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Pei C, Sun L, Zhao Y, Ni S, Nie Y, Wu L, Xu A. Enhanced Uptake of Arsenic Induces Increased Toxicity with Cadmium at Non-Toxic Concentrations on Caenorhabditis elegans. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030133. [PMID: 35324758 PMCID: PMC8952731 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) are widely distributed pollutants that co-exist in the environment; however, their joint toxicity on living organisms is still largely unknown. In this study, we explored the joint toxicity of concurrent exposure to Cd and different As species at low concentrations on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in comparison to single exposures. Endpoints such as germ cell apoptosis, the number of oocytes, brood size, and the life span were employed to evaluate the combined effects of Cd and As on exposed C. elegans from L3 or L4 stages. Our results showed that concurrent exposure to non-toxic concentrations of Cd and As caused the synergy of reproductive and developmental toxicity. The presence of Cd promoted the accumulation of As in both germline and intestine detected by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Although a conversion of As(III) to As(V) was detected as dependent on pH according to the microenvironment of the intestine in the worm, there was no significant difference of toxicity in C. elegans concurrently exposed to Cd and different As species. Using loss-of-function mutant strains, As was deemed responsible for the enhanced joint toxicity, and in which gcs-1 played a key protective role. These data help to better evaluate the comprehensive adverse effects of concurrent exposure of heavy metals at low concentrations on living organisms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Pei
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (C.P.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.N.); (L.W.)
| | - Lingyan Sun
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (C.P.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.N.); (L.W.)
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (C.P.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.N.); (L.W.)
| | - Shenyao Ni
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (C.P.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.N.); (L.W.)
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (C.P.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.N.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.X.)
| | - Lijun Wu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (C.P.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.N.); (L.W.)
| | - An Xu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (C.P.); (L.S.); (Y.Z.); (S.N.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence: (Y.N.); (A.X.)
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102
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Lu YS, Yang SL, Gou CL, Wang XL, Wen X, He XR, Guo XX, Xu YY, Yu J, Qiu J, Qian YZ. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis reveals new biomarkers and mechanistic insights on atrazine exposures in MCF‑7 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113244. [PMID: 35093817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) is a widely used herbicide worldwide and is a long-suspected endocrine-disrupting chemical. However, most endocrine-disrupting toxicity studies on ATZ have been based on animal models and those investigating inner mechanisms have only focused on a few genes. Therefore, the possible link between ATZ and endocrine-disrupting toxicity is still unclear. In this study, multi-omics and molecular biology techniques were used to elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of ATZ exposure on MCF-7 proliferation at environmentally relevant concentrations. Our study is the first report on ATZ-induced one carbon pool by folate metabolic disorder in MCF-7 cells. A concentration of 1 μM ATZ yielded the highest cell viability and was selected for further mechanistic studies. A total of 34 significantly changed metabolites were identified based on metabolomic analysis, including vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, and corresponding derivatives. Folate and pyridoxal have potential as biomarkers of ATZ exposure. One carbon pool by folate metabolic pathway was identified based on metabolic pathway analysis of the significantly altered pathways. Moreover, FTCD and MTHFD related to this pathway were further identified based on transcriptomic analysis and protein assays. Folate and different forms of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate, which participate in purine synthesis and associate with methyl groups (SOPC, arachidonic acid, and L-tryptophan) in one carbon pool by the folate metabolic pathway, potentially promote MCF-7 cell proliferation. These findings on the key metabolites and regulation of the related differentially expressed genes in folate metabolism will shed light on the mechanism of MCF-7 cell proliferation after ATZ exposure. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanistic understanding of toxicity caused by endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Shang-Lin Yang
- Faculty of Printing and Packaging and Digital Media, Xi' an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Chun-Lin Gou
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of NingXia, Yinchuan 750002, China
| | - Xin-Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xing Wen
- Faculty of Printing and Packaging and Digital Media, Xi' an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xiao-Rong He
- Faculty of Printing and Packaging and Digital Media, Xi' an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan-Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jiang Yu
- Faculty of Printing and Packaging and Digital Media, Xi' an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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103
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Barouki R, Audouze K, Becker C, Blaha L, Coumoul X, Karakitsios S, Klanova J, Miller GW, Price EJ, Sarigiannis D. The Exposome and Toxicology: A Win-Win Collaboration. Toxicol Sci 2022; 186:1-11. [PMID: 34878125 PMCID: PMC9019839 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the exposome concept has been one of the hallmarks of environmental and health research for the last decade. The exposome encompasses the life course environmental exposures including lifestyle factors from the prenatal period onwards. It has inspired many research programs and is expected to influence environmental and health research, practices, and policies. Yet, the links bridging toxicology and the exposome concept have not been well developed. In this review, we describe how the exposome framework can interface with and influence the field of toxicology, as well as how the field of toxicology can help advance the exposome field by providing the needed mechanistic understanding of the exposome impacts on health. Indeed, exposome-informed toxicology is expected to emphasize several orientations including (1) developing approaches integrating multiple stressors, in particular chemical mixtures, as well as the interaction of chemicals with other stressors, (2) using mechanistic frameworks such as the adverse outcome pathways to link the different stressors with toxicity outcomes, (3) characterizing the mechanistic basis of long-term effects by distinguishing different patterns of exposures and further exploring the environment-DNA interface through genetic and epigenetic studies, and (4) improving the links between environmental and human health, in particular through a stronger connection between alterations in our ecosystems and human toxicology. The exposome concept provides the linkage between the complex environment and contemporary mechanistic toxicology. What toxicology can bring to exposome characterization is a needed framework for mechanistic understanding and regulatory outcomes in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Barouki
