Cognitive Decline Before and After Incident Coronary Events

Decreased Regional Spontaneous Brain Activity and Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: a Resting-state Functional MRI Study

OBJECTIVES

Chronic coronary heart disease (CHD) is correlated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment (CI), but the mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential changes in regional spontaneous brain activities and their association with CI, to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CI in patients with CHD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 71 CHD patients and 73 matched healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used to assess the participants' cognitive functions. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(fALFF) values were calculated to determine regional spontaneous brain activity. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score provides a measure of the total coronary plaque burden. Mediation analyses were performed to test whether CHD's effects on cognitive decline are mediated by decreased regional spontaneous brain activity.

RESULTS

Patients with CHD had significantly lower MMSE and MoCA scores than the HCs. Compared with the HCs, the patients with CHD demonstrated significantly decreased ReHo and fALFF values in the bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus (SFGmed), left superior temporal gyrus (TPOsup) and left middle temporal gyrus (TPOmid). Impaired cognitive performance was positively correlated with decreased activities in the SFGmed. Mediation analyses revealed that the decreased regional spontaneous brain activity in the SFGmed played a critical role in the relationship between the increase in CAC score and the MoCA and MMSE scores.

CONCLUSION

The abnormalities of spontaneous brain activity in SFGmed may provide insights into the neurological pathophysiology underlying CHD associated with cognitive dysfunction.

Bidirectional relationship between nocturnal subjective sleep duration and cognitive performance in Chinese over 45 years old: a national representative longitudinal study

Introduction

Previous studies have inconsistent associations between changes in sleep duration and cognitive function and have not separated interindividual effects from intraindividual effects. This study aimed to examine the bidirectional associations between subjective night sleep duration and cognitive function while differing intraindividual and interindividual effects.

Methods

A national representative sample was obtained from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study during 2011–2018. Night sleep duration and potential confounders were assessed and collected by questionnaires. Cognition was assessed in three categories (orientation, executive function, and memory), and z scores were used for global cognitive performance. The random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to examine the temporal associations during 2011–2018.

Results

Across 9404 participants over 45, at interindividual level, moderate (β= -0.014) and long sleepers (β= -0.06) had positive association between sleep duration and cognitive decline after adjusted covariates, but short sleepers had negative associations between sleep duration and cognitive decline (β = 0.87). At intraindividual level, prolonged sleep duration predicted better cognition for short (β= -0.021 at wave2-3; β= -0.04 at wave3-4) and moderate (β= -0.017 at wave3-4) sleepers.

Conclusion

For short sleepers, longer subjective nocturnal sleep duration predicted better cognitive performance; but moderate and long sleepers showed opposite results—short and moderate sleepers with prolonged subjective nocturnal sleep duration would have later cognitive decline. Our findings tentatively suggested that an increased subjective night sleep duration and subjective long sleep duration could be regarded as useful tools for identifying middle- and old adults at higher risks of progressing to cognitive decline.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-022-03468-8.

Women with Myocardial Infarction Present Subtle Cognitive Difficulties on a Neuropsychological Battery After Exposure to a Social Stressor

Objective

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in women, but its sequelae remain largely understudied. Given the heart-brain relationship, our study aimed to further understand stress's impact on regulating cognitive function post-MI. Specifically, our study evaluated the effect of stress induced using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), on neuropsychological function in women who have or have not experienced MI.

Methodology

To do so, women (mean age = 59.41 yrs) with (WHx_MI = 13) or without () a history of MI were exposed to the TSST prior to completion of a series of standardized neuropsychological tests: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Control Oral Word Association (COWA), Rey Complex Figure and Recognition (RCFT), Trail Making Test (TMT), and Auditory Consonant Triagrams (ACT).

Results

Our findings support MI to be associated with impairments in working memory affecting immediate recall of ACT, as well as visuospatial impairments in the RCFT copy trial, marked by poorer drawing accuracy and incorrect placement of figure elements. Overall, WHx_MI required more time to complete the neuropsychological assessment (WHx_MI 166.57 ± 12, 155.00 ± 6.57; p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Together, these findings support cognitive impairments noted following a social stressor to remain subtle in WHx_MI. Our study highlights the need for the development of more sensitive tools to screen for neuropsychological impairments in women with MI and the importance of assessing performance in a variety of testing conditions.

