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Houston RW, Abdoulmoumine NH. Investigation of the thermal deconstruction of β-β' and 4-O-5 linkages in lignin model oligomers by density functional theory (DFT). RSC Adv 2023; 13:6181-6190. [PMID: 36825296 PMCID: PMC9941757 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07787f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Model compounds that represent important substructures in lignin have popularly been used to gain a better understanding of the behavior of lignin during thermal deconstruction, such as fast pyrolysis. The β-O-4 linkage of lignin has previously been the focus of many model compound studies as it is the most prevalent linkage found in native lignin. In this work, two lesser studied linkages, the β-β' and 4-O-5, were investigated with density functional theory (DFT). Bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) were calculated for the relevant bonds along each interunit linkage for two model compounds containing these linkages. Conformational analysis of the first model oligomer has a relative enthalpy difference of 1.55 kcal mol-1. For the β-β' linkage, the alpha carbons had the lowest BDEs of the ring opening reactions due to excessive electron delocalization around the aromatic rings. The bonds of the 4-O-5 linkage had similar BDEs but were appreciably higher than the BDEs for other ether linkages, such as β-O-4 and α-O-4. The higher BDEs of the 4-O-5 bonds is a result of the radical being formed on an aromatic carbon compared to an aliphatic carbon. Our results indicate the ring-opening reactions around the alpha-carbon of the β-β' linkage would be a major reaction point during thermal deconstruction of the chosen oligomers. This work provides valuable information on the thermal deconstruction behavior of two lesser studied interunit linkages that builds on the authors' previous work, on β-O-4, α-O-4, and β-5 linkages, to develop a library of reaction information for various lignin interunit linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W. Houston
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee2506 E. J. Chapman DriveKnoxvilleTN 37996USA
| | - Nourredine H. Abdoulmoumine
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee2506 E. J. Chapman DriveKnoxvilleTN 37996USA,Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee2506 Jacob DriveKnoxvilleTN 37996USA
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102
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Rinken R, Posthuma D, Rinaldi R. Lignin Stabilization and Carbohydrate Nature in H-transfer Reductive Catalytic Fractionation: The Role of Solvent Fractionation of Lignin Oil in Structural Profiling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201875. [PMID: 36469562 PMCID: PMC10108069 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reductive Catalytic Fractionation (RCF) of lignocellulosic materials produces lignin oil rich in monomer products and high-quality cellulosic pulps. RCF lignin oil also contains lignin oligomers/polymers and hemicellulose-derived carbohydrates. The variety of components makes lignin oil a complex matrix for analytical methods. As a result, the signals are often convoluted and overlapped, making detecting and quantifying key intermediates challenging. Therefore, to investigate the mechanisms underlining lignin stabilization and elucidate the structural features of carbohydrates occurring in the RCF lignin oil, fractionation methods reducing the RCF lignin oil complexity are required. This report examines the solvent fractionation of RCF lignin oil as a facile method for producing lignin oil fractions for advanced characterization. Solvent fractionation uses small volumes of environmentally benign solvents (methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate) to produce multigram lignin fractions comprising products in different molecular weight ranges. This feature allows the determination of structural heterogeneity across the entire molecular weight distribution of the RCF lignin oil by high-resolution HSQC NMR spectroscopy. This study provides detailed insight into the role of the hydrogenation catalyst (Raney Ni) in stabilizing lignin fragments and defining the structural features of hemicellulose-derived carbohydrates in lignin oil obtained by the H-transfer RCF process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Rinken
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusSW7 2AZLondonUK
| | - Dean Posthuma
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusSW7 2AZLondonUK
| | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusSW7 2AZLondonUK
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103
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Baekelandt A, Saltenis VLR, Nacry P, Malyska A, Cornelissen M, Nanda AK, Nair A, Rogowsky P, Pauwels L, Muller B, Collén J, Blomme J, Pribil M, Scharff LB, Davies J, Wilhelm R, Rolland N, Harbinson J, Boerjan W, Murchie EH, Burgess AJ, Cohan J, Debaeke P, Thomine S, Inzé D, Lankhorst RK, Parry MAJ. Paving the way towards future‐proofing our crops. Food Energy Secur 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - Vandasue L. R. Saltenis
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Philippe Nacry
- BPMP, Univ. Montpellier, INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | | | | | - Amrit Kaur Nanda
- Plants for the Future' European Technology Platform Brussels Belgium
| | - Abhishek Nair
- Marketing and Consumer Behaviour Group Wageningen University Wageningen Gelderland Netherlands
| | - Peter Rogowsky
- INRAE, UMR Plant Reproduction and Development Lyon France
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - Bertrand Muller
- Université de Montpellier – LEPSE – INRAE – Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | - Jonas Collén
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M, UMR8227), Station Biologique de Roscoff Sorbonne Université Roscoff France
| | - Jonas Blomme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Lars B. Scharff
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jessica Davies
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Ralf Wilhelm
- Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology Julius Kühn‐Institut – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Quedlinburg Germany
| | - Norbert Rolland
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, CNRS, CEA Grenoble France
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Laboratory of Biophysics Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - Erik H. Murchie
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | - Alexandra J. Burgess
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | | | | | - Sébastien Thomine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - René Klein Lankhorst
- Wageningen Plant Research Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
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104
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Paulsen Thoresen P, Lange H, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Role and importance of solvents for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128447. [PMID: 36496118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most important renewable materials to replace carbon-based fossil resources. Solvent-based fractionation is a promising route for fractionation of biomass into its major components. Processing is governed by the employed solvent-systems properties. This review sheds light on the factors governing both dissolution and potential reactivities of the chemical structures present in lignocellulose, highlighting how proper understanding of the underlying mechanisms and interactions between solute and solvent help to choose proper systems for specific fractionation needs. Structural and chemical differences between the carbohydrate-based structural polymers and lignin require very different solvents capabilities in terms of causing and eventually stabilizing conformational changes and consequent activation of bonds to be cleaved by other active components in the. A consideration of potential depolymerization events during dissolution and energetic aspects of the dissolution process considering the contribution of polymer functionalities allow for a mapping of solvent suitability for biomass fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Paulsen Thoresen
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87, Sweden
| | - Heiko Lange
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87, Sweden; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971-87, Sweden.
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105
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Ruiz HA, Sganzerla WG, Larnaudie V, Veersma RJ, van Erven G, Ríos-González LJ, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Rosero-Chasoy G, Ferrari MD, Kabel MA, Forster-Carneiro T, Lareo C. Advances in process design, techno-economic assessment and environmental aspects for hydrothermal pretreatment in the fractionation of biomass under biorefinery concept. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128469. [PMID: 36509309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development and sustainability of second-generation biorefineries are essential for the production of high added value compounds and biofuels and their application at the industrial level. Pretreatment is one of the most critical stages in biomass processing. In this specific case, hydrothermal pretreatments (liquid hot water [LHW] and steam explosion [SE]) are considered the most promising process for the fractionation, hydrolysis and structural modifications of biomass. This review focuses on architecture of the plant cell wall and composition, fundamentals of hydrothermal pretreatment, process design integration, the techno-economic parameters of the solubilization of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) focused on the operational costs for large-scale process implementation and the global manufacturing cost. In addition, profitability indicators are evaluated between the value-added products generated during hydrothermal pretreatment, advocating a biorefinery implementation in a circular economy framework. In addition, this review includes an analysis of environmental aspects of sustainability involved in hydrothermal pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico.
