101
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Adam V, von Wyl A, Nowack B. Probabilistic environmental risk assessment of microplastics in marine habitats. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105689. [PMID: 33302173 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment and given the large number of published hazard and exposure studies, quantitative environmental risks assessments of microplastics become feasible. We present here the first environmental risk assessment for marine waters based only on measured concentrations. The Thevariability and uncertainty of the measured data was accounted for in the exposure assessment, while probabilistic species sensitivity distributions were used for hazard assessment, from which a probability distribution was extracted for the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). By dividing the exposure distribution by the PNEC-distribution, we were able to calculate probabilistic risk characterisation ratios for each water body in which measurements were performed. Results show a good coverage of the world's major water bodies by measured exposure concentrations (MECs), while the hazard assessment could be improved by aligning the type of particles tested in hazard studies (size, form, polymer) to those actually found in the oceans. Overall, the mean predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) is 3.84·106 part m-3, with Oryzias melastigma being the most sensitive species (calculated mean NOEC of 3.90·106 part m-3). Interestingly, the only type of dose descriptor that could be extracted from the literature for particles above 10-20 μm was the highest observed no effect concentration (HONEC), which indicates a very low or null toxicity of these larger MPs towards marine organisms. The mean MEC is 1.5·103 part m-3, the highest concentrations being measured in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Although there is a very small overlap of the probability distribution associated with the RCR (0.00002 % of the data points), the mean RCR is 4·10-4 and therefore risks are unlikely given the available data. However, as increasing amounts of plastic reach the environment, RCRs can be expected to increase in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Adam
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alex von Wyl
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland.
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102
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Choi D, Bang J, Kim T, Oh Y, Hwang Y, Hong J. In vitro chemical and physical toxicities of polystyrene microfragments in human-derived cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123308. [PMID: 32947711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in plastic production, a variety of toxicological studies on microplastics have been conducted as microplastics can be accumulated in the human body and cause unknown disease. However, previous studies have mainly assessed the toxicity of sphere-type microbeads, which may differ from randomly-shaped microplastics in a real environment. Here, we conducted in vitro toxicology analysis for randomly-shaped microplastics based on the hypotheses that (1) physical cytotoxicity is affected by nano-/micro-size roughness in polystyrene (PS) microfragments and (2) chemical toxicity is caused by chemical reagents from microplastics. We confirmed that the PS microfragments increased the acute inflammation of immune cells 20 times than control, the production of reactive oxygen species, and cell death of fibroblasts and cancer cells by releasing chemical reagents. In addition, when the PS microfragments were in direct contact with fibroblasts and red blood cells, the physical stress caused by them resulted in lactose dehydrogenase and hemoglobin release, respectively, due to cell membrane damage and hemolysis. This phenomenon was amplified when the concentration and roughness of the microfragments increased. Moreover, we quantitatively analyzed roughness differences between microplastics, which revealed a strong relationship between the physical damage of cells and the roughness of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daheui Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junah Bang
- Department of Statistics, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03132, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoogyeong Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdeok Hwang
- Paul H. Chook Department of Information Systems and Statistics, Baruch College CUNY, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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103
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Suman TY, Jia PP, Li WG, Junaid M, Xin GY, Wang Y, Pei DS. Acute and chronic effects of polystyrene microplastics on brine shrimp: First evidence highlighting the molecular mechanism through transcriptome analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123220. [PMID: 32590134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics contamination is one of the leading environmental catastrophes for the marine ecosystem, but the molecular toxicity mechanism of those microplastics remains elusive. This study aims to determine the acute and chronic toxicity after exposure to polystyrene microplastics in brine shrimp with various concentrations. Our results demonstrated that acute exposure to polystyrene microplastics induced no significant effects on the survival of brine shrimp. Interestingly, the concentration-dependent increase in both bioaccumulation and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed after acute and chronic exposure. Moreover, the histopathology analysis revealed the deformation of epithelial cells in the midgut region after both acute exposures at 100 mg/L and chronic exposure at 1 mg/L to polystyrene microplastics. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of microplastics-mediated toxicity, the transcriptome analysis was performed after chronic exposure, and the result showed 721 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with 156 known KEGG pathways. 292 DEGs genes were significantly upregulated and 429 genes were significantly downregulated. The transcriptome analysis further revealed the DEGs related pathways. Taken together, this study not only highlighted the negative effects but also provided detailed sequencing data from transcriptome profiling to enhance our understanding of the molecular toxicity of polystyrene microplastics in brine shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thodhal Yoganandham Suman
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Pan-Pan Jia
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wei-Guo Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Xin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
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104
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Curren E, Leaw CP, Lim PT, Leong SCY. Evidence of Marine Microplastics in Commercially Harvested Seafood. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:562760. [PMID: 33344429 PMCID: PMC7746775 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.562760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is a global issue that has a detrimental impact on food safety. In marine environments, microplastics are a threat to marine organisms, as they are often the same size range as prey and are mistaken as food. Consumption of microplastics has led to the damage of digestive organs and a reduction in growth and reproductive output. In this study, microplastic pollution was assessed across three commercially available shrimp species that were obtained from the supermarkets of Singapore. A total of 93 individuals were studied from the Pacific white leg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, the Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri and the Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Microplastic fibers, fragments, film and spheres were identified from the digestive tract of these organisms. Microplastic abundance ranged from 13.4 to 7050 items. F. indicus exhibited the highest number of microplastics. Microplastic film was the most abundant in L. vannamei individuals (93–97%) and spheres were the most abundant in P. muelleri (70%) and F. indicus (61%) individuals. This study demonstrates that microplastic contamination is evident in commonly consumed shrimp and highlights the role of shrimp in the trophic transfer and accumulation of microplastics in seafood. The consumption of microplastic-containing seafood is a route of exposure to humans and has implications on human health and food security. Capsule: Microplastics were examined in three shrimp species from the supermarkets of Singapore. Microplastics ranged from 13.4 to 7050 items of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Curren
- St. John's Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute (TMSI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chui Pin Leaw
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok, Malaysia
| | - Po Teen Lim
- Bachok Marine Research Station, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Bachok, Malaysia
| | - Sandric Chee Yew Leong
- St. John's Island National Marine Laboratory, Tropical Marine Science Institute (TMSI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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105
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Yu SP, Chan BKK. Intergenerational microplastics impact the intertidal barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite during the planktonic larval and benthic adult stages. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115560. [PMID: 33254593 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic exposure in one generation of marine organism is believed to impact future generations; the nature of this impact, however, remains unclear, especially across different life stages. We investigated within-generational, latent, and intergenerational effects of various sizes (1.7, 6.8, 10.4, and 19.0 μm) and concentrations (1, 10, 100, and 1000 beads mL-1) of polystyrene microplastics on the planktonic larval and benthic adult life stages of the intertidal barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. We exposed parents to microplastics during different developmental stages and examined the life history traits of their offspring. Microplastics had prominent intergenerational-but no within-generational-effects. Parental exposure to 1.7, 6.8, and 10.4 μm microplastics from the larvae to adults significantly increased offspring larval mortality. 1.7 and 6.8 μm microplastics at 1000 beads mL-1 delayed larval development in offspring. Intergenerational effects were observed when microplastics were exposed to parent larvae, suggesting that parental experiences during sensitive early-life stages can have profound impacts across generations. Adverse intergenerational effects of microplastics might drastically reduce larval recruitment and threaten long-term zooplankton sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Pei Yu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Benny K K Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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106
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Zhang H, Zhao C, Na H. Theoretical Design of Biodegradable Phthalic Acid Ester Derivatives in Marine and Freshwater Environments. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:1033-1045. [PMID: 33101830 PMCID: PMC7570447 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodegradability of phtalic acid esters in marine and freshwater environments was characterized by their binding free energy with corresponding degrading enzymes. According to comprehensive biodegradation effects weights, the binding free energy values were converted into dimensionless efficacy coefficient using ratio normalization method. Then, considering comprehensive dual biodegradation effects value and the structural parameters of PAEs in both marine and freshwater environments, a 3D‐QSAR pharmacophore model was constructed, five PAE derivatives (DBP−COOH, DBP−CHO, DBP−OH, DINP−NH2, and DINP−NO2) were screened out based on their environmental friendliness, functionality and stability. The prediction of biodegradation effects on five PAE derivatives by biodegradation models in marine and freshwater environment increased by 15.90 %, 15.84 %, 27.21 %, 12.33 %, and 8.32 %, and 21.57 %, 15.21 %, 20.99 %, 15.10 %, and 9.74 %, respectively. By simulating the photodegradation path of the PAE derivative molecular, it was found that DBP−OH can generate .OH and provides free radicals for the photodegradation of microplastics in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Zhang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, No. 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun City, 130012, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Chengji Zhao