Bi-directional associations between depressive symptoms and asthma in middle-aged and elderly adults in China

BACKGROUND

There is currently no evidence of an association between depressive symptoms and asthma among older adults in China. We explored the bi-directional associations between depressive symptoms and asthma, and their changes in middle-aged and elderly adults from a national cohort.

METHODS

A longitudinal cohort study was conducted with a total of 17,708 individuals from 150 urban communities and 450 rural villages in 28 provinces in China.

RESULTS

After making exclusions, 11,492 and 8604 participants were included for incident asthma and incident depressive symptoms analysis, respectively. The incidence density was 4.46 and 10.24 for every 1000 person-years, respectively. Baseline depressive symptoms were associated with a higher risk of incident asthma (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.27, 2.02). Decreased depressive symptoms during baseline or follow-ups or both baseline and follow-ups were associated with a lower risk of incident asthma (P_{for trend} < 0.0001). Every 1-score increment of CES-D score was associated with a 4 % increase in asthma, with a non-linear association (P = 0.04) between CES-D score (break point = 7) and asthma. Asthma status increased the risk of participants with severe depressive symptoms (HR = 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.19, 1.92), especially in males (P_{for interaction} = 0.02).

LIMITATIONS

Depressive symptoms and asthma were assessed by validated questionnaires instead of clinical diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Bi-directional associations between asthma and depressive symptoms do exist. Effective measures should be taken to reduce depressive symptoms and the risk of incident asthma in middle aged and elderly adults in China.

The Influence of Alcohol Consumption, Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Duration on Cognition: Results from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

AIM

Healthy cognition-related factors include alcohol consumption, depressive symptoms, and sleep duration. However, less is known about the role of these factors in the dyad or tripartite relationships. In this study, we examined whether there were potential mediation effects, moderation effects, and interactions between these factors in the longitudinal study.

METHODS

Both cross-sectional data analysis and a longitudinal study were performed using baseline and 2018 data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) cohort. CHARLS is a nationwide survey program covering 450 villages and 150 counties in 28 provinces that aims to investigate comprehensive demographic information. After selecting participants from the CHARLS cohort, 15,414 were included in the study. Non-drinkers, those who drink more than once a month, and those who drink less than once a month were defined by their alcohol consumption. Depressive symptoms were defined as nondepressed (less than or equal to 12) and depressed (more than 12). Sleep duration was defined as 7-8 h per night, ≤6 h per night, and ≥9 h per night. The total cognitive scores were calculated from memory, orientation, and executive tests. The PROCESS macro in SPSS was used to analyze all mediations and moderating mediations.

RESULTS

Alcohol consumption has a positive correlation with cognition. The global cognition z scores of participants with depressive symptoms were significantly lower than those of the control (all p's < 0.001), in different models. The memory score (β: -0.148; 95% CI: -0.240 to -0.056; p = 0.002), the executive score (β: -0.082; 95% CI: -0.157 to -0.006; p = 0.033), and the global cognition score (β: -0.105; 95% CI: -0.187 to -0.023; p = 0.012) of participants defined as ≤6 h per night were, obviously, less than the control (7-8 h per night). An association between depression and alcohol consumption has been found, and the protective effects have been reversed by depression, which caused the cognition decline. Sleep duration was identified as a moderator, influencing the relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive function. Besides, there was an interaction causing cognition decline among alcohol consumption, depressive symptoms, and sleep duration. Cognitive function showed a marked downward trend with increasing age.

CONCLUSIONS

In this model, depression primarily mediates the relationship between alcohol consumption and cognition, and sleep duration changes the mediation effect. Furthermore, there is a significant interaction between alcohol consumption, depressive symptoms, and sleep duration, which are significantly associated with cognitive function.

Association of Cystatin C Kidney Function Measures With Long-term Deficit-Accumulation Frailty Trajectories and Physical Function Decline

IMPORTANCE

It remains unclear whether cystatin C and cystatin C-based kidney function measures are associated with frailty trajectories and physical function decline.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the associations of cystatin C level, cystatin C estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcys), and the difference between eGFRs (eGFRdiff) using cystatin C and creatinine levels with long-term deficit-accumulation frailty trajectories and physical function decline.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This prospective cohort study used data from 15 949 participants in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 2 ongoing nationally representative cohort studies enrolling community-dwelling older people. Biennial surveys, known as waves, are conducted in both the CHARLS and the HRS. Seven-year data from wave 1 (May 2011 to March 2012) to wave 4 (July to September 2018) in the CHARLS and 12-year data from wave 8 (March 2006 to February 2007) to wave 14 (April 2018 to June 2019) in the HRS were assessed, with wave 1 in the CHARLS and wave 8 in the HRS serving as baseline waves. Data were analyzed from February 12 to May 20, 2022.