| | | | - Valeria Larnaudie
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romy J Veersma
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leopoldo J Ríos-González
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Rosa M Rodríguez-Jasso
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Gilver Rosero-Chasoy
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Mario Daniel Ferrari
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tânia Forster-Carneiro
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lareo
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La República, J. Herrera y Reissig 565, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
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106
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du Pasquier J, Paës G, Perré P. Principal factors affecting the yield of dilute acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128439. [PMID: 36493953 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a critical analysis of the state of the art of dilute acid pretreatment applied to lignocellulosic biomass. Data from 63 publications were extracted and analysed. The majority of the papers used residence times of<30 min, temperature ranges from 100 °C to 200 °C, and acid levels between 0 % and 2 %. Yields are quantified directly after pretreatment (xylose content) or after enzymatic hydrolysis (glucose content). Statistical analyses allowed the time-temperature equivalence to be quantified for three types of biomass: they were formulated by non-linear expressions. In further works, investigating less explored areas, for example moderate temperature levels with longer residence times, is recommended. Pretreatment material (time-temperature kinetics, reactor type) and analytical methods should be standardized and better described. It becomes mandatory to promote the development of an open, findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable data approach for pretreatments research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien du Pasquier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51100 Reims, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France
| | - Gabriel Paës
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51100 Reims, France.
| | - Patrick Perré
- Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), 51110 Pomacle, France
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107
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Chen M, Li Y, Liu H, Zhang D, Shi QS, Zhong XQ, Guo Y, Xie XB. High value valorization of lignin as environmental benign antimicrobial. Mater Today Bio 2023; 18:100520. [PMID: 36590981 PMCID: PMC9800644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a natural aromatic polymer of p-hydroxyphenylpropanoids with various biological activities. Noticeably, plants have made use of lignin as biocides to defend themselves from pathogen microbial invasions. Thus, the use of isolated lignin as environmentally benign antimicrobial is believed to be a promising high value approach for lignin valorization. On the other hand, as green and sustainable product of plant photosynthesis, lignin should be beneficial to reduce the carbon footprint of antimicrobial industry. There have been many reports that make use of lignin to prepare antimicrobials for different applications. However, lignin is highly heterogeneous polymers different in their monomers, linkages, molecular weight, and functional groups. The structure and property relationship, and the mechanism of action of lignin as antimicrobial remains ambiguous. To show light on these issues, we reviewed the publications on lignin chemistry, antimicrobial activity of lignin models and isolated lignin and associated mechanism of actions, approaches in synthesis of lignin with improved antimicrobial activity, and the applications of lignin as antimicrobial in different fields. Hopefully, this review will help and inspire researchers in the preparation of lignin antimicrobial for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Huiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qing-Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xin-Qi Zhong
- Department of Neonatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Xiao-Bao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
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108
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Enzyme-Catalyzed Polymerization of Kraft Lignin from Eucalyptus globulus: Comparison of Bacterial and Fungal Laccases Efficacy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030513. [PMID: 36771814 PMCID: PMC9920240 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Kraft lignin, a side-stream from the pulp and paper industry, can be modified by laccases for the synthesis of high added-value products. This work aims to study different laccase sources, including a bacterial laccase from Streptomyces ipomoeae (SiLA) and a fungal laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila (MtL), for kraft lignin polymerization. To study the influence of some variables in these processes, a central composite design (CCD) with two continuous variables (enzyme concentration and reaction time) and three levels for each variable was used. The prediction of the behavior of the output variables (phenolic content and molecular weight of lignins) were modelled by means of response surface methodology (RSM). Moreover, characterization of lignins was performed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and different nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. In addition, antioxidant activity was also analyzed. Results showed that lignin polymerization (referring to polymerization as lower phenolic content and higher molecular weight) occurred by the action of both laccases. The enzyme concentration was the most influential variable in the lignin polymerization reaction within the range studied for SiLA laccase, while the most influential variable for MtL laccase was the reaction time. FTIR and NMR characterization analysis corroborated lignin polymerization results obtained from the RSM.
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109
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Liao B, Wang C, Li X, Man Y, Ruan H, Zhao Y. Genome-wide analysis of the Populus trichocarpa laccase gene family and functional identification of PtrLAC23. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1063813. [PMID: 36733583 PMCID: PMC9887407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1063813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biofuel is a kind of sustainable, renewable and environment friendly energy. Lignocellulose from the stems of woody plants is the main raw material for "second generation biofuels". Lignin content limits fermentation yield and is therefore a major obstacle in biofuel production. Plant laccase plays an important role in the final step of lignin formation, which provides a new strategy for us to obtain ideal biofuels by regulating the expression of laccase genes to directly gain the desired lignin content or change the composition of lignin. METHODS Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were used to classify PtrLAC genes; sequence features of PtrLACs were revealed by gene structure and motif composition analysis; gene duplication, interspecific collinearity and Ka/Ks analysis were conducted to identify ancient PtrLACs; expression levels of PtrLAC genes were measured by RNA-Seq data and qRT-PCR; domain analysis combine with cis-acting elements prediction together showed the potential function of PtrLACs. Furthermore, Alphafold2 was used to simulate laccase 3D structures, proLAC23::LAC23-eGFP transgenic Populus stem transects were applied to fluorescence observation. RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the P. trichocarpa laccase gene (PtLAC) family was performed. Some ancient PtrLAC genes such as PtrLAC25, PtrLAC19 and PtrLAC41 were identified. Gene structure and distribution of conserved motifs clearly showed sequence characteristics of each PtrLAC. Combining published RNA-Seq data and qRT-PCR analysis, we revealed the expression pattern of PtrLAC gene family. Prediction results of cis-acting elements show that PtrLAC gene regulation was closely related to light. Through above analyses, we selected 5 laccases and used Alphafold2 to simulate protein 3D structures, results showed that PtrLAC23 may be closely related to the lignification. Fluorescence observation of proLAC23::LAC23-eGFP transgenic Populus stem transects and qRT-PCR results confirmed our hypothesis again. DISCUSSION In this study, we fully analyzed the Populus trichocarpa laccase gene family and identified key laccase genes related to lignification. These findings not only provide new insights into the characteristics and functions of Populus laccase, but also give a new understanding of the broad prospects of plant laccase in lignocellulosic biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Life Support Technology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Chencan Wang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Man
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Ruan
- School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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110
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Rodriguez A, Hirakawa MP, Geiselman GM, Tran-Gyamfi MB, Light YK, George A, Sale KL. Prospects for utilizing microbial consortia for lignin conversion. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2023.1086881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring microbial communities are able to decompose lignocellulosic biomass through the concerted production of a myriad of enzymes that degrade its polymeric components and assimilate the resulting breakdown compounds by members of the community. This process includes the conversion of lignin, the most recalcitrant component of lignocellulosic biomass and historically the most difficult to valorize in the context of a biorefinery. Although several fundamental questions on microbial conversion of lignin remain unanswered, it is known that some fungi and bacteria produce enzymes to break, internalize, and assimilate lignin-derived molecules. The interest in developing efficient biological lignin conversion approaches has led to a better understanding of the types of enzymes and organisms that can act on different types of lignin structures, the depolymerized compounds that can be released, and the products that can be generated through microbial biosynthetic pathways. It has become clear that the discovery and implementation of native or engineered microbial consortia could be a powerful tool to facilitate conversion and valorization of this underutilized polymer. Here we review recent approaches that employ isolated or synthetic microbial communities for lignin conversion to bioproducts, including the development of methods for tracking and predicting the behavior of these consortia, the most significant challenges that have been identified, and the possibilities that remain to be explored in this field.
