive Diseases, The First Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Maintenance of metabolic homeostasis by Sestrin2 and Sestrin3. Cell Metab 2012; 16:311-21. [PMID: 22958918 PMCID: PMC3687365 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and p70 S6 kinase (S6K) in response to hypernutrition contributes to obesity-associated metabolic pathologies, including hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance. Sestrins are stress-inducible proteins that activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and suppress mTORC1-S6K activity, but their role in mammalian physiology and metabolism has not been investigated. We show that Sestrin2--encoded by the Sesn2 locus, whose expression is induced upon hypernutrition--maintains metabolic homeostasis in liver of obese mice. Sesn2 ablation exacerbates obesity-induced mTORC1-S6K activation, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis, all of which are reversed by AMPK activation. Furthermore, concomitant ablation of Sesn2 and Sesn3 provokes hepatic mTORC1-S6K activation and insulin resistance even in the absence of nutritional overload and obesity. These results demonstrate an important homeostatic function for the stress-inducible Sestrin protein family in the control of mammalian lipid and glucose metabolism.
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130
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Ching JK, Luebbert SH, Collins RL, Zhang Z, Marupudi N, Banerjee S, Hurd RD, Ralston L, Fisher JS. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated impacts insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling in skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2012; 98:526-35. [PMID: 22941977 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.066357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reports that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is required for full activation of Akt raise the hypothesis that ATM plays a role in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signalling through the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Differentiated C2C12 cells harbouring either ATM-targeting short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or non-targeting shRNA and myotubes from a C2C12 lineage previously exposed to empty vector lentivirus were incubated in the presence or absence of 10 nm IGF-1 followed by Western blot analysis. Parallel experiments were performed in isolated soleus muscles from mice expressing only one functional ATM allele (ATM(+/-)) compared with muscles from wild-type (ATM(+/+)) mice. Insulin-like growth factor 1 increased phosphorylation of Akt S473, Akt T308 and p70 S6 kinase (S6K) in myotubes expressing non-targeting shRNA and in empty vector controls, but the IGF-1 effects were significantly reduced in myotubes with shRNA-mediated ATM knockdown. Likewise, IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt S473, Akt T308, mTOR and S6K was lower in isolated soleus muscles from ATM(+/-) mice compared with muscles from ATM(+/+) mice. The ATM inhibitor KU55933 prevented stimulation of S6K phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes exposed to IGF-1, suggesting that decreased IGF-1 action is not limited to chronic conditions of decreased ATM function. Stimulation of insulin receptor substrate 1 tyrosine 612 phosphorylation by IGF-1 was unaffected by ATM deficiency, though IGF-1 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity tended to be lower in muscle from ATM haploinsufficient mice compared with wild-type muscle. The data suggest that ATM is a modulator of IGF-1 signalling downstream of insulin receptor substrate 1 in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kain Ching
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63103, USA
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Mercer JR, Gray K, Figg N, Kumar S, Bennett MR. The methyl xanthine caffeine inhibits DNA damage signaling and reactive species and reduces atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2461-7. [PMID: 22859494 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.251322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Caffeine remains one of the most widely consumed drugs in the world. Caffeine has multiple actions, including inhibition of the DNA damage response, and its metabolites, 1-methylxanthine and 1-methyluric acid, are potent antioxidants. Combined, these properties can exert direct effects on cell proliferation, cell death, inflammation, and DNA repair, all important processes that occur in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We first examined the effects of caffeine on mouse vascular smooth muscle cells. Caffeine inhibited activation of the DNA damage response regulator ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein and its downstream targets. Caffeine delayed DNA repair, had a concentration-dependent effect on cell proliferation, and protected against apoptosis. In vitro caffeine reduced oxygen consumption and decreased generation of reactive oxygen species. In vivo caffeine reduced DDR activation in vascular and nonvascular tissues, reduced reactive nitrogen species and serum levels of the DNA adduct 8-oxo-guanine, and inhibited atherogenesis in fat-fed ApoE(-/-) mice. Reduction in atherosclerosis was independent of the effects on blood pressure and serum lipids but associated with reduced cell proliferation and ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein activation. CONCLUSIONS The Methyl Xanthine caffeine inhibits the DNA damage response in vitro and in vivo, regulates both cell proliferation and apoptosis after DNA damage, inhibits reactive species, and reduces atherogenesis in ApoE(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mercer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, ACCI, Level 6, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom.
