101
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Kazezian Z, Li Z, Alini M, Grad S, Pandit A. Injectable hyaluronic acid down-regulates interferon signaling molecules, IGFBP3 and IFIT3 in the bovine intervertebral disc. Acta Biomater 2017; 52:118-129. [PMID: 28003146 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain which is a major cause of disability for people aged between 20 and 50years imposes a serious socio-economic burden. The current focus of regenerative medicine is on identifying molecular markers to facilitate the design of targeted therapeutics. Previously, we have demonstrated that expression of the anti-proliferative interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) and pro-apoptotic insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3), are up-regulated as downstream targets of the inflammatory cytokine interferon α (IFNα) signaling pathway in the human annulus fibrosus (AF). Here, we hypothesised that injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) would have an anti-inflammatory and matrix modulatory effect on injured and IFNα2β inflamed bovine intervertebral discs (IVD). Discs with an AF defect and challenged with IFNα2β were used in a bovine IVD organ culture model to test the effect of HA on the IFNα2β pathway, as well as the matrix proteins aggrecan and collagen I. qRT-PCR was used to assess the gene expression of IFNα2β signaling molecules. Additionally, immunostaining was used to measure protein expression. Our results show that HA treatment significantly down-regulates IFNAR1, IFNAR2, STAT1/2, JAK1, IFIT3 and IGFBP3 mRNA expression in the inflamed groups. Protein analysis confirmed the PCR results. In the extracellular matrix, aggrecan and collagen I were up-regulated while ADAMTS4 was down-regulated upon treatment of the injured and inflamed discs with HA. Hence, HA demonstrates both an anti-inflammatory role, resulting in the down-regulation of IFIT3 and IGFBP3 in the AF, and a matrix modulatory effect by up-regulating aggrecan and collagen I expression. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The pro-inflammatory environment of the degenerated IVD represents a challenge for regenerative therapies. The study demonstrates that hyaluronan acts as an anti-inflammatory molecule by down-regulating IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, the signaling molecules STAT1, STAT2, JAK1 and the downstream apoptotic targets IGFBP3 and IFIT3. We also demonstrated that hyaluronan modulates the disc matrix environment by increasing aggrecan and collagen I synthesis and down-regulating ADAMTS4 that degrades the matrix under inflammatory conditions. The significance of this work lies in the fact that hyaluronan acts as an anti-inflammatory molecule by shifting the disc environment towards a more anabolic state and by promoting native IVD matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepur Kazezian
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Zhen Li
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos 7270, Switzerland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos 7270, Switzerland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos 7270, Switzerland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Repair Program, AO Foundation, Davos 7270, Switzerland.
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102
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Zhao YF, Qiao SP, Shi SL, Yao LF, Hou XL, Li CF, Lin FH, Guo K, Acharya A, Chen XB, Nie Y, Tian WM. Modulating Three-Dimensional Microenvironment with Hyaluronan of Different Molecular Weights Alters Breast Cancer Cell Invasion Behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9327-9338. [PMID: 28240531 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a polymer with various molecular weights (MW) found in tumor microenvironments, is associated with malignant progression of breast cancer. Reducing the amount of high-MW HA in the microenvironment by hyaluronidase is a promising approach for breast cancer treatment. However, whether the generation of HA fragments negatively affects breast cancer cells remains to be determined. Furthermore, HA forms three-dimensional (3D) networks by cross-linking with other extracellular molecules to function. Therefore, a model mimicking the cross-linked HA network is required to determine the effect of HA fragments on breast cancer cells. To clarify the differential roles of low (HA35) versus high (HA117) MW HA on cancer cell phenotype, a 3D culture system was set up by covalently cross-linking HA with alginate and investigating the behavior of 4T-1 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells alongside a two-dimensional (2D) control. The results show the invasion and migration abilities of 4T-1 and SKBR3 cells are significantly enhanced by the presence of HA35 but inhibited by HA117 in both 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids. The differential effects of HA35 and HA117 on cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype were further confirmed in terms of differential regulation of E-cadherin and vimentin as important EMT markers at both the cellular and mRNA levels. Additional experiments show the CD44-Twist signaling pathway might be involved in the differential effects of HA35 and HA117. These results have important implications with respect to understanding the role of HA in breast cancer development and for the design of therapeutic approaches based on the eradication of HA with hyaluronidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Pei Qiao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Liang Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Li-Fen Yao
- Department of Neurology (National Clinical Key Specialty), The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150080, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lu Hou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Feng Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes , Miaoli 360, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 222, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Alaka Acharya
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Xiong-Biao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Ming Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, P. R. China
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103
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Ali MS, Wang X, Lacerda CMR. A survey of membrane receptor regulation in valvular interstitial cells cultured under mechanical stresses. Exp Cell Res 2017; 351:150-156. [PMID: 28109865 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative valvular diseases have been linked to the action of abnormal forces on valve tissues during each cardiac cycle. It is now accepted that the degenerative behavior of valvular cells can be induced mechanically in vitro. This approach of in vitro modeling of valvular cells in culture constitutes a powerful tool to study, characterize, and develop predictors of heart valve degeneration in vivo. Using such in vitro systems, we expect to determine the exact signaling mechanisms that trigger and mediate propagation of degenerative signals. In this study, we aim to uncover the role of mechanosensing proteins on valvular cell membranes. These can be cell receptors and triggers of downstream pathways that are activated upon the action of cyclical tensile strains in pathophysiological conditions. In order to identify mechanosensors of tensile stresses on valvular interstitial cells, we employed biaxial cyclic strain of valvular cells in culture and quantitatively evaluated the expression of cell membrane proteins using a targeted protein array and interactome analyses. This approach yielded a high-throughput screening of all cell surface proteins involved in sensing mechanical stimuli. In this study, we were able to identify the cell membrane proteins which are activated during physiological cyclic tensile stresses of valvular cells. The proteins identified in this study were clustered into four interactomes, which included CC chemokine ligands, thrombospondin (adhesive glycoproteins), growth factors, and interleukins. The expression levels of these proteins generally indicated that cells tend to increase adhesive efforts to counteract the action of mechanical forces. This is the first study of this kind used to comprehensively identify the mechanosensitive proteins in valvular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir S Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 6th St and Canton Avenue, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3121 USA
| | - Xinmei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 6th St and Canton Avenue, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3121 USA
| | - Carla M R Lacerda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 6th St and Canton Avenue, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3121 USA.