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111
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Shafiei R, Hooper M, McClellan C, Oakey H, Stephens J, Lapierre C, Tsuji Y, Goeminne G, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Ralph J, Halpin C. Downregulation of barley ferulate 5-hydroxylase dramatically alters straw lignin structure without impact on mechanical properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1125003. [PMID: 36726680 PMCID: PMC9886061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1125003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Barley is a major cereal crop for temperate climates, and a diploid genetic model for polyploid wheat. Cereal straw biomass is an attractive source of feedstock for green technologies but lignin, a key determinant of feedstock recalcitrance, complicates bio-conversion processes. However, manipulating lignin content to improve the conversion process could negatively affect agronomic traits. An alternative approach is to manipulate lignin composition which influences the physical and chemical properties of straw. This study validates the function of a barley ferulate 5-hydroxylase gene and demonstrates that its downregulation using the RNA-interference approach substantially impacts lignin composition. We identified five barley genes having putative ferulate 5-hydroxylase activity. Downregulation of HvF5H1 substantially reduced the lignin syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in straw while the lignin content, straw mechanical properties, plant growth habit, and grain characteristics all remained unaffected. Metabolic profiling revealed significant changes in the abundance of 173 features in the HvF5H1-RNAi lines. The drastic changes in the lignin polymer of transgenic lines highlight the plasticity of barley lignification processes and the associated potential for manipulating and improving lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for green technologies. On the other hand, our results highlight some differences between the lignin biosynthetic pathway in barley, a temperate climate grass, and the warm climate grass, rice, and underscore potential diversity in the lignin biosynthetic pathways in grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shafiei
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hooper
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McClellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Oakey
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell And Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yukiko Tsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent, Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent, Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Claire Halpin
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
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112
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Dong X, Mayes HB, Morreel K, Katahira R, Li Y, Ralph J, Black BA, Beckham GT. Energy-Resolved Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for Identification of Lignin Depolymerization Products. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201441. [PMID: 36197743 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the largest source of bio-based aromatic compounds in nature, and its valorization is essential to the sustainability of lignocellulosic biorefining. Characterizing lignin-derived compounds remains challenging due to the heterogeneity of this biopolymer. Tandem mass spectrometry is a promising tool for lignin structural analytics, as fragmentation patterns of model compounds can be extrapolated to identify characteristic moieties in complex samples. This work extended previous resonance excitation-type collision-induced dissociation (CID) methods that identified lignin oligomers containing β-O-4, β-5, and β-β bonds, to also identify characteristics of 5-5, β-1, and 4-O-5 dimers, enabled by quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) CID with energy-resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS). Overall, QTOF-ERMS offers in-depth structural information and could ultimately contribute to tools for high-throughput lignin dimer identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Dong
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Heather B Mayes
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Kris Morreel
- RIC Group, President Kennedypark 26, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Rui Katahira
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Yanding Li
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Brenna A Black
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
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113
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Sun S, Liu P, Ullah M. Efficient Azo Dye Biodecolorization System Using Lignin-Co-Cultured White-Rot Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010091. [PMID: 36675912 PMCID: PMC9866751 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of azo dyes by the global textile industry induces significant environmental and human health hazards, which makes efficient remediation crucial but also challenging. Improving dye removal efficiency will benefit the development of bioremediation techniques for textile effluents. In this study, an efficient system for azo dye (Direct Red 5B, DR5B) biodecolorization is reported, which uses the white-rot fungus Ganoderma lucidum EN2 and alkali lignin. This study suggests that the decolorization of DR5B could be effectively enhanced (from 40.34% to 95.16%) within 48 h in the presence of alkali lignin. The dye adsorption test further confirmed that the alkali-lignin-enhanced decolorization of DR5B was essentially due to biodegradation rather than physical adsorption, evaluating the role of alkali lignin in the dye biodegradation system. Moreover, the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and DR5B decolorization experiments also indicated that alkali lignin carried an excellent potential for promoting dye decolorization and displayed a significant role in improving the activity of lignin-modifying enzymes. This was mainly because of the laccase-mediator system, which was established by the induced laccase activity and lignin-derived small aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Sun
- College of Urban Construction, Wuchang Shouyi University, Wuhan 430064, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Pengyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Mati Ullah
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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114
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Martin AF, Tobimatsu Y, Lam PY, Matsumoto N, Tanaka T, Suzuki S, Kusumi R, Miyamoto T, Takeda-Kimura Y, Yamamura M, Koshiba T, Osakabe K, Osakabe Y, Sakamoto M, Umezawa T. Lignocellulose molecular assembly and deconstruction properties of lignin-altered rice mutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:70-86. [PMID: 36124989 PMCID: PMC9806629 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineering approaches to modify lignin content and structure in plant cell walls have shown promise for facilitating biochemical conversions of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable chemicals. Despite numerous research efforts, however, the effect of altered lignin chemistry on the supramolecular assembly of lignocellulose and consequently its deconstruction in lignin-modified transgenic and mutant plants is not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to close this gap by analyzing lignin-modified rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutants deficient in 5-HYDROXYCONIFERALDEHYDE O-METHYLTRANSFERASE (CAldOMT) and CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD). A set of rice mutants harboring knockout mutations in either or both OsCAldOMT1 and OsCAD2 was generated in part by genome editing and subjected to comparative cell wall chemical and supramolecular structure analyses. In line with the proposed functions of CAldOMT and CAD in grass lignin biosynthesis, OsCAldOMT1-deficient mutant lines produced altered lignins depleted of syringyl and tricin units and incorporating noncanonical 5-hydroxyguaiacyl units, whereas OsCAD2-deficient mutant lines produced lignins incorporating noncanonical hydroxycinnamaldehyde-derived units. All tested OsCAldOMT1- and OsCAD2-deficient mutants, especially OsCAldOMT1-deficient lines, displayed enhanced cell wall saccharification efficiency. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction analyses of rice cell walls revealed that both OsCAldOMT1- and OsCAD2 deficiencies contributed to the disruptions of the cellulose crystalline network. Further, OsCAldOMT1 deficiency contributed to the increase of the cellulose molecular mobility more prominently than OsCAD2 deficiency, resulting in apparently more loosened lignocellulose molecular assembly. Such alterations in cell wall chemical and supramolecular structures may in part account for the variations of saccharification performance of the OsCAldOMT1- and OsCAD2-deficient rice mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Fadillah Martin
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Pui Ying Lam
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Center for Crossover Education, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita, 010-8502, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takuto Tanaka
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kusumi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuji Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Sakeology Center, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yuri Takeda-Kimura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Masaomi Yamamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Taichi Koshiba
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8517, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Realization of Sustainable Society (RURSS), Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
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115
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Ma X, Liu S, Wang H, Wang Y, Li Z, Gu T, Li Y, Xin F, Wen B. In Vitro Fermentation of Beechwood Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes Provides Evidence for Utilization by Gut Bacteria. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010220. [PMID: 36615876 PMCID: PMC9824187 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) are emerging as a new and natural product with pharmacological and nutraceutical potential. It is uncertain, however, whether LCCs have a positive effect on the microbiota of the gut based on the current evidence. Here, the LCC extracted from beechwood (BW-LCC) was used as a substrate for in vitro fermentation. The lignin in BW-LCC consisted of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units, which are mainly linked by β-O-4 bonds. After 24 h of in vitro fermentation, the pH had evidently declined. The concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acid, the two main short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), were significantly higher than in the control group (CK). In addition, BW-LCC altered the microbial diversity and composition of gut microbes, including a reduction in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and an increase in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The relative abundance of Escherichia coli-Shigella and Bacteroides were the most variable at the genus level. The genes of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) also changed significantly with the fermentation and were related to the changes in microbes. Notably, the auxiliary actives (AAs), especially AA1, AA2, and AA3_2, play important roles in lignin degradation and were significantly enriched and concentrated in Proteobacteria. From this study, we are able to provide new perspectives on how gut microbes utilize LCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Ma
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shujun Liu
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Center of Biomass Engineering, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyi Gu
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengjiao Xin
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (F.X.); (B.W.)
| | - Boting Wen
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (F.X.); (B.W.)