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, No. 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun City, 130012, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Hui Na
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, No. 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun City, 130012, Jilin Province, PR China
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107
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Yan W, Hamid N, Deng S, Jia PP, Pei DS. Individual and combined toxicogenetic effects of microplastics and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) perturb gut microbiota homeostasis and gonadal development in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 397:122795. [PMID: 32388101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, microplastics (MPs) attracted increased attention for their ubiquity and toxic properties. In this study, marine medaka was used to explore the individual and combined toxicity of heavy metals (HMs) and MPs on intestinal bacteria and gonadal development. After exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs and HMs, significant alterations of intestinal microbiota were found. The MPs treatment reduced the diversity and abundance of intestinal microbiota, while the HMs and MPs-HMs treatments increased them, which were confirmed by the abundance changes of Proteobacteria. According to the KEGG analysis, the metabolism and environmental information processing (EIP) pathways in the microbial community were significantly affected. This study showed that the MPs-HMs treatment caused a higher pollution load on the gut of the marine medaka, and triggered more significant changes of specific bacterial species and gut function in the males. However, during the gonadal development, HMs and MPs-HMs treatments resulted in empty follicles (EF) and follicular atresia (FA), and altered the gene expression levels related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. In short, this study demonstrated that the reproductive disturbance was mainly due to HMs, but the combination of MPs and HMs did not strengthen the risk to the gonad development of the marine medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Naima Hamid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pan-Pan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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108
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Salaberria I, Nadvornik-Vincent C, Monticelli G, Altin D, Booth AM. Microplastic dispersal behavior in a novel overhead stirring aqueous exposure system. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111328. [PMID: 32658693 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using nominal dose metrics to describe exposure conditions in laboratory-based microplastic uptake and effects studies may not adequately represent the true exposure to the organisms in the test system, making data interpretation challenging. In the current study, a novel overhead stirring method using flocculators was assessed for maintaining polystyrene (PS) microbeads (Ø10.4 μm; 1.05 g cm-3) in suspension in seawater during 24 h and then compared with static and rotational exposure setups. Under optimized conditions, the system was able to maintain 59% of the initial PS microbeads in suspension after 24 h, compared to 6% using a static system and 100% using a rotating plankton wheel. Our findings document for the first time that overhead stirring as well as other, commonly used exposure systems (static) are unable to maintain constant microplastic exposure conditions in laboratory setups whereas rotation is very effective. This suggests toxicological studies employing either static or overhead stirring systems may be greatly overestimating the true microplastic exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurgi Salaberria
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Colette Nadvornik-Vincent
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway; Université Grenoble Alpes, Faculty of Pharmacy, La Tronche, France.
| | - Giovanna Monticelli
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway; Polytechnic University of Marche, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy.
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109
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Missawi O, Bousserrhine N, Belbekhouche S, Zitouni N, Alphonse V, Boughattas I, Banni M. Abundance and distribution of small microplastics (≤ 3 μm) in sediments and seaworms from the Southern Mediterranean coasts and characterisation of their potential harmful effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114634. [PMID: 33618468 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are an uncontrolled contaminant affecting marine ecosystems. Studying their undesirable effects has been an attractive field for scientists in recent years. This study is the first to investigate the uptake and distribution of small microplastics (≤3 μm) from several sites in the Southern Mediterranean coasts. This work primarilyaims to provide a qualitative and quantitative analysis of microplastics in sediments as well as in the seaworms (Hediste diversicolor) from eight sites from the Tunisian coasts using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. The second aim is to evaluate the potential toxic effects of environmental microplastics using a set of biomarkers such as Catalase, Glutathione-S-Transferase, Malondialdehyde and Acetylcholinesterase. Our findings showed that microplastics (1 mm-1.2 μm) were present in all sediments with its abundance ranging from 129 to 606 items kg-1. Microplastic accumulation in seaworms (3 μm-0.22 μm) was 0.5-3.7 items g-1. The predominant polymer was polyethylene. Results also revealed a significant variation among sites in the parameters associated with oxidative stress. Thus, size abundance of microplastics in seaworms was mainly correlated with oxidative stress biomarkers. Our data should be carefully considered in view of the microplastic presence with several types and sizes in Tunisian coastal sites, their potential toxic effects, and their transfer into food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Missawi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Bousserrhine
- Laboratory of Water, Environment and Urban Systems, University Paris-Est Creteil, Faculty of Science and Technology, Creteil Cedex, France
| | | | - Nesrine Zitouni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Vanessa Alphonse
- Laboratory of Water, Environment and Urban Systems, University Paris-Est Creteil, Faculty of Science and Technology, Creteil Cedex, France
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, University of Sousse, Tunisia.
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110
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Qu M, Li D, Qiu Y, Wang D. Neuronal ERK MAPK signaling in response to low-dose nanopolystyrene exposure by suppressing insulin peptide expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138378. [PMID: 32272418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The responses of different organs are important for organisms against the toxicity of environmental toxicants. So far, the neuronal response to nanoplastic exposure and the underlying mechanisms are still largely unclear. Due to the sensitivity to environmental exposures, we here employed Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model to examine the role of ERK MAPK signaling pathway in the neurons to regulate the response to nanopolystyrene (100 nm). Nanopolystyrene exposure in the range of μg/L could significantly increase expressions of genes (lin-45, mek-2, and mpk-1) encoding ERK MAPK signaling pathway. Nanopolystyrene at the predicted environmental concentration of 1 μg/L could only significantly increase the mpk-1 expression. Meanwhile, RNAi knockdown of any of these genes caused a susceptibility to nanopolystyrene toxicity. ERK/MPK-1 acted in the neurons to regulate the response to nanopolystyrene. Moreover, three genes (ins-4, ins-39, and daf-28) encoding insulin peptides were identified as the downstream targeted genes of neuronal mpk-1 in regulating the response to nanopolystyrene. In nanopolystyrene exposed nematodes, neuronal RNAi knockdown of ins-4, ins-39, or daf-28 decreased expression of intestinal daf-2 encoding insulin receptor and increased expression of intestinal daf-16 encoding FOXO transcriptional factor. Therefore, the neuronal ERK MAPK signaling responded to nanopolystyrene by modulating the insulin signaling-mediated communication between neurons and intestine in nematodes. Our findings are helpful for understanding the molecular basis of neuronal response to nanopolystyrene in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Qu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuexiu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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111
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Ajith N, Arumugam S, Parthasarathy S, Manupoori S, Janakiraman S. Global distribution of microplastics and its impact on marine environment-a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:25970-25986. [PMID: 32382901 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are the major environmental health hazards spotted in almost all the marine habitats and biota of world. The earlier research on microplastics have mainly focused on studying abundance and distribution as well as impacts on organisms, while the existing review articles have reviewed on any one of the above aspects or the environmental fate of microplastics. The current review focuses on all the above facets thereby bringing out the incompleteness in information globally in the respective facets. Our findings suggest that among 192 countries of the world, only 22.9% (44) of the countries have carried out research regarding microplastics, while impacts on organisms have mostly targeted fish (38%), whereas studies on other highly affected organisms such as turtles (1%) are not well documented. Therefore, we suggest expanding research in all the above aspects of microplastics considering that there are several pristine marine environments and organisms that are yet unexplored. Quantifying research in these regards would enable to propose a microplastic threshold level and formulate control measures to reduce the use of plastics and its subsequent threat to the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Ajith
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502, India
| | - Sundaramanickam Arumugam
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502, India.
| | - Surya Parthasarathy
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502, India
| | - Sathish Manupoori
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502, India
| | - Sivamani Janakiraman
- CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, 608502, India
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112
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Impacts of Microplastics on the Swimming Behavior of the Copepod Temora turbinata (Dana, 1849). FLUIDS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids5030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zooplankton are prone to the ingestion of microplastics by mistaking them for prey. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the impacts of microplastic availability on zooplankton behavior. In this study, we investigated the effects of polystyrene microbeads on swimming patterns of the calanoid copepod Temora turbinata under laboratory conditions. We acquired high-resolution video sequences using an optical system containing a telecentric lens and a digital camera with an acquisition rate of 20 frames per second. We estimated the mean speed, NGDR (Net-to-Gross Displacement Ratio, a dimensionless single-valued measure of straightness) and turning angle to describe the swimming behavior in three different treatments (control, low and high concentration of microplastics). Our results revealed that swimming speeds decreased up to 40% (instantaneous speed) compared to controls. The NGDR and turning angle distribution of the organisms also changed in the presence of polystyrene microbeads, both at low (100 beads mL−1) and high microplastic concentration (1000 beads mL−1). These results suggest that the swimming behavior of Temora turbinata is affected by microbeads.
