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Wu XN, Chu L, Xi L, Pertl-Obermeyer H, Li Z, Sklodowski K, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Obermeyer G, Schulze WX. Sucrose-induced Receptor Kinase 1 is Modulated by an Interacting Kinase with Short Extracellular Domain. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1556-1571. [PMID: 31147492 PMCID: PMC6683012 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose as a product of photosynthesis is the major carbohydrate translocated from photosynthetic leaves to growing nonphotosynthetic organs such as roots and seeds. These growing tissues, besides carbohydrate supply, require uptake of water through aquaporins to enhance cell expansion during growth. Previous work revealed Sucrose Induced Receptor Kinase, SIRK1, to control aquaporin activity via phosphorylation in response to external sucrose stimulation. Here, we present the regulatory role of AT3G02880 (QSK1), a receptor kinase with a short external domain, in modulation of SIRK1 activity. Our results suggest that SIRK1 autophosphorylates at Ser-744 after sucrose treatment. Autophosphorylated SIRK1 then interacts with and transphosphorylates QSK1 and QSK2. Upon interaction with QSK1, SIRK1 phosphorylates aquaporins at their regulatory C-terminal phosphorylation sites. Consequently, in root protoplast swelling assays, the qsk1qsk2 mutant showed reduced water influx rates under iso-osmotic sucrose stimulation, confirming an involvement in the same signaling pathway as the receptor kinase SIRK1. Large-scale phosphoproteomics comparing single mutant sirk1, qsk1, and double mutant sirk1 qsk1 revealed that aquaporins were regulated by phosphorylation depending on an activated receptor kinase complex of SIRK1, as well as QSK1. QSK1 thereby acts as a coreceptor stabilizing and enhancing SIRK1 activity and recruiting substrate proteins, such as aquaporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Na Wu
- ‡Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Liangcui Chu
- ‡Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lin Xi
- ‡Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heidi Pertl-Obermeyer
- §Molecular Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Zhi Li
- ‡Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kamil Sklodowski
- ¶Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerhard Obermeyer
- §Molecular Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- ‡Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Guo XY, Wang Y, Zhao PX, Xu P, Yu GH, Zhang LY, Xiong Y, Xiang CB. AtEDT1/HDG11 regulates stomatal density and water-use efficiency via ERECTA and E2Fa. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1478-1488. [PMID: 31004497 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Improvement of crop drought resistance and water-use efficiency (WUE) has been a major endeavor in agriculture. Arabidopsis ENHANCED DROUGHT TOLERANCE1/HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS11 (AtEDT1/HDG11), a homeodomain-START transcription factor we previously identified from the enhanced drought tolerance1 mutant (edt1), has been demonstrated to improve drought tolerance and WUE significantly in multiple plant species when constitutively overexpressed. Here, we report the genetic evidence suggesting a genetic pathway, which consists of EDT1/HDG11, ERECTA, and E2Fa loci, and regulates WUE by modulating stomatal density. AtEDT1/HDG11 transcriptionally activates ERECTA by binding to homeodomain-binding (HD) cis-elements in the ERECTA promoter. ERECTA, in turn, depends on E2Fa to modulate the expression of cell cycle-related genes. This modulation affects the transition from mitosis to endocycle, leading to increased ploidy levels in leaf cells, and therefore increased cell size and decreased stomatal density. Our results suggest a possible EDT1/HDG11-ERECTA-E2Fa genetic pathway that reduces stomatal density by increasing cell size and provide a new avenue to improve WUE of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230027, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230027, China
| | - Ping-Xia Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230027, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350002, China
| | - Guo-Hua Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230027, China
| | - Li-Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230027, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, 350002, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Xiang
- School of Life Sciences and Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230027, China
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103
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Li H, Cai Z, Wang X, Li M, Cui Y, Cui N, Yang F, Zhu M, Zhao J, Du W, He K, Yi J, Tax FE, Hou S, Li J, Gou X. SERK Receptor-like Kinases Control Division Patterns of Vascular Precursors and Ground Tissue Stem Cells during Embryo Development in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:984-1002. [PMID: 31059824 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During embryo development, the vascular precursors and ground tissue stem cells divide to renew themselves and produce the vascular tissue, endodermal cells, and cortical cells. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating division of these stem cells have remained largely elusive. In this study, we show that loss of function of SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) genes results in aberrant embryo development. Fewer cortical, endodermal, and vascular cells are generated in the embryos of serk1 serk2 bak1 triple mutants. WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) is ectopically expressed in vascular cells of serk1 serk2 bak1 embryos. The first transverse division of vascular precursors in mid-globular embryos and second asymmetric division of ground tissue stem cells in early-heart embryos are abnormally altered to a longitudinal division. The embryo defects can be partially rescued by constitutively activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase kinase YODA (YDA) and MAPK kinase MKK5. Taken together, our results reveal that SERK-mediated signals regulate division patterns of vascular precursors and ground tissue stem cells, likely via the YDA-MKK4/5 cascade, during embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zeping Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China; College of Forestry, Hainan University, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Meizhen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yanwei Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Nan Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Mingsong Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Junxiang Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Wenbin Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Kai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Frans E Tax
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.
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Tao K, Waletich JR, Arredondo F, Tyler BM. Manipulating Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Tethering in Plants Through Fluorescent Protein Complementation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:635. [PMID: 31191568 PMCID: PMC6547045 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay has been widely used to examine interactions between integral and peripheral proteins within putative plasma membrane (PM) microdomains. In the course of using BiFC assays to examine the co-localization of plasma membrane (PM) targeted receptor-like kinases (RLKs), such as FLS2, with PM micro-domain proteins such as remorins, we unexpectedly observed heterogeneous distribution patterns of fluorescence on the PM of Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cortical cells. These patterns appeared to co-localize with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and with ER-PM contact sites, and closely resembled patterns caused by over-expression of the ER-PM tether protein Synaptotagmin1 (SYT1). Using domain swap experiments with SYT1, we inferred that non-specific dimerization between FLS2-VenusN and VenusC-StRem1.3 could create artificial ER-PM tether proteins analogous to SYT1. The same patterns of ER-PM tethering were produced when a representative set of integral membrane proteins were partnered in BiFC complexes with PM-targeted peripheral membrane proteins, including PtdIns(4)P-binding proteins. We inferred that spontaneous formation of mature fluorescent proteins caused the BiFC complexes to trap the integral membrane proteins in the ER during delivery to the PM, producing a PM-ER tether. This phenomenon could be a useful tool to deliberately manipulate ER-PM tethering or to test protein membrane localization. However, this study also highlights the risk of using the BiFC assay to study membrane protein interactions in plants, due to the possibility of alterations in cellular structures and membrane organization, or misinterpretation of protein-protein interactions. A number of published studies using this approach may therefore need to be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tao
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Justin R. Waletich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Felipe Arredondo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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105
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Hou Q, Saima S, Ren H, Ali K, Bai C, Wu G, Li G. Less Conserved LRRs Is Important for BRI1 Folding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:634. [PMID: 31164898 PMCID: PMC6536576 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1) is a multidomain plant leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK), belongs to the LRR X subfamily. BRI1 perceives plant hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) through its extracellular domain that constitutes of LRRs interrupted by a 70 amino acid residue island domain (ID), which activates the kinase domain (KD) in its intracellular domain to trigger BR response. Thus, the KD and the ID of BRI1 are highly conserved and greatly contribute to BR functions. In fact, most bri1 mutants are clustered in or surrounded around the ID and the KD. However, the role of the less conserved LRR domains, particularly the first few LRRs after the signal peptide, is elusive. Here, we report the identification of a loss-of-function mutant bri1-235 that carries a mutation in the less conserved fourth LRR of BRI1 extracellular domain in Arabidopsis. This mutant had a base alteration from C to T, resulting in an amino acid substitution from serine to phenylalanine at the 156th position of BRI1. Compared with the wild-type plants, bri1-235 exhibited round leaves, prolonged life span, shorter stature, and approximately normal fertility under light conditions. The bri1-235 mutant was less sensitive to exogenous brassinolide under normal conditions. Importantly, both wild-type BRI1 expression and a sbi1 mutant that activates BRI1 rescued bri1-235 and resembled the wild type. Furthermore, bri1-235 protein was localized in endoplasmic reticulum rather than plasma membrane, suggestive of a cause for reducing BR sensitive in bri1-235. Taken together, our findings provide an insight into the role of the less conserved LRRs of BRI1, shedding light on the role of LRRs in a variety of LRR-RLKs that control numerous processes of plant growth, development, and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shehzadi Saima