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Wip1-dependent regulation of autophagy, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2012; 16:68-80. [PMID: 22768840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and atherosclerosis-related diseases account for over one-third of deaths in the western world. Controlling these conditions remains a major challenge due to an incomplete understanding of the molecular pathways involved. Here, we show that Wip1 phosphatase, a known negative regulator of Atm-dependent signaling, plays a major role in controlling fat accumulation and atherosclerosis in mice; specifically, Wip1 deficiency prevents both conditions. In the course of atherosclerosis, deletion of Wip1 results in suppression of macrophage conversion into foam cells, thus preventing the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. This process appears to be independent of p53 but rely on a noncanonical Atm-mTOR signaling pathway and on selective autophagy in regulation of cholesterol efflux. We propose that the Wip1-dependent control of autophagy and cholesterol efflux may provide avenues for treating obesity and atherosclerosis.
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133
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Marzano V, Santini S, Rossi C, Zucchelli M, D'Alessandro A, Marchetti C, Mingardi M, Stagni V, Barilà D, Urbani A. Proteomic profiling of ATM kinase proficient and deficient cell lines upon blockage of proteasome activity. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4632-46. [PMID: 22641158 PMCID: PMC3426930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) protein kinase is a key effector in the modulation of the functionality of some important stress responses, including DNA damage and oxidative stress response, and its deficiency is the hallmark of Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T), a rare genetic disorder. ATM modulates the activity of hundreds of target proteins, essential for the correct balance between proliferation and cell death. The aim of this study is to evaluate the phenotypic adaptation at the protein level both in basal condition and in presence of proteasome blockage in order to identify the molecules whose level and stability are modulated through ATM expression. We pursued a comparative analysis of ATM deficient and proficient lymphoblastoid cells by label-free shotgun proteomic experiments comparing the panel of proteins differentially expressed. Through a non-supervised comparative bioinformatic analysis these data provided an insight on the functional role of ATM deficiency in cellular carbohydrate metabolism's regulation. This hypothesis has been demonstrated by targeted metabolic fingerprint analysis SRM (Selected Reaction Monitoring) on specific thermodynamic checkpoints of glycolysis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translational Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Marzano
- Proteomic and Metabonomic Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
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134
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Montecucco F, Braunersreuther V, Viviani GL, Lenglet S, Mach F. Update on the Pathophysiological Role of Intracellular Signaling Pathways in Atherosclerotic Plaques and Ischemic Myocardium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 7:104-110. [PMID: 22754427 PMCID: PMC3382259 DOI: 10.2174/157436212800376663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute atherosclerotic complications, such as myocardial infarction, are often provoked by the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and the subsequent thrombotic occlusion of the arterial lumen, which interrupts the blood flow and renders ischemic the downstream peripheral tissue. Several inflammatory mediators (including cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteases) have been shown to orchestrate common pathophysiological mechanisms regulating both plaque vulnerability and myocardial injury. In particular, the selective activation of certain protective intracellular signaling pathways might represent a promising target to reduce the dramatic consequences of an ischemic cardiac event. In the present review we will update evidence on the active role of intracellular kinase cascades (such as mitogen-activated protein kinases [MAPKs], Akt, Janus kinase [JAK]-signal transducer and activator of transcription [STAT]) to reduce the global patient vulnerability for acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Montecucco
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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135
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Oh J, Riek AE, Weng S, Petty M, Kim D, Colonna M, Cella M, Bernal-Mizrachi C. Endoplasmic reticulum stress controls M2 macrophage differentiation and foam cell formation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11629-41. [PMID: 22356914 PMCID: PMC3320912 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.338673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential in atherosclerosis progression, but regulation of the M1 versus M2 phenotype and their role in cholesterol deposition are unclear. We demonstrate that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key regulator of macrophage differentiation and cholesterol deposition. Macrophages from diabetic patients were classically or alternatively stimulated and then exposed to oxidized LDL. Alternative stimulation into M2 macrophages lead to increased foam cell formation by inducing scavenger receptor CD36 and SR-A1 expression. ER stress induced by alternative stimulation was necessary to generate the M2 phenotype through JNK activation and increased PPARγ expression. The absence of CD36 or SR-A1 signaling independently of modified cholesterol uptake decreased ER stress and prevented the M2 differentiation typically induced by alternative stimulation. Moreover, suppression of ER stress shifted differentiated M2 macrophages toward an M1 phenotype and subsequently suppressed foam cell formation by increasing HDL- and apoA-1-induced cholesterol efflux indicating suppression of macrophage ER stress as a potential therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Oh