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113
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Fu W, Min J, Jiang W, Li Y, Zhang W. Separation, characterization and identification of microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137561. [PMID: 32172100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have globally been detected in aquatic and marine environments, which has raised scientific interests and public health concerns during the past decade. MPs are those polymeric particles with at least one dimension <5 mm. MPs possess complex physicochemical properties that vary their mobility, bioavailability and toxicity toward organisms and interactions with their surrounding pollutants. Similar to nanomaterials and nanoparticles, accurate and reliable detection and measurement of MPs or nanoplastics and their characteristics are important to warrant a comprehensive understanding of their environmental and ecological impacts. This review elaborates the principles and applications of diverse analytical instruments or techniques for separation, characterization and quantification of MPs in the environment. The strength and weakness of different instrumental methods in separation, morphological, physical classification, chemical characterization and quantification for MPs are critically compared and analyzed. There is a demand for standardized experimental procedures and characterization analysis due to the complex transformation, cross-contamination and heterogeneous properties of MPs in size and chemical compositions. Moreover, this review highlights emerging and promising characterization techniques that may have been overlooked by research communities to study MPs. The future research efforts may need to develop and implement new analytical tools and combinations of hyphenated technologies to complement respective limitations of detection and yield reliable characterization information for MPs. The goal of this critical review is to facilitate the research of plastic particles and pollutants in the environment and understanding of their environmental and human health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Fu
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Min
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyu Jiang
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China.
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114
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Prüst M, Meijer J, Westerink RHS. The plastic brain: neurotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:24. [PMID: 32513186 PMCID: PMC7282048 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the global abundance and environmental persistence, exposure of humans and (aquatic) animals to micro- and nanoplastics is unavoidable. Current evidence indicates that micro- and nanoplastics can be taken up by aquatic organism as well as by mammals. Upon uptake, micro- and nanoplastics can reach the brain, although there is limited information regarding the number of particles that reaches the brain and the potential neurotoxicity of these small plastic particles. Earlier studies indicated that metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles, such as gold (Au) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, can also reach the brain to exert a range of neurotoxic effects. Given the similarities between these chemically inert metal(oxide) nanoparticles and plastic particles, this review aims to provide an overview of the reported neurotoxic effects of micro- and nanoplastics in different species and in vitro. The combined data, although fragmentary, indicate that exposure to micro- and nanoplastics can induce oxidative stress, potentially resulting in cellular damage and an increased vulnerability to develop neuronal disorders. Additionally, exposure to micro- and nanoplastics can result in inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and altered neurotransmitter levels, which both may contribute to the reported behavioral changes. Currently, a systematic comparison of the neurotoxic effects of different particle types, shapes, sizes at different exposure concentrations and durations is lacking, but urgently needed to further elucidate the neurotoxic hazard and risk of exposure to micro- and nanoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minne Prüst
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonelle Meijer
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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115
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Ma H, Pu S, Liu S, Bai Y, Mandal S, Xing B. Microplastics in aquatic environments: Toxicity to trigger ecological consequences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114089. [PMID: 32062100 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of microplastic debris in aquatic ecosystems as a result of anthropogenic activity has received worldwide attention. Although extensive research has reported ubiquitous and directly adverse effects on organisms, only a few published studies have proposed the long-term ecological consequences. The research in this field still lacks a systematic overview of the toxic effects of microplastics and a coherent understanding of the potential ecological consequences. Here, we draw upon cross-disciplinary scientific research from recent decades to 1) seek to understand the correlation between the responses of organisms to microplastics and the potential ecological disturbances, 2) summarize the potential ecological consequences triggered by microplastics in aquatic environments, and 3) discuss the barriers to the understanding of microplastic toxicology. In this paper, the physiochemical characteristics and dynamic distribution of microplastics were related to the toxicological concerns about microplastic bioavailability and environmental perturbation. The extent of the ecological disturbances depends on how the ecotoxicity of microplastics is transferred and proliferated throughout an aquatic environment. Microplastics are prevalent; they interfere with nutrient productivity and cycling, cause physiological stress in organisms (e.g., behavioral alterations, immune responses, abnormal metabolism, and changes to energy budgets), and threaten the ecosystem composition and stability. By integrating the linkages among the toxicities that range from the erosion of individual species to the defective development of biological communities to the collapse of the ecosystem functioning, this review provides a bottom-up framework for future research to address the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of microplastics in aquatic environments and the substantial ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), 1#, Dongsanlu, Erxianqiao, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, PR China; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej, 401871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Shengyan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), 1#, Dongsanlu, Erxianqiao, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
| | - Shibin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), 1#, Dongsanlu, Erxianqiao, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Sandip Mandal
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (Chengdu University of Technology), 1#, Dongsanlu, Erxianqiao, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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116
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Polystyrene microplastics induce mortality through acute cell stress and inhibition of cholinergic activity in a brine shrimp. Mol Cell Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-020-00088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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117
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Barboza LGA, Lopes C, Oliveira P, Bessa F, Otero V, Henriques B, Raimundo J, Caetano M, Vale C, Guilhermino L. Microplastics in wild fish from North East Atlantic Ocean and its potential for causing neurotoxic effects, lipid oxidative damage, and human health risks associated with ingestion exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:134625. [PMID: 31836230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) pollution has received increased attention over the last few years. However, while the number of studies documentating the ingestion of microplastics by fish has increased, fewer studies have addressed the toxicological effects derived from the ingestion of these small items in wild conditions. Here, MP contamination and effect biomarkers were investigated in three commercially important fish species from the North East Atlantic Ocean. From the 150 analysed fish (50 per species), 49 % had MP. In fish from the 3 species, MP in the gastrointestinal tract, gills and dorsal muscle were found. Fish with MP had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher lipid peroxidation levels in the brain, gills and dorsal muscle, and increased brain acetylcholinesterase activity than fish where no MP were found. These results suggest lipid oxidative damage in gills and muscle, and neurotoxicity through lipid oxidative damage and acetylcholinesterase induction in relation to MP and/or MP-associated chemicals exposure. From the 150 fish analysed, 32 % had MP in dorsal muscle, with a total mean (± SD) of 0.054 ± 0.099 MP items/g. Based on this mean and on EFSA recommendation for fish consumption by adults or the general population, human consumers of Dicentrachus labrax, Trachurus trachurus, Scomber colias may intake 842 MP items/year from fish consumption only. Based on the mean of MP in fish muscle and data (EUMOFA, NOAA) of fish consumption per capita in selected European and American countries, the estimated intake of microplastics through fish consumption ranged from 518 to 3078 MP items/year/capita. Considering that fish consumption is only one of the routes of human exposure to microplastics, this study and others in the literature emphasize the need for more research, risk assessment and adoption of measures to minimize human exposure to these particles. Thus, MP pollution and its effects should be further investigated and addressed according to the WHO 'One Health' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Gabriel A Barboza
- ICBAS-UP - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal.