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116
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Letourneau DR, Volmer DA. Mass spectrometry-based methods for the advanced characterization and structural analysis of lignin: A review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:144-188. [PMID: 34293221 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is currently one of the most promising biologically derived resources, due to its abundance and application in biofuels, materials and conversion to value aromatic chemicals. The need to better characterize and understand this complex biopolymer has led to the development of many different analytical approaches, several of which involve mass spectrometry and subsequent data analysis. This review surveys the most important analytical methods for lignin involving mass spectrometry, first looking at methods involving gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and then continuing with more contemporary methods such as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry. Following that will be techniques that directly ionize lignin mixtures-without chromatographic separation-using softer atmospheric ionization techniques that leave the lignin oligomers intact. Finally, ultra-high resolution mass analyzers such as FT-ICR have enabled lignin analysis without major sample preparation and chromatography steps. Concurrent with an increase in the resolution of mass spectrometers, there have been a wealth of complementary data analyses and visualization methods that have allowed researchers to probe deeper into the "lignome" than ever before. These approaches extract trends such as compound series and even important analytical information about lignin substructures without performing lignin degradation either chemically or during MS analysis. These innovative methods are paving the way for a more comprehensive understanding of this important biopolymer, as we seek more sustainable solutions for our human species' energy and materials needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane R Letourneau
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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117
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Lima LGAD, Ferreira SS, Simões MS, Cunha LXD, Fernie AR, Cesarino I. Comprehensive expression analyses of the ABCG subfamily reveal SvABCG17 as a potential transporter of lignin monomers in the model C4 grass Setaria viridis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153900. [PMID: 36525838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although several aspects of lignin metabolism have been extensively characterized, the mechanism(s) by which lignin monomers are transported across the plasma membrane remains largely unknown. Biochemical, proteomic, expression and co-expression analyses from several plant species support the involvement of active transporters, mainly those belonging to the ABC superfamily. Here, we report on the genome-wide characterization of the ABCG gene subfamily in the model C4 grass Setaria viridis and further identification of the members potentially involved in monolignol transport. A total of 48 genes encoding SvABCGs were found in the S. viridis genome, from which 21 SvABCGs were classified as full-size transporters and 27 as half-size transporters. Comprehensive analysis of the ABCG subfamily in S. viridis based on expression and co-expression analyses support a role for SvABCG17 in monolignol transport: (i) SvABCG17 is orthologous to AtABCG29, a monolignol transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana; (ii) SvABCG17 displays a similar expression profile to that of lignin biosynthetic genes in a set of different S. viridis tissues and along the elongating internode; (iii) SvABCG17 is highly co-expressed with lignin-related genes in a public transcriptomic database; (iv) SvABCG17displays particularly high expression in the top of the S. viridis elongating internode, a tissue undergoing active lignification; (v) SvABCG17 mRNA localization coincides with the histochemical pattern of lignin deposition; and (vi) the promoter of SvABCG17 is activated by secondary cell wall-associated transcription factors, especially by lignin-specific activators of the MYB family. Further studies might reveal further aspects of this potential monolignol transporter, including its real substrate specificity and whether it works redundantly with other ABC members during S. viridis lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leydson Gabriel Alves de Lima
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sávio Siqueira Ferreira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcella Siqueira Simões
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Xavier da Cunha
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues, 370, 05508-020, São Paulo, Brazil.
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118
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Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass-Challenges and Solutions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248717. [PMID: 36557852 PMCID: PMC9785513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regarding the limited resources for fossil fuels and increasing global energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change, there is a need to find alternative energy sources that are sustainable, environmentally friendly, renewable, and economically viable. In the last several decades, interest in second-generation bioethanol production from non-food lignocellulosic biomass in the form of organic residues rapidly increased because of its abundance, renewability, and low cost. Bioethanol production fits into the strategy of a circular economy and zero waste plans, and using ethanol as an alternative fuel gives the world economy a chance to become independent of the petrochemical industry, providing energy security and environmental safety. However, the conversion of biomass into ethanol is a challenging and multi-stage process because of the variation in the biochemical composition of biomass and the recalcitrance of lignin, the aromatic component of lignocellulose. Therefore, the commercial production of cellulosic ethanol has not yet become well-received commercially, being hampered by high research and production costs, and substantial effort is needed to make it more widespread and profitable. This review summarises the state of the art in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, highlights the most challenging steps of the process, including pretreatment stages required to fragment biomass components and further enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, presents the most recent technological advances to overcome the challenges and high costs, and discusses future perspectives of second-generation biorefineries.
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119
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De Meester B, Van Acker R, Wouters M, Traversari S, Steenackers M, Neukermans J, Van Breusegem F, Déjardin A, Pilate G, Boerjan W. Field and saccharification performances of poplars severely downregulated in CAD1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2075-2090. [PMID: 35808905 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the main factors causing lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis. Glasshouse-grown poplars severely downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (CAD1), the enzyme catalysing the last step in the monolignol-specific branch of lignin biosynthesis, have increased saccharification yields and normal growth. Here, we assess the performance of these hpCAD poplars in the field under short rotation coppice culture for two consecutive rotations of 1 yr and 3 yr. While 1-yr-old hpCAD wood had 10% less lignin, 3-yr-old hpCAD wood had wild-type lignin levels. Because of their altered cell wall composition, including elevated levels of cinnamaldehydes, both 1-yr-old and 3-yr-old hpCAD wood showed enhanced saccharification yields upon harsh alkaline pretreatments (up to +85% and +77%, respectively). In contrast with previous field trials with poplars less severely downregulated for CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (CAD), the hpCAD poplars displayed leaning phenotypes, early bud set, early flowering and yield penalties. Moreover, hpCAD wood had enlarged vessels, decreased wood density and reduced relative and free water contents. Our data show that the phenotypes of CAD-deficient poplars are strongly dependent on the environment and underpin the importance of field trials in translating basic research towards applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Meester
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marlies Wouters
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silvia Traversari
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosytems (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marijke Steenackers
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, 9500, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Jenny Neukermans
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annabelle Déjardin
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA Orléans, 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin, 45075, Ardon, France
| | - Gilles Pilate
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA Orléans, 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin, 45075, Ardon, France
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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120
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Akiba N, Omori AT, Gaubeur I. Kraft lignin and its derivates - A study on the adsorption of mono and multielement metals, potential use for noble metal recycling and an alternative material for solid base catalyst. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136538. [PMID: 36150491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a natural polymer containing diverse functional groups and displaying an affinity for metals. Kraft lignin can be used as a carbon source, as a cleaving lignin structure for aromatic macromers or in the addition and modification of functional groups by the development of new active chemical sites. In this context, the aim of the present study is to investigate the adsorption of mono and multi-element metals solutions on lignin derivatives (unmodified Kraft lignin, acetylated Kraft lignin, charcoal Kraft lignin and activated carbon Kraft lignin). Parameters that affect adsorption processes, such as pH, contact time and adsorbent dose, were optimized in each case. The best adsorption condition was obtained at pH 7.00, a contact time of 120 min and with adsorbent dose of 30 mg. Also, unmodified Kraft lignin shows high adsorption selectivity (99%) for gold and palladium in acidic solutions. Acetylated and charcoal Kraft lignin resulted in lower adsorption levels in comparison with unmodified Kraft lignin. Activated carbon, however, reached adsorptions of over 86% for all metals. Finally, unmodified Kraft lignin impregnated with palladium presents a promising heterogeneous support in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Akiba
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas (IPT), Avenida Prof. Almeida Prado, 532, Prédio 2, 05508-901, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alvaro T Omori
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivanise Gaubeur
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), 09210-580, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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121
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Li J, Hu C, Arreola-Vargas J, Chen K, Yuan JS. Feedstock design for quality biomaterials. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1535-1549. [PMID: 36273927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feedstock design is crucial for lignocellulosic biomass use. Current strategies for feedstock design cannot be readily applied to improve the quality of biomass-based materials, limiting the sustainability and economics of lignocellulosic biorefineries. Recent studies have advanced the understanding of biomass structure-property relationships and discovered several characteristics, such as molecular weight, uniformity, linkage profile, and functional groups, that are critical for manufacturing diverse quality biomaterials. These discoveries call for fundamentally different strategies for feedstock development. Such strategies need to rediscover the roles of monolignol biosynthesis enzymes and leverage lignin polymerization enzymes to achieve precise control of lignin molecular structure. These innovations could transform biomass into feedstock for high-quality biomaterials, addressing essential environmental challenges and empowering the bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jorge Arreola-Vargas