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research
| | - Amy E. Riek
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research
| | - Sherry Weng
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research
| | - Marvin Petty
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research
| | - David Kim
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research
| | | | | | - Carlos Bernal-Mizrachi
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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136
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137
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Lim Y, Hedayati M, Merchant AA, Zhang Y, Yu HHM, Kastan MB, Matsui W, Deweese TL. Chloroquine improves survival and hematopoietic recovery after lethal low-dose-rate radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:800-6. [PMID: 22445004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously shown that the antimalarial agent chloroquine can abrogate the lethal cellular effects of low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation in vitro, most likely by activating the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein. Here, we demonstrate that chloroquine treatment also protects against lethal doses of LDR radiation in vivo. METHODS AND MATERIALS C57BL/6 mice were irradiated with a total of 12.8 Gy delivered at 9.4 cGy/hour. ATM null mice from the same background were used to determine the influence of ATM. Chloroquine was administered by two intraperitoneal injections of 59.4 μg per 17 g of body weight, 24 hours and 4 hours before irradiation. Bone marrow cells isolated from tibia, fibula, and vertebral bones were transplanted into lethally irradiated CD45 congenic recipient mice by retroorbital injection. Chimerism was assessed by flow cytometry. In vitro methylcellulose colony-forming assay of whole bone marrow cells and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis of lineage depleted cells were used to assess the effect of chloroquine on progenitor cells. RESULTS Mice pretreated with chloroquine before radiation exhibited a significantly higher survival rate than did mice treated with radiation alone (80% vs. 31%, p = 0.0026). Chloroquine administration before radiation did not affect the survival of ATM null mice (p = 0.86). Chloroquine also had a significant effect on the early engraftment of bone marrow cells from the irradiated donor mice 6 weeks after transplantation (4.2% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Chloroquine administration before radiation had a significant effect on the survival of normal but not ATM null mice, strongly suggesting that the in vivo effect, like the in vitro effect, is also ATM dependent. Chloroquine improved the early engraftment of bone marrow cells from LDR-irradiated mice, presumably by protecting the progenitor cells from radiation injury. Chloroquine thus could serve as a very useful drug for protection against the harmful effects of LDR radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Lim
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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138
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Mercer JR, Yu E, Figg N, Cheng KK, Prime TA, Griffin JL, Masoodi M, Vidal-Puig A, Murphy MP, Bennett MR. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ decreases features of the metabolic syndrome in ATM+/-/ApoE-/- mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:841-9. [PMID: 22210379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of recent studies suggest that mitochondrial oxidative damage may be associated with atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome. However, much of the evidence linking mitochondrial oxidative damage and excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) with these pathologies is circumstantial. Consequently the importance of mitochondrial ROS in the etiology of these disorders is unclear. Furthermore, the potential of decreasing mitochondrial ROS as a therapy for these indications is not known. We assessed the impact of decreasing mitochondrial oxidative damage and ROS with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ in models of atherosclerosis and the metabolic syndrome (fat-fed ApoE(-/-) mice and ATM(+/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice, which are also haploinsufficient for the protein kinase, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). MitoQ administered orally for 14weeks prevented the increased adiposity, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia associated with the metabolic syndrome. MitoQ also corrected hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis, induced changes in multiple metabolically relevant lipid species, and decreased DNA oxidative damage (8-oxo-G) in multiple organs. Although MitoQ did not affect overall atherosclerotic plaque area in fat-fed ATM(+/+)/ApoE(-/-) and ATM(+/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice, MitoQ reduced the macrophage content and cell proliferation within plaques and 8-oxo-G. MitoQ also significantly reduced mtDNA oxidative damage in the liver. Our data suggest that MitoQ inhibits the development of multiple features of the metabolic syndrome in these mice by affecting redox signaling pathways that depend on mitochondrial ROS such as hydrogen peroxide. These findings strengthen the growing view that elevated mitochondrial ROS contributes to the etiology of the metabolic syndrome and suggest a potential therapeutic role for mitochondria-targeted antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mercer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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139
