101
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Moon HM, Hippenmeyer S, Luo L, Wynshaw-Boris A. LIS1 determines cleavage plane positioning by regulating actomyosin-mediated cell membrane contractility. eLife 2020; 9:51512. [PMID: 32159512 PMCID: PMC7112955 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss of human PAFAH1B1 (coding for LIS1) results in the disruption of neurogenesis and neuronal migration via dysregulation of microtubule (MT) stability and dynein motor function/localization that alters mitotic spindle orientation, chromosomal segregation, and nuclear migration. Recently, human- induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models revealed an important role for LIS1 in controlling the length of terminal cell divisions of outer radial glial (oRG) progenitors, suggesting cellular functions of LIS1 in regulating neural progenitor cell (NPC) daughter cell separation. Here, we examined the late mitotic stages NPCs in vivo and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in vitro from Pafah1b1-deficient mutants. Pafah1b1-deficient neocortical NPCs and MEFs similarly exhibited cleavage plane displacement with mislocalization of furrow-associated markers, associated with actomyosin dysfunction and cell membrane hyper-contractility. Thus, it suggests LIS1 acts as a key molecular link connecting MTs/dynein and actomyosin, ensuring that cell membrane contractility is tightly controlled to execute proper daughter cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Mi Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
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102
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During mitosis ZEB1 "switches" from being a chromatin-bound epithelial gene repressor, to become a microtubule-associated protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118673. [PMID: 32057919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are polymers of α/β-tubulin, with microtubule organization being regulated by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Herein, we describe a novel role for the epithelial gene repressor, zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), that "switches" from a chromatin-associated protein during interphase, to a MAP that associates with α-, β- and γ-tubulin during mitosis. Additionally, ZEB1 was also demonstrated to associate with γ-tubulin at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). Using confocal microscopy, ZEB1 localization was predominantly nuclear during interphase, with α/β-tubulin being primarily cytoplasmic and the association between these proteins being minimal. However, during the stages of mitosis, ZEB1 co-localization with α-, β-, and γ-tubulin was significantly increased, with the association commonly peaking during metaphase in multiple tumor cell-types. ZEB1 was also observed to accumulate in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis. The increased interaction between ZEB1 and α-tubulin during mitosis was also confirmed using the proximity ligation assay. In contrast to ZEB1, its paralog ZEB2, was mainly perinuclear and cytoplasmic during interphase, showing some co-localization with α-tubulin during mitosis. Considering the association between ZEB1 with α/β/γ-tubulin during mitosis, studies investigated ZEB1's role in the cell cycle. Silencing ZEB1 resulted in a G2-M arrest, which could be mediated by the up-regulation of p21Waf1/Cip1 and p27Kip1 that are known downstream targets repressed by ZEB1. However, it cannot be excluded the G2/M arrest observed after ZEB1 silencing is not due to its roles as a MAP. Collectively, ZEB1 plays a role as a MAP during mitosis and could be functionally involved in this process.
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103
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Carlton JG, Jones H, Eggert US. Membrane and organelle dynamics during cell division. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:151-166. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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104
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Abstract
The Ran pathway has a well-described function in nucleocytoplasmic transport, where active Ran dissociates importin/karyopherin-bound cargo containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the nucleus. As cells enter mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down and a gradient of active Ran forms where levels are highest near chromatin. This gradient plays a crucial role in regulating mitotic spindle assembly, where active Ran binds to and releases importins from NLS-containing spindle assembly factors. An emerging theme is that the Ran gradient also regulates the actomyosin cortex for processes including polar body extrusion during meiosis, and cytokinesis. For these events, active Ran could play an inhibitory role, where importin-binding may help promote or stabilize a conformation or interaction that favours the recruitment and function of cortical regulators. For either spindle assembly or cortical polarity, the gradient of active Ran determines the extent of importin-binding, the effects of which could vary for different proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imge Ozugergin
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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105
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Cytokinesis in Eukaryotic Cells: The Furrow Complexity at a Glance. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020271. [PMID: 31979090 PMCID: PMC7072619 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The duplication cycle is the fascinating process that, starting from a cell, results in the formation of two daughter cells and it is essential for life. Cytokinesis is the final step of the cell cycle, it is a very complex phase, and is a concert of forces, remodeling, trafficking, and cell signaling. All of the steps of cell division must be properly coordinated with each other to faithfully segregate the genetic material and this task is fundamental for generating viable cells. Given the importance of this process, molecular pathways and proteins that are involved in cytokinesis are conserved from yeast to humans. In this review, we describe symmetric and asymmetric cell division in animal cell and in a model organism, budding yeast. In addition, we illustrate the surveillance mechanisms that ensure a proper cell division and discuss the connections with normal cell proliferation and organs development and with the occurrence of human diseases.
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106
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Abstract
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Budnar and colleagues report how the scaffolding protein anillin uses cycles of transient binding interactions to enhance the residence time and signaling output of active RhoA to control actomyosin contractility at epithelial junctions and during cell division.
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107
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Anillin regulates breast cancer cell migration, growth, and metastasis by non-canonical mechanisms involving control of cell stemness and differentiation. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:3. [PMID: 31910867 PMCID: PMC6947866 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer metastasis is driven by a profound remodeling of the cytoskeleton that enables efficient cell migration and invasion. Anillin is a unique scaffolding protein regulating major cytoskeletal structures, such as actin filaments, microtubules, and septin polymers. It is markedly overexpressed in breast cancer, and high anillin expression is associated with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of anillin in breast cancer cell migration, growth, and metastasis. Methods CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to deplete anillin in highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells and to overexpress it in poorly invasive MCF10AneoT cells. The effects of anillin depletion and overexpression on breast cancer cell motility in vitro were examined by wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays. Assembly of the actin cytoskeleton and matrix adhesion were evaluated by immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy. In vitro tumor development was monitored by soft agar growth assays, whereas cancer stem cells were examined using a mammosphere formation assay and flow cytometry. The effects of anillin knockout on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo were determined by injecting control and anillin-depleted breast cancer cells into NSG mice. Results Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies demonstrated that anillin is necessary and sufficient to accelerate migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, loss of anillin markedly attenuated primary tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer in vivo. In breast cancer cells, anillin was localized in the nucleus; however, knockout of this protein affected the cytoplasmic/cortical events, e.g., the organization of actin cytoskeleton and cell-matrix adhesions. Furthermore, we observed a global transcriptional reprogramming of anillin-depleted breast cancer cells that resulted in suppression of their stemness and induction of the mesenchymal to epithelial trans-differentiation. Such trans-differentiation was manifested by the upregulation of basal keratins along with the increased expression of E-cadherin and P-cadherin. Knockdown of E-cadherin restored the impaired migration and invasion of anillin-deficient breast cancer cells. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that anillin plays essential roles in promoting breast cancer growth and metastatic dissemination in vitro and in vivo and unravels novel functions of anillin in regulating breast cancer stemness and differentiation.
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108
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Structure and regulation of human epithelial cell transforming 2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:1027-1035. [PMID: 31888991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913054117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell transforming 2 (Ect2) protein activates Rho GTPases and controls cytokinesis and many other cellular processes. Dysregulation of Ect2 is associated with various cancers. Here, we report the crystal structure of human Ect2 and complementary mechanistic analyses. The data show the C-terminal PH domain of Ect2 folds back and blocks the canonical RhoA-binding site at the catalytic center of the DH domain, providing a mechanism of Ect2 autoinhibition. Ect2 is activated by binding of GTP-bound RhoA to the PH domain, which suggests an allosteric mechanism of Ect2 activation and a positive-feedback loop reinforcing RhoA signaling. This bimodal RhoA binding of Ect2 is unusual and was confirmed with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analyses. Several recurrent cancer-associated mutations map to the catalytic and regulatory interfaces, and dysregulate Ect2 in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings provide mechanistic insights into Ect2 regulation in normal cells and under disease conditions.