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kainan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Deivayanai VC, Yaashikaa PR, Senthil Kumar P, Rangasamy G. A comprehensive review on the biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into hydrogen: Pretreatment strategy, technology advances and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 365:128166. [PMID: 36283663 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The globe has dependent on energy generation and utilization for many years; conversely, ecological concerns constrained the world to view hydrogen as an alternative for economic development. Lignocellulosic biomass is broadly accessible as a low-cost renewable feedstock and nonreactive nature; it has received a lot of consideration as a global energy source and the most attractive alternative to replace fossil natural substances for energy production. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass is essential to advance its fragmentation and lower the lignin content for sustainable energy generation. This review's goal is to provide the different pretreatment strategies for enlarging the solubility and surface area of lignocellulosic biomass. The biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to hydrogen was reviewed and operational conditions and enhancing methods were discussed. This review summarizes the working conditions, parameters, yield percentages, techno-economic analysis, challenges, and future recommendations on the direct conversion of biomass to hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Deivayanai
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India
| | - P R Yaashikaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
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123
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Ye Y, Cesarino I. A feast of consequences: Transcriptional and metabolic responses to lignin pathway perturbations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2090-2093. [PMID: 36063038 PMCID: PMC9706415 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education of China, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues, 370, 05508-020 São Paulo, Brazil
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Afifi OA, Tobimatsu Y, Lam PY, Martin AF, Miyamoto T, Osakabe Y, Osakabe K, Umezawa T. Genome-edited rice deficient in two 4-COUMARATE:COENZYME A LIGASE genes displays diverse lignin alterations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2155-2172. [PMID: 36149320 PMCID: PMC9706450 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) is a key enzyme that contributes to channeling metabolic flux in the cinnamate/monolignol pathway, leading to the production of monolignols, p-hydroxycinnamates, and a flavonoid tricin, the major building blocks of lignin polymer in grass cell walls. Vascular plants often contain multiple 4CL genes; however, the contribution of each 4CL isoform to lignin biosynthesis remains unclear, especially in grasses. In this study, we characterized the functions of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) 4CL isoforms (Os4CL3 and Os4CL4) primarily by analyzing the cell wall chemical structures of rice mutants generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis. A series of chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that loss-of-function of Os4CL3 and Os4CL4 differently altered the composition of lignin polymer units. Loss of function of Os4CL3 induced marked reductions in the major guaiacyl and syringyl lignin units derived from both the conserved non-γ-p-coumaroylated and the grass-specific γ-p-coumaroylated monolignols, with more prominent reductions in guaiacyl units than in syringyl units. In contrast, the loss-of-function mutation to Os4CL4 primarily decreased the abundance of the non-γ-p-coumaroylated guaiacyl units. Loss-of-function of Os4CL4, but not of Os4CL3, reduced the grass-specific lignin-bound tricin units, indicating that Os4CL4 plays a key role not only in monolignol biosynthesis but also in the biosynthesis of tricin used for lignification. Further, the loss-of-function of Os4CL3 and Os4CL4 notably reduced cell-wall-bound ferulates, indicating their roles in cell wall feruloylation. Overall, this study demonstrates the overlapping but divergent roles of 4CL isoforms during the coordinated production of various lignin monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Ahmed Afifi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Pui Ying Lam
- Center for Crossover Education, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan
| | - Andri Fadillah Martin
- Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Takuji Miyamoto
- Sakeology Center, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Realization of Sustainable Society (RURSS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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De Meester B, Vanholme R, Mota T, Boerjan W. Lignin engineering in forest trees: From gene discovery to field trials. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100465. [PMID: 36307984 PMCID: PMC9700206 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wood is an abundant and renewable feedstock for the production of pulp, fuels, and biobased materials. However, wood is recalcitrant toward deconstruction into cellulose and simple sugars, mainly because of the presence of lignin, an aromatic polymer that shields cell-wall polysaccharides. Hence, numerous research efforts have focused on engineering lignin amount and composition to improve wood processability. Here, we focus on results that have been obtained by engineering the lignin biosynthesis and branching pathways in forest trees to reduce cell-wall recalcitrance, including the introduction of exotic lignin monomers. In addition, we draw general conclusions from over 20 years of field trial research with trees engineered to produce less or altered lignin. We discuss possible causes and solutions for the yield penalty that is often associated with lignin engineering in trees. Finally, we discuss how conventional and new breeding strategies can be combined to develop elite clones with desired lignin properties. We conclude this review with priorities for the development of commercially relevant lignin-engineered trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Meester
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thatiane Mota
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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126
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Chettri D, Nad S, Konar U, Verma AK. CAZyme from gut microbiome for efficient lignocellulose degradation and biofuel production. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1054242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-exploitation and energy security concerns of the diminishing fossil fuels is a challenge to the present global economy. Further, the negative impact of greenhouse gases released using conventional fuels has led to the need for searching for alternative biofuel sources with biomass in the form of lignocellulose coming up as among the potent candidates. The entrapped carbon source of the lignocellulose has multiple applications other than biofuel generation under the biorefinery approach. However, the major bottleneck in using lignocellulose for biofuel production is its recalcitrant nature. Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) are enzymes that are employed for the disintegration and consumption of lignocellulose biomass as the carbon source for the production of biofuels and bio-derivatives. However, the cost of enzyme production and their stability and catalytic efficiency under stressed conditions is a concern that hinders large-scale biofuel production and utilization. Search for novel CAZymes with superior activity and stability under industrial condition has become a major research focus in this area considering the fact that the most conventional CAZymes has low commercial viability. The gut of plant-eating herbivores and other organisms is a potential source of CAZyme with high efficiency. The review explores the potential of the gut microbiome of various organisms in the production of an efficient CAZyme system and the challenges in using the biofuels produced through this approach as an alternative to conventional biofuels.
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127
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Eswaran SCD, Subramaniam S, Sanyal U, Rallo R, Zhang X. Molecular structural dataset of lignin macromolecule elucidating experimental structural compositions. Sci Data 2022; 9:647. [PMID: 36273011 PMCID: PMC9588021 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01709-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature and has great potential to be transformed into high-value chemicals. However, the limited availability of molecular structure data hinders its potential industrial applications. Herein, we present the Lignin Structural (LGS) Dataset that includes the molecular structure of milled wood lignin focusing on two major monomeric units (coniferyl and syringyl), and the six most common interunit linkages (phenylpropane β-aryl ether, resinol, phenylcoumaran, biphenyl, dibenzodioxocin, and diaryl ether). The dataset constitutes a unique resource that covers a part of lignin’s chemical space characterized by polymer chains with lengths in the range of 3 to 25 monomer units. Structural data were generated using a sequence-controlled polymer generation approach that was calibrated to match experimental lignin properties. The LGS dataset includes 60 K newly generated lignin structures that match with high accuracy (~90%) the experimentally determined structural compositions available in the literature. The LGS dataset is a valuable resource to advance lignin chemistry research, including computational simulation approaches and predictive modelling. Measurement(s) | molecular structure | Technology Type(s) | Computer Modeling | Factor Type(s) | monomer ratio • bond frequency • degree of polymerization | Sample Characteristic - Organism | coniferous (softwood) • deciduous (hardwood) |
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Cheranma Devi Eswaran
- Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.,Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Senthil Subramaniam
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Udishnu Sanyal
- Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.,Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Robert Rallo
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA, 99354, USA. .,Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, 99354, USA. .,Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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128
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Ma X, Ma J, Li M, Gu Y, Wang T. MnO2 oxidative degradation of lignin and electrochemical recovery study. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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129
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Qin X, Zhang Z, Yang T, Yuan L, Guo Y, Yang X. Auto-fluorescence of cellulose paper with spatial solid phrase dispersion-induced fluorescence enhancement behavior for three heavy metal ions detection. Food Chem 2022; 389:133093. [PMID: 35500406 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Auto-fluorescence of cellulose paper is often considered as an interfering fluorescence, which directly impedes the cellulose paper as a substrate material. This paper creatively explored the composition and properties of auto-fluorescence, and lignosulfonate was primarily speculated as the main source of auto-fluorescence. Surprisingly, its spatial solid phrase dispersion-induced fluorescence enhancement behavior was found. Then, cellulose paper was modified with Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots, and the prepared ratiometric fluorescent paper chip has good performances on morphology, stability, and fluorescence properties. Besides, the paper chip exhibited different fluorescence responses to three heavy metal ions in water sample. The limit of detection for Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ reached 1.61 nM, 0.01 nM, and 0.02 nM, respectively. In short, the molecular simulation results theoretically proved that heavy metal ions owned substitution affinity with lignosulfonate. Ultimately, this study was the first attempt to utilize paper-based auto-fluorescence, which could better accelerate the development of paper-based chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Qin
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China.