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Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays a central role in DNA damage responses, and its loss leads to development of T-cell malignancies. Here, we show that ATM loss also leads to intrinsic mitochondrial abnormalities in thymocytes, including elevated reactive oxygen species, increased aberrant mitochondria, high cellular respiratory capacity, and decreased mitophagy. A fraction of ATM protein is localized in mitochondria, and it is rapidly activated by mitochondrial dysfunction. Unexpectedly, allelic loss of the autophagy regulator Beclin-1 significantly delayed tumor development in ATM-null mice. This effect was not associated with rescue of DNA damage signaling but rather with a significant reversal of the mitochondrial abnormalities. These data support a model in which ATM plays direct roles in modulating mitochondrial homeostasis and suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and associated increases in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species contribute to the cancer-prone phenotype observed in organisms lacking ATM. Thus, ataxia-telangiectasia should be considered, at least in part, as a mitochondrial disease.
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140
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Gray K, Bennett M. Role of DNA damage in atherosclerosis—Bystander or participant? Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:693-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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141
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Bhatti S, Kozlov S, Farooqi AA, Naqi A, Lavin M, Khanna KK. ATM protein kinase: the linchpin of cellular defenses to stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2977-3006. [PMID: 21533982 PMCID: PMC11115042 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ATM is the most significant molecule involved in monitoring the genomic integrity of the cell. Any damage done to DNA relentlessly challenges the cellular machinery involved in recognition, processing and repair of these insults. ATM kinase is activated early to detect and signal lesions in DNA, arrest the cell cycle, establish DNA repair signaling and faithfully restore the damaged chromatin. ATM activation plays an important role as a barrier to tumorigenesis, metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. Therefore, studies of ATM-dependent DNA damage signaling pathways hold promise for treatment of a variety of debilitating diseases through the development of new therapeutics capable of modulating cellular responses to stress. In this review, we have tried to untangle the complex web of ATM signaling pathways with the purpose of pinpointing multiple roles of ATM underlying the complex phenotypes observed in AT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Bhatti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1 Km Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sergei Kozlov
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QIMR, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1 Km Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Naqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1 Km Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Martin Lavin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QIMR, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QIMR, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
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142
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Coy SL, Cheema AK, Tyburski JB, Laiakis EC, Collins SP, Fornace AJ. Radiation metabolomics and its potential in biodosimetry. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:802-23. [PMID: 21692691 PMCID: PMC3572797 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.556177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation exposure triggers a complex network of molecular and cellular responses that impacts metabolic processes and alters the levels of metabolites. Such metabolites have potential as biomarkers for radiation dosimetry. This review provides an overview of radiation signalling and metabolism, of metabolomic approaches used in the discovery phase, and of instrumentation with the potential to assess radiation injury in the field. APPROACH Recent developments in fast, high-resolution chromatography and mass spectrometry and new data analysis methods allow the quantitative assessment of thousands of metabolites based on biofluids obtained non-invasively. This complex analysis leads to the discovery-phase identification of groups of metabolites useful for screening and biodosimetry by targeted quantitative measurement. Instrumentation for target analysis can be simpler than that used for discovery, so we examine current technologies based on ion mobility. CONCLUSIONS Recent published results and ongoing studies examine the complex changes in the levels of many metabolites caused by radiation exposure, and identify groups of small-molecule biomarkers for radiation biodosimetry. Based on results showing separation orthogonal to mass, chemical noise suppression, and high sensitivity, differential mobility mass spectrometry (DMS-MS) ion mobility spectrometry appears highly promising for the development of deployable instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Coy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amrita K. Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John B. Tyburski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evagelia C. Laiakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean P. Collins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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143