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109
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Uretmen Kagiali ZC, Saner N, Akdag M, Sanal E, Degirmenci BS, Mollaoglu G, Ozlu N. CLIC4 and CLIC1 bridge plasma membrane and cortical actin network for a successful cytokinesis. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 3:3/2/e201900558. [PMID: 31879279 PMCID: PMC6933522 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CLIC members are required for the progression of cytokinesis by coupling the plasma membrane and cortical actin network at the cleavage furrow and polar cortex. CLIC4 and CLIC1 are members of the well-conserved chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs) structurally related to glutathione-S-transferases. Here, we report new roles of CLICs in cytokinesis. At the onset of cytokinesis, CLIC4 accumulates at the cleavage furrow and later localizes to the midbody in a RhoA-dependent manner. The cell cycle–dependent localization of CLIC4 is abolished when its glutathione S-transferase activity–related residues (C35A and F37D) are mutated. Ezrin, anillin, and ALIX are identified as interaction partners of CLIC4 at the cleavage furrow and midbody. Strikingly, CLIC4 facilitates the activation of ezrin at the cleavage furrow and reciprocally inhibition of ezrin activation diminishes the translocation of CLIC4 to the cleavage furrow. Furthermore, knockouts of CLIC4and CLIC1 cause abnormal blebbing at the polar cortex and regression of the cleavage furrow at late cytokinesis leading to multinucleated cells. We conclude that CLIC4 and CLIC1 function together with ezrin where they bridge plasma membrane and actin cytoskeleton at the polar cortex and cleavage furrow to promote cortical stability and successful completion of cytokinesis in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazan Saner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akdag
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Sanal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gurkan Mollaoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey .,Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
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110
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Hetmanski JHR, de Belly H, Busnelli I, Waring T, Nair RV, Sokleva V, Dobre O, Cameron A, Gauthier N, Lamaze C, Swift J, Del Campo A, Starborg T, Zech T, Goetz JG, Paluch EK, Schwartz JM, Caswell PT. Membrane Tension Orchestrates Rear Retraction in Matrix-Directed Cell Migration. Dev Cell 2019; 51:460-475.e10. [PMID: 31607653 PMCID: PMC6863396 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis, vertebrate cells move through 3D interstitial matrix, responding to chemical and physical guidance cues. Protrusion at the cell front has been extensively studied, but the retraction phase of the migration cycle is not well understood. Here, we show that fast-moving cells guided by matrix cues establish positive feedback control of rear retraction by sensing membrane tension. We reveal a mechanism of rear retraction in 3D matrix and durotaxis controlled by caveolae, which form in response to low membrane tension at the cell rear. Caveolae activate RhoA-ROCK1/PKN2 signaling via the RhoA guanidine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Ect2 to control local F-actin organization and contractility in this subcellular region and promote translocation of the cell rear. A positive feedback loop between cytoskeletal signaling and membrane tension leads to rapid retraction to complete the migration cycle in fast-moving cells, providing directional memory to drive persistent cell migration in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H R Hetmanski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Henry de Belly
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ignacio Busnelli
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg 67200, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Thomas Waring
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Roshna V Nair
- INM, Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D226, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Vanesa Sokleva
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Oana Dobre
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Angus Cameron
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Nils Gauthier
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie - Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Joe Swift
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Tobias Starborg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Tobias Zech
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, Strasbourg 67200, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Patrick T Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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111
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Schutt KL, Moseley JB. The phosphatase inhibitor Sds23 regulates cell division symmetry in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2880-2889. [PMID: 31553675 PMCID: PMC6822584 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and fungal cells divide through the assembly, anchoring, and constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) during cytokinesis. The timing and position of the CAR must be tightly controlled to prevent defects in cell division, but many of the underlying signaling events remain unknown. The conserved heterotrimeric protein phosphatase PP2A controls the timing of events in mitosis, and upstream pathways including Greatwall-Ensa regulate PP2A activity. A role for PP2A in CAR regulation has been less clear, although loss of PP2A in yeast causes defects in cytokinesis. Here, we report that Sds23, an inhibitor of PP2A family protein phosphatases, promotes the symmetric division of fission yeast cells through spatial control of cytokinesis. We found that sds23∆ cells divide asymmetrically due to misplaced CAR assembly, followed by sliding of the CAR away from its assembly site. These mutant cells exhibit delayed recruitment of putative CAR anchoring proteins including the glucan synthase Bgs1. Our observations likely reflect a broader role for regulation of PP2A in cell polarity and cytokinesis because sds23∆ phenotypes were exacerbated when combined with mutations in the fission yeast Ensa homologue, Igo1. These results identify the PP2A regulatory network as a critical component in the signaling pathways coordinating cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Schutt
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - James B Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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112
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Kong D, Lv Z, Häring M, Lin B, Wolf F, Großhans J. In vivo optochemical control of cell contractility at single-cell resolution. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47755. [PMID: 31663248 PMCID: PMC6893293 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial and temporal dynamics of cell contractility plays a key role in tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, and cancer invasion. Here, we report a simple optochemical method to induce cell contractions in vivo during Drosophila morphogenesis at single-cell resolution. We employed the photolabile Ca2+ chelator o-nitrophenyl EGTA to induce bursts of intracellular free Ca2+ by laser photolysis in the epithelial tissue. Ca2+ bursts appear within seconds and are restricted to individual target cells. Cell contraction reliably followed within a minute, causing an approximately 50% drop in the cross-sectional area. Increased Ca2+ levels are reversible, and the target cells further participated in tissue morphogenesis. Depending on Rho kinase (ROCK) activity but not RhoGEF2, cell contractions are paralleled with non-muscle myosin II accumulation in the apico-medial cortex, indicating that Ca2+ bursts trigger non-muscle myosin II activation. Our approach can be, in principle, adapted to many experimental systems and species, as no specific genetic elements are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Kong
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhiyi Lv
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Häring
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, HHMI and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fred Wolf
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Institute for Developmental Biochemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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113
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Arp2/3-Branched Actin Maintains an Active Pool of GTP-RhoA and Controls RhoA Abundance. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101264. [PMID: 31623230 PMCID: PMC6830327 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases regulate cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility, and division under precise spatiotemporal control. Different small GTPases exhibit cross talks to exert feedback response or to act in concert during signal transduction. However, whether and how specific cytoskeletal components' feedback to upstream signaling factors remains largely elusive. Here, we report an intriguing finding that disruption of the Arp2/3-branched actin specifically reduces RhoA activity but upregulates its total protein abundance. We further dissect the mechanisms underlying these circumstances and identify the altered cortactin/p190RhoGAP interaction and weakened CCM2/Smurf1 binding to be involved in GTP-RhoA reduction and total RhoA increase, respectively. Moreover, we find that cytokinesis defects induced by Arp2/3 inhibition can be rescued by activating RhoA. Our study reveals an intricate feedback from the actin cytoskeleton to the small GTPase. Our work highlights the role of Arp2/3-branched actin in signal transduction aside from its function in serving as critical cytoskeletal components to maintain cell morphology and motility.