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chengke Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guishuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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106
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Endo H, Torii KU. Stomatal Development and Perspectives toward Agricultural Improvement. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a034660. [PMID: 30988007 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are small pores on the surface of land plants that facilitate gas exchange-acquiring CO2 from surrounding atmosphere and releasing water vapor. In adverse conditions, such as drought, stomata close to minimize water loss. The activities of stomata are vital for plant growth and survival. In the last two decades, key players for stomatal development have been discovered thanks to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana Our knowledge about the formation of stomata and their response to environmental changes are accumulating. In this review, we summarize the genetic and molecular mechanisms of stomatal development, with specific emphasis on recent findings and potential applications toward enhancing the sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Endo
- Institute of transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Institute of transformative Biomolecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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107
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Zhou J, Wang P, Claus LAN, Savatin DV, Xu G, Wu S, Meng X, Russinova E, He P, Shan L. Proteolytic Processing of SERK3/BAK1 Regulates Plant Immunity, Development, and Cell Death. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:543-558. [PMID: 30782965 PMCID: PMC6501102 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved many receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to sense extrinsic and intrinsic cues. The signaling pathways mediated by multiple Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) RLK (LRR-RLK) receptors require ligand-induced receptor-coreceptor heterodimerization and transphosphorylation with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1)/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASES family LRR-RLKs. Here we reveal an additional layer of regulation of BAK1 via a Ca2+-dependent proteolytic cleavage process that is conserved in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Nicotiana benthamiana, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae The proteolytic cleavage of BAK1 is intrinsically regulated in response to developmental cues and immune stimulation. The surface-exposed Asp (D287) residue of BAK1 is critical for its proteolytic cleavage and plays an essential role in BAK1-regulated plant immunity, growth hormone brassinosteroid-mediated responses, and cell death containment. BAK1D287A mutation impairs BAK1 phosphorylation on its substrate BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1), and its plasma membrane localization. Intriguingly, it aggravates BAK1 overexpression-triggered cell death independent of BIK1, suggesting that maintaining homeostasis of BAK1 through a proteolytic process is crucial to control plant growth and immunity. Our data reveal that in addition to layered transphosphorylation in the receptor complexes, the proteolytic cleavage is an important regulatory process for the proper functions of the shared coreceptor BAK1 in diverse cellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinggeng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Lucas A N Claus
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Shujing Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018 China
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234 China
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Olsson V, Joos L, Zhu S, Gevaert K, Butenko MA, De Smet I. Look Closely, the Beautiful May Be Small: Precursor-Derived Peptides in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:153-186. [PMID: 30525926 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, a flurry of research focusing on the role of peptides as short- and long-distance signaling molecules in plant cell communication has been undertaken. Here, we focus on peptides derived from nonfunctional precursors, and we address several key questions regarding peptide signaling. We provide an overview of the regulatory steps involved in producing a biologically active peptide ligand that can bind its corresponding receptor(s) and discuss how this binding and subsequent activation lead to specific cellular outputs. We discuss different experimental approaches that can be used to match peptide ligands with their receptors. Lastly, we explore how peptides evolved from basic signaling units regulating essential processes in plants to more complex signaling systems as new adaptive traits developed and how nonplant organisms exploit this signaling machinery by producing peptide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilde Olsson
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Lisa Joos
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shanshuo Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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109
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Abstract
Stomata are structures on the surfaces of most land plants that are required for gas exchange between plants and their environment. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stomata comprise two kidney bean-shaped epidermal guard cells that flank a central pore overlying a cavity in the mesophyll. These guard cells can adjust their shape to occlude or facilitate access to this pore, and in so doing regulate the release of water vapor and oxygen from the plant, in exchange for the intake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Stomatal guard cells are the end product of a specialized lineage whose cell divisions and fate transitions ensure both the production and pattern of cells in aerial epidermal tissues. The stomatal lineage is dynamic and flexible, altering stomatal production in response to environmental change. As such, the stomatal lineage is an excellent system to study how flexible developmental transitions are regulated in plants. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we will summarize current knowledge of the divisions and fate decisions during stomatal development, discussing the role of transcriptional regulators, cell-cell signaling and polarity proteins. We will highlight recent work that links the core regulators to systemic or environmental information and provide an evolutionary perspective on stomata lineage regulators in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Lee
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 94305-5020
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 94305-5020
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, USA 94305
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110
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Identification and expression analysis of ERECTA family genes in grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Genes Genomics 2019; 41:723-735. [PMID: 31004330 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ERECTA family (ERf) genes are found in many dicots and monocots, and play important roles in plant developmental processes and stress responses. However, there is little known on ERf genes in grape (Vitis vinifera L.). OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to identify the ERf genes in grape, and to analyze their expression profiles in different organs, during development, and in response to hormone treatments and abiotic/biotic stresses. METHODS ERf protein sequences of dicots were aligned in the grape genome (V. vinifera cv. Pinot Noir, PN40024, 12X) with Blast server. The locus tags obtained were inputted in NCBI to retrieve corresponding nucleotide and protein accession numbers. The subcellular localization experiment was performed by the transient expression of VvERECTA-GFP and VvERL2-GFP in mesophyll protoplasts of Arabidopsis. The expression levels of ERf genes in grape leaves were detected by qRT-PCR after hormone treatments and abiotic/biotic stresses. RESULTS We first identified the ERf genes in the grape genome, including VvERECTA and VvERL2. Their cDNA full-length sequences were obtained with the accession numbers MG601756 and MG601757. The result of subcellular localization indicated that the fusion proteins of VvERECTA and VvERL2 were localized in the plasma membrane. There were four conserved domains identified in VvERECTA and VvERL2, including a LRRNT-2, a LRR, a transmembrane and a protein kinase domain. The grape ERf genes expressed highly in young aboveground organs. As grape leaves or berries becoming mature, VvERECTA expressed in a declining trend. The transcript abundance of VvERL2 decreased during leaves development, but showed no significant differences during berries development. The hormone treatments of ABA, SA, MeJA and BR could induce the expression of VvERECTA and VvERL2. The treatments of heat, drought, downy and powdery mildew significantly increased the expression levels of the grape ERf genes. CONCLUSION The grape ERECTA gene family might play crucial roles in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. We provide the first description of the grape ERf genes and the most comprehensive analysis of their expressions in different biological processes.