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Semlitsch M, Shackelford RE, Zirkl S, Sattler W, Malle E. ATM protects against oxidative stress induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 10:848-60. [PMID: 21669554 PMCID: PMC3154283 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The rare autosomal recessive disorder Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia secondary to Purkinje cell death, immunodeficiency, and increased cancer incidence. ATM, the protein mutated in A-T, plays a key role in cellular DNA-damage responses. A-T cells show poor cellular anti-oxidant defences and increased oxidant sensitivity compared to normal cells, and ATM functions, in part, as an oxidative stress sensor. The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and its uptake by macrophages is an initiating step in the development of atherosclerosis. We demonstrate that oxLDL activates ATM and downstream p21 expression in normal fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In ATM-deficient fibroblasts oxLDL induces DNA double-strand breaks, micronuclei formation and causes chromosome breaks. Furthermore, oxLDL decreases cell viability and inhibits colony formation in A-T fibroblasts more effectively as compared to normal controls. Formation of oxLDL-induced reactive oxygen species is significantly higher in A-T, than normal fibroblasts. Last, pre-treatment of cells with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a potent antioxidant and inhibitor of transcription factor nuclear factor κB, reduces oxLDL-induced reactive oxygen species formation. Our data indicates that ATM functions in the defence against oxLDL-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Semlitsch
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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144
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Goldman SJ, Zhang Y, Jin S. Autophagic degradation of mitochondria in white adipose tissue differentiation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1971-8. [PMID: 21126221 PMCID: PMC3078505 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has revealed that autophagy plays a significant role in the process of white adipocyte differentiation. In both in vitro and in vivo model systems, autophagy inactivation by targeted deletion of essential autophagy genes results in alterations in white adipocyte structure. In both models, postdifferentiation cells exhibit atypical morphology, with many small lipid droplets and large numbers of mitochondria, rather than the single large lipid droplet and relatively few mitochondria observed in normal white adipocytes. The role of autophagy as the primary means of the degradation of mitochondria has long been studied, and it is likely that a deficiency in the degradation of mitochondria contributes to the unusual phenotypes observed in mice with autophagy-deficient adipose tissue, including reduced adiposity, resistance to diet-induced obesity, and increased insulin sensitivity. What is not yet known is whether the process of mitochondria-specific autophagy, often referred to as "mitophagy," is specifically induced during adipogenesis or if a general increase in the nonspecific autophagic degradation of mitochondria plays a role in normal adipose differentiation. Despite remaining questions, these findings not only establish the critical role of autophagy in white adipose tissue development, but also suggest that the manipulation of autophagy in adipose tissue may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Goldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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145
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Bensimon A, Aebersold R, Shiloh Y. Beyond ATM: the protein kinase landscape of the DNA damage response. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1625-39. [PMID: 21570395 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The DNA of all organisms is constantly subjected to damaging agents, both exogenous and endogenous. One extremely harmful lesion is the double-strand break (DSB), which activates a massive signaling network - the DNA damage response (DDR). The chief activator of the DSB response is the ATM protein kinase, which phosphorylates numerous key players in its various branches. Recent phosphoproteomic screens have extended the scope of damage-induced phosphorylations beyond the direct ATM substrates. We review the evidence for the involvement of numerous other protein kinases in the DDR, obtained from documentation of specific pathways as well as high-throughput screens. The emerging picture of the protein phosphorylation landscape in the DDR broadens the current view on the role of this protein modification in the maintenance of genomic stability. Extensive cross-talk between many of these protein kinases forms an interlaced signaling network that spans numerous cellular processes. Versatile protein kinases in this network affect pathways that are different from those they have been identified with to date. The DDR appears to be one of the most extensive signaling responses to cellular stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Bensimon