- Inserm UMR S-1124, Université de Paris, T3S, Paris F-75006, France
- Service de Biochimie métabolomique et protéomique, Hôpital Necker enfants malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Karine Audouze
- Inserm UMR S-1124, Université de Paris, T3S, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Christel Becker
- Inserm UMR S-1124, Université de Paris, T3S, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Ludek Blaha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Inserm UMR S-1124, Université de Paris, T3S, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Spyros Karakitsios
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
- Enve.X, Thessaloniki 55133, Greece
| | - Jana Klanova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elliott J Price
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
- Enve.X, Thessaloniki 55133, Greece
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104
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Mesnage R, Ibragim M, Mandrioli D, Falcioni L, Tibaldi E, Belpoggi F, Brandsma I, Bourne E, Savage E, Mein CA, Antoniou MN. Comparative Toxicogenomics of Glyphosate and Roundup Herbicides by Mammalian Stem Cell-Based Genotoxicity Assays and Molecular Profiling in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Toxicol Sci 2022; 186:83-101. [PMID: 34850229 PMCID: PMC8883356 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are more potent than glyphosate alone at activating cellular mechanisms, which drive carcinogenesis remain controversial. As GBHs are more cytotoxic than glyphosate, we reasoned they may also be more capable of activating carcinogenic pathways. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the effects of glyphosate with Roundup GBHs both in vitro and in vivo. First, glyphosate was compared with representative GBHs, namely MON 52276 (European Union), MON 76473 (United Kingdom), and MON 76207 (United States) using the mammalian stem cell-based ToxTracker system. Here, MON 52276 and MON 76473, but not glyphosate and MON 76207, activated oxidative stress and unfolded protein responses. Second, molecular profiling of liver was performed in female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to glyphosate or MON 52276 (at 0.5, 50, and 175 mg/kg bw/day glyphosate) for 90 days. MON 52276 but not glyphosate increased hepatic steatosis and necrosis. MON 52276 and glyphosate altered the expression of genes in liver reflecting TP53 activation by DNA damage and circadian rhythm regulation. Genes most affected in liver were similarly altered in kidneys. Small RNA profiling in liver showed decreased amounts of miR-22 and miR-17 from MON 52276 ingestion. Glyphosate decreased miR-30, whereas miR-10 levels were increased. DNA methylation profiling of liver revealed 5727 and 4496 differentially methylated CpG sites between the control and glyphosate and MON 52276 exposed animals, respectively. Apurinic/apyrimidinic DNA damage formation in liver was increased with glyphosate exposure. Altogether, our results show that Roundup formulations cause more biological changes linked with carcinogenesis than glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mariam Ibragim
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute (RI), Bentivoglio, Bologna 40010, Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute (RI), Bentivoglio, Bologna 40010, Italy
| | - Eva Tibaldi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute (RI), Bentivoglio, Bologna 40010, Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute (RI), Bentivoglio, Bologna 40010, Italy
| | | | - Emma Bourne
- Genome Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Emanuel Savage
- Genome Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Charles A Mein
- Genome Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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105
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Xu L, Xu X, Wu X, Kuang H, Xu C. Sex-Dependent Environmental Health Risk Analysis of Flupyradifurone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1841-1853. [PMID: 35041393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are used in agricultural production worldwide, resulting in widespread environmental pollution. Many diseases are closely related to exposure to pesticide residues. In this study, the association between exposure to the pesticide flupyradifurone (FPF), a substitute for neonicotinoids, and sex-dependent thyroid dysfunction was explored for the first time. Exposure using rat models revealed that the FPF metabolism is sex-dependent, with males preferring N-dealkylation and hydrolytic metabolism and females preferring hydroxylation. In particular, novel chloropyridine-site hydroxylation I and II metabolic pathways of FPF were discovered. More importantly, differential metabolic pathways of FPF induced sex-based dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, in which females exhibited subclinical hyperthyroidism, while males displayed abnormal hypothyroidism. This may be attributed to the potential agonistic or antagonistic effect of FPF sex-dependent metabolites on liver thyroid hormone receptors. Furthermore, FPF exposure further mediated sex-specific dysregulation of cellular lipid homeostasis, with abnormal fatty acid β-oxidation and excessive energy expenditure in females and the risk of excessive accumulation of triglycerides in males. These results illustrate the potential risk of sex-related thyroid metabolic diseases caused by FPF and provide an important basis and support for further studies of FPF on human health and as an environmental pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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106