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111
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Tateda C, Obara K, Abe Y, Sekine R, Nekoduka S, Hikage T, Nishihara M, Sekine KT, Fujisaki K. The Host Stomatal Density Determines Resistance to Septoria gentianae in Japanese Gentian. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:428-436. [PMID: 30295581 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0114-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant stomata represent the main battlefield for host plants and the pathogens that enter plant tissues via stomata. Septoria spp., a group of ascomycete fungi, use host plant stomata for invasion and cause serious damage to agricultural plants. There is no evidence, however, showing the involvement of stomata in defense systems against Septoria infection. In this study, we isolated Septoria gentianae 20-35 (Sg20-35) from Gentiana triflora showing gentian leaf blight disease symptoms in the field. Establishment of an infection system using gentian plants cultured in vitro enabled us to observe the Sg20-35 infection process and estimate its virulence in several gentian cultivars or lines. Sg20-35 also entered gentian tissues via stomata and showed increased virulence in G. triflora compared with G. scabra and their interspecific hybrid. Notably, the susceptibility of gentian cultivars to Sg20-35 was associated with their stomatal density on the adaxial but not abaxial leaf surface. Treatment of EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE 9 (EPFL9/STOMAGEN) peptides, a small secreted peptide controlling stomatal density in Arabidopsis thaliana, increased stomatal density on the adaxial side of gentian leaves as well. Consequently, treated plants showed enhanced susceptibility to Sg20-35. These results indicate that stomatal density on the adaxial leaf surface is one of the major factors determining the susceptibility of gentian cultivars to S. gentianae and suggest that stomatal density control may represent an effective strategy to confer Septoria resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Tateda
- 1 Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Kazue Obara
- 1 Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Abe
- 1 Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Reiko Sekine
- 2 Iwate Plant Protection Office, 20-1 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Syuuichi Nekoduka
- 3 University of the Ryukyus, Faculty of Agriculture, Nakagami, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; and
| | - Takashi Hikage
- 4 Hachimantai City Floricultural Research and Development Center, Kamasuda 70, Hachimantai, Iwate 028-7533, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishihara
- 1 Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Ken-Taro Sekine
- 2 Iwate Plant Protection Office, 20-1 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Koki Fujisaki
- 1 Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, 22-174-4 Narita, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
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112
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Zhu Q, Shao Y, Ge S, Zhang M, Zhang T, Hu X, Liu Y, Walker J, Zhang S, Xu J. A MAPK cascade downstream of IDA-HAE/HSL2 ligand-receptor pair in lateral root emergence. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:414-423. [PMID: 30936437 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root (LR) emergence is a highly coordinated process involving precise cell-cell communication. Here, we show that MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 (MPK3) and MPK6, and their upstream MAP-kinase kinases (MAPKKs), MKK4 and MKK5, function downstream of HAESA (HAE)/HAESA-LIKE2 (HSL2) and their ligand INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) during LR emergence. Loss of function of MKK4/MKK5 or MPK3/MPK6 results in restricted passage of the growing lateral root primordia (LRP) through the overlaying endodermal, cortical and epidermal cell layers, leading to reduced LR density. The MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module regulates the expression of cell wall remodelling genes in cells overlaying LRP and therefore controls pectin degradation in the middle lamella. Expression of constitutively active MKK4 or MKK5 driven by the HAE or HSL2 promoter fully rescues the LR emergence defect in the ida and hae hsl2 mutants. In addition, the MKK4/MKK5-MPK3/MPK6 module is indispensable in auxin-facilitated LR emergence. Our study provides insights into the auxin-governed and IDA-HAE/HLS2 ligand-receptor pair-mediated LR emergence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shating Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaotian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John Walker
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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113
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Constitutive signaling activity of a receptor-associated protein links fertilization with embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5795-5804. [PMID: 30833400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815866116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In flowering plants, the asymmetrical division of the zygote is the first hallmark of apical-basal polarity of the embryo and is controlled by a MAP kinase pathway that includes the MAPKKK YODA (YDA). In Arabidopsis, YDA is activated by the membrane-associated pseudokinase SHORT SUSPENSOR (SSP) through an unusual parent-of-origin effect: SSP transcripts accumulate specifically in sperm cells but are translationally silent. Only after fertilization is SSP protein transiently produced in the zygote, presumably from paternally inherited transcripts. SSP is a recently diverged, Brassicaceae-specific member of the BRASSINOSTEROID SIGNALING KINASE (BSK) family. BSK proteins typically play broadly overlapping roles as receptor-associated signaling partners in various receptor kinase pathways involved in growth and innate immunity. This raises two questions: How did a protein with generic function involved in signal relay acquire the property of a signal-like patterning cue, and how is the early patterning process activated in plants outside the Brassicaceae family, where SSP orthologs are absent? Here, we show that Arabidopsis BSK1 and BSK2, two close paralogs of SSP that are conserved in flowering plants, are involved in several YDA-dependent signaling events, including embryogenesis. However, the contribution of SSP to YDA activation in the early embryo does not overlap with the contributions of BSK1 and BSK2. The loss of an intramolecular regulatory interaction enables SSP to constitutively activate the YDA signaling pathway, and thus initiates apical-basal patterning as soon as SSP protein is translated after fertilization and without the necessity of invoking canonical receptor activation.
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114
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Li X, Ahmad S, Ali A, Guo C, Li H, Yu J, Zhang Y, Gao X, Guo Y. Characterization of Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor-Like Kinase 4 as a Negative Regulator of Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010050. [PMID: 30646631 PMCID: PMC6356292 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a genetically controlled process that involves the perception of extracellular signals and signal transduction. The receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are known to act as an important class of cell surface receptors and are involved in multiple biological processes such as development and stress responses. The functions of a number of RLK members have been characterized in Arabidopsis and other plant species, but only a limited number of RLK proteins have been reported to be associated with leaf senescence. In the present study, we have characterized the role of the somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 4 (SERK4) gene in leaf senescence. The expression of SERK4 was up-regulated during leaf senescence and by several abiotic stress treatments in Arabidopsis. The serk4-1 knockout mutant was found to display a significant early leaf senescence phenotype. Furthermore, the results of overexpression analysis and complementary analysis supported the idea that SERK4 acts as a negative regulator in the process of leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Salman Ahmad
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Cun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yongfeng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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115
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Gao X, Ruan X, Sun Y, Wang X, Feng B. BAKing up to Survive a Battle: Functional Dynamics of BAK1 in Plant Programmed Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1913. [PMID: 30671069 PMCID: PMC6331536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, programmed cell death (PCD) has diverse, essential roles in vegetative and reproductive development, and in the responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite the rapid progress in understanding the occurrence and functions of the diverse forms of PCD in plants, the signaling components and molecular mechanisms underlying the core PCD machinery remain a mystery. The roles of BAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1), an essential co-receptor of multiple receptor complexes, in the regulation of immunity and development- and defense-related PCD have been well characterized. However, the ways in which BAK1 functions in mediating PCD need to be further explored. In this review, different forms of PCD in both plants and mammals are discussed. Moreover, we mainly summarize recent advances in elucidating the functions and possible mechanisms of BAK1 in controlling diverse forms of PCD. We also highlight the involvement of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of multiple signaling component proteins in BAK1-mediated PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinsen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baomin Feng
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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116
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Zhou K. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Proteins in Arabidopsis and One of Their Common Roles in Signaling Transduction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1022. [PMID: 31555307 PMCID: PMC6726743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse proteins are found modified with glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) at their carboxyl terminus in eukaryotes, which allows them to associate with membrane lipid bilayers and anchor on the external surface of the plasma membrane. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play crucial roles in various processes, and more and more GPI-APs have been identified and studied. In this review, previous genomic and proteomic predictions of GPI-APs in Arabidopsis have been updated, which reveal their high abundance and complexity. From studies of individual GPI-APs in Arabidopsis, certain GPI-APs have been found associated with partner receptor-like kinases (RLKs), targeting RLKs to their subcellular localization and helping to recognize extracellular signaling polypeptide ligands. Interestingly, the association might also be involved in ligand selection. The analyses suggest that GPI-APs are essential and widely involved in signal transduction through association with RLKs.
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117
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Buckley CR, Caine RS, Gray JE. Pores for Thought: Can Genetic Manipulation of Stomatal Density Protect Future Rice Yields? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1783. [PMID: 32117345 PMCID: PMC7026486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) contributes to the diets of around 3.5 billion people every day and is consumed more than any other plant. Alarmingly, climate predictions suggest that the frequency of severe drought and high-temperature events will increase, and this is set to threaten the global rice supply. In this review, we consider whether water or heat stresses in crops - especially rice - could be mitigated through alterations to stomata; minute pores on the plant epidermis that permit carbon acquisition and regulate water loss. In the short-term, water loss is controlled via alterations to the degree of stomatal "openness", or, in the longer-term, by altering the number (or density) of stomata that form. A range of molecular components contribute to the regulation of stomatal density, including transcription factors, plasma membrane-associated proteins and intercellular and extracellular signaling molecules. Much of our existing knowledge relating to stomatal development comes from research conducted on the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. However, due to the importance of cereal crops to global food supply, studies on grass stomata have expanded in recent years, with molecular-level discoveries underscoring several divergent developmental and morphological features. Cultivation of rice is particularly water-intensive, and there is interest in developing varieties that require less water yet still maintain grain yields. This could be achieved by manipulating stomatal development; a crop with fewer stomata might be more conservative in its water use and therefore more capable of surviving periods of water stress. However, decreasing stomatal density might restrict the rate of CO2 uptake and reduce the extent of evaporative cooling, potentially leading to detrimental effects on yields. Thus, the extent to which crop yields in the future climate will be affected by increasing or decreasing stomatal density should be determined. Here, our current understanding of the regulation of stomatal development is summarised, focusing particularly on the genetic mechanisms that have recently been described for rice and other grasses. Application of this knowledge toward the creation of "climate-ready" rice is discussed, with attention drawn to the lesser-studied molecular elements whose contributions to the complexity of grass stomatal development must be understood to advance efforts.
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118
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Xi L, Wu XN, Gilbert M, Schulze WX. Classification and Interactions of LRR Receptors and Co-receptors Within the Arabidopsis Plasma Membrane - An Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:472. [PMID: 31057579 PMCID: PMC6477698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RK) constitute the largest protein kinase family in plants. In particular, members of the leucine-rich repeat-receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are involved in the perception of various signals at the plasma membrane. Experimental evidence over the past years revealed a conserved activation mechanism through ligand-inducible heterodimer formation: a ligand is recognized by a receptor kinase with a large extracellular domain (ECD). This ligand binding receptor directly interacts with a so-called co-receptor with a small ECD for ligand fixation and kinase activation. A large proportion of LRR-RKs is functionally still uncharacterized and the dynamic complexity of the plasma membrane makes it difficult to precisely define receptor kinase heterodimer pairs and their functions. In this review, we give an overview of the current knowledge of LRR receptor and co-receptor functions. We use ECD lengths to classify the LRR receptor kinase family and describe different interaction properties of ligand-binding receptors and their respective co-receptor from a network perspective.