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114
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Verma V, Mogilner A, Maresca TJ. Classical and Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030055. [PMID: 31357447 PMCID: PMC6784142 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of cytokinesis is to produce two daughter cells, each having a full set of chromosomes. To achieve this, cells assemble a dynamic structure between segregated sister chromatids called the contractile ring, which is made up of filamentous actin, myosin-II, and other regulatory proteins. Constriction of the actomyosin ring generates a cleavage furrow that divides the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells. Decades of research have identified key regulators and underlying molecular mechanisms; however, many fundamental questions remain unanswered and are still being actively investigated. This review summarizes the key findings, computational modeling, and recent advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the formation of the cleavage furrow and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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115
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El-Amine N, Carim SC, Wernike D, Hickson GRX. Rho-dependent control of the Citron kinase, Sticky, drives midbody ring maturation. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2185-2204. [PMID: 31166845 PMCID: PMC6743463 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-dependent proteins control assembly of the cytokinetic contractile ring, yet it remains unclear how those proteins guide ring closure and how they promote subsequent formation of a stable midbody ring. Citron kinase is one important component required for midbody ring formation but its mechanisms of action and relationship with Rho are controversial. Here, we conduct a structure-function analysis of the Drosophila Citron kinase, Sticky, in Schneider's S2 cells. We define two separable and redundant RhoGEF/Pebble-dependent inputs into Sticky recruitment to the nascent midbody ring and show that each input is subsequently required for retention at, and for the integrity of, the mature midbody ring. The first input is via an actomyosin-independent interaction between Sticky and Anillin, a key scaffold also required for midbody ring formation. The second input requires the Rho-binding domain of Sticky, whose boundaries we have defined. Collectively, these results show how midbody ring biogenesis depends on the coordinated actions of Sticky, Anillin, and Rho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour El-Amine
- Centre de Cancérologie Charles Bruneau, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sabrya C Carim
- Centre de Cancérologie Charles Bruneau, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Denise Wernike
- Centre de Cancérologie Charles Bruneau, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Gilles R X Hickson
- Centre de Cancérologie Charles Bruneau, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada.,Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Network Contractility During Cytokinesis-from Molecular to Global Views. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050194. [PMID: 31109067 PMCID: PMC6572417 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the last stage of cell division, which partitions the mother cell into two daughter cells. It requires the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring that consists of a filamentous contractile network of actin and myosin. Network contractility depends on network architecture, level of connectivity and myosin motor activity, but how exactly is the contractile ring network organized or interconnected and how much it depends on motor activity remains unclear. Moreover, the contractile ring is not an isolated entity; rather, it is integrated into the surrounding cortex. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the cell cortex and cortical behaviors are expected to impact contractile ring functioning. Due to the complexity of the process, experimental approaches have been coupled to theoretical modeling in order to advance its global understanding. While earlier coarse-grained descriptions attempted to provide an integrated view of the process, recent models have mostly focused on understanding the behavior of an isolated contractile ring. Here we provide an overview of the organization and dynamics of the actomyosin network during cytokinesis and discuss existing theoretical models in light of cortical behaviors and experimental evidence from several systems. Our view on what is missing in current models and should be tested in the future is provided.
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117
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Anillin Promotes Cell Contractility by Cyclic Resetting of RhoA Residence Kinetics. Dev Cell 2019; 49:894-906.e12. [PMID: 31105010 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RhoA stimulates cell contractility by recruiting downstream effectors to the cortical plasma membrane. We now show that direct binding by anillin is required for effective signaling: this antagonizes the otherwise labile membrane association of GTP-RhoA to promote effector recruitment. However, since its binding to RhoA blocks access by other effectors, we demonstrate that anillin must also concentrate membrane phosphoinositide-4,5-P2 (PIP2) to promote signaling. We propose and test a sequential pathway where GTP-RhoA first binds to anillin and then is retained at the membrane by PIP2 after it disengages from anillin. Importantly, re-binding of membrane GTP-RhoA to anillin, regulated by the cortical density of anillin, creates cycles through this pathway. These cycles repeatedly reset the dissociation kinetics of GTP-RhoA, substantially increasing its dwell time to recruit effectors. Thus, anillin regulates RhoA signaling by a paradigm of kinetic scaffolding that may apply to other signals whose efficacy depends on their cortical dwell times.
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118
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Wang P, Qian W, Wang W, Guo M, Xia Q, Cheng D. Identification and Characterization of the Anillin Gene in Silkworm. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:532-540. [PMID: 30985224 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anillin is an actin binding protein and plays crucial roles during mitotic cell cycle progression in metazoan. However, the sequence and functions of the Anillin gene have not been yet characterized in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of the silkworm Anillin (BmAnillin) gene. The deduced amino acid sequence for BmAnillin protein comprises an Anillin homology region (AHR) covering an Anillin homology domain and a pleckstrin homology domain. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple alignments of the Anillin genes from silkworm and other organisms indicated evolutionary conservation in the AHR containing conserved phosphorylation sites. Reverse transcription-PCR experiments confirmed that the BmAnillin gene was highly expressed during larval development of gonads in which cells undergo mitotic cycles and exhibited an unexpected high expression in silk gland with endocycle during larval molting. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the BmAnillin gene in silkworm BmN4-SID1 cells derived from ovary disrupted chromosome separation and resulted in a loss of the F-actin filament at cleavage furrow during anaphase, suggesting that the BmAnillin gene is essential for cytokinesis in silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenliang Qian
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weina Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengpei Guo
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daojun Cheng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,2 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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119
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Lan H, Wang X, Jiang L, Wu J, Wan X, Zeng L, Zhang D, Lin Y, Hou C, Wu S, Tse YC. An extracellular matrix protein promotes anillin-dependent processes in the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201800152. [PMID: 30988161 PMCID: PMC6467243 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein Hemicentin (HIM-4) is an extracellular factor that regulates anillin (ANI-1) for germ cell membrane stabilization and contractile ring formation in C.elegans germline cells. Cell division requires constriction of an actomyosin ring to segregate the genetic material equally into two daughter cells. The spatial and temporal regulation of the contractile ring at the division plane primarily depends on intracellular signals mediated by the centralspindlin complex and astral microtubules. Although much investigative work has elucidated intracellular factors and mechanisms controlling this process, the extracellular regulation of cytokinesis remains unclear. Thus far, the extracellular matrix protein Hemicentin (HIM-4) has been proposed to be required for cleavage furrow stabilization. The underlying molecular mechanism, however, has remained largely unknown. Here, we show that HIM-4 and anillin (ANI-1) genetically act in the same pathway to maintain the rachis bridge stability in the germline. Our FRAP experiments further reveal that HIM-4 restricts the motility of ANI-1. In addition, we demonstrate that HIM-4 is recruited to the cleavage site in dividing germ cells and promotes the proper ingression of the cleavage membrane. Collectively, we propose that HIM-4 is an extracellular factor that regulates ANI-1 for germ cell membrane stabilization and contractile ring formation in Caenorhabditis elegans germline cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Lan
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, SUSTech, Shenzhen, China.,Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, SUSTech, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianjian Wu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuan Wan
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, SUSTech, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lidan Zeng
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, SUSTech, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiyan Lin
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunhui Hou
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Shian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chung Tse