EXPOSURES

Baseline serum cystatin C and creatinine levels. Cystatin C eGFR and creatinine estimated GFR (eGFRcr) were calculated using the 2021 race-free equations developed by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration. The difference between eGFRcys and eGFRcr was calculated by subtracting eGFRcr from eGFRcys.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Based on 12-year follow-up data from the HRS and 7-year follow-up data from the CHARLS, a 29-item deficit-accumulation frailty index (FI) was constructed to assess frailty trajectories at each visit. Physical function decline was evaluated using repeated objective physical function measurements (grip strength and gait speed). Linear mixed models were used to examine longitudinal associations.

RESULTS

Among 15 949 older adults included in the analysis, 9114 participants were from the HRS (mean [SD] age, 66.2 [10.1] years; 5244 women [57.5%]), and 6835 were from the CHARLS (mean [SD] age, 58.4 [9.8] years; 3477 women [50.9%]). With regard to race and ethnicity, the HRS cohort included 7755 White individuals (85.1%) and 1359 individuals (14.9%) of other races and/or ethnicities (including American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and other); all participants in the CHARLS cohort were of Chinese ethnicity. Each SD increment in serum cystatin C was associated with a faster increase in FI in both the HRS cohort (β = 0.050 SD/y; 95% CI, 0.045-0.055 SD/y; P = .001) and the CHARLS cohort (β = 0.051 SD/y; 95% CI, 0.042-0.060 SD/y; P = .001). An inverse association was observed for eGFRCys (HRS cohort: β = -0.058 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.062 to -0.053 SD/y; P = .001; CHARLS cohort: β = -0.056 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.064 to -0.047 SD/y; P = .001). These associations remained after controlling for serum creatinine (β = 0.051 SD/y; 95% CI, 0.042-0.060 SD/y; P = .001) and eGFRcr (β = -0.056 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.064 to -0.047 SD/y; P = .001) in the CHARLS cohort. Similar to the results observed for eGFRcys, each SD increment in the eGFRdiff was associated with a slower increase in FI (β = -0.027 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.035 to -0.018 SD/y; P = .001) in the CHARLS cohort. Similar findings were observed for physical function decline. For example, each SD increment in serum cystatin C was associated with faster decreases in both grip strength (β = -0.006 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.008 to -0.003 SD/y; P = .001) and gait speed (β = -0.007 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.011 to -0.003 SD/y; P = .001) in the HRS cohort and faster decreases in gait speed (β = -0.017 SD/y; 95% CI, -0.027 to -0.006 SD/y; P = .002) in the CHARLS cohort.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

In this cohort study, cystatin C, eGFRcys, and eGFRdiff were associated with long-term frailty trajectories and physical function decline among community-dwelling older people without frailty. Monitoring kidney function using cystatin C could have clinical utility in identifying the risk of accelerated frailty progression.

How do cardiovascular risk factors correlate with post-stroke cognitive function: Directly or indirectly through stroke severity?

Objectives

Cognitive impairment may affect one-third of stroke survivors. Cardiovascular risk factors and stroke severity were known to be associated with cognitive function after stroke. However, it is unclear whether cardiovascular risk factors directly affect cognition after stroke, indirectly affect cognition by changing stroke severity, or both. Moreover, the effect of a combination of hypertension and diabetes mellitus was conflicting. We aimed to investigate the multiple direct and indirect associations and inspire potential intervention strategies.

Materials and methods

From February 2020 to January 2021, 350 individuals received cognitive tests within 7 days after incident stroke. Cognitive tests were performed using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). A moderated mediation model was constructed to test the indirect associations between cardiovascular and demographic risk factors and cognition mediated through stroke severity, the direct associations between risk factors and cognition, and the moderating effects of hypertension and diabetes.

Results

Age (estimate, -0.112), atrial fibrillation (estimate, -4.092), and stroke severity (estimate, -1.994) were directly associated with lower cognitive function after stroke. Vascular disease (estimate, 1.951) and male sex (estimate, 2.502) were directly associated with better cognition after stroke. Higher education level was associated with better cognition directly (estimate, 1.341) and indirectly (estimate, 0.227) through stroke severity. The combination of hypertension decreased the magnitude of the negative association between atrial fibrillation and cognition (estimate, from -4.092 to -3.580).