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104
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Wight TN, Frevert CW, Debley JS, Reeves SR, Parks WC, Ziegler SF. Interplay of extracellular matrix and leukocytes in lung inflammation. Cell Immunol 2017; 312:1-14. [PMID: 28077237 PMCID: PMC5290208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During inflammation, leukocytes influx into lung compartments and interact with extracellular matrix (ECM). Two ECM components, versican and hyaluronan, increase in a range of lung diseases. The interaction of leukocytes with these ECM components controls leukocyte retention and accumulation, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and activation as part of the inflammatory phase of lung disease. In addition, bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic children co-cultured with human lung fibroblasts generate an ECM that is adherent for monocytes/macrophages. Macrophages are present in both early and late lung inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10) is induced in alveolar macrophages with injury and infection and modulates macrophage phenotype and their ability to degrade collagenous ECM components. Collectively, studies outlined in this review highlight the importance of specific ECM components in the regulation of inflammatory events in lung disease. The widespread involvement of these ECM components in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation make them attractive candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason S Debley
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen R Reeves
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William C Parks
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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105
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van Baal J, Van de Vijver K, Nieuwland R, van Noorden C, van Driel W, Sturk A, Kenter G, Rikkert L, Lok C. The histophysiology and pathophysiology of the peritoneum. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:95-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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106
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Hyaluronan mediates the adhesion of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells to poly (I:C)-treated intestinal cells and modulates their cytokine production. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 184:8-17. [PMID: 28166932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), has been increasingly recognized as a regulator of inflammation. Its role is complex since it has pro- and anti-inflammatory actions by modulating the expression of inflammatory genes, the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the production of inflammatory cytokines, but also by attenuating the course of inflammation and providing protection against tissue damage. Certain viruses and other inflammatory stimuli induce organization of HA into cable-like structures, which may be responsible for leukocyte recruitment and, on the other hand, low molecular weight fragments of HA have been shown to activate various inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of a simulated infection with the viral mimetic Poly (I:C) on HA deposition on different porcine intestinal cells (primary colonic muscular smooth muscle cells (SMC), and epithelial IPEC-J2 and IPI-2I cell lines) and on the recruitment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to intestinal cell layers. We show that Poly (I:C) treatment induces the formation of an HA-based pericellular matrix coat in muscular SMC and in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and that, on differentiated IPEC-J2 cells, HA accumulates in the basolateral membrane. Porcine PBMCs bind to Poly (I:C)-treated cells and this binding is dependent on HA, since the increase in adhesion is abolished by hyaluronidase treatment of the cell layers. A second goal was to study the effect of different molecular weight HA forms on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8) by porcine PBMCs. Low molecular weight HA fragments (100-150kDa), in contrast to high molecular weight HA (2500kDa), stimulate the release of these pro-inflammatory mediators by porcine PBMCs. Our results suggest that HA is involved in the inflammatory response against pathogenic insults to the porcine gut.
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107
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Wight TN. Provisional matrix: A role for versican and hyaluronan. Matrix Biol 2016; 60-61:38-56. [PMID: 27932299 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan and versican are extracellular matrix (ECM) components that are enriched in the provisional matrices that form during the early stages of development and disease. These two molecules interact to create pericellular "coats" and "open space" that facilitate cell sorting, proliferation, migration, and survival. Such complexes also impact the recruitment of leukocytes during development and in the early stages of disease. Once thought to be inert components of the ECM that help hold cells together, it is now quite clear that they play important roles in controlling cell phenotype, shaping tissue response to injury and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Conversion of hyaluronan-/versican-enriched provisional matrix to collagen-rich matrix is a "hallmark" of tissue fibrosis. Targeting the hyaluronan and versican content of provisional matrices in a variety of diseases including, cardiovascular disease and cancer, is becoming an attractive strategy for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
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108
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Duan N, Lv W, Zhu L, Zheng W, Hua Z. Expression and purification of RHC–EGFP fusion protein and its application in hyaluronic acid assay. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 47:261-267. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1224243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ningjun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wansheng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Weijuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zichun Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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109
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Ortuño-Lizarán I, Vilariño-Feltrer G, Martínez-Ramos C, Pradas MM, Vallés-Lluch A. Influence of synthesis parameters on hyaluronic acid hydrogels intended as nerve conduits. Biofabrication 2016; 8:045011. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/4/045011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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110
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Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation and suppression of inflammatory response by cell stretching in rabbit synovial fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 423:175-185. [PMID: 27686453 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Joint mobilization is known to be beneficial in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of stretching on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and its role in modulating inflammation in rabbit synovial fibroblasts. Uniaxial stretching of isolated rabbit synovial fibroblasts for ten min was performed. Stretching-induced AMPK activation, its underlying mechanism, and its anti-inflammatory effect were investigated using Western blot. Static stretching at 20 % of initial length resulted in AMPK activation characterized by expression of phosphorylated AMPK and phosphorylated acetyl-Co A carboxylase. AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation peaked 1 h after stretching and declined toward resting activity. Using cell viability assays, static stretching did not appear to cause cellular damage. Activation of AMPK involves Ca2+ influx via a mechanosensitive L-type Ca2+ channel, which subsequently raises intracellular Ca2+ and activates AMPK via Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ). Interestingly, stretching suppressed TNFα-induced expression of COX-2, iNOS, and phosphorylated NF-κB. These effects were prevented by pretreatment with compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. These results suggest that mechanical stretching suppressed inflammatory responses in synovial fibroblasts via a L-type Ca2+-channel-CaMKKβ-AMPK-dependent pathway which may underlie joint mobilization's ability to alleviate OA symptoms.
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111
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Bano F, Banerji S, Howarth M, Jackson DG, Richter RP. A single molecule assay to probe monovalent and multivalent bonds between hyaluronan and its key leukocyte receptor CD44 under force. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34176. [PMID: 27679982 PMCID: PMC5040960 DOI: 10.1038/srep34176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), a category of linear, anionic polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in the extracellular space, and important extrinsic regulators of cell function. Despite the recognized significance of mechanical stimuli in cellular communication, however, only few single molecule methods are currently available to study how monovalent and multivalent GAG·protein bonds respond to directed mechanical forces. Here, we have devised such a method, by combining purpose-designed surfaces that afford immobilization of GAGs and receptors at controlled nanoscale organizations with single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). We apply the method to study the interaction of the GAG polymer hyaluronan (HA) with CD44, its receptor in vascular endothelium. Individual bonds between HA and CD44 are remarkably resistant to rupture under force in comparison to their low binding affinity. Multiple bonds along a single HA chain rupture sequentially and independently under load. We also demonstrate how strong non-covalent bonds, which are versatile for controlled protein and GAG immobilization, can be effectively used as molecular anchors in SMFS. We thus establish a versatile method for analyzing the nanomechanics of GAG·protein interactions at the level of single GAG chains, which provides new molecular-level insight into the role of mechanical forces in the assembly and function of GAG-rich extracellular matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Bano
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Suneale Banerji
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX39DS, UK
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13QU, UK
| | - David G Jackson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX39DS, UK
| | - Ralf P Richter
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique (LIPhy), BP 87, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères, France.,University of Leeds, School of Biomedical Sciences and School of Physics and Astronomy, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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112