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, SUSTech, Shenzhen, China
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120
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Nazgiewicz A, Atherton P, Ballestrem C. GAS2-like 1 coordinates cell division through its association with end-binding proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5805. [PMID: 30967572 PMCID: PMC6456587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division involves the tightly coordinated rearrangement of actin and microtubules (MTs). We have previously shown that a member of the family of growth arrest-specific 2-like proteins, GAS2-like 1 (G2L1) regulates actin-MT crosstalk through its associations with plus-end microtubule tip-binding (EB) proteins. Here we show that G2L1 is involved in the regulation of cell division. We show that the depletion of G2L1 results in a reduction in the number of cells undergoing cell division and a significant proportion of those cells that do divide are either multinucleated, display deformed nuclei, or undergo cell division at a much slower rate. Exogenous expression of G2L1 mutants revealed that the association of G2L1 with EB1 is critical for regulated cell division and blocking this interaction inhibits cell division as observed in cells lacking G2L1. Taken together, our data suggest that G2L1 controls the precise regulation and successful progression of cell division through its binding to EB-proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Nazgiewicz
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Paul Atherton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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121
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Label-Free LC-MS/MS Proteomics Analyses Reveal Proteomic Changes Accompanying MSTN KO in C2C12 Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7052456. [PMID: 31073529 PMCID: PMC6470438 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7052456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the proteome of myostatin (MSTN) knockout (KO) mouse C2C12 cells has proven valuable to studies investigating the molecular mechanisms by which MSTN regulates skeletal muscle development. To identify new protein/pathway alterations and candidate biomarkers for skeletal muscle development, we compared proteomic profiles of MSTN KO C2C12 cells (KO) with corresponding wild-type cells (NC) using a label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. A total of 2637 proteins were identified and quantified in KO cells. Among these proteins, 77 proteins were significantly differentially expressed, 38 upregulated, and 39 downregulated, in MSTN KO C2C12 cells. These significantly altered proteins are involved in metabolic processes, developmental processes, immune system processes, and the regulation of other biological processes. Enrichment analysis was utilized to link these alterations to biological pathways, which are predominantly related to oxidative phosphorylation, protein digestion and absorption, mitochondrion localisation, antigen processing and presentation, the MAPK signaling pathway, the PPAR signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Upregulation of several proteins, including epoxide hydrolase, tropomyosin 1, Cyb5a, HTRA1, Cox6a1, CD109, Synap29, and Ugt1a6, likely enhanced skeletal muscle development, the immune system, and energy metabolism. Collectively, our results present a comprehensive proteomics analysis of MSTN KO C2C12 myoblast cells; we hypothesize that MSTN KO could activate p38MAPK signaling pathway by CDC42, and we further deciphered the function of MSTN in the regulation of skeletal muscle development, immune processes, and mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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122
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Adriaans IE, Basant A, Ponsioen B, Glotzer M, Lens SM. PLK1 plays dual roles in centralspindlin regulation during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1250-1264. [PMID: 30728176 PMCID: PMC6446842 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis begins upon anaphase onset. An early step involves local activation of the small GTPase RhoA, which triggers assembly of an actomyosin-based contractile ring at the equatorial cortex. Here, we delineated the contributions of PLK1 and Aurora B to RhoA activation and cytokinesis initiation in human cells. Knock-down of PRC1, which disrupts the spindle midzone, revealed the existence of two pathways that can initiate cleavage furrow ingression. One pathway depends on a well-organized spindle midzone and PLK1, while the other depends on Aurora B activity and centralspindlin at the equatorial cortex and can operate independently of PLK1. We further show that PLK1 inhibition sequesters centralspindlin onto the spindle midzone, making it unavailable for Aurora B at the equatorial cortex. We propose that PLK1 activity promotes the release of centralspindlin from the spindle midzone through inhibition of PRC1, allowing centralspindlin to function as a regulator of spindle midzone formation and as an activator of RhoA at the equatorial cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E. Adriaans
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Angika Basant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Susanne M.A. Lens
- Oncode Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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123
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Arnold TR, Shawky JH, Stephenson RE, Dinshaw KM, Higashi T, Huq F, Davidson LA, Miller AL. Anillin regulates epithelial cell mechanics by structuring the medial-apical actomyosin network. eLife 2019; 8:39065. [PMID: 30702429 PMCID: PMC6424563 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular forces sculpt organisms during development, while misregulation of cellular mechanics can promote disease. Here, we investigate how the actomyosin scaffold protein anillin contributes to epithelial mechanics in Xenopus laevis embryos. Increased mechanosensitive recruitment of vinculin to cell-cell junctions when anillin is overexpressed suggested that anillin promotes junctional tension. However, junctional laser ablation unexpectedly showed that junctions recoil faster when anillin is depleted and slower when anillin is overexpressed. Unifying these findings, we demonstrate that anillin regulates medial-apical actomyosin. Medial-apical laser ablation supports the conclusion that that tensile forces are stored across the apical surface of epithelial cells, and anillin promotes the tensile forces stored in this network. Finally, we show that anillin's effects on cellular mechanics impact tissue-wide mechanics. These results reveal anillin as a key regulator of epithelial mechanics and lay the groundwork for future studies on how anillin may contribute to mechanical events in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torey R Arnold
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Joseph H Shawky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Rachel E Stephenson
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Kayla M Dinshaw
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Farah Huq
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lance A Davidson
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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124
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Blake-Hedges C, Megraw TL. Coordination of Embryogenesis by the Centrosome in Drosophila melanogaster. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:277-321. [PMID: 31435800 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first 3 h of Drosophila melanogaster embryo development are exemplified by rapid nuclear divisions within a large syncytium, transforming the zygote to the cellular blastoderm after 13 successive cleavage divisions. As the syncytial embryo develops, it relies on centrosomes and cytoskeletal dynamics to transport nuclei, maintain uniform nuclear distribution throughout cleavage cycles, ensure generation of germ cells, and coordinate cellularization. For the sake of this review, we classify six early embryo stages that rely on processes coordinated by the centrosome and its regulation of the cytoskeleton. The first stage features migration of one of the female pronuclei toward the male pronucleus following maturation of the first embryonic centrosomes. Two subsequent stages distribute the nuclei first axially and then radially in the embryo. The remaining three stages involve centrosome-actin dynamics that control cortical plasma membrane morphogenesis. In this review, we highlight the dynamics of the centrosome and its role in controlling the six stages that culminate in the cellularization of the blastoderm embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Blake-Hedges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Timothy L Megraw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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125
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Deng L, Liu Y, Xia W, Hu J, Ma Z. Identification of ANLN as a new likely pathogenic gene of branchio-otic syndrome in a three-generation Chinese family. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 7:e00525. [PMID: 30548429 PMCID: PMC6393648 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome is one of the most common autosomal dominant hearing loss syndromes and features clinical and genetic heterogeneity. When there is no renal deformity, this disease can also be called branchio-otic (BO) syndrome. Though many genes have been reported, there are still many BO syndrome-related genes to be identified. To identify a hitherto unknown candidate gene causing BO syndrome in a three-generation Chinese family, clinical, genetic, and functional analyses were employed. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was conducted in three affected family members and two unaffected family members. PCR-Sanger sequencing was performed in all of the family members for segregation analysis and verification of the candidate variants. PCR-Sanger sequencing was also employed in 150 healthy people to examine the variants. In silico analysis was used to predict possible changes in the protein structure that may affect the phenotype. RESULTS We identified a heterozygous missense variant in ANLN: NM_018685.4: c.G1105A; NP_061155.2: p.G369R that segregated in the pedigree with an autosomal dominant pattern. No variant was found in the 150 controls and normal family members at this site. The variant c.G1105A was located in a highly conserved F-actin binding site. The amino acid residue at position 369 in the ANLN protein was highly conserved across different species. CONCLUSION In this study, we identified, for the first time, a heterozygous missense variant in ANLN (NM_018685.4: c.G1105A; NP_061155.2: p.G369R) that is likely to be a candidate causative gene of BO syndrome in a specific Chinese family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzhen Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai East Hospital (Ji'an campus), Ji'an, China