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Liu L, Li X, Wu M, Yu M, Wang L, Hu L, Li Y, Song L, Wang Y, Mei S. Individual and joint effects of metal exposure on metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132295. [PMID: 34563779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that metal exposure contributes to metabolic syndrome (MetS), but little is known about the effects of combined exposure to metal mixtures. This cross-sectional study included 3748 adults who were recruited from the Medical Physical Examination Center of Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China. The levels of 21 metal(loid)s in urine were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. MetS was diagnosed according to National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III recommendations. Multivariate logistic regression model was uesd to explore the effects of single-metal and multi-metal exposures. The elastic net (ENET) regularization with an environmental risk score (ERS) was performed to estimate the joint effects of exposure to metal mixtures. A total of 636 participants (17%) were diagnosed with MetS. In single metal models, MetS was positively associated with zinc (Zn) and negatively associated with nickel (Ni). In multiple metal models, the associations remained significant after adjusting for the other metals. In the joint association analysis, the ENET models selected Zn as the strongest predictor of MetS. Compared to the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of ERS was associated with an elevated risk of MetS (OR = 3.72; 95% CI: 2.77, 5.91; P-trend < 0.001). Overall, we identified that the combined effect of multiple metals was related to an increased MetS risk, with Zn being the major contributor. These findings need further validation in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Mingyang Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Limei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Lulu Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Youjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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107
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Barrón Cuenca J, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Ünlü Endirlik B, Tirado N, Dreij K. In vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of single and combined pesticides used by Bolivian farmers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:4-17. [PMID: 34881454 DOI: 10.1002/em.22468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that farmers in Bolivia are exposed to many pesticides, some at elevated levels, and that this was associated with increased risk of genetic damage. To improve the understanding of possible mixture effects, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of pesticides were studied in vitro using human liver HepG2 cells. The studied pesticides were 2,4-D, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, glyphosate, methamidophos, paraquat, profenofos, and tebuconazole. Three mixtures (U1, U2, and U3) were based on profiles of urinary pesticide metabolites and one mixture on the most frequently used pesticides (S1). The results showed that paraquat and methamidophos were the most cytotoxic pesticides (EC50 ≤0.3 mM). Paraquat, chlorpyrifos, tebuconazole, and the U1, U2, and U3 mixtures, which contained a large proportion of either chlorpyrifos or tebuconazole, significantly increased intracellular ROS levels. Most pesticides activated DNA damage signaling through proteins Chk1 and H2AX. Strongest responses were elicited by paraquat, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and the S1 mixture, which contained 25% paraquat. Comet assay revealed significant increases of DNA damage in response to paraquat, cypermethrin, and U2 and S1 mixtures, which contained high levels of cypermethrin and paraquat, respectively. In summary, we showed that the tested pesticides, alone or in mixtures, in general induced oxidative stress and that most pesticides, and especially paraquat and cypermethrin, were genotoxic in HepG2 cells. We could also show that mixtures dominated by these two pesticides displayed a marked genotoxic potency, which agreed with our previous population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Barrón Cuenca
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Burcu Ünlü Endirlik
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Noemi Tirado
- Genetic Institute, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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108
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Messerlian C, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang Y, Mustieles V. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure: time to focus on preconception workplace reproductive health. Hum Reprod 2021; 37:1-4. [PMID: 34986220 PMCID: PMC8730312 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Messerlian
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Boston, MA, USA,Correspondence address. Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Building 1, 1310C, Boston, MA 02115, USA. E-mail:
| | - Yu Zhang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yixin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Granada, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs GRANADA, Granada, Spain,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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109
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Haverinen E, Fernandez MF, Mustieles V, Tolonen H. Metabolic Syndrome and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: An Overview of Exposure and Health Effects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:13047. [PMID: 34948652 PMCID: PMC8701112 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is causing a significant health burden among the European population. Current knowledge supports the notion that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interfere with human metabolism and hormonal balance, contributing to the conventionally recognized lifestyle-related MetS risk factors. This review aims to identify epidemiological studies focusing on the association between MetS or its individual components (e.g., obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension) and eight HBM4EU priority substances (bisphenol A (BPA), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides and heavy metals (cadmium, arsenic and mercury)). Thus far, human biomonitoring (HBM) studies have presented evidence supporting the role of EDC exposures on the development of individual MetS components. The strength of the association varies between the components and EDCs. Current evidence on metabolic disturbances and EDCs is still limited and heterogeneous, and mainly represent studies from North America and Asia, highlighting the need for well-conducted and harmonized HBM programmes among the European population. Rigorous and ongoing HBM in combination with health monitoring can help to identify the most concerning EDC exposures, to guide future risk assessment and policy actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsi Haverinen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00300 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Mariana F. Fernandez
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.F.F.); (V.M.)
- Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research and Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.F.F.); (V.M.)
- Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research and Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hanna Tolonen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), 00300 Helsinki, Finland;
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Lizano-Fallas V, Carrasco Del Amor A, Cristobal S. Systematic analysis of chemical-protein interactions from zebrafish embryo by proteome-wide thermal shift assay, bridging the gap between molecular interactions and toxicity pathways. J Proteomics 2021; 249:104382. [PMID: 34555547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interaction between chemicals and proteins often promotes alteration of cellular function. One of the challenges of the toxicology is to predict the impact of exposure to chemicals. Assessing the impact of exposure implies to understand their mechanism of actions starting from identification of specific protein targets of the interaction. Current methods can mainly predict effects of characterized chemicals with knowledge of its targets, and mechanism of actions. Here, we show that proteome-wide thermal shift methods can identify chemical-protein interactions and the protein targets from bioactive chemicals. We analyzed the identified targets from a soluble proteome extracted from zebrafish embryo, that is a model system for toxicology. To evaluate the utility to predict mechanism of actions, we discussed the applicability in four cases: single chemicals, chemical mixtures, novel chemicals, and novel drugs. Our results showed that this methodology could identify the protein targets, discriminate between protein increasing and decreasing in solubility, and offering additional data to complement the map of intertwined mechanism of actions. We anticipate that the proteome integral solubility alteration (PISA) assay, as it is defined here for the unbiased identification of protein targets of chemicals could bridge the gap between molecular interactions and toxicity pathways. SIGNIFICANCE: One of the challenges of the environmental toxicology is to predict the impact of exposure to chemicals on environment and human health. Our phenotype should be explained by our genotype and the environmental exposure. Genomic methodologies can offer a deep analysis of human genome that alone cannot explain our risks of disease. We are starting to understand the key role of exposure to chemicals on our health and risks of disease. Here, we present a proteomic-based method for the identification of soluble proteins interacting with chemicals in zebrafish embryo and discuss the opportunities to complement the map of toxicity pathway perturbations. We anticipate that this PISA assay could bridge the gap between molecular interactions and toxicity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lizano-Fallas
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Ana Carrasco Del Amor
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden.; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, s/n, Leioa 48940, Spain..
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Peripherally administered persistent organic pollutants distribute to the brain of developing chicken embryo in concentrations relevant for human exposure. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:79-87. [PMID: 34757084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can reach the fetal brain and contribute to developmental neurotoxicity. To explore the distribution of POPs to the fetal brain, we exposed chicken embryos to a POP mixture, containing 29 different compounds with concentrations based on blood levels measured in the Scandinavian human population. The mixture was injected into the allantois at embryonic day 13 (E13), aiming at a theoretical concentration of 10 times human blood levels. POPs concentrations in the brain were measured at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after administration. Twenty-seven of the individual compounds were detected during at least one of the time-points analyzed. Generally, the concentrations of most of the measured compounds were within the order of magnitude of those reported in human brain samples. Differences in the speed of distribution to the brain were observed between the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which have protein binding potential, and the lipophilic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Based on pharmacokinetic modeling, PFASs were best described by a one compartment model. PFASs displayed relatively slow elimination (Kel) and persisted at high levels in the brain. Lipophilic OCPs and PCBs could be fitted to a 2-compartment model. These showed high levels in the brain relative to the dose administrated as calculated by area under the curve (AUC)/Dose. Altogether, our study showed that chicken is a suitable model to explore the distribution of POPs into the developing brain at concentrations which are relevant for humans.
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The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU): Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for the aprotic solvents N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 238:113856. [PMID: 34619432 PMCID: PMC8573589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxicologically and/or epidemiologically derived guidance values referring to the internal exposure of humans are a prerequisite for an easy to use health-based interpretation of human biomonitoring (HBM) results. The European Joint Programme HBM4EU derives such values, named human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs), for priority substances which could be of regulatory relevance for policy makers and have been identified by experts of the participating countries, ministries, agencies and stakeholders at EU and national level. NMP and NEP are such substances for which unresolved policy relevant issues should be clarified by targeted research. Since widespread exposure of the general population in Germany to NMP and NEP was shown for the age groups 3–17 years and 20–29 years, further investigations on exposure to NMP and NEP in other European countries are warranted. The HBM-GVs derived for both solvents focus on developmental toxicity as decisive endpoint. They amount for the sum of the two specific urinary NMP metabolites 5-HNMP and 2-HMSI and likewise of the two specific urinary NEP metabolites 5-HNEP and 2-HESI to 10 mg/L for children and 15 mg/L for adolescents/adults. The values were determined following a consultation process on the value proposals within HBM4EU. A health-based risk assessment was performed using the newly derived HBM-GVGenPop and exposure data from two recent studies from Germany. The risk assessment revealed that even when considering the combined exposure to both substances by applying the Hazard Index approach, the measured concentrations are below the HBM-GVGenPop in all cases investigated (i.e., children, adolescents and young adults). HBM-GVs are a prerequisite for an easy to use health-based risk assessment of human biomonitoring results. For NMP and NEP metabolites in urine, respectively, HBM-GVs were set for children and adolescents/adults. First HBM exposure data indicate widespread exposure of German children, adolescents and young adults to NMP and NEP. The Hazard Index approach revealed that even when combined exposure to both solvents is assessed, HBM-GVs are not exceeded.