Conclusion

This is the first Chinese study exploring the moderated and mediating associations between cardiovascular risk factors, stroke severity, and cognitive function after stroke. Age, female sex, and atrial fibrillation were directly associated with lower cognition after stroke. The combination of hypertension might have a positive effect on cognition.

Associations of serum cystatin C and its change with new-onset cardiovascular disease in Chinese general population

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The relation of serum cystatin C with new-onset cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the prospective associations of serum cystatin C and its change with new-onset CVD in Chinese general population.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 7064 participants free of CVD at baseline were enrolled from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The change in serum cystatin C was calculated as cystatin C concentration at 2015 wave minus that at baseline (2011 wave). The primary outcome was new-onset CVD, defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed heart disease, stroke, or both during follow-up. The secondary outcomes were new-onset heart disease, and new-onset stroke. During a median follow-up duration of 7.0 years, a total of 1116 (15.8%) subjects developed new-onset CVD. Overall, after the adjustments for eGFR and other important covariates, there was a positive association between serum cystatin C and new-onset CVD (per SD mg/L increment; adjusted HR, 1.13; 95%CI: 1.08,1.18). When cystatin C was assessed as quintiles, the adjusted HRs for participants in the second, third, fourth and fifth quintiles were 1.15 (95%CI: 0.93, 1.41), 1.37 (95%CI: 1.11, 1.68), 1.47 (95%CI: 1.19, 1.81), and 2.03 (95%CI: 1.60, 2.56), respectively, compared with those in quintile 1 (P for trend<0.001). Furthermore, there was a positive association between the increase in cystatin C concentration and the subsequent new-onset CVD (per SD mg/L increment; adjusted HR, 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02,1.27).

CONCLUSION

Both serum cystatin C and its increase were positively associated with new-onset CVD among Chinese general population.

Differences in cognitive function, cardiorespiratory fitness and BDNF concentration in physically active CHD patients vs healthy controls

BACKGROUND

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is frequently associated with cognitive impairment (CI), whereas physical exercise may improve cognition. To date, the cognitive profile of physically active CHD patients remains poorly understood. Physical activity and cognition has been associated with neurotrophic biomarkers that are positively modulated by a higher cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇ O₂peak) and/or active lifestyle. This study aimed to compare the cognitive functions, V̇ O₂peak and trophic biomarkers in physically active CHD patients vs healthy controls.

METHODS

Thirty-nine CHD patients and 20 controls performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test, a neuropsychological assessment (short-term and working memory, processing speed, executive functions, and long-term verbal memory), and a blood draw to measure brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), and cathepsin B (CTSB) plasma concentrations. Physical activity was also measured with an accelerometer for 1 week.

RESULTS

Compared to controls, CHD patients had lower V̇ O₂peak (22.2 vs 29.3 mL/min/kg, p<0.001), but similar moderate to vigorous physical activity levels (27.5 vs 34.4 min/day, p=0.114). CHD patients had poorer performances for executive functions (0.198 vs -0.370, p=0.004) and processing speed (0.150 vs -0.293, p=0.025), as well as lower BDNF concentrations (166.4 vs 300.2 ng/ml, p=0.027), but similar IGF-1 and CTSB concentrations (p>0.05) when compared to controls. BDNF was an independent predictor of processing speed in CHD, and IGF-1 and BDNF were independent predictors of verbal memory in healthy controls.

CONCLUSION

Despite similar physical activity levels, fit CHD patients had lower V̇ O₂peak values, cognitive performances (executive functions and processing speed) and BDNF concentrations when compared to controls.

Afternoon Napping Durations in Chinese Population Over 60 Years Old: Longitudinal Associations With Cognitive Performance

Introduction

Previous studies indicated inconsistent associations between daytime napping and cognitive decline. This study aimed to examine the associations between self-reported changes in napping and longitudinal cognitive performance.

Methods

A national representative sample of 4,024 participants over 60 was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2018. Afternoon napping and potential factors were collected by a questionnaire. Cognitive performance was assessed on three aspects. The generalized additive models and generalized estimating equations were used to examine relationships between daytime napping and longitudinal global cognition, and generalized linear models were used to examine the longitudinal associations between change in napping at four waves and cognition in wave 4.