| | - Wenjun Xia
- Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiongjiong Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxin Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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126
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Downs B, Sherman S, Cui J, Kim YC, Snyder C, Christensen M, Luo J, Lynch H, Wang SM. Common genetic variants contribute to incomplete penetrance: evidence from cancer-free BRCA1 mutation carriers. Eur J Cancer 2018; 107:68-78. [PMID: 30551077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of pathogenic germline mutation in BRCA1 gene is considered as the most penetrant genetic predisposition for breast cancer. However, a portion of BRCA1 mutation carriers never develops breast cancer throughout their lifetime. This phenomenon is called incomplete penetrance. Genetic factor is proposed to contribute to this phenomenon, but the details regarding the genetic factor remain elusive. BRCA1 mutations were inherited from the ancestors of the mutation carrier families during human evolution, and their presence is a consistent threat to the survival of the mutation carrier population. In the present study, we hypothesize that evolution could positively select genetic components in the mutation carrier population to suppress the oncogenesis imposed by the predisposition. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To test our hypothesis, we used whole exome sequencing to compare germline variation of all genes in pairs of breast cancer-unaffected and breast cancer-affected BRCA1 mutation carriers, each pair was from the same family carrying the same BRCA1 mutation. RESULTS We identified a group of 'beneficial' variants enriched in the breast cancer-unaffected carrier group. These were the common variants in human population distributed in multiple genes involved in multiple functionally important pathways. We found a single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs3735400 located in ANLN gene, which plays an essential role in controlling cytokinesis and is often found to be overexpressed in cancer. The carriers of this variant had lower cumulative risk of developing breast cancer; overexpression of the variant-containing ANLN decreased ANLN nuclear localization suppressed expression of the variant-containing ANLN, and decreased the cellular proliferation respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings support our hypothesis that common genetic variants can be evolutionarily selected in BRCA1 mutation carrier population to counterpart the oncogenic effects imposed by mutation predisposition in BRCA1, contributing to the incomplete penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Downs
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, USA
| | - Simon Sherman
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, USA
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, USA
| | - Yeong C Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, USA
| | - Carrie Snyder
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Maria Christensen
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Jiangtao Luo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Henry Lynch
- Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - San Ming Wang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, USA; Cancer Centre and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR, China.
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127
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Branter J, Basu S, Smith S. Tumour treating fields in a combinational therapeutic approach. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36631-36644. [PMID: 30564303 PMCID: PMC6290966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for patients with newly diagnosed Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has remained unchanged since 2005, with patients undergoing maximal surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy plus concomitant and maintenance Temozolomide. More recently, Tumour treating fields (TTFields) therapy has become FDA approved for adult recurrent and adult newly-diagnosed GBM following the EF-11 and EF-14 trials, respectively. TTFields is a non-invasive anticancer treatment which utilizes medium frequency alternating electric fields to target actively dividing cancerous cells. TTFields selectively targets cells within mitosis through interacting with key mitotic proteins to cause mitotic arrest and cell death. TTFields therapy presents itself as a candidate for the combinational therapy route due to the lack of overlapping toxicities associated with electric fields. Here we review current literature pertaining to TTFields in combination with alkylating agents, radiation, anti-angiogenics, mitotic inhibitors, immunotherapies, and also with novel agents. This review highlights the observed synergistic and additive effects of combining TTFields with various other therapies, as well highlighting the strategies relating to combinations with electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Branter
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Surajit Basu
- Queen's Medical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stuart Smith
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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128
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Dekraker C, Boucher E, Mandato CA. Regulation and Assembly of Actomyosin Contractile Rings in Cytokinesis and Cell Repair. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2051-2066. [PMID: 30312008 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair both involve contractile assemblies of filamentous actin (F-actin) and myosin II organized into characteristic ring-like arrays. The assembly of these actomyosin contractile rings (CRs) is specified spatially and temporally by small Rho GTPases, which trigger local actin polymerization and myosin II contractility via a variety of downstream effectors. We now have a much clearer view of the Rho GTPase signaling cascade that leads to the formation of CRs, but some factors involved in CR positioning, assembly, and function remain poorly understood. Recent studies show that this regulation is multifactorial and goes beyond the long-established Ca2+ -dependent processes. There is substantial evidence that the Ca2+ -independent changes in cell shape, tension, and plasma membrane composition that characterize cytokinesis and single-cell wound repair also regulate CR formation. Elucidating the regulation and mechanistic properties of CRs is important to our understanding of basic cell biology and holds potential for therapeutic applications in human disease. In this review, we present a primer on the factors influencing and regulating CR positioning, assembly, and contraction as they occur in a variety of cytokinetic and single-cell wound repair models. Anat Rec, 301:2051-2066, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Dekraker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Boucher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig A Mandato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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129
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Anton KA, Kajita M, Narumi R, Fujita Y, Tada M. Src-transformed cells hijack mitosis to extrude from the epithelium. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4695. [PMID: 30410020 PMCID: PMC6224566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At the initial stage of carcinogenesis single mutated cells appear within an epithelium. Mammalian in vitro experiments show that potentially cancerous cells undergo live apical extrusion from normal monolayers. However, the mechanism underlying this process in vivo remains poorly understood. Mosaic expression of the oncogene vSrc in a simple epithelium of the early zebrafish embryo results in extrusion of transformed cells. Here we find that during extrusion components of the cytokinetic ring are recruited to adherens junctions of transformed cells, forming a misoriented pseudo-cytokinetic ring. As the ring constricts, it separates the basal from the apical part of the cell releasing both from the epithelium. This process requires cell cycle progression and occurs immediately after vSrc-transformed cell enters mitosis. To achieve extrusion, vSrc coordinates cell cycle progression, junctional integrity, cell survival and apicobasal polarity. Without vSrc, modulating these cellular processes reconstitutes vSrc-like extrusion, confirming their sufficiency for this process. Potentially cancerous cells undergo live apical extrusion from normal monolayers and vSrc expression induces this in zebrafish epithelia. Here, the authors show that vSrc coordinates cytokinetic ring formation, cell cycle progression, junctional integrity, cell survival and apicobasal polarity to induce extrusion of transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Anton
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mihoko Kajita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Rika Narumi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Masazumi Tada
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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130