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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146
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Foster CR, Singh M, Subramanian V, Singh K. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase plays a protective role in β-adrenergic receptor-stimulated cardiac myocyte apoptosis and myocardial remodeling. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 353:13-22. [PMID: 21404020 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation induces cardiac myocyte apoptosis and plays an important role in myocardial remodeling. Here we investigated expression of various apoptosis-related genes affected by β-AR stimulation, and examined first time the role of ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) in cardiac myocyte apoptosis and myocardial remodeling following β-AR stimulation. cDNA array analysis of 96 apoptosis-related genes indicated that β-AR stimulation increases expression of ATM in the heart. In vitro, RT-PCR confirmed increased ATM expression in adult cardiac myocytes in response to β-AR stimulation. Analysis of left ventricular structural and functional remodeling of the heart in wild-type (WT) and ATM heterozygous knockout mice (hKO) 28 days after ISO-infusion showed increased heart weight to body weight ratio in both groups. M-mode echocardiography showed increased percent fractional shortening (%FS) and ejection fraction (EF%) in both groups 28 days post ISO-infusion. Interestingly, the increase in %FS and EF% was significantly lower in the hKO-ISO group. Cardiac fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis were higher in hKO mice at baseline and ISO-infusion increased fibrosis and apoptosis to a greater extent in hKO-ISO hearts. ISO-infusion increased phosphorylation of p53 (Serine-15) and expression of p53 and Bax to a similar extent in both groups. hKO-Sham and hKO-ISO hearts exhibited reduced intact β1 integrin levels. MMP-2 protein levels were significantly higher, while TIMP-2 protein levels were lower in hKO-ISO hearts. MMP-9 protein levels were increased in WT-ISO, not in hKO hearts. In conclusion, ATM plays a protective role in cardiac remodeling in response to β-AR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerrone R Foster
- Department of Physiology, James H Quillen College of Medicine, James H Quillen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70576, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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147
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Karimi M, Mazloomzadeh S, Kafan S, Amirmoghadami H. The frequency of metabolic syndrome in women with rheumatoid arthritis and in controls. Int J Rheum Dis 2011; 14:248-54. [PMID: 21816020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2011.01595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the frequency of the metabolic syndrome and its components in a sample of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and controls. METHODS This case control study was performed on 188 women over 18 years old: 92 RA patients and 96 healthy controls, from 2006 to 2008. Blood pressure, height, weight and waist circumference were measured. Blood was collected for the measurement of fasting glucose, lipid profile and insulin. The frequency of the metabolic syndrome was determined in case and control groups, using both WHO and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. RESULTS According to the NCEP criteria, the frequency of metabolic syndrome in RA patients and controls were 27.2% and 35.4%, respectively (P = 0.22). Based on WHO criteria, 19.6% of RA patients and 21.9% of the control group were subject to metabolic syndrome (P = 0.70). The proportion with hypertension was greater in RA patients than the control group. The duration of RA was significantly higher in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to those without metabolic syndrome using both the WHO and NCEP criteria. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome in RA patients compared with controls in this study. The duration of RA was associated with metabolic syndrome, implicating the role of inflammation in metabolic syndrome development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaneh Karimi
- Zanjan Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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148
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149
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Yang DQ, Halaby MJ, Li Y, Hibma JC, Burn P. Cytoplasmic ATM protein kinase: an emerging therapeutic target for diabetes, cancer and neuronal degeneration. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:332-8. [PMID: 21315178 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia and oculocutaneous telangiectasias. The gene mutated in this disease, Atm (A-T mutated), encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that has been traditionally considered to be a nuclear protein controlling cell-cycle progression. However, many of the growth abnormalities observed in patients with A-T, including neuronal degeneration and insulin resistance, remain difficult to explain with nuclear localization of ATM. Here, recent advances in elucidating the cytoplasmic localization and function of ATM are reviewed. Particular attention is given to the role of ATM in insulin signaling and Akt activation. The potential for cytoplasmic ATM protein kinase to be an emerging therapeutic target for treating diabetes, cancer and neuronal degeneration is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Qing Yang