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Lee JS, Kim SK, Cha JK, Jung BJ, Choi SB, Choi EY, Kim CS. Novel Technique for Isolating Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells Using Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:941-951. [PMID: 27609497 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrifugation based on density gradients is a general methodology for isolating human bone marrow (hBM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The mononuclear cell (MNC) layer can be obtained using a density gradient solution in the conventional protocol, but it is not suitable for direct transplantation due to the possible toxicity of this solution. The results obtained are also influenced by the skill level when applying the technique, which involves time-consuming processes. We have developed a novel protocol for isolating hBMSCs using hyaluronic acid (HA), which is the most widely used injectable biomaterial in clinical settings and a major component of the extracellular matrix. Laying hBM over the HA and then applying centrifugation yielded three separate layers, with the HA layer, including MNCs being the most superficial one. Increasing the volume of HA and/or its crosslinking rate enhanced the yield of MNCs from hBM, and the cell yield was also significantly higher for a lower centrifugal acceleration (530 g) than for a higher one (1500 g). Isolated hBMSCs by HA exhibited similar biological characteristics such as in terms of their proliferation rate, fibroblast-like morphology, cell-cycle status, immunophenotype, and multipotency. The use of either type of hBMSC confirmed the regenerative potential of bone and bone marrow-like tissue in ectopic transplantation models. This is the first report of a novel protocol for isolating hBMSCs that utilize HA. We suggest that this novel isolation technique can be used for the direct application of autogenous MSCs with advantages of being less time-consuming and involving steps that are easier to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Seok Lee
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Kim
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kook Cha
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Jung
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Naeun Hospital , Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Bok Choi
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Naeun Hospital , Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Choi
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sung Kim
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Department of Applied Life Science, BK21 PLUS Project, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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113
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Petrey AC, de la Motte CA. Thrombin Cleavage of Inter-α-inhibitor Heavy Chain 1 Regulates Leukocyte Binding to an Inflammatory Hyaluronan Matrix. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24324-24334. [PMID: 27679489 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic alterations of the extracellular matrix in response to injury directly modulate inflammation and consequently the promotion and resolution of disease. During inflammation, hyaluronan (HA) is increased at sites of inflammation where it may be covalently modified with the heavy chains (HC) of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor. Deposition of this unique, pathological form of HA (HC-HA) leads to the formation of cable-like structures that promote adhesion of leukocytes. Naive mononuclear leukocytes bind specifically to inflammation-associated HA matrices but do not adhere to HA constitutively expressed under homeostatic conditions. In this study, we have directly investigated a role for the blood-coagulation protease thrombin in regulating the adhesion of monocytic cells to smooth muscle cells producing an inflammatory matrix. Our data demonstrate that the proteolytic activity of thrombin negatively regulates the adhesion of monocytes to an inflammatory HC-HA complex. This effect is independent of protease-activated receptor activation but requires proteolytic activity toward a novel substrate. Components of HC-HA complexes were predicted to contain conserved thrombin-susceptible cleavage sites based on sequence analysis, and heavy chain 1 (HC1) was confirmed to be a substrate of thrombin. Thrombin treatment is sufficient to cleave HC1 associated with either cell-surface HA or serum inter-α-trypsin inhibitor. Furthermore, thrombin treatment of the inflammatory matrix leads to dissolution of HC-HA cable structures and abolishes leukocyte adhesion. These data establish a novel mechanism whereby thrombin cleavage of HC1 regulates the adhesive properties of an inflammatory HA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Petrey
- From the Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Carol A de la Motte
- From the Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
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114
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Riddell N, Giummarra L, Hall NE, Crewther SG. Bidirectional Expression of Metabolic, Structural, and Immune Pathways in Early Myopia and Hyperopia. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:390. [PMID: 27625591 PMCID: PMC5003873 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia (short-sightedness) affects 1.45 billion people worldwide, many of whom will develop sight-threatening secondary disorders. Myopic eyes are characterized by excessive size while hyperopic (long-sighted) eyes are typically small. The biological and genetic mechanisms underpinning the retina's local control of these growth patterns remain unclear. In the present study, we used RNA sequencing to examine gene expression in the retina/RPE/choroid across 3 days of optically-induced myopia and hyperopia induction in chick. Data were analyzed for differential expression of single genes, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to identify gene sets correlated with ocular axial length and refraction across lens groups. Like previous studies, we found few single genes that were differentially-expressed in a sign-of-defocus dependent manner (only BMP2 at 1 day). Using GSEA, however, we are the first to show that more subtle shifts in structural, metabolic, and immune pathway expression are correlated with the eye size and refractive changes induced by lens defocus. Our findings link gene expression with the morphological characteristics of refractive error, and suggest that physiological stress arising from metabolic and inflammatory pathway activation could increase the vulnerability of myopic eyes to secondary pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Loretta Giummarra
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan E Hall
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, Victorian Life Sciences Computation InitiativeMelbourne, VIC, Australia; La Trobe UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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115
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Fornai F, Carrizzo A, Forte M, Ambrosio M, Damato A, Ferrucci M, Biagioni F, Busceti C, Puca AA, Vecchione C. The inflammatory protein Pentraxin 3 in cardiovascular disease. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 27559355 PMCID: PMC4995820 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-016-0080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase protein Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) plays a non-redundant role as a soluble pattern recognition receptor for selected pathogens and it represents a rapid biomarker for primary local activation of innate immunity and inflammation. Recent evidence indicates that PTX3 exerts an important role in modulating the cardiovascular system in humans and experimental models. In particular, there are conflicting points concerning the effects of PTX3 in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) since several observations indicate a cardiovascular protective effect of PTX3 while others speculate that the increased plasma levels of PTX3 in subjects with CVD correlate with disease severity and with poor prognosis in elderly patients. In the present review, we discuss the multifaceted effects of PTX3 on the cardiovascular system focusing on its involvement in atherosclerosis, endothelial function, hypertension, myocardial infarction and angiogenesis. This may help to explain how the specific modulation of PTX3 such as the use of different dosing, time, and target organs could help to contain different vascular diseases. These opposite actions of PTX3 will be emphasized concerning the modulation of cardiovascular system where potential therapeutic implications of PTX3 in humans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy ; I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Annibale A Puca
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Multimedica, Milan, Italy ; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi, SA 84081 Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS Italy ; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, Baronissi, SA 84081 Italy
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116
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Sunabori T, Koike M, Asari A, Oonuki Y, Uchiyama Y. Suppression of Ischemia-Induced Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron Death by Hyaluronan Tetrasaccharide through Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling Pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2143-2151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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117
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Bogdani M. Thinking Outside the Cell: A Key Role for Hyaluronan in the Pathogenesis of Human Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2105-14. [PMID: 27456615 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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118
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Martin J, Midgley A, Meran S, Woods E, Bowen T, Phillips AO, Steadman R. Tumor Necrosis Factor-stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6)-mediated Interactions with the Inter-α-inhibitor Heavy Chain 5 Facilitate Tumor Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1)-dependent Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13789-801. [PMID: 27143355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are central to wound healing and fibrosis through TGFβ1-triggered differentiation into contractile, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts. This is mediated by accumulation of a pericellular matrix of hyaluronan (HA) and the HA-dependent co-localization of CD44 with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Interactions of HA with hyaladherins, such as inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) and tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), are also essential for differentiation. This study investigated the mechanisms involved. TSG-6 and α-SMA had different kinetics of induction by TGFβ1, with TSG-6 peaking before α-SMA Si CD44 or EGFR inhibition prevented differentiation but had no effect on TSG-6 expression. TSG-6 was essential for differentiation, and mAb A38 (preventing IαI heavy chain (HC) transfer), HA-oligosaccharides, cobalt, or Si bikunin prevented TSG-6 activity, preventing differentiation. A38 also prevented the EGFR/CD44 association. This suggested that TSG-6/IαI HC interaction was necessary for the effect of TSG-6 and that HC stabilization of HA initiated the CD44/EGFR association. The newly described HC5 was shown to be the principal HC expressed, and its cell surface expression was prevented by siRNA inhibition of TSG-6 or bikunin. HC5 was released by hyaluronidase treatment, confirming its association with cell surface HA. Finally, HC5 knockdown by siRNA confirmed its role in myofibroblast differentiation. The current study describes a novel mechanism linking the TSG-6 transfer of the newly described HC5 to the HA-dependent control of cell phenotype. The interaction of HC5 with cell surface HA was essential for TGFβ1-dependent differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, highlighting its importance as a novel potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Martin