| | - Tian Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Li Yuan
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Yurong Guo
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Engineering Research Center of High Value Utilization of Western Fruit Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Characteristic Fruit Storage and Preservation, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, PR China
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130
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Wang Q, Xiao LP, Lv YH, Yin WZ, Hou CJ, Sun RC. Metal–Organic-Framework-Derived Copper Catalysts for the Hydrogenolysis of Lignin into Monomeric Phenols. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ling-Ping Xiao
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yi-Hui Lv
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Wen-Zheng Yin
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Chuan-Jin Hou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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131
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Recent Advancements and Challenges in Lignin Valorization: Green Routes towards Sustainable Bioproducts. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27186055. [PMID: 36144795 PMCID: PMC9500909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aromatic hetero-polymer lignin is industrially processed in the paper/pulp and lignocellulose biorefinery, acting as a major energy source. It has been proven to be a natural resource for useful bioproducts; however, its depolymerization and conversion into high-value-added chemicals is the major challenge due to the complicated structure and heterogeneity. Conversely, the various pre-treatments techniques and valorization strategies offers a potential solution for developing a biomass-based biorefinery. Thus, the current review focus on the new isolation techniques for lignin, various pre-treatment approaches and biocatalytic methods for the synthesis of sustainable value-added products. Meanwhile, the challenges and prospective for the green synthesis of various biomolecules via utilizing the complicated hetero-polymer lignin are also discussed.
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132
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Lu H, Dun C, Jariwala H, Wang R, Cui P, Zhang H, Dai Q, Yang S, Zhang H. Improvement of bio-based polyurethane and its optimal application in controlled release fertilizer. J Control Release 2022; 350:748-760. [PMID: 36030990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, polyurethane has emerged as a new material that has been widely developed and applied in coated controlled release fertilizers (CRFs). Particularly in recent years, the excessive consumption of petroleum resources and increasing demand for sustainable development have resulted in considerable interest in bio-based polyurethane coated controlled-release fertilizers. This review article focuses on the application and progress of environmentally friendly bio-based materials in the polyurethane-coated CRF industry. We also explore prospects for the green and sustainable development of coated CRFs. Using animal and plant oils, starch, lignin, and cellulose as raw materials, polyols can be produced by physical, chemical, and biological means to replace petroleum-based materials and polyurethane film coating for CRFs can be prepared. Various modifications can also improve the hydrophobicity and degradability of polyurethane film. A growing body of research on bio-based polyurethane has revealed its great potential in the production and application of coated CRFs. The purpose of this review is to highlight the practicality of bio-based materials in the application of polyurethane-coated CRFs and to clarify their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Canping Dun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hiral Jariwala
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Peiyuan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qigen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Soil Improvement and Utilization (Coastal Saline-alkali Lands), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hongcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Momayez F, Hedenström M, Stagge S, Jönsson LJ, Martín C. Valorization of hydrolysis lignin from a spruce-based biorefinery by applying γ-valerolactone treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 359:127466. [PMID: 35710049 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis lignin, i.e., the hydrolysis residue of cellulosic ethanol plants, was extracted with the green solvent γ-valerolactone (GVL). Treatments at 170-210 °C were performed with either non-acidified GVL/water mixtures (NA-GVL) or with mixtures containing sulfuric acid (SA-GVL). SA-GVL treatment at 210 °C resulted in the highest lignin solubilization (64% (w/w) of initial content), and 76% of the solubilized mass was regenerated by water-induced precipitation. Regenerated lignins were characterized through compositional analysis with sulfuric acid, as well as using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), solid-state cross-polarization/magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C NMR) spectroscopy, 1H-13C heteronuclear single-quantum coherence NMR (HSQC NMR), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The characterization revealed that the main difference between regenerated lignins was their molecular weight. Molecular weight averages increased with treatment temperature, and they were higher and had broader distribution for SA-GVL lignins than for NA-GVL lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Momayez
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Stefan Stagge
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Leif J Jönsson
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carlos Martín
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, N-2317 Hamar, Norway.
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134
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Nelson CD. Tree breeding, a necessary complement to genetic engineering. NEW FORESTS 2022; 54:1-18. [PMID: 35991378 PMCID: PMC9379239 DOI: 10.1007/s11056-022-09931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fields of tree breeding and genetic engineering can be perceived as being antagonistic towards each other-genetic engineers suggesting that tree breeding is too slow and expensive and tree breeders suggesting that genetic engineering is not practical and too expensive. We argue here that both fields have much to offer forestry and the success of each is intimately tied to the other. The major purposes of genetic engineering in forestry are described as well as the importance of evaluating tree engineering initiatives in the context of tree improvement and silviculture and integrating genetic engineering with tree breeding from start to finish. A generalized approach is developed that meets these requirements and demonstrates the interrelationships between the activities and phases of each program. In addition, a case study of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is provided to underscore the value of integrating genetic engineering and tree breeding programs to achieve a long-term conservation goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Dana Nelson
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
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135
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Rivai RR, Miyamoto T, Awano T, Yoshinaga A, Chen S, Sugiyama J, Tobimatsu Y, Umezawa T, Kobayashi M. Limiting silicon supply alters lignin content and structures of sorghum seedling cell walls. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111325. [PMID: 35696925 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum has been recognized as a promising energy crop. The composition and structure of lignin in the cell wall are important factors that affect the quality of plant biomass as a bioenergy feedstock. Silicon (Si) supply may affect the lignin content and structure, as both Si and lignin are possibly involved in plant mechanical strength. However, our understanding regarding the interaction between Si and lignin in sorghum is limited. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the lignin in the cell walls of sorghum seedlings cultured hydroponically with or without Si supplementation. Limiting the Si supply significantly increased the thioglycolic acid lignin content and thioacidolysis-derived syringyl/guaiacyl monomer ratio. At least part of the modification may be attributable to the change in gene expression, as suggested by the upregulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes under -Si conditions. The cell walls of the -Si plants had a higher mechanical strength and calorific value than those of the +Si plants. These results provide some insights into the enhancement of the value of sorghum biomass as a feedstock for energy production by limiting Si uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ramdan Rivai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Takuji Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Awano
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Arata Yoshinaga
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuoye Chen
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Sugiyama
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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136
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The temptation from homogeneous linear catechyl lignin. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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137
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Muro-Villanueva F, Kim H, Ralph J, Chapple C. H-lignin can be deposited independently of CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE C and D in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2015-2028. [PMID: 35522042 PMCID: PMC9342963 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignin contributes substantially to the recalcitrance of biomass toward saccharification. To circumvent this problem, researchers have genetically altered lignin, although, in a number of cases, these efforts have resulted in an undesirable yield penalty. Recent findings have shown that by knocking out two subunits (MED5A and MED5B) of the transcriptional regulatory complex Mediator, the stunted growth phenotype of mutants in p-coumaroyl shikimate 3'-hydroxylase, reduced epidermal fluorescence 8-1 (ref8-1), can be alleviated. Furthermore, these plants synthesize a lignin polymer almost entirely derived from p-coumaryl alcohol. Plants deficient in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) are notable in that they primarily incorporate coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde into their lignin. We tested the hypothesis that by stacking mutations in the genes encoding for the CAD paralogs C and D on an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) med5a/5b ref8-1 genetic background, the biosynthesis of p-coumaryl alcohol would be blocked, making p-coumaraldehyde available for polymerization into a novel kind of lignin. The med5a/5b ref8-1 cadc cadd plants are viable, but lignin analysis demonstrated that they continue to synthesize p-hydroxyphenyl lignin despite being mutated for the CADs typically considered to be required for monolignol biosynthesis. In addition, enzyme activity tests showed that even in the absence of CADC and CADD, there is high CAD activity in stems. We tested the potential involvement of other CADs in p-coumaraldehyde biosynthesis in the quintuple mutant by mutating them using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Lignin analysis demonstrated that the resulting hextuple mutant plants continue to deposit p-coumaryl alcohol-derived lignin, demonstrating a route for the synthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin in Arabidopsis independent of four CAD isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Muro-Villanueva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Hoon Kim