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119
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Tao K, Waletich JR, Wise H, Arredondo F, Tyler BM. Tethering of Multi-Vesicular Bodies and the Tonoplast to the Plasma Membrane in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:636. [PMID: 31396242 PMCID: PMC6662526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tethering of the plasma membrane (PM) and many organelles to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for communication and lipid exchange has been widely reported. However, despite growing interest in multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs) as possible sources of exosomes, tethering of MVBs to the PM has not been reported. Here we show that MVBs and the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) could be tethered to the PM (PM-MVB/TP tethering) by artificial protein fusions or bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) complexes that contain a peripheral membrane protein that binds the PM and also a protein that binds MVBs or the tonoplast. PM-binding proteins capable of participating in PM-MVB/TP tethering included StRem1.3, BIK1, PBS1, CPK21, and the PtdIns(4)-binding proteins FAPP1 and Osh2. MVB/TP-binding proteins capable of participating in tethering included ARA6, ARA7, RHA1, RABG3f, and the PtdIns(3)P-binding proteins Vam7p and Hrs-2xFYVE. BiFC complexes or protein fusions capable of producing PM-MVB/TP tethering were visualized as large well-defined patches of fluorescence on the PM that could displace PM proteins such as AtFlotillin1 and also could displace cytoplasmic proteins such as soluble GFP. Furthermore, we identified paralogous ubiquitin E3 ligase proteins, SAUL1 (AtPUB44), and AtPUB43 that could produce PM-MVB/TP tethering. SAUL1 and AtPUB43 could produce tethering in uninfected tissue when paired with MVB-binding proteins or when their E3 ligase domain was deleted. When Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue was infected with Phytophthora capsici, full length SAUL1 and AtPUB43 localized in membrane patches consistent with PM-MVB/TP tethering. Our findings define new tools for studying PM-MVB/TP tethering and its possible role in plant defense. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although not previously observed, the tethering of multi-vesicular bodies to the plasma membrane is of interest due to the potential role of this process in producing exosomes in plants. Here we describe tools for observing and manipulating the tethering of multi-vesicular bodies and the tonoplast to the plant plasma membrane, and describe two plant proteins that may naturally regulate this process during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tao
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Justin R. Waletich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Hua Wise
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Felipe Arredondo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Brett M. Tyler
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120
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Kosentka PZ, Overholt A, Maradiaga R, Mitoubsi O, Shpak ED. EPFL Signals in the Boundary Region of the SAM Restrict Its Size and Promote Leaf Initiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:265-279. [PMID: 30409857 PMCID: PMC6324244 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) enables the formation of new organs throughout the life of a plant. ERECTA family (ERf) receptors restrict SAM size and promote initiation of leaves while simultaneously supporting establishment of correct phyllotaxy. In the epidermis and during organ elongation ERf activity is regulated by a family of Epidermal Patterning Factor-Like (EPFL) secreted Cys-rich small proteins. Here we show that ERfs play a critical role in communication between the SAM leaf boundary and the central zone in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Ectopic expression of ERECTA in the central zone using the CLAVATA3 promoter is sufficient to restrict meristem size and promote leaf initiation. Genetic analysis demonstrated that four putative ligands: EPFL1, EPFL2, EPFL4, and EPFL6 function redundantly in the SAM. These genes are expressed at the SAM-leaf boundary and in the peripheral zone. Previously EPFL4 and EPFL6 have been linked with elongation of aboveground organs. Here we demonstrate that EPFL1 and EPFL2 promote organ elongation as well. In addition, we show that expression of ERECTA in the central zone of the SAM has a strong impact on elongation of internodes and pedicels and growth of leaves. These results suggest that ERfs can stimulate organ growth cell nonautonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Z Kosentka
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Alexander Overholt
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Richard Maradiaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Omar Mitoubsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Elena D Shpak
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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121
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Qian P, Song W, Yokoo T, Minobe A, Wang G, Ishida T, Sawa S, Chai J, Kakimoto T. The CLE9/10 secretory peptide regulates stomatal and vascular development through distinct receptors. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:1071-1081. [PMID: 30518839 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and orientation of cell division are regulated by intercellular signalling molecules; however, tissue-specific regulatory systems for cell divisions are only partially understood. Here, we report that the peptide hormone CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 9/10 (CLE9/10) regulates two different developmental processes, stomatal lineage development and xylem development, through two distinct receptor systems in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that the receptor kinase HAESA-LIKE 1 (HSL1) is a CLE9/10 receptor that regulates stomatal lineage cell division, and BARELY NO MERISTEM (BAM) class receptor kinases are CLE9/10 receptors that regulate periclinal cell division of xylem precursor cells. Both HSL1 and BAM1 bind to CLE9/10, but only HSL1 recruits SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASES as co-receptors in the presence of CLE9/10, suggesting different signalling modes for these receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Qian
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wen Song
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Toshiya Yokoo
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayako Minobe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Guodong Wang
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Takashi Ishida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST) Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jijie Chai
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Wang H, Chen Y, Wu X, Long Z, Sun C, Wang H, Wang S, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. A potato STRUBBELIG-RECEPTOR FAMILY member, StLRPK1, associates with StSERK3A/BAK1 and activates immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5573-5586. [PMID: 30137408 PMCID: PMC6255708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant STRUBBELIG (SUB)-RECEPTOR FAMILY (SRF) genes encode putative leucine-rich repeat transmembrane receptor-like kinases. SRFs have been reported to play essential roles in tissue morphogenesis in many plant organs. Here, we show that a potato SRF family gene, StLRPK1, is involved in plant immunity. StLRPK1 is located at the cell plasma membrane and is strongly induced by culture filtrate from in vitro growth of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Overexpression of StLRPK1 in stable transgenic potato or ectopic expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants enhances P. infestans disease resistance, whereas RNA interference (RNAi) of StLRPK1 in potato decreases disease resistance. We found that StLRPK1 constitutively interacts with a pivotal co-receptor, SERK3A/BAK1, which plays a central role in plant immunity. Virus-induced gene silencing of SERK3A/BAK1 in N. benthamiana lines expressing StLRPK1 attenuated P. infestans resistance, indicating that SERK3A/BAK1 is required for StLRPK1-mediated immunity. Finally, we show that StLRPK1-triggered late blight resistance depends on the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase WIPK. We propose a model in which StLRPK1 associates with SERK3A/BAK1 to positively regulate plant immunity to P. infestans through a MAPK cascade. These data provide new insights into our understanding of SRF function in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingtong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongshang Long
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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123
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Lian K, Gao F, Sun T, van Wersch R, Ao K, Kong Q, Nitta Y, Wu D, Krysan P, Zhang Y. MKK6 Functions in Two Parallel MAP Kinase Cascades in Immune Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1284-1295. [PMID: 30185442 PMCID: PMC6236617 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MAP KINASE (MPK) proteins can function in multiple MAP kinase cascades and physiological processes. For instance, MPK4 functions in regulating development as well as in plant defense by participating in two independent MAP kinase cascades: the MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 cascade promotes basal resistance against pathogens and is guarded by the NB-LRR protein SUMM2, whereas the ANPs-MKK6-MPK4 cascade plays an essential role in cytokinesis. Here, we report a novel role for MKK6 in regulating plant immune responses. We found that MKK6 functions similarly to MKK1/MKK2 and works together with MEKK1 and MPK4 to prevent autoactivation of SUMM2-mediated defense responses. Interestingly, loss of MKK6 or ANP2/ANP3 results in constitutive activation of plant defense responses. The autoimmune phenotypes of mkk6 and anp2 anp3 mutant plants can be largely suppressed by a constitutively active mpk4 mutant. Further analysis showed that the constitutive defense response in anp2 anp3 is dependent on the defense regulators PAD4 and EDS1, but not on SUMM2, suggesting that the ANP2/ANP3-MKK6-MPK4 cascade may be guarded by a TIR-NB-LRR protein. Our study shows that MKK6 has multiple functions in plant defense responses in addition to cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Lian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rowan van Wersch
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Qing Kong
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yukino Nitta
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick Krysan
- Department of Horticulture and Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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124