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Midgley
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Soma Meran
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Woods
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Bowen
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Aled O Phillips
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Steadman
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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119
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Hemshekhar M, Thushara RM, Chandranayaka S, Sherman LS, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Emerging roles of hyaluronic acid bioscaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:917-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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120
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Merrilees MJ, Zuo N, Evanko SP, Day AJ, Wight TN. G1 Domain of Versican Regulates Hyaluronan Organization and the Phenotype of Cultured Human Dermal Fibroblasts. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:353-63. [PMID: 27126822 PMCID: PMC4888412 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416643913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants of versican have wide-ranging effects on cell and tissue phenotype, impacting proliferation, adhesion, pericellular matrix composition, and elastogenesis. The G1 domain of versican, which contains two Link modules that bind to hyaluronan (HA), may be central to these effects. Recombinant human G1 (rhG1) with an N-terminal 8 amino acid histidine (His) tag, produced in Nicotiana benthamiana, was applied to cultures of dermal fibroblasts, and effects on proliferation and pericellular HA organization determined. rhG1 located to individual strands of cell surface HA which aggregated into structures resembling HA cables. On both individual and aggregated strands, the spacing of attached rhG1 was similar (~120 nm), suggesting interaction between rhG1 molecules. Endogenous V0/V1, present on HA between attached rhG1, did not prevent cable formation, while treatment with V0/V1 alone, which also bound to HA, did not induce cables. A single treatment with rhG1 suppressed cell proliferation for an extended period. Treating cells for 4 weeks with rhG1 resulted in condensed layers of elongated, differentiated α actin-positive fibroblasts, with rhG1 localized to cell surfaces, and a compact extracellular matrix including both collagen and elastin. These results demonstrate that the G1 domain of versican can regulate the organization of pericellular HA and affect phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn J Merrilees
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (MJM,NZ)
| | - Ning Zuo
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (MJM,NZ)
| | - Stephen P Evanko
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (SPE,TNW)
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, The Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (AJD)
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington (SPE,TNW)
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121
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Slany A, Bileck A, Kreutz D, Mayer RL, Muqaku B, Gerner C. Contribution of Human Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells to the Hallmarks of Inflammation as Determined by Proteome Profiling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1982-97. [PMID: 27025457 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.058099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to systematically analyze proteins fulfilling effector functionalities during inflammation, here we present a comprehensive proteome study of inflammatory activated primary human endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Cells were stimulated with interleukin 1-β and fractionated in order to obtain secreted, cytoplasmic and nuclear protein fractions. Proteins were submitted to a data-dependent bottom up analytical platform using a QExactive orbitrap and the MaxQuant software for protein identification and label-free quantification. Results were further combined with similarly generated data previously obtained from the analysis of inflammatory activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Applying a false discovery rate of less than 0.01 at both, peptide and protein level, a total of 8370 protein groups assembled from 117,599 peptides was identified; mass spectrometry data have been made fully accessible via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003406 to PXD003417.Comparative proteome analysis allowed us to determine common and cell type-specific inflammation signatures comprising novel candidate marker molecules and related expression patterns of transcription factors. Cardinal features of inflammation such as interleukin 1-β processing and the interferon response differed substantially between the investigated cells. Furthermore, cells also exerted similar inflammation-related tasks; however, by making use of different sets of proteins. Hallmarks of inflammation thus emerged, including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix reorganization, adaptive and innate immune responses, oxidative stress response, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell adhesion and migration in addition to monosaccharide metabolic processes, representing both, common and cell type-specific responsibilities of cells during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Slany
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bileck
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominique Kreutz
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert L Mayer
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Besnik Muqaku
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- From the ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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122
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Maytin EV. Hyaluronan: More than just a wrinkle filler. Glycobiology 2016; 26:553-9. [PMID: 26964566 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatology is a field that strives not only to alleviate skin disease (therapeutics) but also to improve the perception of wellness (cosmetics). Thus, in this special issue of Glycobiology, it seems appropriate to discuss the biology of a glycosaminoglycan, called hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan, or HA), that has become the most popular agent today for intradermal injections to improve wrinkles and other cosmetic defects. HA is a simple linear polymer in which a simple disaccharide is repeated thousands of time, thereby creating a huge hydrophilic molecule that confers a large volume of hydration and contributes to the turgor and flexibility of healthy skin. Beyond cosmetic considerations, however, HA also has important biological and physiological functions that were largely under-appreciated until recently. New research has confirmed that HA is dynamically produced by most skin cells, not only fibroblasts (the cells that make most of the skin's extracellular matrix) but also by keratinocytes in the outer protective layer (epidermis). For both fibroblasts and keratinocytes, HA plays a regulatory role in controlling cell physiology through interaction of extracellular HA with a major cell-surface receptor, CD44. This interaction mediates intracellular signaling both directly and indirectly, through CD44 interactions with the cytoskeleton and with EGF and TGFβ receptors. Furthermore, degradation of HA by specific hyaluronidase enzymes produces HA fragments that can help to regulate inflammatory processes. In this review, current knowledge about the role of HA in skin inflammation and wound healing are reviewed and possible future applications of such knowledge discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward V Maytin
- Department of Dermatology Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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123
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Alfano M, Canducci F, Nebuloni M, Clementi M, Montorsi F, Salonia A. The interplay of extracellular matrix and microbiome in urothelial bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2016; 13:77-90. [PMID: 26666363 PMCID: PMC7097604 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many pathological changes in solid tumours are caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic molecular alterations. In addition, tumour progression is profoundly influenced by the environment surrounding the transformed cells. The interplay between tumour cells and their microenvironment has been recognized as one of the key determinants of cancer development and is being extensively investigated. Data suggest that both the extracellular matrix and the microbiota represent microenvironments that contribute to the onset and progression of tumours. Through the introduction of omics technologies and pyrosequencing analyses, a detailed investigation of these two microenvironments is now possible. In urological research, assessment of their dysregulation has become increasingly important to provide diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for urothelial bladder cancer. Understanding the roles of the extracellular matrix and microbiota, two key components of the urothelial mucosa, in the sequelae of pathogenic events that occur in the development and progression of urothelial carcinomas will be important to overcome the shortcomings in current bladder cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Alfano
- Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan Italy
| | - Filippo Canducci
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese Italy
| | - Manuela Nebuloni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pathology Unit, L. Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan Italy
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124
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Hyaluronan-positive plasma membrane protrusions exist on mesothelial cells in vivo. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:531-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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125
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Lawrance W, Banerji S, Day AJ, Bhattacharjee S, Jackson DG. Binding of Hyaluronan to the Native Lymphatic Vessel Endothelial Receptor LYVE-1 Is Critically Dependent on Receptor Clustering and Hyaluronan Organization. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8014-30. [PMID: 26823460 PMCID: PMC4825007 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic endothelial receptor LYVE-1 has been implicated in both uptake of hyaluronan (HA) from tissue matrix and in facilitating transit of leukocytes and tumor cells through lymphatic vessels based largely on in vitro studies with recombinant receptor in transfected fibroblasts. Curiously, however, LYVE-1 in lymphatic endothelium displays little if any binding to HA in vitro, and this has led to the conclusion that the native receptor is functionally silenced, a feature that is difficult to reconcile with its proposed in vivo functions. Nonetheless, as we reported recently, LYVE-1 can function as a receptor for HA-encapsulated Group A streptococci and mediate lymphatic dissemination in mice. Here we resolve these paradoxical findings and show that the capacity of LYVE-1 to bind HA is strictly dependent on avidity, demanding appropriate receptor self-association and/or HA multimerization. In particular, we demonstrate the prerequisite of a critical LYVE-1 threshold density and show that HA binding may be elicited in lymphatic endothelium by surface clustering with divalent LYVE-1 mAbs. In addition, we show that cross-linking of biotinylated HA in streptavidin multimers or supramolecular complexes with the inflammation-induced protein TSG-6 enables binding even in the absence of LYVE-1 cross-linking. Finally, we show that endogenous HA on the surface of macrophages can engage LYVE-1, facilitating their adhesion and transit across lymphatic endothelium. These results reveal LYVE-1 as a low affinity receptor tuned to discriminate between different HA configurations through avidity and establish a new mechanistic basis for the functions ascribed to LYVE-1 in matrix HA binding and leukocyte trafficking in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lawrance