| | - Clara Lopes
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Lisbon 1495-006, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Oliveira
- ICBAS-UP - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal
| | - Filipa Bessa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Otero
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Monte de Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; IPMA - Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Lisbon 1495-006, Portugal
| | - Miguel Caetano
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; IPMA - Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Lisbon 1495-006, Portugal
| | - Carlos Vale
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal; CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- ICBAS-UP - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (ECOTOX), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal
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118
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Yu SP, Chan BKK. Effects of polystyrene microplastics on larval development, settlement, and metamorphosis of the intertidal barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110362. [PMID: 32171964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of microplastic on mortality and sublethal responses on larval development of meroplankton are still largely unknown. Present study investigated the effects of four sizes of virgin spherical polystyrene microplastics (diameter 1.7, 6.8, 10.4, 19.0 μm) on naupliar (stage II-VI) and cypris larvae of barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite at environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1000 beads mL-1). Essential life-history traits, including mortality, development time and rates of growth, settling, and metamorphosis were measured throughout the entire larval development. Feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate if microplastics decreased naupliar feeding due to physical impacts or selective feeding of nauplii. The results showed that A. amphitrite stage II nauplii were able to ingest and efficiently egest all sizes of microplastics. All the life-history endpoints measured were not significantly affected by all sizes of microplastics at any concentration tested. Presence of all sizes of microplastics did not cause physical interference on naupliar feeding and all stages of nauplius larvae (stage III-VI) did not selectively feed on microplastics. However, the feeding ability of stage III nauplius appeared to be affected by 1.7 μm at 1000 beads mL-1 which was possibly due to individual variations rather than microplastics' impacts. Overall, the full larval development of barnacle A. amphitrite was not affected by microplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations under laboratory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Pei Yu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica: 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Benny Kwok Kan Chan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica: 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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119
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Battulga B, Kawahigashi M, Oyuntsetseg B. Behavior and distribution of polystyrene foams on the shore of Tuul River in Mongolia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:113979. [PMID: 32000021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Foamed plastic debris in aquatic systems has become one of the emerging global contaminants. In this study, the behavior of polystyrene foam (PSF) and microplastics (MPs) adhered on the PSFs were investigated on the Tuul River shore in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. The micro-sized (<5 mm) PSF, which was the dominant PSF over 600 pieces in 100 m2, have accumulated along the shoreline of Tuul River. Carbonyl index (CI) was calculated to evaluate the surface oxidation of macro-sized (20-100 mm), meso-sized (5-20 mm), and micro-sized PSFs and confirm the relative aging depending on photodegradation. CI ranged from 0.00 to 1.09 in the sampled PSFs, whereby the degraded PSFs with high CI were distributed on the shore of downstream of sewer drainage. Micro-sized PSFs showed a wide range of CI and a relatively high average value of CI as compared to those of meso- and macro-sized PSFs. Most of PSFs aggregated with MPs and the adhered MPs have been ubiquitously detected from the surface of PSFs. Adhered micro-sized plastics explored from the surface of PSFs with various sizes, except for mega-sized (>100 mm) PSF, ranged from 5 to 141 items per piece of PSF fragment. The aggregates of PSFs and MPs were common status of PSFs during their transportation. The present findings, which indicated a high concentration of adhered MPs, raise an environmental concern about the widespread aquatic plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batdulam Battulga
- Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji City, 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kawahigashi
- Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji City, 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Bolormaa Oyuntsetseg
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Mongolia, Ikh Surguuliin Gudamj-1, 14201, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
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120
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Potential toxicity of polystyrene microplastic particles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7391. [PMID: 32355311 PMCID: PMC7193629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64464-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution arising from plastic waste is a major global concern. Plastic macroparticles, microparticles, and nanoparticles have the potential to affect marine ecosystems and human health. It is generally accepted that microplastic particles are not harmful or at best minimal to human health. However direct contact with microplastic particles may have possible adverse effect in cellular level. Primary polystyrene (PS) particles were the focus of this study, and we investigated the potential impacts of these microplastics on human health at the cellular level. We determined that PS particles were potential immune stimulants that induced cytokine and chemokine production in a size-dependent and concentration-dependent manner.
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121
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Yang H, Xiong H, Mi K, Xue W, Wei W, Zhang Y. Toxicity comparison of nano-sized and micron-sized microplastics to Goldfish Carassius auratus Larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122058. [PMID: 31951993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is one of the most serious environmental issues worldwide. The negative influence of plastics on aquatic organisms has increasingly concerned, especially the influence of microplastic (MPs). In the present study, the toxicology of nano-sized MPs (nMPs) and micron-sized MPs (mMPs) were comparatively studied. Goldfish larvae were exposed to 10, 100 and 1000 μg/L nMPs and mMPs for 1, 3 and 7 days. The enrichment of MPs, body length, heart rate, motor ability, microscopic and ultrastructure of intestine, liver, gill and muscle tissue, as well as the oxidative stress were analyzed. Results showed that both 70 nm and 50 μm MPs were accumulated in the digestive tract of larvae. MPs at high concentrations could induce oxidative stress, destroy intestine, liver and gill tissues, increase heart rate, and inhibit growth and swimming speed of the larvae. The most important finding was that nMPs could enter into the muscle tissue through the epidermis of the larvae. It could cause damage to muscle tissue, destroy nerve fibers, inhibit acetylcholinase (AchE) activity, and show great adverse effects on larval movement than mMPs. In conclusion, both nMPs and mMPs at higher concentrations can cause damage to fish larvae and nMPs are potentially more hazardous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Haoran Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kaihang Mi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wen Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenzhi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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122
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Li D, Ji J, Yuan Y, Wang D. Toxicity comparison of nanopolystyrene with three metal oxide nanoparticles in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125625. [PMID: 31855754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model, we compared the toxicity between nanopolystyrene and three metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) (Al2O3-NPs, TiO2-NPs, and SiO2-NPs). After exposure from L1-larvae to adult day-1, nanopolystyrene (100 μg/L) reduced brood size and induced severe germline apoptosis, and nanopolystyrene (10-100 μg/L) decreased locomotion behavior, induced obvious reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and activated noticeable mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mt UPR). Using several endpoints (lethality, development, reproduction, and/or locomotion behavior), we found that nanopolystyrene could induce more severe toxicity than SiO2-NPs, although nanopolystyrene did not cause the toxicity comparable to that in Al2O3-NPs or TiO2-NPs exposed nematodes. Our data will be useful for understanding the exposure risk of nanopolystyrene on environmental organisms. Moreover, the detected toxicity difference between nanopolystyrene and three metal oxide NPs were associated with the differences in both induction of oxidative stress and activation of mt UPR in exposed nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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123
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Kögel T, Bjorøy Ø, Toto B, Bienfait AM, Sanden M. Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life: Determining factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136050. [PMID: 31887526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has become a major environmental concern due to its omnipresence and degradation to smaller particles. The potential toxicological effects of micro- and nanoplastic on biota have been investigated in a growing number of exposure studies. We have performed a comprehensive review of the main determining factors for plastic particle toxicity in the relevant exposure systems, from publications until including the year 2018. For a focused scope, effects of additives or other pollutants accumulated by the plastic particles are not included. In summary, current literature suggests that plastic particle toxicity depends on concentration, particle size, exposure time, particle condition, shape and polymer type. Furthermore, contaminant background, food availability, species, developmental stage and sex have major influence on the outcome of plastic particles exposures. Frequently reported effects were on body and population growth, energy metabolism, feeding, movement activity, physiological stress, oxidative stress, inflammation, the immune system, hormonal regulation, aberrant development, cell death, general toxicity and altered lipid metabolism. Several times reported were increased growth and food consumption, neuro-, liver- or kidney pathology and intestinal damage. Photosynthesis disruption was reported in studies investigating effects on phytoplankton. For the currently unquantified plastic particles below 10 μm, more toxic effects were reported in all aquatic life, as compared to plastic particles of larger size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kögel