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Qin J, Zhou X, Sun L, Wang K, Yang F, Liao H, Rong W, Yin J, Chen H, Chen X, Zhang J. The Xanthomonas effector XopK harbours E3 ubiquitin-ligase activity that is required for virulence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:219-231. [PMID: 29949665 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causative agent of rice bacterial leaf blight. While the type III secretion system of X. oryzae pv. oryzae is essential for virulence, the biochemical activities and virulence mechanisms of non-transcription activator-like (non-TAL) effectors delivered by this system are largely unknown. Here, by screening for non-TAL effectors that contribute to X. oryzae pv. oryzae virulence, we revealed that Xanthomonas outer protein K (XopK) inhibits pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Specifically, XopK interacted with and directly ubiquitinated rice somatic embryogenic receptor kinase 2 (OsSERK2), resulting in its degradation. Accordingly, mutation of a putative ubiquitin-conjugation enzyme (E2) binding site abolished XopK-induced degradation of OsSERK2 and compromised XopK-dependent virulence. As crucial immune regulators associated with a multitude of immune receptors, SERKs have been shown to be perturbed by Pseudomonas effectors via different mechanisms. Our study revealed a distinct perturbation mechanism of SERK activity via ubiquitination achieved by Xanthomonas non-TAL effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Lifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kailun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haicheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wei Rong
- College of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Huamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases and Collaborative Innovation Center for Hybrid Rice in Yangtze River Basin, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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125
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Zhang M, Su J, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhang S. Conveying endogenous and exogenous signals: MAPK cascades in plant growth and defense. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 45:1-10. [PMID: 29753266 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling modules downstream of receptors/sensors that perceive endogenous and exogenous stimuli such as hormones, peptide ligands, and pathogen-derived patterns/effectors. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the establishment of MAPK cascades as unified signaling modules downstream of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) in plant growth and defense, the identification of components connecting the RLK/RLP receptor complexes to the MAPK cascades, and the interactions between MAPK and hormone signaling pathways. We also propose a set of criteria for defining the physiological substrates of plant MAPKs. With only a limited number of MAPK components, multiple functional pathways often share the same MAPK cascade. As a result, understanding the signaling specificity, which requires detailed information about the spatiotemporal expression of the components involved, their complex formation, and the consequence of substrate phosphorylation, is central to our study of MAPK functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jianbin Su
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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126
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Cui Y, Hu C, Zhu Y, Cheng K, Li X, Wei Z, Xue L, Lin F, Shi H, Yi J, Hou S, He K, Li J, Gou X. CIK Receptor Kinases Determine Cell Fate Specification during Early Anther Development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2383-2401. [PMID: 30201822 PMCID: PMC6241272 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate cell division and differentiation ensure normal anther development in angiosperms. BARELY ANY MERISTEM 1/2 (BAM1/2) and RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE2 (RPK2), two groups of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases, are required for early anther cell specification. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying these two RLK-mediated signaling pathways. Here, we show that CLAVATA3 INSENSITIVE RECEPTOR KINASEs (CIKs), a group of novel coreceptor protein kinase-controlling stem cell homeostasis, play essential roles in BAM1/2- and RPK2-regulated early anther development in Arabidopsis thaliana The archesporial cells of cik1/2/3 triple and cik1/2/3/4 quadruple mutant anthers perform anticlinal division instead of periclinal division. Defective cell division and specification of the primary and inner secondary parietal cells occur in these mutant anthers. The disordered divisions and specifications of anther wall cells finally result in excess microsporocytes and a lack of one to three parietal cell layers in mutant anthers, resembling rpk2 or bam1/2 mutant anthers. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicate that CIKs function as coreceptors of BAM1/2 and RPK2 to regulate archesporial cell division and determine the specification of anther parietal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chong Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kaili Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhuoyun Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li Xue
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fang Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongyong Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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127
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Gruszka D. Crosstalk of the Brassinosteroid Signalosome with Phytohormonal and Stress Signaling Components Maintains a Balance between the Processes of Growth and Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092675. [PMID: 30205610 PMCID: PMC6163518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of phytohormones, which regulate various processes during plant life cycle. Intensive studies conducted with genetic, physiological and molecular approaches allowed identification of various components participating in the BR signaling—from the ligand perception, through cytoplasmic signal transduction, up to the BR-dependent gene expression, which is regulated by transcription factors and chromatin modifying enzymes. The identification of new components of the BR signaling is an ongoing process, however an emerging view of the BR signalosome indicates that this process is interconnected at various stages with other metabolic pathways. The signaling crosstalk is mediated by the BR signaling proteins, which function as components of the transmembrane BR receptor, by a cytoplasmic kinase playing a role of the major negative regulator of the BR signaling, and by the transcription factors, which regulate the BR-dependent gene expression and form a complicated regulatory system. This molecular network of interdependencies allows a balance in homeostasis of various phytohormones to be maintained. Moreover, the components of the BR signalosome interact with factors regulating plant reactions to environmental cues and stress conditions. This intricate network of interactions enables a rapid adaptation of plant metabolism to constantly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Gruszka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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128
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Perraki A, DeFalco TA, Derbyshire P, Avila J, Séré D, Sklenar J, Qi X, Stransfeld L, Schwessinger B, Kadota Y, Macho AP, Jiang S, Couto D, Torii KU, Menke FLH, Zipfel C. Phosphocode-dependent functional dichotomy of a common co-receptor in plant signalling. Nature 2018; 561:248-252. [PMID: 30177827 PMCID: PMC6250601 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms employ cell-surface receptor kinases (RKs) to sense and process extracellular signals. Many plant RKs form ligand-induced complexes with shape-complementary co-receptors for their activation1. The best-characterized co-receptor is BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), which associates with numerous leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-RKs to control immunity, growth, and development2. Here, we report key regulatory events controlling the functionality of BAK1 and, more generally, LRR-RKs. Through a combination of phospho-proteomics and targeted mutagenesis, we identified conserved phosphosites that are required for BAK1 immune function in Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis). Strikingly, these phosphosites are not required for BAK1-dependent brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth. In addition to revealing a critical role for BAK1 C-terminal tail phosphorylation, we identified a conserved tyrosine phosphosite that may be required for functionality of the majority of Arabidopsis LRR-RKs, and separates them into two distinct functional classes. Our results suggest a phosphocode-based dichotomy of BAK1 functionality in plant signaling, and provide novel insights into receptor kinase activation, which have broad implications for our understanding of how plants respond to their changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis Perraki
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Julian Avila
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Metabolomics Platform, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Séré
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Plantes 'Claude Grignon', UMR CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Xingyun Qi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lena Stransfeld
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Schwessinger
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,The Australian National University, Research School of Biology, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Alberto P Macho
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shushu Jiang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Couto
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK. .,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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129
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Wei Z, Li J. Receptor-like protein kinases: Key regulators controlling root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:841-850. [PMID: 29727051 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are tubular outgrowths specifically differentiated from epidermal cells in a differentiation zone. The formation of root hairs greatly increases the surface area of a root and maximizes its ability to absorb water and inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth and development. Root hair development is strictly regulated by intracellular and intercellular signal communications. Cell surface-localized receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) have been shown to be important components in these cellular processes. In this review, the functions of a number of key RLKs in regulating Arabidopsis root hair development are discussed, especially those involved in root epidermal cell fate determination and root hair tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyun Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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130
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Jamieson PA, Shan L, He P. Plant cell surface molecular cypher: Receptor-like proteins and their roles in immunity and development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:242-251. [PMID: 30080610 PMCID: PMC6297115 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are a family of transmembrane receptors which are distinguished from receptor-like kinases (RLKs) by their lack of a cytoplasmic kinase domain. RLPs continue to be implicated in a broad range of plant immunological and developmental processes as critical sensors or participants in receptor complexes on the plasma membrane. RLPs often associate with RLKs to activate or attenuate signal perception and relay. Some RLPs also physically cluster with RLKs and bear similar expression patterns. Here, we discuss the characteristics, function, and expression of characterized RLPs in the context of their associated RLKs in plant immunity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce A Jamieson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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131