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
| | - Suneale Banerji
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
| | - Anthony J Day
- the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Shaumick Bhattacharjee
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
| | - David G Jackson
- From the MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom and
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Park Y, Jowitt TA, Day AJ, Prestegard JH. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Insight into the Multiple Glycosaminoglycan Binding Modes of the Link Module from Human TSG-6. Biochemistry 2016; 55:262-76. [PMID: 26685054 PMCID: PMC5073374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) is a hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein that is essential for stabilizing and remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) during ovulation and inflammatory disease processes such as arthritis. The Link module, one of the domains of TSG-6, is responsible for binding hyaluronan and other glycosaminoglycans found in the ECM. In this study, we used a well-defined chondroitin sulfate (CS) hexasaccharide (ΔC444S) to determine the structure of the Link module, in solution, in its chondroitin sulfate-bound state. A variety of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were employed, including chemical shift perturbation, residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), nuclear Overhauser effects, spin relaxation measurements, and paramagnetic relaxation enhancements from a spin-labeled analogue of ΔC444S. The binding site for ΔC444S on the Link module overlapped with that of HA. Surprisingly, ΔC444S binding induced dimerization of the Link module (as confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation), and a second weak binding site that partially overlapped with a previously identified heparin site was detected. A dimer model was generated using chemical shift perturbations and RDCs as restraints in the docking program HADDOCK. We postulate that the molecular cross-linking enhanced by the multiple binding modes of the Link module might be critical for remodeling the ECM during inflammation/ovulation and might contribute to other functions of TSG-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Park
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Thomas A. Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Anthony J. Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - James H. Prestegard
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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127
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Soroosh A, Albeiroti S, West GA, Willard B, Fiocchi C, de la Motte CA. Crohn's Disease Fibroblasts Overproduce the Novel Protein KIAA1199 to Create Proinflammatory Hyaluronan Fragments. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2:358-368.e4. [PMID: 27981209 PMCID: PMC5042354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Crohn's Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Fibrosis, a serious complication of CD, occurs when activated intestinal fibroblasts deposit excessive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) in affected areas. A major component of the ECM is high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HA) that, when depolymerized to low-molecular-weight fragments, becomes proinflammatory and profibrotic. Mechanisms for HA degradation are incompletely understood, but the novel protein KIAA1199 recently was discovered to degrade HA. We hypothesized that KIAA1199 protein is increased in CD colon fibroblasts and generates HA fragments that foster inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS Fibroblasts were isolated from explants of surgically resected colon tissue from CD and non-inflammatory bowel disease control (ND) patients. Protein levels and tissue distribution of KIAA1199 were assessed by immunoblot and immunostaining, and functional HA degradation was measured biochemically. RESULTS Increased levels of KIAA1199 protein were produced and deposited in the ECM by cultured CD fibroblasts compared with controls. Treatment of fibroblasts with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 6 increased deposition of KIAA1199 in the ECM. CD fibroblasts also produce significantly higher levels of IL6 compared with controls, and antibody blockade of IL6 receptors in CD colon fibroblasts decreased the level of KIAA1199 protein in the ECM. Colon fibroblasts degrade HA, however, small interfering RNA silencing of KIAA1199 abrogated that ability. CONCLUSIONS CD fibroblasts produce increased levels of KIAA1199 primarily through an IL6-driven autocrine mechanism. This leads to excessive degradation of HA and the generation of proinflammatory HA fragments, which contributes to maintenance of gut inflammation and fibrosis.
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Key Words
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- Crohn’s Disease
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Fibrosis
- HA, hyaluronan
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- HIF, human intestinal fibroblasts
- HYAL, hyaluronidase
- Hyaluronan
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IL, interleukin
- IL6R, interleukin 6 receptor
- KIAA1199
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- ND, non–inflammatory bowel disease control
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PBST, phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Artin Soroosh
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sami Albeiroti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gail A. West
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Belinda Willard
- Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Carol A. de la Motte
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Carol A. de la Motte, PhD, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, NC22, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195. fax: (216) 636-0104.Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland ClinicNC22, 9500 Euclid AvenueClevelandOhio 44195
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128
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Han F, Li G, Dai S, Huang J. Genome-wide metabolic model to improve understanding of CD4+ T cell metabolism, immunometabolism and application in drug design. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:431-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00480b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Model-based investigation of the metabolism and immunometabolism of CD4+ T cells (CD4T1670) and the application of CD4T1670 in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution
- Kunming Institute of Zoology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming
- China
| | - Gonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution
- Kunming Institute of Zoology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming
- China
| | - Shaoxing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution
- Kunming Institute of Zoology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming
- China
| | - Jingfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution
- Kunming Institute of Zoology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Kunming
- China
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129
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Hull RL, Bogdani M, Nagy N, Johnson PY, Wight TN. Hyaluronan: A Mediator of Islet Dysfunction and Destruction in Diabetes? J Histochem Cytochem 2015. [PMID: 26216136 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415576542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) component that is present in mouse and human islet ECM. HA is localized in peri-islet and intra-islet regions adjacent to microvessels. HA normally exists in a high molecular weight form, which is anti-inflammatory. However, under inflammatory conditions, HA is degraded into fragments that are proinflammatory. HA accumulates in islets of human subjects with recent onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), and is associated with myeloid and lymphocytic islet infiltration, suggesting a possible role for HA in insulitis. A similar accumulation of HA, in amount and location, occurs in non-obese diabetic (NOD) and DORmO mouse models of T1D. Furthermore, HA accumulates in follicular germinal centers and in T-cell areas in lymph nodes and spleen in both human and mouse models of T1D, as compared with control tissues. Whether HA accumulates in islets in type 2 diabetes (T2D) or models thereof has not been previously described. Here we show evidence that HA accumulates in a mouse model of islet amyloid deposition, a well-known component of islet pathology in T2D. In summary, islet HA accumulation is a feature of both T1D and a model of T2D, and may represent a novel inflammatory mediator of islet pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Hull
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington (RLH)
| | - Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington (MB, NN, PYJ, TNW)
| | - Nadine Nagy
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington (MB, NN, PYJ, TNW)
| | - Pamela Y Johnson
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington (MB, NN, PYJ, TNW)
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (TNW)
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130
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Roles of Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans in Wound Healing and Fibrosis. Int J Cell Biol 2015; 2015:834893. [PMID: 26448760 PMCID: PMC4581578 DOI: 10.1155/2015/834893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A wound is a type of injury that damages living tissues. In this review, we will be referring mainly to healing responses in the organs including skin and the lungs. Fibrosis is a process of dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) production that leads to a dense and functionally abnormal connective tissue compartment (dermis). In tissues such as the skin, the repair of the dermis after wounding requires not only the fibroblasts that produce the ECM molecules, but also the overlying epithelial layer (keratinocytes), the endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel and white blood cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, which together orchestrate the cytokine-mediated signaling and paracrine interactions that are required to regulate the proper extent and timing of the repair process. This review will focus on the importance of extracellular molecules in the microenvironment, primarily the proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, and their roles in wound healing. First, we will briefly summarize the physiological, cellular, and biochemical elements of wound healing, including the importance of cytokine cross-talk between cell types. Second, we will discuss the role of proteoglycans and hyaluronan in regulating these processes. Finally, approaches that utilize these concepts as potential therapies for fibrosis are discussed.