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Björvang RD, Hassan J, Stefopoulou M, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Pedrelli M, Kiviranta H, Rantakokko P, Ruokojärvi P, Lindh CH, Acharya G, Damdimopoulou P. Persistent organic pollutants and the size of ovarian reserve in reproductive-aged women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 155:106589. [PMID: 33945905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been associated with reduced fertility in women, including longer time-to-pregnancy (TTP), higher odds for infertility, and earlier reproductive senescence. Fertility is highly dependent on the ovarian reserve, which is composed of a prenatally determined stock of non-growing follicles. The quantity and quality of the follicles decline with age, thereby eventually leading to menopause. In the clinical setting, assessing ovarian reserve directly through the histological analysis of follicular density in ovaries is not practical. Therefore, surrogate markers of ovarian reserve, such as serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) are typically used. Here, we studied associations between chemical exposure and ovarian reserve in a cohort of pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean section (n = 145) in Stockholm, Sweden. Full data (histological, clinical, serum) were available for 50 women. We estimated the size of the reserve both directly by determining the density of follicles in ovarian cortical tissue samples, and indirectly by measuring AMH in associated serum samples. Concentrations of 9 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 10 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 3 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and 9 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in serum, and clinical data were retrieved from electronic medical records. Healthy follicle densities (median 0, range 0-193 follicles/mm3) and AMH levels (median 2.33 ng/mL, range 0.1-14.8 ng/mL) varied substantially. AMH correlated with the density of growing follicles. Twenty-three chemicals detected in more than half of the samples were included in the analyses. None of the chemicals, alone or as a mixture, correlated with AMH, growing or atretic follicles. However, HCB, transnonachlor, PCBs 74 and 99 were associated with decreased non-growing follicle densities. HCB and transnonachlor were also negatively associated with healthy follicle density. Further, mixture of lipophilic POPs (PBDE 99, p,p'-DDE, and PCB 187) was associated with lower non-growing follicle densities. In addition, exposure to HCB, p,p'-DDE, and mixture of OCPs were significantly associated with higher odds of infertility. The results suggest that exposure to chemicals may reduce the size of ovarian reserve in humans, and strongly encourage to study mechanisms behind POP-associated infertility in women in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle D Björvang
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jasmin Hassan
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Stefopoulou
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Päivi Ruokojärvi
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70701 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 61 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pauliina Damdimopoulou
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Webster AB, Ganswindt A, Small C, Rossouw R. Optimised ICP-MS quantification method for using animal faeces as a measure of protected area ecosystem health. MethodsX 2021; 8:101441. [PMID: 34430330 PMCID: PMC8374655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution is a key threat to biodiversity and ecosystem health within protected areas. Using a non-invasive, multi-matrix approach, sediment, vegetation and faecal material from lion (Panthera leo) and giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) were collected and assessed for the simultaneous quantification of 20 trace elements using an optimised method for Inductively Coupled Plasma--Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Method Linearity was confirmed over an analytical range of 0.1-50 mg/kg for aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe); 0.4-400 µg/kg for vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), and cadmium (Cd); 0.5-5 µg/kg for mercury (Hg); and 1-1 000 µg/kg for elements arsenic (As), boron (B), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), strontium (Sr) and zinc (Zn). Coefficient of determination (R2) was above 0.99 for all elements. Accuracy (% recovery) and precision (% RSD) of replicate measurements for certified reference material controls fell within 20% of expected value at lower concentrations and 15% at higher concentrations for all elements except Al. Results for instrument and method limit of detections (LOD), method limit of quantification (LOQ) and expanded uncertainty were satisfactory. Preliminary data indicate As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn were present in all matrices evaluated. This raises concerns regarding the combined action of multiple elements at concentrations that can adversely affect ecosystem and wildlife integrity.•Sample quantity is reduced due to the power and sensitivity of ICP-MS.•The optimised method is capable of detecting differences in trace element concentrations over large orders of magnitude in animal faeces containing different amounts of organic content.•The method can be applied to the quantification of essential and potentially toxic elements in faeces across a wide range of terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Webster
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - Andre Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0083, South Africa