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Pierre-Jerome E, Drapek C, Benfey PN. Regulation of Division and Differentiation of Plant Stem Cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:289-310. [PMID: 30134119 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in developmental biology is unraveling the precise regulation of plant stem cell maintenance and the transition to a fully differentiated cell. In this review, we highlight major themes coordinating the acquisition of cell identity and subsequent differentiation in plants. Plant cells are immobile and establish position-dependent cell lineages that rely heavily on external cues. Central players are the hormones auxin and cytokinin, which balance cell division and differentiation during organogenesis. Transcription factors and miRNAs, many of which are mobile in plants, establish gene regulatory networks that communicate cell position and fate. Small peptide signaling also provides positional cues as new cell types emerge from stem cell division and progress through differentiation. These pathways recruit similar players for patterning different organs, emphasizing the modular nature of gene regulatory networks. Finally, we speculate on the outstanding questions in the field and discuss how they may be addressed by emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Pierre-Jerome
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
| | - Colleen Drapek
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA;
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132
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Anne P, Amiguet-Vercher A, Brandt B, Kalmbach L, Geldner N, Hothorn M, Hardtke CS. CLERK is a novel receptor kinase required for sensing of root-active CLE peptides in Arabidopsis. Development 2018; 145:145/10/dev162354. [PMID: 29789310 PMCID: PMC6001375 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptides are secreted endogenous plant ligands that are sensed by receptor kinases (RKs) to convey environmental and developmental inputs. Typically, this involves an RK with narrow ligand specificity that signals together with a more promiscuous co-receptor. For most CLEs, biologically relevant (co-)receptors are unknown. The dimer of the receptor-like protein CLAVATA 2 (CLV2) and the pseudokinase CORYNE (CRN) conditions perception of so-called root-active CLE peptides, the exogenous application of which suppresses root growth by preventing protophloem formation in the meristem. clv2 as well as crn null mutants are resistant to root-active CLE peptides, possibly because CLV2-CRN promotes expression of their cognate receptors. Here, we have identified the CLE-RESISTANT RECEPTOR KINASE (CLERK) gene, which is required for full sensing of root-active CLE peptides in early developing protophloem. CLERK protein can be replaced by its close homologs, SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SARK) and NSP-INTERACTING KINASE 1 (NIK1). Yet neither CLERK nor NIK1 ectodomains interact biochemically with described CLE receptor ectodomains. Consistently, CLERK also acts genetically independently of CLV2-CRN We, thus, have discovered a novel hub for redundant CLE sensing in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Anne
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amelia Amiguet-Vercher
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lothar Kalmbach
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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133
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Sun T, Nitta Y, Zhang Q, Wu D, Tian H, Lee JS, Zhang Y. Antagonistic interactions between two MAP kinase cascades in plant development and immune signaling. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745324. [PMID: 29789386 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling plays important roles in diverse biological processes. In Arabidopsis, MPK3/MPK6, MKK4/MKK5, and the MAPKKK YODA (YDA) form a MAPK pathway that negatively regulates stomatal development. Brassinosteroid (BR) stimulates this pathway to inhibit stomata production. In addition, MPK3/MPK6 and MKK4/MKK5 also serve as critical signaling components in plant immunity. Here, we report that MAPKKK3/MAPKKK5 form a kinase cascade with MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6 to transduce defense signals downstream of multiple plant receptor kinases. Loss of MAPKKK3/MAPKKK5 leads to reduced activation of MPK3/MPK6 in response to different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and increased susceptibility to pathogens. Surprisingly, developmental defects caused by silencing of YDA are suppressed in the mapkkk3 mapkkk5 double mutant. On the other hand, loss of YDA or blocking BR signaling leads to increased PAMP-induced activation of MPK3/MPK6. These results reveal antagonistic interactions between a developmental MAPK pathway and an immune signaling MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yukino Nitta
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hainan Tian
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jin Suk Lee
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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134
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Sopeña-Torres S, Jordá L, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, Miedes E, Escudero V, Swami S, López G, Piślewska-Bednarek M, Lassowskat I, Lee J, Gu Y, Haigis S, Alexander D, Pattathil S, Muñoz-Barrios A, Bednarek P, Somerville S, Schulze-Lefert P, Hahn MG, Scheel D, Molina A. YODA MAP3K kinase regulates plant immune responses conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:661-680. [PMID: 29451312 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascades play essential roles in plants by transducing developmental cues and environmental signals into cellular responses. Among the latter are microbe-associated molecular patterns perceived by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which trigger immunity. We found that YODA (YDA) - a MAPK kinase kinase regulating several Arabidopsis developmental processes, like stomatal patterning - also modulates immune responses. Resistance to pathogens is compromised in yda alleles, whereas plants expressing the constitutively active YDA (CA-YDA) protein show broad-spectrum resistance to fungi, bacteria, and oomycetes with different colonization modes. YDA functions in the same pathway as ERECTA (ER) Receptor-Like Kinase, regulating both immunity and stomatal patterning. ER-YDA-mediated immune responses act in parallel to canonical disease resistance pathways regulated by phytohormones and PRRs. CA-YDA plants exhibit altered cell-wall integrity and constitutively express defense-associated genes, including some encoding putative small secreted peptides and PRRs whose impairment resulted in enhanced susceptibility phenotypes. CA-YDA plants show strong reprogramming of their phosphoproteome, which contains protein targets distinct from described MAPKs substrates. Our results suggest that, in addition to stomata development, the ER-YDA pathway regulates an immune surveillance system conferring broad-spectrum disease resistance that is distinct from the canonical pathways mediated by described PRRs and defense hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sopeña-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sanjay Swami
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ines Lassowskat
- Department of Stress & Developmental Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress & Developmental Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sabine Haigis
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Danny Alexander
- Metabolon Inc., 617 Davis Drive, Suite 400, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Barrios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pawel Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Shauna Somerville
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Dierk Scheel
- Department of Stress & Developmental Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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135
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Abstract
Plants contain a unique family of membrane receptors, which are different from the ones found in bacteria and animals. These proteins are able to sense very different signals, such as steroid molecules, peptides, and proteins at the cell surface using a spiral-shaped ligand binding domain. Ligand binding allows the receptor to engage with a smaller coreceptor kinase, which is shared among different receptors. Here it is analyzed how one coreceptor protein can contribute to the sensing of two different ligands involved in plant growth and organ abscission and to activation of their cognate receptors. Plant-unique membrane receptor kinases with leucine-rich repeat ectodomains (LRR-RKs) can sense small molecule, peptide, and protein ligands. Many LRR-RKs require SERK-family coreceptor kinases for high-affinity ligand binding and receptor activation. How one coreceptor can contribute to the specific binding of distinct ligands and activation of different LRR-RKs is poorly understood. Here we quantitatively analyze the contribution of SERK3 to ligand binding and activation of the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 and the peptide hormone receptor HAESA. We show that while the isolated receptors sense their respective ligands with drastically different binding affinities, the SERK3 ectodomain binds the ligand-associated receptors with very similar binding kinetics. We identify residues in the SERK3 N-terminal capping domain, which allow for selective steroid and peptide hormone recognition. In contrast, residues in the SERK3 LRR core form a second, constitutive receptor–coreceptor interface. Genetic analyses of protein chimera between BRI1 and SERK3 define that signaling-competent complexes are formed by receptor–coreceptor heteromerization in planta. A functional BRI1–HAESA chimera suggests that the receptor activation mechanism is conserved among different LRR-RKs, and that their signaling specificity is encoded in the kinase domain of the receptor. Our work pinpoints the relative contributions of receptor, ligand, and coreceptor to the formation and activation of SERK-dependent LRR-RK signaling complexes regulating plant growth and development.
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136
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Cai W, Zhang D. The role of receptor-like kinases in regulating plant male reproduction. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:77-87. [PMID: 29508076 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RLKs in anther development. The cell-to-cell communication is essential for specifying different cell types during plant growth, development and adaption to the ever-changing environment. Plant male reproduction, in particular, requires the exquisitely synchronized development of different cell layers within the male tissue, the anther. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) belong to a large group of kinases localized on the cell surfaces, perceiving extracellular signals and thereafter regulating intracellular processes. Here we update the role of RLKs in early anther development by defining the cell fate and anther patterning, responding to the changing environment and controlling anther carbohydrate metabolism. We provide speculation of the poorly characterized ligands and substrates of these RLKs. The conserved and diversified aspects underlying the function of RLKs in anther development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguo Cai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.