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131
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Bano F, Carril M, Di Gianvincenzo P, Richter RP. Interaction of Hyaluronan with Cationic Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:8411-8420. [PMID: 26146006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The polysaccharide hyaluronan (HA) is a main component of peri- and extracellular matrix, and an attractive molecule for materials design in tissue engineering and nanomedicine. Here, we study the morphology of complexes that form upon interaction of nanometer-sized amine-coated gold particles with this anionic, linear, and regular biopolymer in solution and grafted to a surface. We find that cationic nanoparticles (NPs) have profound effects on HA morphology on the molecular and supramolecular scale. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) shows that depending on their relative abundance, cationic NPs promote either strong compaction or swelling of films of surface-grafted HA polymers (HA brushes). Transmission electron and atomic force microscopy reveal that the NPs do also give rise to complexes of distinct morphologies-compact nanoscopic spheres and extended microscopic fibers-upon interaction with HA polymers in solution. In particular, stable and hydrated spherical complexes of single HA polymers with NPs can be prepared when balancing the ionizable groups on HA and NPs. The observed self-assembly phenomena could be useful for the design of drug delivery vehicles and a better understanding of the reorganization of HA-rich synthetic or biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Bano
- †CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mónica Carril
- †CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
- §Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paolo Di Gianvincenzo
- †CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
- ‡CIBER-BNN, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ralf P Richter
- †CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
- ∥Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
- ⊥CNRS, DCM, BP 53, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
- #Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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132
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Sun YY, Keller KE. Hyaluronan cable formation by ocular trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2015; 139:97-107. [PMID: 26247678 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) in the ocular trabecular meshwork (TM) is a critical modulator of aqueous humor outflow. Individual HA strands in the pericellular matrix can coalesce to form cable-like structures, which have different functional properties. Here, we investigated HA structural configuration by TM cells in response to various stimuli known to stimulate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In addition, the effects of HA cable induction on aqueous outflow resistance was determined. Primary TM cell cultures grown on tissue culture-treated plastic were treated for 12-48 h with TNFα, IL-1α, or TGFβ2. TM cells grown on silicone membranes were subject to mechanical stretch, which induces synthesis and activation of ECM proteolytic enzymes. HA structural configuration was investigated by HA binding protein (HAbp) staining and confocal microscopy. HAbp-labeled cables were induced by TNFα, TGFβ2 and mechanical stretch, but not by IL-1α. HA synthase (HAS) gene expression was quantitated by quantitative RT-PCR and HA concentration was measured by ELISA assay. By quantitative RT-PCR, HAS-1, -2, and -3 genes were differentially up-regulated and showed temporal differences in response to each treatment. HA concentration was increased in the media by TNFα, TGFβ2 and IL-1α, but mechanical stretch decreased pericellular HA concentrations. Immunofluorescence and Western immunoblotting were used to investigate the distribution and protein levels of the HA-binding proteins, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) and inter-α-inhibitor (IαI). Western immunoblotting showed that TSG-6 and IαI were increased by TNFα, TGFβ2 and IL-1α, but mechanical stretch reduced their levels. The underlying substrate appears to affect the identity of IαI·TSG-6·HA complexes since different complexes were detected when TM cells were grown on a silicone substrate compared to a rigid plastic surface. Porcine anterior segments were perfused with 10 μg/ml polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), a potent inducer of HA cables, and outflow rates were monitored for 72 h. PolyI:C had no significant effect on outflow resistance in porcine anterior segments perfused at physiological pressure. Collectively, HAS gene expression, HA concentration and configuration are differentially modified in response to several treatments that induce ECM remodeling in TM cells. In ocular TM cells, our data suggests that the most important determinant of HA cable formation appears to be the ratio of HA chains produced by the different HAS genes. However, the act of rearranging pericellular HA into cable-like structures does not appear to influence aqueous outflow resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ying Sun
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kate E Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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133
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Yatagai Y, Sakamoto T, Yamada H, Masuko H, Kaneko Y, Iijima H, Naito T, Noguchi E, Hirota T, Tamari M, Konno S, Nishimura M, Hizawa N. Genomewide association study identifies HAS2 as a novel susceptibility gene for adult asthma in a Japanese population. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1327-34. [PMID: 25251750 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is increasingly clear that asthma is not a single disease, but a disorder with vast heterogeneity in pathogenesis, severity, and treatment response. To date, 30 genomewide association studies (GWASs) of asthma have been performed, including by our group. However, most gene variants identified so far confer relatively small increments in risk and explain only a small proportion of familial clustering. OBJECTIVE To identify additional genetic determinants of susceptibility to asthma using a selected Japanese population with reduced tobacco smoking exposure. METHODS We performed a GWAS by genotyping a total of 480 098 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for a Japanese cohort consisting of 734 healthy controls and 240 patients with asthma who had smoked for no more than 10 pack-years. The SNP with the strongest association was genotyped in two other independent Japanese cohorts consisting of a total of 531 healthy controls and 418 patients with asthma who had smoked for no more than 10 pack-years. For the hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) gene, we investigated SNP-gene associations using an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) database and also analysed its gene expression profiles in 13 different normal tissues. RESULTS In the discovery GWAS, a SNP located upstream of HAS2, rs7846389, showed the strongest statistical significance (P = 1.43 × 10(-7) ). In the two independent replication cohorts, rs7846389 was consistently associated with asthma (nominal P = 0.0152 and 0.0478 in the first and second replication cohorts, respectively). In the meta-analysis, association of rs7846389 with susceptibility to asthma reached the level of genomewide significance (P = 7.92 × 10(-9) ). This variant was strongly correlated with HAS2 mRNA expression. The strongest expression of the gene was detected in the lung. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified HAS2 as a novel candidate gene for susceptibility to adult asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yatagai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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134
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Cowman MK, Lee HG, Schwertfeger KL, McCarthy JB, Turley EA. The Content and Size of Hyaluronan in Biological Fluids and Tissues. Front Immunol 2015; 6:261. [PMID: 26082778 PMCID: PMC4451640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a simple repeating disaccharide polymer, synthesized at the cell surface by integral membrane synthases. The repeating sequence is perfectly homogeneous, and is the same in all vertebrate tissues and fluids. The polymer molecular mass is more variable. Most commonly, hyaluronan is synthesized as a high-molecular mass polymer, with an average molecular mass of approximately 1000–8000 kDa. There are a number of studies showing increased hyaluronan content, but reduced average molecular mass with a broader range of sizes present, in tissues or fluids when inflammatory or tissue-remodeling processes occur. In parallel studies, exogenous hyaluronan fragments of low-molecular mass (generally, <200 kDa) have been shown to affect cell behavior through binding to receptor proteins such as CD44 and RHAMM (gene name HMMR), and to signal either directly or indirectly through toll-like receptors. These data suggest that receptor sensitivity to hyaluronan size provides a biosensor of the state of the microenvironment surrounding the cell. Sensitive methods for isolation and characterization of hyaluronan and its fragments have been developed and continue to improve. This review provides an overview of the methods and our current state of knowledge of hyaluronan content and size distribution in biological fluids and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Cowman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Biomatrix Research Center, New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering , New York, NY , USA
| | - Hong-Gee Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Biomatrix Research Center, New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering , New York, NY , USA
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA
| | - James B McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN , USA
| | - Eva A Turley
- Department of Oncology, London Health Sciences Center, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, London Health Sciences Center, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Center, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada
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135
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Misra S, Hascall VC, Markwald RR, Ghatak S. Interactions between Hyaluronan and Its Receptors (CD44, RHAMM) Regulate the Activities of Inflammation and Cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:201. [PMID: 25999946 PMCID: PMC4422082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), a major component of extracellular matrices, and cell surface receptors of HA have been proposed to have pivotal roles in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which are necessary for inflammation and cancer progression. CD44 and receptor for HA-mediated motility (RHAMM) are the two main HA-receptors whose biological functions in human and murine inflammations and tumor cells have been investigated comprehensively. HA was initially considered to be only an inert component of connective tissues, but is now known as a “dynamic” molecule with a constant turnover in many tissues through rapid metabolism that involves HA molecules of various sizes: high molecular weight HA (HMW HA), low molecular weight HA, and oligosaccharides. The intracellular signaling pathways initiated by HA interactions with CD44 and RHAMM that lead to inflammatory and tumorigenic responses are complex. Interestingly, these molecules have dual functions in inflammations and tumorigenesis. For example, the presence of CD44 is involved in initiation of arthritis, while the absence of CD44 by genetic deletion in an arthritis mouse model increases rather than decreases disease severity. Similar dual functions of CD44 exist in initiation and progression of cancer. RHAMM overexpression is most commonly linked to cancer progression, whereas loss of RHAMM is associated with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor growth. HA may similarly perform dual functions. An abundance of HMW HA can promote malignant cell proliferation and development of cancer, whereas antagonists to HA-CD44 signaling inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo by interfering with HMW HA-CD44 interaction. This review describes the roles of HA interactions with CD44 and RHAMM in inflammatory responses and tumor development/progression, and how therapeutic strategies that block these key inflammatory/tumorigenic processes may be developed in rodent and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suniti Misra