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Chan FY, Silva AM, Saramago J, Pereira-Sousa J, Brighton HE, Pereira M, Oegema K, Gassmann R, Carvalho AX. The ARP2/3 complex prevents excessive formin activity during cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:96-107. [PMID: 30403552 PMCID: PMC6337913 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis completes cell division by constriction of an actomyosin contractile ring that separates the two daughter cells. Here we use the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo to explore how the actin filament network in the ring and the surrounding cortex is regulated by the single cytokinesis formin CYK-1 and the ARP2/3 complex, which nucleate nonbranched and branched filaments, respectively. We show that CYK-1 and the ARP2/3 complex are the predominant F-actin nucleators responsible for generating distinct cortical F-actin architectures and that depletion of either nucleator affects the kinetics of cytokinesis. CYK-1 is critical for normal F-actin levels in the contractile ring, and acute inhibition of CYK-1 after furrow ingression slows ring constriction rate, suggesting that CYK-1 activity is required throughout ring constriction. Surprisingly, although the ARP2/3 complex does not localize in the contractile ring, depletion of the ARP2 subunit or treatment with ARP2/3 complex inhibitor delays contractile ring formation and constriction. We present evidence that the delays are due to an excess in formin-nucleated cortical F-actin, suggesting that the ARP2/3 complex negatively regulates CYK-1 activity. We conclude that the kinetics of cytokinesis are modulated by interplay between the two major actin filament nucleators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fung-Yi Chan
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Saramago
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira-Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hailey E Brighton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Marisa Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Karen Oegema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Reto Gassmann
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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131
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Maurin J, Morel A, Hassen-Khodja C, Vives V, Jurdic P, Machuca-Gayet I, Blangy A. Combined strategy of siRNA and osteoclast actin cytoskeleton automated imaging to identify novel regulators of bone resorption shows a non-mitotic function for anillin. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:568-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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132
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Acharya BR, Nestor-Bergmann A, Liang X, Gupta S, Duszyc K, Gauquelin E, Gomez GA, Budnar S, Marcq P, Jensen OE, Bryant Z, Yap AS. A Mechanosensitive RhoA Pathway that Protects Epithelia against Acute Tensile Stress. Dev Cell 2018; 47:439-452.e6. [PMID: 30318244 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions are tensile structures that couple epithelial cells together. Junctional tension can arise from cell-intrinsic application of contractility or from the cell-extrinsic forces of tissue movement. Here, we report a mechanosensitive signaling pathway that activates RhoA at adherens junctions to preserve epithelial integrity in response to acute tensile stress. We identify Myosin VI as the force sensor, whose association with E-cadherin is enhanced when junctional tension is increased by mechanical monolayer stress. Myosin VI promotes recruitment of the heterotrimeric Gα12 protein to E-cadherin, where it signals for p114 RhoGEF to activate RhoA. Despite its potential to stimulate junctional actomyosin and further increase contractility, tension-activated RhoA signaling is necessary to preserve epithelial integrity. This is explained by an increase in tensile strength, especially at the multicellular vertices of junctions, that is due to mDia1-mediated actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipul R Acharya
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Nestor-Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Xuan Liang
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shafali Gupta
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kinga Duszyc
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Estelle Gauquelin
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Universite Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75205, France
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Srikanth Budnar
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Sorbonne Universite, PSL Research University, Paris and CNRS UMR 168, Paris 75005, France
| | - Oliver E Jensen
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zev Bryant
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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133
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Braga V. Signaling by Small GTPases at Cell-Cell Junctions: Protein Interactions Building Control and Networks. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028746. [PMID: 28893858 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of interesting reports highlight the intricate network of signaling proteins that coordinate formation and maintenance of cell-cell contacts. We have much yet to learn about how the in vitro binding data is translated into protein association inside the cells and whether such interaction modulates the signaling properties of the protein. What emerges from recent studies is the importance to carefully consider small GTPase activation in the context of where its activation occurs, which upstream regulators are involved in the activation/inactivation cycle and the GTPase interacting partners that determine the intracellular niche and extent of signaling. Data discussed here unravel unparalleled cooperation and coordination of functions among GTPases and their regulators in supporting strong adhesion between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Braga
- Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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134
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Michaux JB, Robin FB, McFadden WM, Munro EM. Excitable RhoA dynamics drive pulsed contractions in the early C. elegans embryo. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4230-4252. [PMID: 30275107 PMCID: PMC6279378 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201806161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed actomyosin contractility underlies many morphogenetic processes. Here, Michaux et al. show that, in early C. elegans embryos, pulsed contractions are generated by intrinsically excitable RhoA dynamics, involving fast autoactivation of RhoA and delayed negative feedback through local actin-dependent recruitment of the RhoGAPs RGA-3/4. Pulsed actomyosin contractility underlies diverse modes of tissue morphogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we combined quantitative imaging with genetic perturbations to identify a core mechanism for pulsed contractility in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We show that pulsed accumulation of actomyosin is governed by local control of assembly and disassembly downstream of RhoA. Pulsed activation and inactivation of RhoA precede, respectively, the accumulation and disappearance of actomyosin and persist in the absence of Myosin II. We find that fast (likely indirect) autoactivation of RhoA drives pulse initiation, while delayed, F-actin–dependent accumulation of the RhoA GTPase-activating proteins RGA-3/4 provides negative feedback to terminate each pulse. A mathematical model, constrained by our data, suggests that this combination of feedbacks is tuned to generate locally excitable RhoA dynamics. We propose that excitable RhoA dynamics are a common driver for pulsed contractility that can be tuned or coupled differently to actomyosin dynamics to produce a diversity of morphogenetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Michaux
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - François B Robin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Edwin M Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL .,Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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135
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Ploidy-dependent change in cyclin D2 expression and sensitization to cdk4/6 inhibition in human somatic haploid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:231-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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136
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Matsuzawa K, Himoto T, Mochizuki Y, Ikenouchi J. α-Catenin Controls the Anisotropy of Force Distribution at Cell-Cell Junctions during Collective Cell Migration. Cell Rep 2018; 23:3447-3456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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137
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Cuijpers SAG, Vertegaal ACO. Guiding Mitotic Progression by Crosstalk between Post-translational Modifications. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:251-268. [PMID: 29486978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell division is tightly regulated to disentangle copied chromosomes in an orderly manner and prevent loss of genome integrity. During mitosis, transcriptional activity is limited and post-translational modifications (PTMs) are responsible for functional protein regulation. Essential mitotic regulators, including polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), as well as the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), are members of the enzymatic machinery responsible for protein modification. Interestingly, communication between PTMs ensures the essential tight and timely control during all consecutive phases of mitosis. Here, we present an overview of current concepts and understanding of crosstalk between PTMs regulating mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A G Cuijpers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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138