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ørjan Bjorøy
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Benuarda Toto
- Center for Nutrition, Children's and Youth Hospital, Haukelandsbakken 15, PO Box 7804, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Monica Sanden
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), PO Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
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124
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Heinlaan M, Kasemets K, Aruoja V, Blinova I, Bondarenko O, Lukjanova A, Khosrovyan A, Kurvet I, Pullerits M, Sihtmäe M, Vasiliev G, Vija H, Kahru A. Hazard evaluation of polystyrene nanoplastic with nine bioassays did not show particle-specific acute toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136073. [PMID: 31869615 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastic is a wide-spread pollutant and must be evaluated for potential adverse effects of its breakdown product, microplastic (≤5 mm) along with its subfraction, nanoplastic (1-100 nm). Risk assessment of pollutants cannot be conducted without their toxicity (dose-response) data. In this study, toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPL) was evaluated using 8 acute and 1 subchronic toxicity assays with 10 organisms of different biological complexity (bacteria, yeast, algae, protozoans, mammalian cells in vitro, crustaceans, midge larvae). Commercial 26 and 100 nm carboxylated PS-NPL spheres were chosen as model and tested in nominal concentrations up to 100 mg/L (1.025·1016 26 nm and 1.83·1014 100 nm particles/L). In most of the assays, both PS-NPL proved non-toxic (L(E)C50 > 100 mg/L) but three tests (V. fischeri, R. subcapitata, D. magna) flagged toxicity in 'as received' 26 nm PS-NPL and D. magna also in 100 nm PS-NPL (EC50 ranging from 13 to 71 mg/L). As, according to manufacturers, both PS-NPL suspensions contained additives (surfactants and biocidal NaN3), the three toxicity tests were repeated also on dialysed PS-NPL and on NaN3. Non-toxicity of dialysed PS-NPL indicated that the toxicity of 'as-received' PS-NPL was not particle-specific but false positive due to water-soluble additives in the PS-NPL preparations. NaN3 was very toxic to D. magna (48 h EC50 = 0.05 ± 0.03 mg NaN3/L), toxic to R. subcapitata (72 h EC50 = 4.97 ± 3.7 mg NaN3/L) and non-toxic to V. fischeri. Toxicity of 'as-received' PS-NPL was not fully explainable by NaN3 but also attributable to other additives in the suspensions. Toxicity research of microplastic using commercial model particles must always consider the potential influence of additives, e.g. test the toxicity of dialysed NPL for comparison. In our study, D. magna, R. subcapitata and V. fischeri were the most sensitive to PS-NPL water-soluble additives and flagged their presence in NPL preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Heinlaan
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Kaja Kasemets
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Villem Aruoja
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Irina Blinova
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Olesja Bondarenko
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aljona Lukjanova
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Alla Khosrovyan
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Imbi Kurvet
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mirjam Pullerits
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Sihtmäe
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Grigory Vasiliev
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Natural Sciences, TalTech, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Heiki Vija
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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125
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Shao H, Wang D. Long-term and low-dose exposure to nanopolystyrene induces a protective strategy to maintain functional state of intestine barrier in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113649. [PMID: 31767235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Functional state of intestinal barrier plays an important role for environmental animals in being against various toxicants. We investigated GATA transcriptional factor ELT-2-mediated intestinal response to nanopolystyrere in Caenorhabditis elegans. Prolonged exposure to nanopolystyrene (≥1 μg/L) induced an increase in expression of ELT-2, and intestinal RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of elt-2 caused enhancement in intestinal permeability. Meanwhile, mutation of elt-2 resulted in susceptibility to nanopolystyrene toxicity, and ELT-2 functioned in intestine to regulate the nanopolystyrene toxicity. ERM-1, CLEC-63, and CLEC-85 were identified as targets of ELT-2 in regulating the nanopolystyrene toxicity. ERM-1 was required for maintaining functional state in intestinal barrier, and functioned synergistically with CLEC-63 or CLEC-85 to regulate nanopolystyrene toxicity. Therefore, activation of intestinal ELT-2 by nanopolystyrere could mediate a protective strategy to maintain the functional state of intestinal barrier. During this process, intestinal ELT-2 activated two different molecular signals (ERM-1 signal and CLEC-63/85 signal) for nematodes against the nanopolystyrene toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Shao
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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126
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Qiu Y, Luo L, Yang Y, Kong Y, Li Y, Wang D. Potential toxicity of nanopolystyrene on lifespan and aging process of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135918. [PMID: 31837847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the environment, nanoplastic particles, such as nanopolystyrene, potentially cause toxicity on organisms at various aspects. We here employed endpoints of lifespan and aging-related phenotypes to further investigate the possible long-term effects of nanopolystyrene (100 nm) in Caenorhabditis elegans. After exposure from L1-larvae to adult day-3, nanopolystyrene at high concentrations (100 and 1000 μg/L) reduced the lifespan. Although nanopolystyrene (1 or 10 μg/L) did not affect the lifespan, nanopolystyrene (1 or 10 μg/L) could induce the more severe intestinal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decrease in locomotion behavior during the aging process compared with control. Moreover, nanopolystyrene exposure could cause the severe decrease in expressions of some immune response genes, hsp-6 gene, and genes encoding manganese-superoxide dismutases (Mn-SODs) during aging process, suggesting the severe suppression in innate immune response, inhibition in antioxidation defense system, and suppression in mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mt UPR) by nanopolystyrene. Our results highlight the potential of long-term nanopolystyrene exposure in reducing longevity and in affecting health state during the aging process in environmental organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiu Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Libo Luo
- Changzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213011, China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- Changzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, Changzhou 213011, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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127
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Qu M, Wang D. Toxicity comparison between pristine and sulfonate modified nanopolystyrene particles in affecting locomotion behavior, sensory perception, and neuronal development in Caenorhabditis elegans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134817. [PMID: 31715464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonate modified polystyrene is potentially used in medical application; however, the effect of sulfonate modification on polystyrene toxicity is still largely unclear. We here compared the neurotoxicity between pristine and sulfonate modified nanopolystyrene particles in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to nanopolystyrene (35 nm) caused neurotoxicity on locomotion behaviors (head thrash, body bend, forward movement, and backward movement) and sensory perception behaviors (chemotaxis to NaCl or diacetyl). Exposure to nanopolystyrene also induced the damage on development of dopaminergic neurons as reflected by relative fluorescence intensity, number of discontinuous dendrite, and number of abnormal cell body. Moreover, we found that sulfonate modification effectively enhanced the neurontoxicity of nanopolystyrene on locomotion behaviors, sensory perception behaviors, and development of dopaminergic neurons. Our results highlight the possibility of sulfonate modification in increasing neurotoxicity of nanopolystyrene exposure on environmental organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Qu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering in Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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128
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Robin RS, Karthik R, Purvaja R, Ganguly D, Anandavelu I, Mugilarasan M, Ramesh R. Holistic assessment of microplastics in various coastal environmental matrices, southwest coast of India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134947. [PMID: 31734498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastics in the marine environment are introduced through multiple pathways, and pose serious threats to aquatic biota. Recently microplastic pollution and its possible consequences in India have been recognized by the scientific community, however the extent of the crisis has not yet been quantified. The present study attempted to ascertain the abundance, distribution and characteristics of microplastics in coastal waters (14 locations), beach sediments (22 locations) and marine fishes (11 locations) from the state of Kerala, southwest coast of India. The results showed that the mean microplastic abundance was 1.25 ± 0.88 particles/m3 in coastal waters and 40.7 ± 33.2 particles/m2 in beach sediments with higher concentrations in the southern coast of the state. The abundance of microplastics, mostly contributed by fragments, fibre/line and foam, in both coastal waters and beach sediments, were highly influenced by river runoff and proximity to urban agglomeration. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) revealed that polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the dominant polymers in the marine environment. The digestive tracts of 15 out of 70 commercially important fishes studied, contained 22 microplastic particles. Polyethylene (PE; 38.46%) followed by cellulose (CE; 23.08%), rayon (RY; 15.38%), polyester (PL; 15.38%) and polypropylene (PP; 7.69%) were the major contributors in the fish ingested microplastic composition. A broad range of heavy metals, metalloids and other elements that are potentially indicative of hazardous chemicals were present in microplastics collected from the beaches of Kerala. These results enhance our understanding on the sources, transport pathways and the associated environmental risks of microplastics to marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Robin
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R Karthik
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R Purvaja
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - D Ganguly
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - I Anandavelu
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - M Mugilarasan
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - R Ramesh
- National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Chennai 600 025, India.