| | - Charney Small
- Central Analyticl Facilities, ICP-MS Laboratory, University of Stellenbosch, Cnr Ryneveld and Merriman Street, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Riana Rossouw
- Central Analyticl Facilities, ICP-MS Laboratory, University of Stellenbosch, Cnr Ryneveld and Merriman Street, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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115
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Karaca M, Fischer BC, Willenbockel CT, Tralau T, Marx-Stoelting P, Bloch D. Effects of co-formulants on the absorption and secretion of active substances in plant protection products in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3205-3221. [PMID: 34417632 PMCID: PMC8448693 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the authorisation process for plant protection products (PPPs) relies on the testing of acute and topological toxicity only. Contrastingly, the evaluation of active substances includes a more comprehensive set of toxicity studies. Nevertheless, mixture effects of active ingredients and co-formulants may result in increased toxicity. Therefore, we investigated effects of surface active co-formulants on the toxicity of two PPPs focussing on qualitative and quantitative toxicokinetic effects on absorption and secretion. The respective products are based on the active substances abamectin and fluroxypyr-meptyl and were tested for cytotoxicity in the presence or absence of the corresponding surfactants and co-formulants using Caco-2 cells. In addition, the effect of co-formulants on increased cellular permeation was quantified using LC-MS/MS, while potential kinetic mixture effects were addressed by fluorescence anisotropy measurements and ATPase assays. The results show that surface active co-formulants significantly increase the cytotoxicity of the investigated PPPs, leading to more than additive mixture effects. Moreover, analytical investigations show higher efflux ratios of both active substances and the metabolite fluroxypyr upon combination with certain concentrations of the surfactants. The results further point to a significant and concentration-dependent inhibition of Pgp transporters by most of the surfactants as well as to increased membrane fluidity. Altogether, these findings strongly support the hypothesis that surfactants contribute to increased cytotoxicity of PPPs and do so by increasing the bioavailability of the respective active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawien Karaca
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Christian Fischer
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Tobias Willenbockel
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany. .,Institute for Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Denise Bloch
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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116
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Lichtenstein D, Mentz A, Sprenger H, Schmidt FF, Albaum SP, Kalinowski J, Planatscher H, Joos TO, Poetz O, Braeuning A. A targeted transcriptomics approach for the determination of mixture effects of pesticides. Toxicology 2021; 460:152892. [PMID: 34371104 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While real-life exposure occurs to complex chemical mixtures, toxicological risk assessment mostly focuses on individual compounds. There is an increasing demand for in vitro tools and strategies for mixture toxicity analysis. Based on a previously established set of hepatotoxicity marker genes, we analyzed mixture effects of non-cytotoxic concentrations of different pesticides in exposure-relevant binary mixtures in human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells using targeted transcriptomics. An approach for mixture analysis at the level of a complex endpoint such as a transcript pattern is presented, including mixture design based on relative transcriptomic potencies and similarities. From a mechanistic point of view, goal of the study was to evaluate combinations of chemicals with varying degrees of similarity in order to determine whether differences in mechanisms of action lead to different mixtures effects. Using a model deviation ratio-based approach for assessing mixture effects, it was revealed that most data points are consistent with the assumption of dose addition. A tendency for synergistic effects was only observed at high concentrations of some combinations of the test compounds azoxystrobin, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, propiconazole and thiacloprid, which may not be representative of human real-life exposure. In summary, the findings of our study suggest that, for the pesticide mixtures investigated, risk assessment based on the general assumption of dose addition can be considered sufficiently protective for consumers. The way of data analysis presented in this paper can pave the way for a more comprehensive use of multi-gene expression data in experimental studies related to mixture toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Lichtenstein
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Almut Mentz
- University of Bielefeld, CeBiTec, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Heike Sprenger
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix F Schmidt
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen/Reutlingen, Germany; Signatope GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas O Joos
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen/Reutlingen, Germany; Signatope GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Poetz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen/Reutlingen, Germany; Signatope GmbH, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Berlin, Germany.