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Zhang S, Nguyen LH, Zhou K, Tu HC, Sehgal A, Nassour I, Li L, Gopal P, Goodman J, Singal AG, Yopp A, Zhang Y, Siegwart DJ, Zhu H. Knockdown of Anillin Actin Binding Protein Blocks Cytokinesis in Hepatocytes and Reduces Liver Tumor Development in Mice Without Affecting Regeneration. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1421-1434. [PMID: 29274368 PMCID: PMC5880685 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cytokinesis can fail during normal postnatal liver development, leading to polyploid hepatocytes. We investigated whether inhibiting cytokinesis in the liver slows tumor growth without compromising the health of normal hepatocytes. We inhibited cytokinesis in cancer cells by knocking down ANLN, a cytoskeletal scaffolding protein that regulates cytokinesis and might promote tumorigenesis, in mice with liver disease. METHODS We analyzed clinical and gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Oncomine, PrognoScan, and a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue microarray. We knocked down ANLN with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in H2.35 liver cells and performed image analyses of cells undergoing cytokinesis. siRNAs were delivered to LAP-MYC mice, which develop hepatoblastoma, using lipid nanoparticles. H2.35 cells with knockdown of ANLN or control cells were injected into FRG mice, which develop chronic liver damage, and tumor growth was monitored. We also developed mice with inducible expression of transgenes encoding small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against Anln messenger RNA and studied liver tumorigenesis after administration of diethylnitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride. siRNAs against Anln messenger RNA were conjugated to N-acetylgalactosamine to reduce toxicity and increase hepatocyte tropism; their effects were studied in mouse models of liver cancer and regeneration. RESULTS Levels of ANLN messenger RNA were increased in human HCC tissues compared to non-tumor liver tissues. siRNA knockdown of ANLN blocked cytokinesis in H2.35 liver cells. Administration of siRNA against ANLN increased survival times of LAP-MYC mice, compared to mice given a control siRNA. H2.35 liver cells with shRNA knockdown of ANLN formed tumors more slowly in FRG mice than control H2.35 cells. Mice with inducible expression of shRNAs against Anln mRNA developed fewer liver tumors after administration of diethylnitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride than control mice. Knockdown of ANLN did not affect liver regeneration after acute and chronic liver injuries. CONCLUSIONS Knockdown of ANLN in liver cells blocks cytokinesis and inhibits development of liver tumors in mice. Agents that inhibit ANLN in the liver might be effective for prevention or treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Zhang
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Liem H Nguyen
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kejin Zhou
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ho-Chou Tu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alfica Sehgal
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ibrahim Nassour
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lin Li
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Purva Gopal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Joshua Goodman
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amit G Singal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Adam Yopp
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yu Zhang
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children's Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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139
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Mangal S, Sacher J, Kim T, Osório DS, Motegi F, Carvalho AX, Oegema K, Zanin E. TPXL-1 activates Aurora A to clear contractile ring components from the polar cortex during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:837-848. [PMID: 29311228 PMCID: PMC5839786 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, a signal from the central spindle that forms between the separating anaphase chromosomes promotes the accumulation of contractile ring components at the cell equator, while a signal from the centrosomal microtubule asters inhibits accumulation of contractile ring components at the cell poles. However, the molecular identity of the inhibitory signal has remained unknown. To identify molecular components of the aster-based inhibitory signal, we developed a means to monitor the removal of contractile ring proteins from the polar cortex after anaphase onset. Using this assay, we show that polar clearing is an active process that requires activation of Aurora A kinase by TPXL-1. TPXL-1 concentrates on astral microtubules coincident with polar clearing in anaphase, and its ability to recruit Aurora A and activate its kinase activity are essential for clearing. In summary, our data identify Aurora A kinase as an aster-based inhibitory signal that restricts contractile ring components to the cell equator during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriyash Mangal
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jennifer Sacher
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Daniel Sampaio Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fumio Motegi
- Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ana Xavier Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Karen Oegema
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Esther Zanin
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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140
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Jiao M, Wu D, Wei Q. Myosin II-interacting guanine nucleotide exchange factor promotes bleb retraction via stimulating cortex reassembly at the bleb membrane. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:643-656. [PMID: 29321250 PMCID: PMC6004584 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-10-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blebs are involved in various biological processes such as cell migration, cytokinesis, and apoptosis. While the expansion of blebs is largely an intracellular pressure-driven process, the retraction of blebs is believed to be driven by RhoA activation that leads to the reassembly of the actomyosin cortex at the bleb membrane. However, it is still poorly understood how RhoA is activated at the bleb membrane. Here, we provide evidence demonstrating that myosin II-interacting guanine nucleotide exchange factor (MYOGEF) is implicated in bleb retraction via stimulating RhoA activation and the reassembly of an actomyosin network at the bleb membrane during bleb retraction. Interaction of MYOGEF with ezrin, a well-known regulator of bleb retraction, is required for MYOGEF localization to retracting blebs. Notably, knockout of MYOGEF or ezrin not only disrupts RhoA activation at the bleb membrane, but also interferes with nonmuscle myosin II localization and activation, as well as actin polymerization in retracting blebs. Importantly, MYOGEF knockout slows down bleb retraction. We propose that ezrin interacts with MYOGEF and recruits it to retracting blebs, where MYOGEF activates RhoA and promotes the reassembly of the cortical actomyosin network at the bleb membrane, thus contributing to the regulation of bleb retraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458
| | - Qize Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458
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141
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Melli L, Billington N, Sun SA, Bird JE, Nagy A, Friedman TB, Takagi Y, Sellers JR. Bipolar filaments of human nonmuscle myosin 2-A and 2-B have distinct motile and mechanical properties. eLife 2018; 7:32871. [PMID: 29419377 PMCID: PMC5829915 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmusclemyosin 2 (NM-2) powers cell motility and tissue morphogenesis by assembling into bipolar filaments that interact with actin. Although the enzymatic properties of purified NM-2 motor fragments have been determined, the emergent properties of filament ensembles are unknown. Using single myosin filament in vitro motility assays, we report fundamental differences in filaments formed of different NM-2 motors. Filaments consisting of NM2-B moved processively along actin, while under identical conditions, NM2-A filaments did not. By more closely mimicking the physiological milieu, either by increasing solution viscosity or by co-polymerization with NM2-B, NM2-A containing filaments moved processively. Our data demonstrate that both the kinetic and mechanical properties of these two myosins, in addition to the stochiometry of NM-2 subunits, can tune filament mechanical output. We propose altering NM-2 filament composition is a general cellular strategy for tailoring force production of filaments to specific functions, such as maintaining tension or remodeling actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Melli
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Neil Billington
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Sara A Sun
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jonathan E Bird
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Attila Nagy
- Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Gaithersburg, United States
| | - Thomas B Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - James R Sellers
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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142
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Lee SR, Jo YJ, Namgoong S, Kim NH. Anillin controls cleavage furrow formation in the course of asymmetric division during mouse oocyte maturation. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 83:792-801. [PMID: 27508507 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anillin is a scaffold protein that recruits several proteins involved in cleavage furrow formation during cytokinesis. The role of anilllin in symmetric cell divisions in somatic cells has been intensively studied, yet its involvement in cleavage furrow formation is still elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of anillin in mammalian oocyte maturation and cytokinesis. We found that anillin is localized around the nucleus during the oocyte germinal-vesicle stage, and spreads to the cytoplasm after germinal vesicle breakdown. Thereafter, anillin concentrates at the site of the cleavage furrow from anaphase I to metaphase II. Disruption of anillin activity by microinjecting oocytes with specific siRNAs resulted in a failure of polar body extrusion and asymmetric division, and caused abnormal chromosome segregation during anaphase I. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of myosin light chain using Y-27632 or ML-7 resulted in decreased anillin expression. Collectively, our data suggest that anillin is an essential intracellular component that maintains the integrity of asymmetric division in mouse oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 792-801, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Rim Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, South Korea
| | - Suk Namgoong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, South Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju, South Korea.