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137
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Abstract
Stomata are pores on plant epidermis that facilitate gas exchange and water evaporation between plants and the environment. Given the central role of stomata in photosynthesis and water-use efficiency, two vital events for plant growth, stomatal development is tightly controlled by a diverse range of signals. A family of peptide hormones regulates stomatal patterning and differentiation. In addition, plant hormones as well as numerous environmental cues influence the decision of whether to make stomata or not in distinct and complex manners. In this review, we summarize recent findings that reveal the mechanism of these three groups of signals in controlling stomatal formation, and discuss how these signals are integrated into the core stomatal development pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Qi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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138
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Bacete L, Mélida H, Miedes E, Molina A. Plant cell wall-mediated immunity: cell wall changes trigger disease resistance responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:614-636. [PMID: 29266460 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a repertoire of monitoring systems to sense plant morphogenesis and to face environmental changes and threats caused by different attackers. These systems integrate different signals into overreaching triggering pathways which coordinate developmental and defence-associated responses. The plant cell wall, a dynamic and complex structure surrounding every plant cell, has emerged recently as an essential component of plant monitoring systems, thus expanding its function as a passive defensive barrier. Plants have a dedicated mechanism for maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) which comprises a diverse set of plasma membrane-resident sensors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs perceive plant-derived ligands, such as peptides or wall glycans, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs function as 'danger' alert signals activating DAMP-triggered immunity (DTI), which shares signalling components and responses with the immune pathways triggered by non-self microbe-associated molecular patterns that mediate disease resistance. Alteration of CWI by impairment of the expression or activity of proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis and/or remodelling, as occurs in some plant cell wall mutants, or by wall damage due to colonization by pathogens/pests, activates specific defensive and growth responses. Our current understanding of how these alterations of CWI are perceived by the wall monitoring systems is scarce and few plant sensors/PRRs and DAMPs have been characterized. The identification of these CWI sensors and PRR-DAMP pairs will help us to understand the immune functions of the wall monitoring system, and might allow the breeding of crop varieties and the design of agricultural strategies that would enhance crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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139
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Molecular control of stomatal development. Biochem J 2018; 475:441-454. [PMID: 29386377 PMCID: PMC5791161 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved developmental plasticity which allows the up- or down-regulation of photosynthetic and water loss capacities as new leaves emerge. This developmental plasticity enables plants to maximise fitness and to survive under differing environments. Stomata play a pivotal role in this adaptive process. These microscopic pores in the epidermis of leaves control gas exchange between the plant and its surrounding environment. Stomatal development involves regulated cell fate decisions that ensure optimal stomatal density and spacing, enabling efficient gas exchange. The cellular patterning process is regulated by a complex signalling pathway involving extracellular ligand–receptor interactions, which, in turn, modulate the activity of three master transcription factors essential for the formation of stomata. Here, we review the current understanding of the biochemical interactions between the epidermal patterning factor ligands and the ERECTA family of leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases. We discuss how this leads to activation of a kinase cascade, regulation of the bHLH transcription factor SPEECHLESS and its relatives, and ultimately alters stomatal production.
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140
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He Y, Zhou J, Shan L, Meng X. Plant cell surface receptor-mediated signaling - a common theme amid diversity. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/2/jcs209353. [PMID: 29378836 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sessile plants employ a diverse array of plasma membrane-bound receptors to perceive endogenous and exogenous signals for regulation of plant growth, development and immunity. These cell surface receptors include receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that harbor different extracellular domains for perception of distinct ligands. Several RLK and RLP signaling pathways converge at the somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs), which function as shared co-receptors. A repertoire of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) associate with the receptor complexes to relay intracellular signaling. Downstream of the receptor complexes, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are among the key signaling modules at which the signals converge, and these cascades regulate diverse cellular and physiological responses through phosphorylation of different downstream substrates. In this Review, we summarize the emerging common theme that underlies cell surface receptor-mediated signaling pathways in Arabidopsisthaliana: the dynamic association of RLKs and RLPs with specific co-receptors and RLCKs for signal transduction. We further discuss how signaling specificities are maintained through modules at which signals converge, with a focus on SERK-mediated receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinggeng Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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141
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An extracellular network of Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases. Nature 2018; 553:342-346. [PMID: 29320478 PMCID: PMC6485605 DOI: 10.1038/nature25184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms receive extracellular signals at the surface of a cell by using receptors. The extracellular domains (ECDs) of cell surface receptors serve as interaction platforms, and as regulatory modules of receptor activation1,2. Understanding how interactions between ECDs produce signal-competent receptor complexes is challenging because of their low biochemical tractability3,4. In plants, discovery of ECD interactions is complicated by the massive expansion of receptor families, which creates tremendous potential for changeover in receptor interactions5. The largest of these families in Arabidopsis thaliana consists of 225 evolutionarily-related leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs)5, that function in microbe sensing, cell expansion, stomata development and stem cell maintenance6–9. While the principles governing LRR-RK signalling activation are emerging1,10, the systems-level organization of this family of proteins is totally unexplored. To address this, we interrogated 40,000 potential ECD interactions via a sensitized high-throughput interaction assay3, and produced an LRR-based Cell Surface Interaction network (CSILRR) comprising 567 interactions. To demonstrate the power of CSILRR for detecting biologically relevant interactions, we predicted and validated the function of uncharacterized LRR-RKs in plant growth and immunity. In addition, we show that CSILRR operates as a unified regulatory network in which the LRR-RKs most critical for its overall structure are required to prevent aberrant signalling of receptors that are several network-steps away. Thus, plants have evolved LRR-RK networks to process extracellular signals into carefully balanced responses.
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142
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Morales-Navarro S, Pérez-Díaz R, Ortega A, de Marcos A, Mena M, Fenoll C, González-Villanueva E, Ruiz-Lara S. Overexpression of a SDD1-Like Gene From Wild Tomato Decreases Stomatal Density and Enhances Dehydration Avoidance in Arabidopsis and Cultivated Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:940. [PMID: 30022991 PMCID: PMC6039981 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic valves formed by two guard cells flanking a pore, which are located on the epidermis of most aerial plant organs and are used for water and gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere. The number, size and distribution of stomata are set during development in response to changing environmental conditions, allowing plants to minimize the impact of a stressful environment. In Arabidopsis, STOMATAL DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION 1 (AtSDD1) negatively regulates stomatal density and optimizes transpiration and water use efficiency (WUE). Despite this, little is known about the function of AtSDD1 orthologs in crop species and their wild stress-tolerant relatives. In this study, SDD1-like from the stress-tolerant wild tomato Solanum chilense (SchSDD1-like) was identified through its close sequence relationship with SDD1-like from Solanum lycopersicum and AtSDD1. Both Solanum SDD1-like transcripts accumulated in high levels in young leaves, suggesting that they play a role in early leaf development. Arabidopsis sdd1-3 plants transformed with SchSDD1-like under a constitutive promoter showed a significant reduction in stomatal leaf density compared with untransformed sdd1-3 plants. Additionally, a leaf dehydration shock test demonstrated that the reduction in stomatal abundance of transgenic plants was sufficient to slow down dehydration. Overexpression of SchSDD1-like in cultivated tomato plants decreased the stomatal index and density of the cotyledons and leaves, and resulted in higher dehydration avoidance. Taken together, these results indicate that SchSDD1-like functions in a similar manner to AtSDD1 and suggest that Arabidopsis and tomatoes share this component of the stomatal development pathway that impinges on water status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfonso Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alberto de Marcos
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Montaña Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Simón Ruiz-Lara
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- *Correspondence: Simón Ruiz-Lara,
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Abstract
Plant peptides secreted as signal molecular to trigger cell-to-cell signaling are indispensable for plant growth and defense processes. Preciously, it is regraded some plant peptides function in plant growth and development, whereas others regulate defense response in plant-microbe interactions. However, this prejudice is got rid due to more and more evidence showed growth-related plant peptides also exhibit bifunctional roles in plant defense response against different microbial pathogens. Here we provide a mini-review of reported types of plant peptides, including their basic information, reported receptor ligands, and especially direct or indirect roles in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - H. Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - K. Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- CONTACT Kai Shi Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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144