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117
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Lichtenstein D, Lasch A, Alarcan J, Mentz A, Kalinowski J, Schmidt FF, Pötz O, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A. An eight-compound mixture but not corresponding concentrations of individual chemicals induces triglyceride accumulation in human liver cells. Toxicology 2021; 459:152857. [PMID: 34273450 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In real life, organisms are exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals at low concentration levels, whereas research on toxicological effects is mostly focused on single compounds at comparably high doses. Mixture effects deviating from the assumption of additivity, especially synergistic effects, are of concern. In an adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-guided manner, we analyzed the accumulation of triglycerides in human HepaRG liver cells by a mixture of eight steatotic chemicals (amiodarone, benzoic acid, cyproconazole, flusilazole, imazalil, prochloraz, propiconazole and tebuconazole), each present below its individual effect concentration at 1-3 μM. Pronounced and significantly enhanced triglyceride accumulation was observed with the mixture, and similar effects were seen at the level of pregnane-X-receptor activation, a molecular initiating event leading to hepatic steatosis. Transcript pattern analysis indicated subtle pro-steatotic changes at low compound concentrations, which did not exert measurable effects on cellular triglycerides. Mathematical modeling of mixture effects indicated potentially more than additive behavior using a model for compounds with similar modes of action. The present data underline the usefulness of AOP-guided in vitro testing for the identification of mixture effects and highlight the need for further research on chemical mixtures and harmonization of data interpretation of mixture effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Lichtenstein
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Lasch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jimmy Alarcan
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Almut Mentz
- University of Bielefeld, CeBiTec, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- University of Bielefeld, CeBiTec, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Felix F Schmidt
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany; Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany; Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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Chamorro-Garcia R, Veiga-Lopez A. The new kids on the block: Emerging obesogens. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 92:457-484. [PMID: 34452694 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current obesity epidemic is calling for action in the determination of contributing factors. Although social and life-style factors have been traditionally associated with metabolic disruption, a subset of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), called obesogens are garnering increasing attention for their ability to promote adipose tissue differentiation and accumulation. For some chemicals, such as tributyltin, there is conclusive evidence regarding their ability to promote adipogenesis and their mechanism of action. In recent years, the list of chemicals that exert obesogenic potential is increasing. In this chapter, we review current knowledge of the most recent developments in the field of emerging obesogens with a specific focus on food additives, surfactants, and sunscreens, for which the mechanism of action remains unclear. We also review new evidence relative to the obesogenic potential of environmentally relevant chemical mixtures and point to potential therapeutic approaches to minimize the detrimental effects of obesogens. We conclude by discussing the available tools to investigate new obesogenic chemicals, strategies to maximize reproducibility in adipogenic studies, and future directions that will help propel the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Chamorro-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States.
| | - Almudena Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; The ChicAgo Center for Health and Environment, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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119
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Herzler M, Marx-Stoelting P, Pirow R, Riebeling C, Luch A, Tralau T, Schwerdtle T, Hensel A. The "EU chemicals strategy for sustainability" questions regulatory toxicology as we know it: is it all rooted in sound scientific evidence? Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2589-2601. [PMID: 34156488 PMCID: PMC8218290 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Herzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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120
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Fractions of Concern: Challenges and Strategies for the Safety Assessment of Biological Matter in Cosmetics. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetic ingredients based on more or less refined biological matter (plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) are gaining popularity. Advances in green chemistry and biotechnology are supporting this general trend further. Following numerous bans on the use of newly generated animal testing data in cosmetic safety assessments, and the worldwide demand for “cruelty-free” products, many alternative methods have been developed to assess the toxicity of ingredients. Whilst great strides have been, and continue to be, made, the area of systemic toxicity is one where international harmonisation and regulatory acceptance is still evolving. A strategy for the fractional assessment of biological matter is suggested to make approaches, such as threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) methodology, fit for purpose. Within this strategy, analytical data are used to generate compound classes which are quantified and assessed separately. Whilst this strategy opens new windows for assessing the safety of complex mixtures with a lack of toxicological data, it also raises awareness of the increasing complexity of cosmetic formulations and the general problem of additivity/synergy being rarely addressed. Extremely complex mixtures are and will be a growing challenge for safety assessors.
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121
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Boberg J, Bredsdorff L, Petersen A, Löbl N, Jensen BH, Vinggaard AM, Nielsen E. Chemical Mixture Calculator - A novel tool for mixture risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112167. [PMID: 33823229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Humans are continuously exposed to complex chemical mixtures from foods and the environment. Experimental models in vivo and in vitro have increased our knowledge on how we can predict mixture effects. To accommodate a need for tools for efficient mixture risk assessment across different chemical classes and exposure sources, we have developed fit-for-purpose criteria for grouping of chemicals and a web-based tool for mixture risk assessment. The Chemical Mixture Calculator (available at www.chemicalmixturecalculator.dk) can be used for mixture risk assessment or identification of main drivers of risk. The underlying database includes hazard and exposure estimates for more than 200 chemicals in foods and environment. We present a range of cumulative assessment groups for effects on haematological system, kidney, liver, nervous system, developmental and reproductive system, and thyroid. These cumulative assessment groups are useful for grouping of chemicals at several levels of refinement depending on the question addressed. We present a mixture risk assessment case for phthalates, evaluated with and without contributions from other chemicals with similar effects. This case study shows the usefulness of the tool as a starting point for mixture risk assessment by the risk assessor, and emphasizes that solid scientific insight regarding underlying assumptions and uncertainties is crucial for result interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Lea Bredsdorff