- The Sanford Project, Sanford Research/USD, Sanford Health, and The Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
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Zhou K, Bellenguez C, Spencer CCA, Bennett AJ, Coleman RL, Tavendale R, Hawley SA, Donnelly LA, Schofield C, Groves CJ, Burch L, Carr F, Strange A, Freeman C, Blackwell JM, Bramon E, Brown MA, Casas JP, Corvin A, Craddock N, Deloukas P, Dronov S, Duncanson A, Edkins S, Gray E, Hunt S, Jankowski J, Langford C, Markus HS, Mathew CG, Plomin R, Rautanen A, Sawcer SJ, Samani NJ, Trembath R, Viswanathan AC, Wood NW, Harries LW, Hattersley AT, Doney ASF, Colhoun H, Morris AD, Sutherland C, Hardie DG, Peltonen L, McCarthy MI, Holman RR, Palmer CN, Donnelly P, Pearson ER. Common variants near ATM are associated with glycemic response to metformin in type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2011; 43:117-20. [PMID: 21186350 PMCID: PMC3030919 DOI: 10.1038/ng.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the most commonly used pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes. We report a genome-wide association study for glycemic response to metformin in 1,024 Scottish individuals with type 2 diabetes with replication in two cohorts including 1,783 Scottish individuals and 1,113 individuals from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study. In a combined meta-analysis, we identified a SNP, rs11212617, associated with treatment success (n = 3,920, P = 2.9 × 10(-9), odds ratio = 1.35, 95% CI 1.22-1.49) at a locus containing ATM, the ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene. In a rat hepatoma cell line, inhibition of ATM with KU-55933 attenuated the phosphorylation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in response to metformin. We conclude that ATM, a gene known to be involved in DNA repair and cell cycle control, plays a role in the effect of metformin upstream of AMP-activated protein kinase, and variation in this gene alters glycemic response to metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Zhou
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Celine Bellenguez
- UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chris CA Spencer
- UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Amanda J Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth L Coleman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
- Diabetes Trials Unit, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Roger Tavendale
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | | | | | - Chris Schofield
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Christopher J Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Lindsay Burch
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Fiona Carr
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Amy Strange
- UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Colin Freeman
- UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London
- The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Diamantina Institute of Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Juan P Casas
- Dept Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT
- Dept Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Eire
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Dept Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Serge Dronov
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Audrey Duncanson
- Molecular and Physiological Sciences, The Wellcome Trust, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Sarah Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emma Gray
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah Hunt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Janusz Jankowski
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE7 7HH, UK
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Cordelia Langford
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Clinical Neurosciences, St George’s University of London, London SW17 0RE
| | - Christopher G Mathew
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Robert Plomin
- King’s College London Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Anna Rautanen
- UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Stephen J Sawcer
- University of Cambridge Dept Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Dept Cardiovascular Science, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP
| | - Richard Trembath
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ananth C Viswanathan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Nicholas W Wood
- Dept Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Lorna W Harries
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, UK
| | | | | | - Helen Colhoun
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Calum Sutherland
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | | | - Leena Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
- UK Oxford National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Old Road Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Rury R. Holman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, UK
- Diabetes Trials Unit, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Peter Donnelly
- UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Ewan R Pearson
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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