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Mang H, Feng B, Hu Z, Boisson-Dernier A, Franck CM, Meng X, Huang Y, Zhou J, Xu G, Wang T, Shan L, He P. Differential Regulation of Two-Tiered Plant Immunity and Sexual Reproduction by ANXUR Receptor-Like Kinases. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:3140-3156. [PMID: 29150546 PMCID: PMC5757273 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved two tiers of immune receptors to detect infections: cell surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense microbial signatures and intracellular nucleotide binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that recognize pathogen effectors. How PRRs and NLRs interconnect and activate the specific and overlapping plant immune responses remains elusive. A genetic screen for components controlling plant immunity identified ANXUR1 (ANX1), a malectin-like domain-containing receptor-like kinase, together with its homolog ANX2, as important negative regulators of both PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana ANX1 constitutively associates with the bacterial flagellin receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) and its coreceptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1). Perception of flagellin by FLS2 promotes ANX1 association with BAK1, thereby interfering with FLS2-BAK1 complex formation to attenuate PRR signaling. In addition, ANX1 complexes with the NLR proteins RESISTANT TO PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE2 (RPS2) and RESISTANCE TO P. SYRINGAE PV MACULICOLA1. ANX1 promotes RPS2 degradation and attenuates RPS2-mediated cell death. Surprisingly, a mutation that affects ANX1 function in plant immunity does not disrupt its function in controlling pollen tube growth during fertilization. Our study thus reveals a molecular link between PRR and NLR protein complexes that both associate with cell surface-resident ANX1 and uncovers uncoupled functions of ANX1 and ANX2 during plant immunity and sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunggon Mang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Baomin Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zhangjian Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | | | - Christina M Franck
- Biocenter, Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Jinggeng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Taotao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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145
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Zhang M, Wu H, Su J, Wang H, Zhu Q, Liu Y, Xu J, Lukowitz W, Zhang S. Maternal control of embryogenesis by MPK6 and its upstream MKK4/MKK5 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:1005-1019. [PMID: 29024034 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, developing embryos reside in maternal sporophytes. It is known that maternal generation influences the development of next-generation embryos; however, little is known about the signaling components in the process. Previously, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) and MPK3 play critical roles in plant reproduction. In addition, we noticed that a large fraction of seeds from mpk6 single-mutant plants showed a wrinkled seed coat or a burst-out embryo phenotype. Here, we report that these seed phenotypes can be traced back to defective embryogenesis. The defective embryos have shorter suspensors and reduced growth along the longitudinal axis. Furthermore, the cotyledons fail to bend over to progress to the bent-cotyledon stage. As a result of the uneven circumference along the axis, the seed coat wrinkles to develop raisin-like morphology after dehydration. In more severe cases, the embryo can be pushed out from the micropylar end, resulting in the burst-out embryo seed phenotype. Genetic analyses demonstrated that the defective embryogenesis of the mpk6 mutant is a maternal effect. Heterozygous or homozygous mpk6 embryos have defects only in mpk6 homozygous maternal plants, but not in wild-type or heterozygous maternal plants. The loss of function of MKK4/MKK5 also results in the same phenotypes, suggesting that MKK4/MKK5 might act upstream of MPK6 in this pathway. The maternal-mediated embryo defects are associated with changes in auxin activity maxima and PIN localization. In summary, this research demonstrates that the Arabidopsis MKK4/MKK5-MPK6 cascade is an important player in the maternal control of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Hongjiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jianbin Su
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Huachun Wang
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Qiankun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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146
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Dressano K, Ceciliato PHO, Silva AL, Guerrero-Abad JC, Bergonci T, Ortiz-Morea FA, Bürger M, Silva-Filho MC, Moura DS. BAK1 is involved in AtRALF1-induced inhibition of root cell expansion. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007053. [PMID: 29028796 PMCID: PMC5656322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptide negatively regulates cell expansion, and an antagonistic relationship has been demonstrated between AtRALF1, a root-specific RALF isoform in Arabidopsis, and brassinosteroids (BRs). An evaluation of the response of BR signaling mutants to AtRALF1 revealed that BRI1-associated receptor kinase1 (bak1) mutants are insensitive to AtRALF1 root growth inhibition activity. BAK1 was essential for the induction of AtRALF1-responsive genes but showed no effect on the mobilization of Ca2+ and alkalinization responses. Homozygous plants accumulating AtRALF1 and lacking the BAK1 gene did not exhibit the characteristic semi-dwarf phenotype of AtRALF1-overexpressors. Biochemical evidence indicates that AtRALF1 and BAK1 physically interact with a Kd of 4.6 μM and acridinium-labeled AtRALF1 was used to demonstrate that part of the specific binding of AtRALF1 to intact seedlings and to a microsomal fraction derived from the roots of Arabidopsis plants is BAK1-dependent. Moreover, AtRALF1 induces an increase in BAK1 phosphorylation, suggesting that the binding of AtRALF1 to BAK1 is functional. These findings show that BAK1 contains an additional AtRALF1 binding site, indicating that this protein may be part of a AtRALF1-containing complex as a co-receptor, and it is required for the negative regulation of cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keini Dressano
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. O. Ceciliato
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Aparecida L. Silva
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Guerrero-Abad
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Tábata Bergonci
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fausto Andrés Ortiz-Morea
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Bürger
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marcio C. Silva-Filho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel S. Moura
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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147
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Wang J, Li C, Yao X, Liu S, Zhang P, Chen K. The Antarctic moss leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (PnLRR-RLK2) functions in salinity and drought stress adaptation. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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148
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Imkampe J, Halter T, Huang S, Schulze S, Mazzotta S, Schmidt N, Manstretta R, Postel S, Wierzba M, Yang Y, van Dongen WMAM, Stahl M, Zipfel C, Goshe MB, Clouse S, de Vries SC, Tax F, Wang X, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase BIR3 Negatively Regulates BAK1 Receptor Complex Formation and Stabilizes BAK1. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2285-2303. [PMID: 28842532 PMCID: PMC5635992 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BAK1 is a coreceptor and positive regulator of multiple ligand binding leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) and is involved in brassinosteroid (BR)-dependent growth and development, innate immunity, and cell death control. The BAK1-interacting LRR-RKs BIR2 and BIR3 were previously identified by proteomics analyses of in vivo BAK1 complexes. Here, we show that BAK1-related pathways such as innate immunity and cell death control are affected by BIR3 in Arabidopsis thaliana BIR3 also has a strong negative impact on BR signaling. BIR3 directly interacts with the BR receptor BRI1 and other ligand binding receptors and negatively regulates BR signaling by competitive inhibition of BRI1. BIR3 is released from BAK1 and BRI1 after ligand exposure and directly affects the formation of BAK1 complexes with BRI1 or FLAGELLIN SENSING2. Double mutants of bak1 and bir3 show spontaneous cell death and constitutive activation of defense responses. BAK1 and its closest homolog BKK1 interact with and are stabilized by BIR3, suggesting that bak1 bir3 double mutants mimic the spontaneous cell death phenotype observed in bak1 bkk1 mutants via destabilization of BIR3 target proteins. Our results provide evidence for a negative regulatory mechanism for BAK1 receptor complexes in which BIR3 interacts with BAK1 and inhibits ligand binding receptors to prevent BAK1 receptor complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Imkampe
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Halter
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sarina Schulze
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Mazzotta
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikola Schmidt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raffaele Manstretta
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Postel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Wierzba
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | | - Mark Stahl
- Analytics Department of the ZMBP, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Goshe
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Steven Clouse
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Sacco C de Vries
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Tax
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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149
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Yuan P, Jauregui E, Du L, Tanaka K, Poovaiah BW. Calcium signatures and signaling events orchestrate plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:173-183. [PMID: 28692858 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) acts as an essential second messenger connecting the perception of microbe signals to the establishment of appropriate immune and symbiotic responses in plants. Accumulating evidence suggests that plants distinguish different microorganisms through plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors. The particular recognition events are encoded into Ca2+ signatures, which are sensed by diverse intracellular Ca2+ binding proteins. The Ca2+ signatures are eventually decoded to distinct downstream responses through transcriptional reprogramming of the defense or symbiosis-related genes. Recent observations further reveal that Ca2+-mediated signaling is also involved in negative regulation of plant immunity. This review is intended as an overview of Ca2+ signaling during immunity and symbiosis, including Ca2+ responses in the nucleus and cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguo Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, USA
| | - Edgard Jauregui
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, USA
| | - Liqun Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, USA; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China.
| | - Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
| | - B W Poovaiah
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, USA.
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150
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Yasuda S, Okada K, Saijo Y. A look at plant immunity through the window of the multitasking coreceptor BAK1. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:10-18. [PMID: 28458047 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of microbe- and danger-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs and DAMPs, respectively) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is central to innate immunity in both plants and animals. The plant PRRs described to date are all cell surface-localized receptors. According to their ligand-binding ectodomains, each PRR engages a specific coreceptor or adaptor kinase in its signaling complexes to regulate defense signaling. With a focus on the coreceptor RLK BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1) and related SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASEs (SERKs), here we review the increasing inventory of BAK1 partners and their functions in plant immunity. We also discuss the significance of autoimmunity triggered by BAK1/SERK4 disintegration in shaping the strategies for attenuation of PRR signaling by infectious microbes and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okada
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan; Japan Science and Technology (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
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