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland , Ohio, OH , USA
| | - Roger R Markwald
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - Shibnath Ghatak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, SC , USA
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136
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Isa ILM, Srivastava A, Tiernan D, Owens P, Rooney P, Dockery P, Pandit A. Hyaluronic Acid Based Hydrogels Attenuate Inflammatory Receptors and Neurotrophins in Interleukin-1β Induced Inflammation Model of Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1714-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isma Liza Mohd Isa
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM) and ‡Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM) and ‡Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David Tiernan
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM) and ‡Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Owens
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM) and ‡Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peadar Rooney
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM) and ‡Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM) and ‡Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM) and ‡Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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137
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Lee-Sayer SSM, Dong Y, Arif AA, Olsson M, Brown KL, Johnson P. The where, when, how, and why of hyaluronan binding by immune cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:150. [PMID: 25926830 PMCID: PMC4396519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is made and extruded from cells to form a pericellular or extracellular matrix (ECM) and is present in virtually all tissues in the body. The size and form of hyaluronan present in tissues are indicative of a healthy or inflamed tissue, and the interactions of hyaluronan with immune cells can influence their response. Thus, in order to understand how inflammation is regulated, it is necessary to understand these interactions and their consequences. Although there is a large turnover of hyaluronan in our bodies, the large molecular mass form of hyaluronan predominates in healthy tissues. Upon tissue damage and/or infection, the ECM and hyaluronan are broken down and an inflammatory response ensues. As inflammation is resolved, the ECM is restored, and high molecular mass hyaluronan predominates again. Immune cells encounter hyaluronan in the tissues and lymphoid organs and respond differently to high and low molecular mass forms. Immune cells differ in their ability to bind hyaluronan and this can vary with the cell type and their activation state. For example, peritoneal macrophages do not bind soluble hyaluronan but can be induced to bind after exposure to inflammatory stimuli. Likewise, naïve T cells, which typically express low levels of the hyaluronan receptor, CD44, do not bind hyaluronan until they undergo antigen-stimulated T cell proliferation and upregulate CD44. Despite substantial knowledge of where and when immune cells bind hyaluronan, why immune cells bind hyaluronan remains a major outstanding question. Here, we review what is currently known about the interactions of hyaluronan with immune cells in both healthy and inflamed tissues and discuss how hyaluronan binding by immune cells influences the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally S M Lee-Sayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Arif A Arif
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Mia Olsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Kelly L Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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138
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Blanquer SBG, Grijpma DW, Poot AA. Delivery systems for the treatment of degenerated intervertebral discs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:172-87. [PMID: 25451138 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the most avascular and acellular tissue in the body and therefore prone to degeneration. During IVD degeneration, the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes in the disc is deregulated, amongst others leading to alteration of extracellular matrix production, abnormal enzyme activities and production of pro-inflammatory substances like cytokines. The established treatment strategy for IVD degeneration consists of physiotherapy, pain medication by drug therapy and if necessary surgery. This approach, however, has shown limited success. Alternative strategies to increase and prolong the effects of bioactive agents and to reverse the process of IVD degeneration include the use of delivery systems for drugs, proteins, cells and genes. In view of the specific anatomy and physiology of the IVD and depending on the strategy of the therapy, different delivery systems have been developed which are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B G Blanquer
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - D W Grijpma
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - A A Poot
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Collaborative Research Partner Annulus Fibrosus Rupture Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
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139
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Rothenhöfer M, Grundmann M, Bernhardt G, Matysik FM, Buschauer A. High performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) for the sensitive determination of hyaluronan oligosaccharides. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:106-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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140
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Jokela T, Oikari S, Takabe P, Rilla K, Kärnä R, Tammi M, Tammi R. Interleukin-1β-induced Reduction of CD44 Ser-325 Phosphorylation in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Promotes CD44 Homomeric Complexes, Binding to Ezrin, and Extended, Monocyte-adhesive Hyaluronan Coats. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12379-93. [PMID: 25809479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) attracts leukocytes to sites of inflammation. One of the recruitment mechanisms involves the formation of extended, hyaluronan-rich pericellular coats on local fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. In the present work, we studied how IL-1β turns on the monocyte adhesion of the hyaluronan coat on human keratinocytes. IL-1β did not influence hyaluronan synthesis or increase the amount of pericellular hyaluronan in these cells. Instead, we found that the increase in the hyaluronan-dependent monocyte binding was associated with the CD44 of the keratinocytes. Although IL-1β caused a small increase in the total amount of CD44, a more marked impact was the decrease of CD44 phosphorylation at serine 325. At the same time, IL-1β increased the association of CD44 with ezrin and complex formation of CD44 with itself. Treatment of keratinocyte cultures with KN93, an inhibitor of calmodulin kinase 2, known to phosphorylate Ser-325 in CD44, caused similar effects as IL-1β (i.e. homomerization of CD44 and its association with ezrin) and resulted in increased monocyte binding to keratinocytes in a hyaluronan-dependent way. Overexpression of wild type CD44 standard form, but not a corresponding CD44 mutant mimicking the Ser-325-phosphorylated form, was able to induce monocyte binding to keratinocytes. In conclusion, treatment of human keratinocytes with IL-1β changes the structure of their hyaluronan coat by influencing the amount, post-translational modification, and cytoskeletal association of CD44, thus enhancing monocyte retention on keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Jokela
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Oikari
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Piia Takabe
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Kärnä
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Tammi
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija Tammi
- From the Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1E, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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141
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Nagy N, Kuipers HF, Frymoyer AR, Ishak HD, Bollyky JB, Wight TN, Bollyky PL. 4-methylumbelliferone treatment and hyaluronan inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Front Immunol 2015; 6:123. [PMID: 25852691 PMCID: PMC4369655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a prominent component of the extracellular matrix at many sites of chronic inflammation, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis, and numerous malignancies. Recent publications have demonstrated that when HA synthesis is inhibited using 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), beneficial effects are observed in several animal models of these diseases. Notably, 4-MU is an already approved drug in Europe and Asia called "hymecromone" where it is used to treat biliary spasm. However, there is uncertainty regarding how 4-MU treatment provides benefit in these animal models and the potential long-term consequences of HA inhibition. Here, we review what is known about how HA contributes to immune dysregulation and tumor progression. Then, we review what is known about 4-MU and hymecromone in terms of mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and safety. Finally, we review recent studies detailing the use of 4-MU to treat animal models of cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Adam R Frymoyer
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Heather D Ishak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Jennifer B Bollyky
- Department of Pediatrics and Systems Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA
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142
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Øynebråten I, Barois N, Bergeland T, Küchler AM, Bakke O, Haraldsen G. Oligomerized, filamentous surface presentation of RANTES/CCL5 on vascular endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9261. [PMID: 25791723 PMCID: PMC4367157 DOI: 10.1038/srep09261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells present luminal chemokines that arrest rolling leukocytes
by activating integrins. It appears that several chemokines must form higher-order
oligomers to elicit proper in vivo effects, as mutants restricted to forming
dimers have lost the ability to recruit leukocytes to sites of inflammation. Here,
we show for the first time that the chemokine RANTES/CCL5 binds to the surface of
human endothelial cells in a regular filamentous pattern. Furthermore, the filaments
bound to the surface in a heparan sulfate-dependent manner. By electron microscopy
we observed labeling for RANTES on membrane projections as well as on the remaining
plasma membrane. Mutant constructs of RANTES restricted either in binding to
heparin, or in forming dimers or tetramers, appeared either in a granular,
non-filamentous pattern or were not detectable on the cell surface. The RANTES
filaments were also present after exposure to flow, suggesting that they can be
present in vivo. Taken together with the lacking in vivo or in
vitro effects of RANTES mutants, we suggest that the filamentous structures
of RANTES may be of physiological importance in leukocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Øynebråten