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143
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Derksen PWB, van de Ven RAH. Shared mechanisms regulate spatiotemporal RhoA-dependent actomyosin contractility during adhesion and cell division. Small GTPases 2018; 11:113-121. [PMID: 29291271 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1366966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Local modulation of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for the initiation and maintenance of strong homotypic adhesive interfaces between neighboring cells. The epithelial adherens junction (AJ) fulfils a central role in this process by mediating E-cadherin interactions and functioning as a signaling scaffold to control the activity of the small GTPase RhoA and subsequent actomyosin contractility. Interestingly, a number of regulatory proteins that modulate RhoA activity at the AJ also control RhoA during cytokinesis, an actomyosin-dependent process that divides the cytoplasm to generate two daughter cells at the final stages of mitosis. Recent insights have revealed that the central player in AJ stability, p120-catenin (p120), interacts with and modulates essential regulators of actomyosin contraction during cytokinesis. In cancer, loss of this modulation is a common event during tumor progression that can induce chromosomal instability and tumor progression.In this review, we will highlight the functional differences and similarities of the different RhoA-associated factors that have been linked to both the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A H van de Ven
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue Boston, MA, USA
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144
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Menon VV, Soumya SS, Agarwal A, Naganathan SR, Inamdar MM, Sain A. Asymmetric Flows in the Intercellular Membrane during Cytokinesis. Biophys J 2018; 113:2787-2795. [PMID: 29262371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells undergo shape changes during their division and growth. This involves flow of material both in the cell membrane and in the cytoskeletal layer beneath the membrane. Such flows result in redistribution of phospholipid at the cell surface and actomyosin in the cortex. Here we focus on the growth of the intercellular surface during cell division in a Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. The growth of this surface leads to the formation of a double-layer of separating membranes between the two daughter cells. The division plane typically has a circular periphery and the growth starts from the periphery as a membrane invagination, which grows radially inward like the shutter of a camera. The growth is typically not concentric, in the sense that the closing internal ring is located off-center. Cytoskeletal proteins anillin and septin have been found to be responsible for initiating and maintaining the asymmetry of ring closure but the role of possible asymmetry in the material flow into the growing membrane has not been investigated yet. Motivated by experimental evidence of such flow asymmetry, here we explore the patterns of internal ring closure in the growing membrane in response to asymmetric boundary fluxes. We highlight the importance of the flow asymmetry by showing that many of the asymmetric growth patterns observed experimentally can be reproduced by our model, which incorporates the viscous nature of the membrane and contractility of the associated cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya V Menon
- Center for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S S Soumya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amal Agarwal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Anirban Sain
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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145
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Dema A, Macaluso F, Sgrò F, Berto GE, Bianchi FT, Chiotto AA, Pallavicini G, Di Cunto F, Gai M. Citron kinase-dependent F-actin maintenance at midbody secondary ingression sites mediates abscission. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.209080. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis whereby the intercellular bridge (ICB) linking the two daughter cells is cut. The ICB contains a structure called the midbody, required for the recruitment and organization of the abscission machinery. Final midbody severing is mediated by formation of secondary midbody ingression sites, where ESCRT III component CHMP4B is recruited and may mediate membrane fusion. It is presently unknown how cytoskeletal elements cooperate with CHMP4B to mediate abscission. In this report, we show that F-actin is associated with midbody secondary sites and is necessary for abscission. F-actin localization at secondary sites depends on the activity of RhoA and on the abscission regulator CITK. CITK depletion accelerates F-actin loss at the midbody and cytokinesis defects produced by CITK loss are reverted by restoring actin polymerization. Conversely, midbody hyperstabilization produced by CITK and ANLN overexpression is reverted by actin depolymerization. CITK is required for F-actin and ANLN localization at the abscission sites, as well as for CHMP4B recruitment. These results indicate that control of actin dynamics downstream of CITK prepares abscission site for final cut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Dema
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
- FMP-Berlin Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Macaluso
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Sgrò
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Gaia E. Berto
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico T. Bianchi
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra A. Chiotto
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Pallavicini
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Gai
- Dept. of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
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146
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Miko M, Kyselovic J, Danisovic L, Barczi T, Polak S, Varga I. Two nuclei inside a single cardiac muscle cell. More questions than answers about the binucleation of cardiomyocytes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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147
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Liang X, Kiru S, Gomez GA, Yap AS. Regulated recruitment of SRGAP1 modulates RhoA signaling for contractility during epithelial junction maturation. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 75:61-69. [PMID: 29160905 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions in epithelia are contractile structures, where coupling of adhesion to the actomyosin cytoskeleton generates mechanical tension for morphogenesis and homeostasis. In established monolayers, junctional contractility is supported by the interplay between cell signals and scaffolding proteins. However, less is known about how contractile junctions develop, especially during the establishment of epithelial monolayers. Here, we show that junctional tension increases concomitant with accumulation of actomyosin networks as Caco-2 epithelia become confluent. This is associated with development of a zone of RhoA signaling at junctions. Further, we find that the low levels of RhoA signaling and contractility found in subconfluent cultures reflect a mechanism for their active suppression. Specifically, the RhoA antagonist, SRGAP1, is present at subconfluent junctions to a greater extent than in confluent cultures and SRGAP1 RNAi restores RhoA signaling and contractility in subconfluent cultures to levels seen in confluent cells. Overall, these observations suggest that regulated changes in junctional contractility mediated by modulation of RhoA signaling occur as epithelial monolayers mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liang
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sajini Kiru
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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148
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Goupil E, Amini R, Hall DH, Labbé JC. Actomyosin contractility regulators stabilize the cytoplasmic bridge between the two primordial germ cells during Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3789-3800. [PMID: 29074566 PMCID: PMC5739295 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans germline is syncytial but its formation is not completely understood. During embryogenesis, the germline precursor blastomere does not complete cytokinesis and maintains a stable cytoplasmic bridge between the two primordial germ cells that is enriched in actomyosin contractility regulators. Stable cytoplasmic bridges arise from failed cytokinesis, the last step of cell division, and are a key feature of syncytial architectures in the germline of most metazoans. Whereas the Caenorhabditis elegans germline is syncytial, its formation remains poorly understood. We found that the germline precursor blastomere, P4, fails cytokinesis, leaving a stable cytoplasmic bridge between the two daughter cells, Z2 and Z3. Depletion of several regulators of actomyosin contractility resulted in a regression of the membrane partition between Z2 and Z3, indicating that they are required to stabilize the cytoplasmic bridge. Epistatic analysis revealed a pathway in which Rho regulators promote accumulation of the noncannonical anillin ANI-2 at the stable cytoplasmic bridge, which in turns promotes the accumulation of the nonmuscle myosin II NMY-2 and the midbody component CYK-7 at the bridge, in part by limiting the accumulation of canonical anillin ANI-1. Our results uncover key steps in C. elegans germline formation and define a set of conserved regulators that are enriched at the primordial germ cell cytoplasmic bridge to ensure its stability during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana Amini
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer and
| | - David H Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Jean-Claude Labbé
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer and .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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149
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Tyrosine dephosphorylated cortactin downregulates contractility at the epithelial zonula adherens through SRGAP1. Nat Commun 2017; 8:790. [PMID: 28983097 PMCID: PMC5629210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile adherens junctions support cell−cell adhesion, epithelial integrity, and morphogenesis. Much effort has been devoted to understanding how contractility is established; however, less is known about whether contractility can be actively downregulated at junctions nor what function this might serve. We now identify such an inhibitory pathway that is mediated by the cytoskeletal scaffold, cortactin. Mutations of cortactin that prevent its tyrosine phosphorylation downregulate RhoA signaling and compromise the ability of epithelial cells to generate a contractile zonula adherens. This is mediated by the RhoA antagonist, SRGAP1. We further demonstrate that this mechanism is co-opted by hepatocyte growth factor to promote junctional relaxation and motility in epithelial collectives. Together, our findings identify a novel function of cortactin as a regulator of RhoA signaling that can be utilized by morphogenetic regulators for the active downregulation of junctional contractility. Epithelial cell-cell adhesions are contractile junctions, but whether contractility can be down-regulated is not known. Here the authors report how tyrosine dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal scaffold, cortactin, recruits the RhoA antagonist SRGAP1 to relax adherens junctions in response to HGF.
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150
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Abstract
SUMMARYCell division-cytokinesis-involves large-scale rearrangements of the entire cell. Primarily driven by cytoskeletal proteins, cytokinesis also depends on topological rearrangements of the plasma membrane, which are coordinated with nuclear division in both space and time. Despite the fundamental nature of the process, different types of eukaryotic cells show variations in both the structural mechanisms of cytokinesis and the regulatory controls. In animal cells and fungi, a contractile actomyosin-based structure plays a central, albeit flexible, role. Here, the underlying molecular mechanisms are summarized and integrated and common themes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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