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129
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Costa E, Gambardella C, Piazza V, Vassalli M, Sbrana F, Lavorano S, Garaventa F, Faimali M. Microplastics ingestion in the ephyra stage of Aurelia sp. triggers acute and behavioral responses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109983. [PMID: 31785944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, we report a correspondence between microplastics (MP) ingestion and ecotoxicological effects in gelatinous zooplankton (Cnidarian jellyfish). The ephyra stage of the jellyfish Aurelia sp. was exposed to both environmental and high concentrations of fluorescent 1-4 μm polyethylene MP (0.01-10 mg/L). After 24 and 48 h, MP accumulation, acute (Immobility) and behavioral (Frequency pulsation) endpoints were investigated. MP were detected by confocal and tomographic investigations on gelatinous body and mouth, either attached on the surface or ingested. This interaction was responsible for impairing ephyrae survival and behavior at all tested concentrations after 24 h. Acute and behavioral effects were also related to mechanical disturbance, caused by MP, triggering a loss of radial symmetry. Contaminated ephyrae exposed to clean seawater showed full recovery after 72 h highlighting the organisms without the microspheres, attached on body jellyfish surface around the mouth and lappets. In conclusion, short-term exposure to MP affects ephyrae jellyfish health, impairing both their survival and behavior. Polyethylene MP temporarily affect both Immobility and Frequency of pulsation of Aurelia sp. jellyfish. This study provides a first step towards understanding and clarifying the potential impacts of MP contamination in gelatinous zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Costa
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Veronica Piazza
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- National Research Council, Institute of Biophysics (CNR-IBF), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Lavorano
- Costa Edutainment SpA - Acquario di Genova, Area Porto Antico, Ponte Spinola, 16128, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Marco Faimali
- National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impact and Sustainability in the Marine Environment (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
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130
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Chen Y, Liu X, Leng Y, Wang J. Defense responses in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to low-density polyethylene microplastics in soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 187:109788. [PMID: 31648073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential threats of microplastics to global health are a new problem. However, little is known about the influence of microplastics on soil organisms. Here, we investigated the effects of low-density polyethylene (LDPE, < 400 μm) on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) under different concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 g/kg dry) with three replicates in artificial soil. Results showed that surface damage of earthworms was observed at the concentration of 1.5 g/kg LDPE after exposure 28 days. The microplastics were ingested in a dose-response manner. Smaller sizes of LDPE microplastics were found in the casts of E. fetida, and approximately 30% of the microplastics egested (size < 100 μm) were increased compared with initial microplastics in the soil. The catalase activity and malondialdehyde content increased significantly at the concentration of 1.0 g/kg LDPE after exposure 28 days, and acetylcholine esterase was significantly stimulated at concentrations of 1.5 and 1.0 g/kg LDPE on days 21 and 28, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate the potential risk of LDPE microplastics to E. fetida and may provide a reference for the impact of microplastics on terrestrial creatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yifei Leng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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131
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Choi JS, Hong SH, Park JW. Evaluation of microplastic toxicity in accordance with different sizes and exposure times in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 153:104838. [PMID: 31733910 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of plastic has greatly increased microplastic contamination risk in the marine environment. Microplastics can affect all marine life via the food web, from primary producers (e.g., microalgae) to final consumers (e.g., carnivorous fish). Thus, several studies have attempted to evaluate microplastic toxicity, but information about the underlying mechanisms of their effect is limited. Therefore, in this study, we examined multiple factors that could contribute to microplastic-induced toxicity. We investigated the potential molecular effects of microplastic size and exposure time. We exposed the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus to 50 nm and 10 μm polystyrene microbeads. We found that both size and exposure time increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. In addition, antioxidant-related gene expression was modulated and antioxidant enzyme activities were changed significantly. The results of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of microplastic-induced toxicity in a marine organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Choi
- Environmental Biology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Oil and POPs Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 41 Jangmok-1-gil, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Park
- Environmental Biology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jegok-gil, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea; Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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132
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Yu F, Yang C, Zhu Z, Bai X, Ma J. Adsorption behavior of organic pollutants and metals on micro/nanoplastics in the aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133643. [PMID: 31756812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris becomes currently a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and is susceptible to contamination by many other pollutants, including aqueous metals and organic matter. This review summarizes the effects of environmental factors on the properties and sorption behavior of microplastics, presents a further discussion on the fate of microplastics adsorption on contaminants, and critically discusses the mechanism of sorption behaviors between micro/nanoplastics and normal contaminants. Previous references indicated that the hydrophobicity and particle sizes of microplastics were the dominant influence factors for virgin plastic debris adsorption, whereas for aged microplastics, hydrogen bonding, hydrophilicity and increasing specific surface ratio affected the adsorption behavior. The effects of pH and salinity always influence the sorption conditions by changing the charge state of microplastics and contaminants and causing competing adsorption. In addition, the existence of microplastics affects biotoxicity, increases the dissolved organic matter in the environment, and influences carbon cycling. The knowledge is fundamental to the assessment of potential risks posed by microplastics to organisms from human beings to the entire environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Changfu Yang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Zhilin Zhu
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xueting Bai
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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133
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Eltemsah YS, Bøhn T. Acute and chronic effects of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile and adult Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112919. [PMID: 31394341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the distribution and effects of polystyrene microplastic (MP) particles in exposure experiments with the ecotoxicology model organism Daphnia magna. The aim was to investigate the short and long-term toxicity of MP at different concentrations. To achieve this goal, the effects of 6 μm commercially available polystyrene beads on two different life-stages of D. magna: < 24 h old juveniles and 9 days old adults was assessed. The following end points in test animals were measured: (1) survival, (2) growth, (3) individual and population fecundity, (4) age at maturation and (5) body size of newborn offspring. These response variables were followed in two acute and two chronic experiments. The acute experiments showed that MP is not acutely toxic to D. magna within 48 h, but cause added mortality within 120 h. The juveniles were about 50% more sensitive than the adults tested. In life-cycle experiments testing chronic exposure to MP, again, animals exposed as juveniles at relatively high concentrations, i.e. > 30 μg ml-1 showed higher sensitivity. We observed slightly increased mortality, reduced growth and stimulation of early reproduction at the cost of later reproduction. Animals exposed after reaching adulthood did not show increased mortality and showed a stimulation response with higher reproductive rates than the control group. However, both the growth rate of mother animals and the body size of newborn declined with increasing dose of MP. We conclude that these effects indicate a role of MP in mechanical interaction/interference with the animal on the level of feeding (clogging filtering functions), digestion (gut filled with plastic particles), and/or other animal behavior. The study also illustrates how MP with slow break-down rates may accumulate in the environment and enter the food-chain as obstructing non-food particles in filter-feeding organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- Institute of Marine Research, PB 6404, N-9294 Tromsø, Norway
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134
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Hantoro I, Löhr AJ, Van Belleghem FGAJ, Widianarko B, Ragas AMJ. Microplastics in coastal areas and seafood: implications for food safety. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:674-711. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1585581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inneke Hantoro
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Food Technology, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang, Indonesia
- Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Department of Science, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Ansje J. Löhr
- Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Department of Science, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. A. J. Van Belleghem
- Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Department of Science, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Budi Widianarko
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Food Technology, Soegijapranata Catholic University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Ad M. J. Ragas
- Faculty of Management, Science & Technology, Department of Science, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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135
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Ferreira I, Venâncio C, Lopes I, Oliveira M. Nanoplastics and marine organisms: What has been studied? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 67:1-7. [PMID: 30685594 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increased awareness on the threat that marine litter may pose to the marine environment. This review describes the major concerns related to plastic pollution, namely in terms of toxicity of different types and sizes of nanoplastics (particles smaller than 100 nm) to marine organisms, either producers or consumers. The available data show that nanoplastics may affect negatively organisms from different phyla with reported effects ranging from alterations in reproduction to lethality. Nevertheless, no information regarding marine vertebrates (e.g., fish) was found. Data show a high potential for bioaccumulation/biomagnification along marine food chains, since they can easily be retained inside organisms. The lack of standardized methodology for nanoplastics detection and the poor or inexistent legislation makes nanoplastics an environmental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Ferreira
- Department of Biology, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Venâncio
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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136
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Bergami E, Krupinski Emerenciano A, González-Aravena M, Cárdenas CA, Hernández P, Silva JRMC, Corsi I. Polystyrene nanoparticles affect the innate immune system of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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137