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Annette Petersen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Löbl
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Bodil Hamborg Jensen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Elsa Nielsen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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122
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Hougaard KS. Next Generation Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology: Crosstalk Into the Future. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:652571. [PMID: 35295122 PMCID: PMC8915852 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.652571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sørig Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Karin Sørig Hougaard
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123
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Braeuning A, Marx-Stoelting P. Mixture prioritization and testing: the importance of toxicokinetics. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1863-1864. [PMID: 33730198 PMCID: PMC8113307 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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124
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Kim S, Seo M, Na M, Kim J. Investigation on Combined Inhalation Exposure Scenarios to Biocidal Mixtures: Biocidal and Household Chemical Products in South Korea. TOXICS 2021; 9:32. [PMID: 33557145 PMCID: PMC7913984 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global regulations of biocides have been continuously enhanced for protecting human health and the environment from potentially harmful biocidal products. Such regulations consider the combined toxicity caused by mixture components in a biocidal product of which approval and authorization are to be enhanced. Although the combined exposure scenarios of components in mixtures are firstly needed to conduct the mixture risk assessment, systematic combined exposure scenarios are still lacking. In this study, combined inhalation exposure scenarios of biocides in household chemical and biocidal products marketed in South Korea were investigated based on the European Union (EU) and Korean chemical product databases and various data sources integration. The information of 1058 biocidal products and 675 household chemical products that are likely to cause inhalation exposure with two or more biocides was collected, and mixture combination patterns were investigated. Binary mixtures occupied 72% in biocidal products. The most frequently appearing binary mixture was phthalthrin and d-phenothrin. Based on the frequency of use, we suggested a priority list of biocide mixture combinations which need to be firstly evaluated for identifying their combined toxicity for the mixture risk assessment. This study highlights that the derived combined inhalation exposure scenarios can support and facilitate further studies on priority settings for mixture risk assessment and management of potentially inhalable biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jongwoon Kim
- Chemical Safety Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.K.); (M.S.); (M.N.)
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125
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Cao Y, Ibáñez Navarro A, Perrella L, Cedergreen N. Can Organophosphates and Carbamates Cause Synergisms by Inhibiting Esterases Responsible for Biotransformation of Pyrethroids? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1585-1593. [PMID: 33470798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis catalyzed by general esterases (GEs) is the most efficient route for hydrolyzation of pyrethroid insecticides. Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CB) insecticides are known to inhibit GEs in addition to acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is their main target. We hypothesize that synergies can be induced by OPs and CBs when mixed with pyrethroids, due to their inhibition of GE-dependent detoxification of pyrethroids. To test this hypothesis, we conducted mixture toxicity experiments with Daphnia magna using α-cypermethrin (α-cyp) in combination with the noninsecticidal OP tetraisopropyl pyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) and five AChE inhibitors diazinon, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenviphos, parathion, and aldicarb. In addition, the in vivo GE activity inhibition was measured for all compounds. Up to 10-fold synergy was found between α-cyp and iso-OMPA, and the degree of synergy correlated linearly with the inhibition of the GE activity. No synergy, however, was found in any of the insecticide mixtures nor was the GE activity inhibited within the nonlethal concentration range tested. It was concluded that the effect of the insecticides on AChE occurred at lower concentrations than their effect on GEs, making the daphnids become immobilized before any synergistic effects on mortality could be observed. The implications of the findings are discussed from a risk assessment perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Alberto Ibáñez Navarro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lucas Perrella
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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126
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Wang Z, Jin S, Zhang F, Wang D. Combined Toxicity of TiO 2 Nanospherical Particles and TiO 2 Nanotubes to Two Microalgae with Different Morphology. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122559. [PMID: 33419281 PMCID: PMC7766607 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The joint activity of multiple engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) has attracted much attention in recent years. Many previous studies have focused on the combined toxicity of different ENPs with nanostructures of the same dimension. However, the mixture toxicity of multiple ENPs with different dimensions is much less understood. Herein, we investigated the toxicity of the binary mixture of TiO2 nanospherical particles (NPs) and TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) to two freshwater algae with different morphology, namely, Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The physicochemical properties, dispersion stability, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined in the single and binary systems. Classical approaches to assessing mixture toxicity were applied to evaluate and predict the toxicity of the binary mixtures. The results show that the combined toxicity of TiO2 NPs and NTs to S. obliquus was between the single toxicity of TiO2 NTs and NPs, while the combined toxicity to C. pyrenoidosa was higher than their single toxicity. Moreover, the toxicity of the binary mixtures to C. pyrenoidosa was higher than that to S. obliquus. A toxic unit assessment showed that the effects of TiO2 NPs and NTs were additive to the algae. The combined toxicity to S. obliquus and C. pyrenoidosa can be effectively predicted by the concentration addition model and the independent action model, respectively. The mechanism of the toxicity caused by the binary mixtures of TiO2 NPs and NTs may be associated with the dispersion stability of the nanoparticles in aquatic media and the ROS-induced oxidative stress effects. Our results may offer a new insight into evaluating and predicting the combined toxicological effects of ENPs with different dimensions and of probing the mechanisms involved in their joint toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (S.J.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-58731090
| | - Shiguang Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (S.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (S.J.); (F.Z.)
| | - Degao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116023, China;
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