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute (WEI), Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- US Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Wisconsin Energy Institute (WEI), Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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138
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Cesarino I. Yet another twist in lignin biosynthesis: Is there a specific alcohol dehydrogenase for H-lignin production? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1884-1886. [PMID: 35639729 PMCID: PMC9343006 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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139
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Identification and Functional Analysis of the Caffeic Acid O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene Family in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158491. [PMID: 35955626 PMCID: PMC9369235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of the core enzymes involved in lignin synthesis. However, there is no systematic study on the rice COMT gene family. We identified 33 COMT genes containing the methyltransferase-2 domain in the rice genome using bioinformatic methods and divided them into Group I (a and b) and Group II. Motifs, conserved domains, gene structure and SNPs density are related to the classification of OsCOMTs. The tandem phenomenon plays a key role in the expansion of OsCOMTs. The expression levels of fourteen and thirteen OsCOMTs increased or decreased under salt stress and drought stress, respectively. OsCOMTs showed higher expression levels in the stem. The lignin content of rice was measured in five stages; combined with the expression analysis of OsCOMTs and multiple sequence alignment, we found that OsCOMT8, OsCOMT9 and OsCOMT15 play a key role in the synthesis of lignin. Targeted miRNAs and gene ontology annotation revealed that OsCOMTs were involved in abiotic stress responses. Our study contributes to the analysis of the biological function of OsCOMTs, which may provide information for future rice breeding and editing of the rice genome.
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140
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Sun H, Xu Q, Ren M, Wang S, Kong F. Recent Studies on the Preparation and Application of Ionic Amphiphilic Lignin: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8871-8891. [PMID: 35848582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose, lignin has received considerable attention recently due to its reproducibility, safety, and biodegradability. Studies are now focusing on the development of new lignin applications to replace petroleum-based chemicals. Unfortunately, lignin has several inherent problems, such as poor water solubility and a tendency to agglomerate. However, after chemical modification, lignin can gain new functions through the introduction of new functional groups. For example, amphiphilic lignin is a polymer that is soluble in both water and organic solvents. Amphiphilic lignin polymers can be divided into anionic, cationic, and anionic-cationic amphoteric lignin-based polymers, according to the ions contained in their molecular structure. Amphiphilic lignin polymers also have a wide range of applications in various industrial fields and can be used as wetting agents, detergents, controlled release fertilizers, adsorbents, and emulsifiers. Thus, this article reviews research progress on the synthesis and applications of amphiphilic lignin-derived polymers over the past 10 years, providing a theoretical reference for the utilization of high-added-value and high-performance lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Qingyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Mingguang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shoujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
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141
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Singh‐Morgan A, Puente‐Urbina A, van Bokhoven JA. Technology Overview of Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin: Current State and Potential for Scale-Up. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200343. [PMID: 35474609 PMCID: PMC9400966 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an abundant natural polymer obtained from lignocellulosic biomass and rich in aromatic substructures. When efficiently depolymerized, it has great potential in the production of value-added chemicals. Fast pyrolysis is a promising depolymerization method, but current studies focus mainly on small quantities of lignin. In this Review, to determine the potential for upscaling, systems used in the most relevant unit operations of fast pyrolysis of lignin are evaluated. Fluidized-bed reactors have the most potential. It would be beneficial to combine them with the following: slug injectors for feeding, hot particle filters, cyclones, and fractional condensation for product separation and recovery. Moreover, upgrading lignin pyrolysis oil would allow the necessary quality parameters for particular applications to be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Singh‐Morgan
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
- School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh EH9 3FJUnited Kingdom
| | - Allen Puente‐Urbina
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemical and BioengineeringDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zurich HCI E 127Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable ChemistryPaul Scherrer Institute OSUA 201Forschungsstrasse 1115232VilligenSwitzerland
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142
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Hoengenaert L, Wouters M, Kim H, De Meester B, Morreel K, Vandersyppe S, Pollier J, Desmet S, Goeminne G, Ralph J, Boerjan W, Vanholme R. Overexpression of the scopoletin biosynthetic pathway enhances lignocellulosic biomass processing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5738. [PMID: 35857515 PMCID: PMC9278857 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the main factor limiting the enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars. To reduce the recalcitrance engendered by the lignin polymer, the coumarin scopoletin was incorporated into the lignin polymer through the simultaneous expression of FERULOYL-CoA 6'-HYDROXYLASE 1 (F6'H1) and COUMARIN SYNTHASE (COSY) in lignifying cells in Arabidopsis. The transgenic lines overproduced scopoletin and incorporated it into the lignin polymer, without adversely affecting plant growth. About 3.3% of the lignin units in the transgenic lines were derived from scopoletin, thereby exceeding the levels of the traditional p-hydroxyphenyl units. Saccharification efficiency of alkali-pretreated scopoletin-overproducing lines was 40% higher than for wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Hoengenaert
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marlies Wouters
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and U.S. Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Barbara De Meester
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Vandersyppe
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandrien Desmet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and U.S. Department of Energy’s Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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143
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Wang Y, Kalscheur J, Ebikade E, Li Q, Vlachos DG. LigninGraphs: lignin structure determination with multiscale graph modeling. J Cheminform 2022; 14:43. [PMID: 35794646 PMCID: PMC9261032 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic biopolymer found in ubiquitous sources of woody biomass. Designing and optimizing lignin valorization processes requires a fundamental understanding of lignin structures. Experimental characterization techniques, such as 2D-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, could elucidate the global properties of the polymer molecules. Computer models could extend the resolution of experiments by representing structures at the molecular and atomistic scales. We introduce a graph-based multiscale modeling framework for lignin structure generation and visualization. The framework employs accelerated rejection-free polymerization and hierarchical Metropolis Monte Carlo optimization algorithms. We obtain structure libraries for various lignin feedstocks based on literature and new experimental NMR data for poplar wood, pinewood, and herbaceous lignin. The framework could guide researchers towards feasible lignin structures, efficient space exploration, and future kinetics modeling. Its software implementation in Python, LigninGraphs, is open-source and available on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jake Kalscheur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Elvis Ebikade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA. .,Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy St, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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144