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Tang J, Wang X, Yin J, Han Y, Yang J, Lu X, Xie T, Akbar S, Lyu K, Yang Z. Molecular characterization of thioredoxin reductase in waterflea Daphnia magna and its expression regulation by polystyrene microplastics. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:90-97. [PMID: 30639982 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global scale concerns regarding rise in microplastics pollution in the environment have recently aroused. Ingestion of microplastics by biota, including freshwater zooplankton has been well studied, however, despite keystone species in freshwater food webs, the molecular response (e.g. oxidative defense) of zooplankton in response to microplastics is still in its infancy. The thioredoxin (TRx) system has a vital function in cellular antioxidative defense via eliminating the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of thioredoxin reductase (TRxR), due to its triggering the TRx catalysis cascade. The present study identified TRxR in Daphnia magna (Dm-TRxR) for the first time, and found that the full-length cDNA was 1862 bp long, containing an 1821-bp open reading frame. Homologous alignments showed the presence of conserved catalytic domain CVNVGC and the seleocysteine (SeCys) residue (U) located in the N- and C- terminal portions. Subsequently, the expression of Dm-TRxR, together with permease, arginine kinase (AK), was investigated by approach of quantitative real-time PCR after exposure to four (1.25-μm) polystyrene (PS) microbeads concentrations: 0 (control), 2, 4 and 8 mg L-1 for 10 days. Dm-TRxR, permease and AK mRNA were significantly upregulated after exposure to 2, 4 mg L-1 of PS, but then declined in the presence of 8 mg L-1 PS. The gene expression results suggested that oxidative defense, energy production and substance extra cellular transportation were significantly regulated by microplastic exposure. Collectively, the present study will advance our knowledge regarding the biological effects of microplastic pollution on zooplankton, and builds a foundation for freshwater environmental studies on mechanistic and biochemical responses to microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiran Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tianchen Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Siddiq Akbar
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kai Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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138
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Zhu ZL, Wang SC, Zhao FF, Wang SG, Liu FF, Liu GZ. Joint toxicity of microplastics with triclosan to marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:509-517. [PMID: 30583159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of single microplastics on organisms has been reported widely, however, their joint toxicity with other contaminants on phytoplankton is rarely investigated. Here, we studied the toxicity of triclosan (TCS) with four kinds of microplastics namely polyethylene (PE, 74 μm), polystyrene (PS, 74 μm), polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 74 μm), and PVC800 (1 μm) on microalgae Skeletonema costatum. Both growth inhibition and oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. We found that TCS had obvious inhibition effect on microalgae growth within the test concentrations, and single microplastics also had significant inhibition effect which followed the order of PVC800 > PVC > PS > PE. However, the joint toxicity of PVC and PVC800 in combination with TCS decreased more than that of PE and PS. The higher adsorption capacity of TCS on PVC and PVC800 was one possible reason for the greater reduction of their toxicity. The joint toxicity of PVC800 was still most significant (PE < PVC < PS < PVC800) because of the minimum particle size. According to the independent action model, the joint toxicity systems were all antagonism. Moreover, the reduction of SOD was higher than MDA which revealed that the physical damage was more serious than intracellular damage. SEM images revealed that the aggregation of microplastics and physical damage on algae was obvious. Collectively, the present research provides evidences that the existence of organic pollutants is capable of influencing the effects of microplastics, and the further research on the joint toxicity of microplastics with different pollutants is urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lin Zhu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Su-Chun Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Fei-Fei Zhao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Shu-Guang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Guang-Zhou Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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139
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de Sá LC, Oliveira M, Ribeiro F, Rocha TL, Futter MN. Studies of the effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms: What do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1029-1039. [PMID: 30248828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of microplastics (MP) on aquatic organisms are currently the subject of intense research. Here, we provide a critical perspective on published studies of MP ingestion by aquatic biota. We summarize the available research on MP presence, behaviour and effects on aquatic organisms monitored in the field and on laboratory studies of the ecotoxicological consequences of MP ingestion. We consider MP polymer type, shape, size as well as group of organisms studied and type of effect reported. Specifically, we evaluate whether or not the available laboratory studies of MP are representative of the types of MPs found in the environment and whether or not they have reported on relevant groups or organisms. Analysis of the available data revealed that 1) despite their widespread detection in field-based studies, polypropylene, polyester and polyamide particles were under-represented in laboratory studies; 2) fibres and fragments (800-1600 μm) are the most common form of MPs reported in animals collected from the field; 3) to date, most studies have been conducted on fish; knowledge is needed about the effects of MPs on other groups of organisms, especially invertebrates. Furthermore, there are significant mismatches between the types of MP most commonly found in the environment or reported in field studies and those used in laboratory experiments. Finally, there is an overarching need to understand the mechanism of action and ecotoxicological effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs on aquatic organism health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- University of Aveiro, Department of Biology, CESAM, Portugal
| | - Francisca Ribeiro
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
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140
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Lanctôt CM, Al-Sid-Cheikh M, Catarino AI, Cresswell T, Danis B, Karapanagioti HK, Mincer T, Oberhänsli F, Swarzenski P, Tolosa I, Metian M. Application of nuclear techniques to environmental plastics research. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 192:368-375. [PMID: 30045000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is ubiquitous in aquatic environments and its potential impacts to wildlife and humans present a growing global concern. Despite recent efforts in understanding environmental impacts associated with plastic pollution, considerable uncertainties still exist regarding the true risks of nano- and micro-sized plastics (<5 mm). The challenges faced in this field largely relate to the methodological and analytical limitations associated with studying plastic debris at low (environmentally relevant) concentrations. The present paper highlights how radiotracing techniques that are commonly applied to trace the fate and behaviour of chemicals and particles in various systems, can contribute towards addressing several important and outstanding questions in environmental plastic pollution research. Specifically, we discuss the use of radiolabeled microplastics and/or chemicals for 1) determining sorption/desorption kinetics of a range of contaminants to different types of plastics under varying conditions, 2) understanding the influence of microplastics on contaminant and nutrient bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, and 3) assessing biokinetics, biodistribution, trophic transfer and potential biological impacts of microplastic at realistic concentrations. Radiotracer techniques are uniquely suited for this research because of their sensitivity, accuracy and capacity to measure relevant parameters over time. Obtaining precise and timely information on the fate of plastic particles and co-contaminants in wildlife has widespread applications towards effective monitoring programmes and environmental management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M Lanctôt
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, 98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4215, Australia.
| | - Maya Al-Sid-Cheikh
- University of Plymouth, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Ana I Catarino
- The School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Tom Cresswell
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - Bruno Danis
- Marine Biology Lab, CP160/15, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) 50, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Tracy Mincer
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 45 Water Street, Wood Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
| | - François Oberhänsli
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, 98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
| | - Peter Swarzenski
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, 98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
| | - Imma Tolosa
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, 98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
| | - Marc Metian
- Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4a, Quai Antoine Ier, 98000 Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
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141
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Sun X, Chen B, Li Q, Liu N, Xia B, Zhu L, Qu K. Toxicities of polystyrene nano- and microplastics toward marine bacterium Halomonas alkaliphila. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:1378-1385. [PMID: 30045518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microplastics have been shown to cause negative effects on marine organisms. However, the toxicities of nano- and microplastics toward marine bacteria are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of polystyrene nano- and microplastics on the marine bacterium Halomonas alkaliphila by determining growth inhibition, chemical composition, inorganic nitrogen conversion efficiencies and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The results showed that both nano- and microplastics inhibited the growth of H. alkaliphila in high concentrations, while nanoplastics rather than microplastics influenced the growth inhibition, chemical composition and ammonia conversion efficiencies of H. alkaliphila at concentration of 80 mg/L. The ROS generation indicated oxidative stress induced by nano- but not microplastics, and the oxidative stress induced by nanoplastics may provide a significant effect on bacteria. Furthermore, the positively charged nanoplastics (amine-modified 50 nm) induced higher oxidative stress toward bacteria than that induced by negatively charged nanoplastics (non-modified 55 nm). The increased extracellular polymeric substances as evidenced by transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation suggested the possible bacterial protective mechanisms. The present study illustrates for the first time the impact of plastics debris on the inorganic nitrogen conversion efficiencies of marine bacteria. Our findings highlight the effects of microplastics on the ecological function of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bijuan Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiufen Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lin Zhu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Keming Qu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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142
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Beiras R, Bellas J, Cachot J, Cormier B, Cousin X, Engwall M, Gambardella C, Garaventa F, Keiter S, Le Bihanic F, López-Ibáñez S, Piazza V, Rial D, Tato T, Vidal-Liñán L. Ingestion and contact with polyethylene microplastics does not cause acute toxicity on marine zooplankton. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:452-460. [PMID: 30142596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) of size ranges similar to their natural food to zooplanktonic organisms representative of the main taxa present in marine plankton, including rotifers, copepods, bivalves, echinoderms and fish, was evaluated. Early life stages (ELS) were prioritized as testing models in order to maximize sensitivity. Treatments included particles spiked with benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a hydrophobic organic chemical used in cosmetics with direct input in coastal areas. Despite documented ingestion of both virgin and BP-3 spiked microplastics no acute toxicity was found at loads orders of magnitude above environmentally relevant concentrations on any of the invertebrate models. In fish tests some effects, including premature or reduced hatching, were observed after 12 d exposure at 10 mg L-1 of BP-3 spiked PE-MP. The results obtained do not support environmentally relevant risk of microplastics on marine zooplankton. Similar approaches testing more hydrophobic chemicals with higher acute toxicity are needed before these conclusions could be extended to other organic pollutants common in marine ecosystems. Therefore, the replacement of these polymers in consumer products must be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Beiras
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - J Bellas