- 1] Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway [2] Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, RikshospitaletPO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicolas Barois
- The Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041 Blindern, 0316 N-Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve Bergeland
- The Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041 Blindern, 0316 N-Oslo, Norway
| | - Axel M Küchler
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- 1] Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, RikshospitaletPO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway [2] The Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1041 Blindern, 0316 N-Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- 1] Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway [2] K. G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, RikshospitaletPO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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143
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Moretto P, Karousou E, Viola M, Caon I, D'Angelo ML, De Luca G, Passi A, Vigetti D. Regulation of hyaluronan synthesis in vascular diseases and diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:167283. [PMID: 25834831 PMCID: PMC4365328 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell microenvironment has a critical role determining cell fate and modulating cell responses to injuries. Hyaluronan (HA) is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan that can be considered a signaling molecule. In fact, interacting with several cell surface receptors can deeply shape cell behavior. In vascular biology, HA triggers smooth muscle cells (SMCs) dedifferentiation which contributes to vessel wall thickening. Furthermore, HA is able to modulate inflammation by altering the adhesive properties of endothelial cells. In hyperglycemic conditions, HA accumulates in vessels and can contribute to the diabetic complications at micro- and macrovasculature. Due to the pivotal role in favoring atherogenesis and neointima formation after injuries, HA could be a new target for cardiovascular pathologies. This review will focus on the recent findings regarding the regulation of HA synthesis in human vascular SMCs. In particular, the effects of the intracellular HA substrates availability, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein O-GlcNAcylation on the main HA synthetic enzyme (i.e., HAS2) will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Moretto
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa D'Angelo
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giancarlo De Luca
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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144
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McDonald B, Kubes P. Interactions between CD44 and Hyaluronan in Leukocyte Trafficking. Front Immunol 2015; 6:68. [PMID: 25741341 PMCID: PMC4330908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes from the bloodstream to inflamed tissues requires a carefully regulated cascade of binding interactions between adhesion molecules on leukocytes and endothelial cells. Adhesive interactions between CD44 and hyaluronan (HA) have been implicated in the regulation of immune cell trafficking within various tissues. In this review, the biology of CD44–HA interactions in cell trafficking is summarized, with special attention to neutrophil recruitment within the liver microcirculation. We describe the molecular mechanisms that regulate adhesion between neutrophil CD44 and endothelial HA, including recent evidence implicating serum-derived hyaluronan-associated protein as an important co-factor in the binding of HA to CD44 under flow conditions. CD44–HA-mediated neutrophil recruitment has been shown to contribute to innate immune responses to invading microbes, as well as to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, including various liver pathologies. As a result, blockade of neutrophil recruitment by targeting CD44–HA interactions has proven beneficial as an anti-inflammatory treatment strategy in a number of animal models of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braedon McDonald
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
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145
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Inter-α inhibitor protein and its associated glycosaminoglycans protect against histone-induced injury. Blood 2015; 125:2286-96. [PMID: 25631771 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-582759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular histones are mediators of tissue injury and organ dysfunction; therefore they constitute potential therapeutic targets in sepsis, inflammation, and thrombosis. Histone cytotoxicity in vitro decreases in the presence of plasma. Here, we demonstrate that plasma inter-α inhibitor protein (IAIP) neutralizes the cytotoxic effects of histones and decreases histone-induced platelet aggregation. These effects are mediated through the negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) chondroitin sulfate and high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA) associated with IAIP. Cell surface anionic glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate and HA protect the cells against histone-mediated damage in vitro. Surface plasmon resonance showed that both IAIP and HMW-HA directly bind to recombinant histone H4. In vivo neutralization of histones with IAIP and HMW-HA prevented histone-induced thrombocytopenia, bleeding, and lung microvascular thrombosis, decreased neutrophil activation, and averted histone-induced production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. IAIP and HMW-HA colocalized with histones in necrotic tissues and areas that displayed neutrophil extracellular traps. Increasing amounts of IAIP-histone complexes detected in the plasma of septic baboons correlated with increase in histones and/or nucleosomes and consumption of plasma IAIP. Our data suggest that IAIP, chondroitin sulfate, and HMW-HA are potential therapeutic agents to protect against histone-induced cytotoxicity, coagulopathy, systemic inflammation, and organ damage during inflammatory conditions such as sepsis and trauma.
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146
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Dong Y, Qin Y, Dubaa M, Killion J, Gao Y, Zhao T, Zhou D, Duscher D, Geever L, Gurtner GC, Wang W. A rapid crosslinking injectable hydrogel for stem cell delivery, from multifunctional hyperbranched polymers via RAFT homopolymerization of PEGDA. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel injectable hydrogel for stem cell delivery was prepared from multifunctional hyperbranched polyPEGDA and thiolated hyaluronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Dong
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology
- School of Medicine and Medical Science
- University College Dublin
- Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Yue Qin
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology
- School of Medicine and Medical Science
- University College Dublin
- Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Marie Dubaa
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology
- School of Medicine and Medical Science
- University College Dublin
- Dublin
- Ireland
| | - John Killion
- Applied Polymer Technology
- Athlone Institute of Technology
- Athlone
- Ireland
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology
- School of Medicine and Medical Science
- University College Dublin
- Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology
- School of Medicine and Medical Science
- University College Dublin
- Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Dezhong Zhou
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology
- School of Medicine and Medical Science
- University College Dublin
- Dublin
- Ireland
| | | | - Luke Geever
- Applied Polymer Technology
- Athlone Institute of Technology
- Athlone
- Ireland
| | | | - Wenxin Wang
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology
- School of Medicine and Medical Science
- University College Dublin
- Dublin
- Ireland
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147
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Anderegg U, Simon JC, Averbeck M. More than just a filler - the role of hyaluronan for skin homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:295-303. [PMID: 24628940 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, hyaluronan (HA) has become an increasingly attractive substance as a non-immunogenic filler and scaffolding material in cosmetic dermatology. Despite its wide use for skin augmentation and rejuvenation, relatively little is known about the molecular structures and interacting proteins of HA in normal and diseased skin. However, a comprehensive understanding of cutaneous HA homeostasis is required for future the development of HA-based applications for skin regeneration. This review provides an update on HA-based structures, expression, metabolism and its regulation, function and pharmacological targeting of HA in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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148
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Bogdani M, Korpos E, Simeonovic CJ, Parish CR, Sorokin L, Wight TN. Extracellular matrix components in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2014; 14:552. [PMID: 25344787 PMCID: PMC4238291 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-014-0552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from progressive immune cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells. As immune cells migrate into the islets, they pass through the extracellular matrix (ECM). This ECM is composed of different macromolecules localized to different compartments within and surrounding islets; however, the involvement of this ECM in the development of human T1D is not well understood. Here, we summarize our recent findings from human and mouse studies illustrating how specific components of the islet ECM that constitute basement membranes and interstitial matrix of the islets, and surprisingly, the intracellular composition of islet β cells themselves, are significantly altered during the pathogenesis of T1D. Our focus is on the ECM molecules laminins, collagens, heparan sulfate/heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and hyaluronan, as well as on the enzymes that degrade these ECM components. We propose that islet and lymphoid tissue ECM composition and organization are critical to promoting immune cell activation, islet invasion, and destruction of islet β cells in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Bogdani
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101 Ph: 206-287-5666, Fax: 206-342-6567
| | - Eva Korpos
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 – CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Charmaine J. Simeonovic
- Diabetes/Transplantation Immunobiology Laboratory, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601 Australia
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 – CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas N. Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101 Ph: 206-287-5666, Fax: 206-342-6567
- Corresponding Author: Thomas N. Wight, PhD
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149
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Lord MS, Farrugia BL, Rnjak-Kovacina J, Whitelock JM. Current serological possibilities for the diagnosis of arthritis with special focus on proteins and proteoglycans from the extracellular matrix. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 15:77-95. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.979158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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150
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MSCs and hyaluronan: Sticking together for new therapeutic potential? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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