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De Meester B, Oyarce P, Vanholme R, Van Acker R, Tsuji Y, Vangeel T, Van den Bosch S, Van Doorsselaere J, Sels B, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Engineering Curcumin Biosynthesis in Poplar Affects Lignification and Biomass Yield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:943349. [PMID: 35860528 PMCID: PMC9289561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.943349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is recalcitrant toward deconstruction into simple sugars mainly due to the presence of lignin. By engineering plants to partially replace traditional lignin monomers with alternative ones, lignin degradability and extractability can be enhanced. Previously, the alternative monomer curcumin has been successfully produced and incorporated into lignified cell walls of Arabidopsis by the heterologous expression of DIKETIDE-CoA SYNTHASE (DCS) and CURCUMIN SYNTHASE2 (CURS2). The resulting transgenic plants did not suffer from yield penalties and had an increased saccharification yield after alkaline pretreatment. Here, we translated this strategy into the bio-energy crop poplar. Via the heterologous expression of DCS and CURS2 under the control of the secondary cell wall CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A8-B promoter (ProCesA8-B), curcumin was also produced and incorporated into the lignified cell walls of poplar. ProCesA8-B:DCS_CURS2 transgenic poplars, however, suffered from shoot-tip necrosis and yield penalties. Compared to that of the wild-type (WT), the wood of transgenic poplars had 21% less cellulose, 28% more matrix polysaccharides, 23% more lignin and a significantly altered lignin composition. More specifically, ProCesA8-B:DCS_CURS2 lignin had a reduced syringyl/guaiacyl unit (S/G) ratio, an increased frequency of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units, a decreased frequency of p-hydroxybenzoates and a higher fraction of phenylcoumaran units. Without, or with alkaline or hot water pretreatment, the saccharification efficiency of the transgenic lines was equal to that of the WT. These differences in (growth) phenotype illustrate that translational research in crops is essential to assess the value of an engineering strategy for applications. Further fine-tuning of this research strategy (e.g., by using more specific promoters or by translating this strategy to other crops such as maize) might lead to transgenic bio-energy crops with cell walls more amenable to deconstruction without settling in yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Meester
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paula Oyarce
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yukiko Tsuji
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thijs Vangeel
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Bert Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- US Department of Energy, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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145
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Alternative Splicing and Its Roles in Plant Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137355. [PMID: 35806361 PMCID: PMC9266299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant metabolism, including primary metabolism such as tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, shikimate and amino acid pathways as well as specialized metabolism such as biosynthesis of phenolics, alkaloids and saponins, contributes to plant survival, growth, development and interactions with the environment. To this end, these metabolic processes are tightly and finely regulated transcriptionally, post-transcriptionally, translationally and post-translationally in response to different growth and developmental stages as well as the constantly changing environment. In this review, we summarize and describe the current knowledge of the regulation of plant metabolism by alternative splicing, a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that generates multiple protein isoforms from a single gene by using alternative splice sites during splicing. Numerous genes in plant metabolism have been shown to be alternatively spliced under different developmental stages and stress conditions. In particular, alternative splicing serves as a regulatory mechanism to fine-tune plant metabolism by altering biochemical activities, interaction and subcellular localization of proteins encoded by splice isoforms of various genes.
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146
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Liu Z, Ku X, Jin H. Pyrolysis Mechanism of Wheat Straw Based on ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21075-21085. [PMID: 35755388 PMCID: PMC9218979 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass has played an increasingly important role in the consumption of energy worldwide because of its renewability and carbon-neutral property. In this work, the pyrolysis mechanism of wheat straw is explored using reactive force field molecular dynamics simulations. A large-scale wheat straw model composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin is built. After model validation, the temporal evolutions of the main pyrolysis products under different temperatures are analyzed. As the temperature rises, the gas production increases and the tar yield can decrease after peaking. Relatively high temperatures accelerate the generation rates of the main gas and tar species. CO and CO2 molecules mainly come from the cleavage of CHO2 radicals, and numerous H2O molecules are generated on account of dehydration. Moreover, the evolution of six functional groups and pyran and phenyl rings as well as three types of bonds is also presented. It is observed that the phenyl rings reflect improved thermostability. Finally, the pyrolytic kinetics analysis is conducted, and the estimated activation energy of wheat straw pyrolysis is found to be 56.19 kJ/mol. All these observations can help deeply understand the pyrolytic mechanism of wheat straw biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Liu
- Department
of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoke Ku
- Department
of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanhui Jin
- Department
of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
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147
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Smith RA, Lu F, Muro-Villanueva F, Cusumano JC, Chapple C, Ralph J. Manipulation of Lignin Monomer Composition Combined with the Introduction of Monolignol Conjugate Biosynthesis Leads to Synergistic Changes in Lignin Structure. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:744-754. [PMID: 35275214 PMCID: PMC9245121 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of lignin structure impedes efficient cell wall digestibility. Native lignin is composed of a mixture of three dominant monomers, coupled together through a variety of linkages. Work over the past few decades has demonstrated that lignin composition can be altered through a variety of mutational and transgenic approaches such that the polymer is derived almost entirely from a single monomer. In this study, we investigated changes to lignin structure and digestibility in Arabidopsis thaliana in near-single-monolignol transgenics and mutants and determined whether novel monolignol conjugates, produced by a FERULOYL-CoA MONOLIGNOL TRANSFERASE (FMT) or a p-COUMAROYL-CoA MONOLIGNOL TRANSFERASE (PMT), could be integrated into these novel polymers to further improve saccharification efficiency. Monolignol conjugates, including a new conjugate of interest, p-coumaryl p-coumarate, were successfully integrated into high-H, high-G and high-S lignins in A. thaliana. Regardless of lignin composition, FMT- and PMT-expressing plants produced monolignol ferulates and monolignol p-coumarates, respectively, and incorporated them into their lignin. Through the production and incorporation of monolignol conjugates into near-single-monolignol lignins, we demonstrated that substrate availability, rather than monolignol transferase substrate preference, is the most important determining factor in the production of monolignol conjugates, and lignin composition helps dictate cell wall digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fachuang Lu
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Joanne C Cusumano
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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148
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Gao Y, Mortimer JC. Reimagining Lignin for the Biorefinery. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:734-736. [PMID: 35413114 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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149
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Wang Y, Hou Y, Li H, Wu W, Ren S, Li J. A New Structural Model of Enzymatic Lignin with Multiring Aromatic Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18861-18869. [PMID: 35694518 PMCID: PMC9178751 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a natural aromatic compound in plants. Several lignin structural models have been proposed in the past years, but all the models cannot be converted to benzene carboxylic acids (BCAs) for all aromatic rings connected to oxygen. This inspired us to explore the structures of lignin. Based on the yields of BCAs, the results of 13C NMR and ethanolysis residues, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of ethanolysis of lignin, we have constructed a structural model of lignin with a formula C6407H6736O2590N147S3. The model not only satisfies the results of analyses, but also explains the generation of BCAs from lignin oxidation and the ethanolysis products. Importantly, double-ring and triple-ring aromatic clusters are found in lignin, and some of them are connected by alkyl bridges, which results in conventional low conversions of lignin. Our findings in the structures of lignin may significantly influence the structures and applications of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yucui Hou
- Department
of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China
| | - He Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weize Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuhang Ren
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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150
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Ultrastructural elucidation of lignin macromolecule from different growth stages of Chinese pine. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1792-1800. [PMID: 35483510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the morphological changes at different growth stages and lignin accumulation pattern for pine biomass plays the key role in facilitating the further development of value-added utilization and downstream conversion processes. This work systematically revealed the morphological change and lignin accumulation pattern in Chinese pine branches cell walls via confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) technology. Meanwhile, the structural characteristics of isolated lignin samples from different growth stages were synthetically characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) techniques. The results indicated that the content of pith in adult pine new branch was bigger than juvenile trees. With the increase of physiological age, the branches in adult pine could accumulate more lignin both in overall content and the concentration of cell corner middle layer. Moreover, the significantly increases of molecular weights and the β-O-4, β-β linkages content revealed that the lignin macromolecule of pine would polymerize faster in the adult stage (14, 35 years). The panorama generated from the structural and chemical features of pine native lignin not only benefited to understand the biosynthetic pathways and lignin macromolecules structural variation in plant cell walls from different growth stages but also contributed to the valorization and deconstruction of biomass.
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