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cabo Estay, E-36390, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - J Cachot
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France
| | - B Cormier
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - X Cousin
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Adaptation et Adaptabilités des Animaux et des Systèmes, UMR MARBEC, chemin de Maguelone, 34250 Palavas, France; UMR GABI INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - F Garaventa
- CNR-ISMAR, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - S Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - F Le Bihanic
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France
| | - S López-Ibáñez
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - V Piazza
- CNR-ISMAR, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - D Rial
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cabo Estay, E-36390, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - T Tato
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - L Vidal-Liñán
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cabo Estay, E-36390, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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143
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Gambardella C, Morgana S, Bramini M, Rotini A, Manfra L, Migliore L, Piazza V, Garaventa F, Faimali M. Ecotoxicological effects of polystyrene microbeads in a battery of marine organisms belonging to different trophic levels. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:313-321. [PMID: 30274720 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect ecotoxicological effects of 0.1 μm polystyrene microbeads in marine organisms belonging to different trophic levels. MP build up, lethal and sub-lethal responses were investigated in the bacterium Vibrio anguillarum (culturability), in the green microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (growth inhibition), in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (mortality and swimming speed alteration) and in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (immobility and swimming speed alteration) exposed to a wide range of microplastic (MP) concentrations (from 0.001 to 10 mg L-1). Survival was not affected in all organisms up to 10 mg L-1, while algal growth inhibition, rotifer and sea urchin larvae swimming behaviour alterations were observed after exposure to MPs. Ingestion was only observed in rotifers and it was directly correlated with sub-lethal effects. These results account for the ecotoxicological risk associated to the polystyrene microbeads, which are able to affect different endpoints in primary producers and consumers (rotifers and sea urchins) since no effects were observed in decomposers. This study points out the importance of using a battery of marine organisms belonging to different trophic levels by studying acute toxicity of MPs at low and high contamination levels, and investigating sub-lethal responses. Further investigations aimed at studying the transfer of these materials through the web are particularly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Morgana
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Mattia Bramini
- IIT, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Alice Rotini
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati, 60, 00144, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Manfra
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via Vitaliano Brancati, 60, 00144, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Migliore
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Piazza
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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144
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Kokalj AJ, Kunej U, Skalar T. Screening study of four environmentally relevant microplastic pollutants: Uptake and effects on Daphnia magna and Artemia franciscana. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:522-529. [PMID: 29890490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated four different environmentally relevant microplastic (MP) pollutants which were derived from two facial cleansers, a plastic bag and polyethylene textile fleece. The mean size range of the particles (according to number distribution) was 20-250 μm when measured as a powder and 0.02-200 μm in suspension. In all MP exposures, plastic particles were found inside the guts of D. magna and A. franciscana, but only in the case of daphnids a clear exponential correlation between MP uptake in the gut and the size of the MP was identified. Exposure tests in which the majority of the MP particles were below 100 μm in size also had higher numbers of daphnids displaying evidence of MP ingestion. As the average MP particle size increased, the percentage of daphnids which had MP in their gut decreased. Using a number distribution value to measure particle size when in a suspension is more experimentally relevant as it provides a more realistic particle size than when samples are measured as a powder. Generally, artemias had fewer MP particles in the gut, than the daphnids, which could be explained by their different food size preferences. No acute effects on D. magna were found, but the growth of A. franciscana was affected. We conclude that zooplankton crustacean can ingest various MPs but none of the exposures tested were highly acutely hazardous to the test species. In addition, no delayed lethal effects in a 24 h post-exposure period were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urban Kunej
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Skalar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Chair of Materials and Polymer Science, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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145
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Della Torre C, Buttino I, Volpi Ghirardini A, Faimali M, Mugnai C, Libralato G. 7th Biannual ECOtoxicology MEeting (BECOME 2016) - Managing aquatic and terrestrial environments: An ecotoxicological perspective. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:223-224. [PMID: 29554607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Della Torre
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella Buttino
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA, Piazzale dei Marmi 12, 57123 Livorno, Italy
| | - Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 152, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Cristian Mugnai
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, ISPRA, Via V. Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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146
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Ding J, Zhang S, Razanajatovo RM, Zou H, Zhu W. Accumulation, tissue distribution, and biochemical effects of polystyrene microplastics in the freshwater fish red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:1-9. [PMID: 29529477 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While the presence of microplastics (MPs) in marine environments has been detected worldwide, the importance of MPs pollution in freshwater environments has also been emphasized in recent years. However, the body of knowledge regarding the biological effects of MPs on freshwater organisms is still much more limited than on marine organisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accumulation and tissue distribution of MPs in the freshwater fish red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as well as the biochemical effects of MPs on O. niloticus. During 14 days of exposure to 0.1 μm polystyrene-MPs at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μg L-1, the MPs concentrations in various tissues of O. niloticus generally increased over time following the order gut > gills > liver ≈ brain. Moreover, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the fish brain was inhibited by MPs exposure, with a maximum inhibition rate of 37.7%, suggesting the potential neurotoxicity of MPs to freshwater fish. The activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes [7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin O-dibenzyloxylase (BFCOD)] in the fish liver exhibited clear temporal variabilities, with significant decreases followed by elevations compared to the control. The alterations of the EROD and BFCOD activities indicate the potential involvement of CYP enzymes for the metabolism of MPs. The activity of antioxidative enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver was significantly induced throughout the exposure period, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content did not vary with MPs exposure, suggesting that the antioxidative enzymatic system in O. niloticus could prevent oxidative damage. These results highlight the ingestion and accumulation of MPs in different tissues of freshwater fish, which lead to perturbations in fish biological systems and should be considered in environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Ding
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | | | - Hua Zou
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuxi 214081, China.
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147
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Gambardella C, Nichino D, Iacometti C, Ferrando S, Falugi C, Faimali M. Long term exposure to low dose neurotoxic pesticides affects hatching, viability and cholinesterase activity of Artemia sp. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 196:79-89. [PMID: 29358113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The brine shrimp Artemia was used as a model organism to test toxicity of several neuroactive pesticides (chlorpyrifos (CLP), chlorpyrifos oxon (CLP ox), diazinon (DZN), carbaryl (CBR)) following exposure to far below than lethal doses. Cysts were exposed to the pesticides in order to test a scenario similar to actual coastal environment contamination, by analyzing different responses. Cysts were rehydrated in water containing the pesticides at concentrations ranging from 10-11 to 10-5 M, for 72, 96 and 192 h, respectively. For these exposure times, morpho-functional and biochemical parameters, such as hatching speed and viability were investigated in the larvae together with cholinesterase (ChE) activity quantification and histochemical localization. Finally, ChE inhibition was also compared with conventional selective ChE inhibitors. Results showed that CLP ox and CBR caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in hatching speed, followed by high percentages of larval death, while CLP and DZN were responsible for irregular hatching patterns. In addition, the pesticides mostly caused larval death some days post-hatching, whereas this effect was negligible for the specific ChE inhibitors, suggesting that part of pesticide toxicity may be due to molecules other than the primary target. ChE activity was observed in the protocerebrum lobes, linked to the development of pair eyes. Such activity was inhibited in larvae exposed to all pesticides. When compared to conventional selective inhibitors of ChE activities, this inhibition demonstrated that the selected pesticides mainly affect acetylcholinesterase and, to a lesser extent, pseudocholinesterases. In conclusion, the brine shrimp is a good model to test the environmental toxicity of long term exposure to cholinergic pesticides, since changes in hatching speed, viability and ChE activity were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Nichino
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Italy
| | | | - Sara Ferrando
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Italy
| | - Carla Falugi
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Italy
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148
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Morgana S, Estévez-Calvar N, Gambardella C, Faimali M, Garaventa F. A short-term swimming speed alteration test with nauplii of Artemia franciscana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:558-564. [PMID: 28918338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxicant needs to be assessed within short time in order to effectively protect the aquatic environment from serious threat. Based on the observation that at high temperatures aquatic organisms become more vulnerable to stressors than those maintained at room temperature, a new test was developed. The proposed bioassay consisted in the evaluation of the swimming speed alteration (SSA) of nauplii of Artemia franciscana incubated at 39°C (± 1) for 6h, using a Swimming Behavior Recorder system (SBR). A comparative ecotoxicological study between the 6h SSA test and the 24h mortality test was carried out in order to validate the new method in terms of sensitivity by means of EC50 values. The bioassay was applied to screen different toxicants: K2Cr2O7, Cu(SO4)2, NaClO, SDS and Sertraline hydrochloride. The EC50s calculated for the short-term SSA test and those of the mortality test showed comparable values. For all toxicants, the 6h SSA test was proved to be as sensitive as the 24h mortality test. The method developed in this study is the first temperature-based toxicity test with nauplii of Artemia franciscana and it represents an attractive assay in ecotoxicology because of its convenience in terms of time and costs, feasibility and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morgana
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Noelia Estévez-Calvar
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute of Marine Science (ISMAR), National Council of Researches (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
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