Results

After controlling the potential confounders, participants with afternoon napping were significantly related to better global cognition than no nappers at baseline. A change from short napping to no/long napping was associated with worse cognitive performance (β = −2.593, P < 0.001). A move from no napping to short/long napping was also associated with lower cognition scores (β = −0.694, P < 0.001). For participants with moderate napping, a >30 min increase (β = −1.558, P < 0.001) in afternoon napping was associated with worse cognitive function in wave 4.

Conclusion

We observed that adults over 60 years old with napping <30 min per day may be at lower risk of cognitive decline. Change in napping, especially a move to extreme napping would be a risk marker underlying health conditions that impact cognition or go along with cognitive decline.

Neural Dysconnectivity in the Hippocampus Correlates With White Matter Lesions and Cognitive Measures in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Purpose

Recent neuroimaging reports have shown the microstructural changes in coronary artery disease (CAD) and its correlation with cognitive dysfunction while little is known about the functional characteristics of CAD. We hypothesize that functional characteristics may give clues to underlying pathology in CAD and its link with cognitive dysfunction. Degree centrality (DC), a graph-based assessment of network organization was performed to explore the neural connectivity changes in CAD patients compared with healthy controls and their correlation with cognitive measures.

Methods

Thirty CAD patients and 36 healthy controls were included in our study. All participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain. We performed DC analysis to identify voxels that showed changes in whole-brain functional connectivity with other voxels. DC was measured by the fMRI graph method and comparisons between the two groups were done. All participants underwent neuropsychological assessment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA and Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE).

Results

Our data analysis included 30 CAD patients (59.90 ± 7.53 years) and 36 HCs (61.61 ± 6.19 years). CAD patients showed a greater prevalence of white matter lesions using the Fazekas score than healthy controls (P &lt; 0.001). Importantly, CAD patients showed significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) MoCA and MMSE scores compared with healthy controls. CAD patients showed significantly decreased DC value (P &lt; 0.001) in the right hippocampus (hippocampus_R), right lingual gyrus (lingual_R), and significantly increased DC value (P &lt; 0.001) in the left middle frontal gyrus (Frontal_Mid_L) when compared with healthy controls respectively. DC value in the hippocampus_R significantly correlated (P &lt; 0.00) with MMSE and MoCA scores in CAD patients. Fazekas scores in CAD patients showed a significant correlation (P &lt; 0.001) with the DC value in the hippocampus_R.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that reduced cerebral neural connectivity in CAD may contribute to their cognitive impairment and white matter microstructural damage.

Impairment in activities of daily living and cognitive decline mediate the association between depressive symptoms and incident hip fractures in Chinese older adults

BACKGROUND

The presence of depressive symptoms is associated with increasing risks of hip fractures (HFs). However, few studies investigated the longitudinal relationship between depressive symptoms and incident HFs among Chinese older adults, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the association between depressive symptoms and incident HFs, and the mediating role of cognitive function and impairment in activities of daily living (ADL) in the association among the older adults in China.

METHODS

This population-based cohort study included 6336 Chinese older adults (age range, 60-101 years) without the history of HFs at baseline and with complete data during the follow-up. Discrete-time Cox regression was used to evaluate the relationship between depressive symptoms and incident HFs, and bootstrapped multiple mediation analyses were conducted to examine the effects of cognitive function and ADL impairment on the association.

RESULTS

Among 6336 participants (3172 women [50.1%]; mean [SD] age, 67.9 [6.6] years), 264 (4.2%) subjects had HFs onset. After adjusting for age, sex, education, marital status, current residence, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index, number of chronic conditions, and falls history, elevated depressive symptoms were independently associated with increasing risks of HFs (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.88). However, this association was no longer significant (aHR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.78 to 1.53) after adjusting for cognitive function and ADL impairment. When mortality and incident HFs were modeled as a composite outcome, the association between depressive symptoms and combined outcomes also remained non-significant after adjusting for cognitive function and ADL impairment. Furthermore, the mediation model demonstrated that cognitive decline (indirect effect: β = 0.002, 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.003) and ADL impairment (indirect effect: β = 0.002, 95% CI: 0.000 to 0.003) fully mediated the association between depressive symptoms and incident HFs after adjusting for age, sex, falls history, and number of chronic conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

The positive association between depressive symptoms and incident HFs was confirmed among Chinese older adults, which was fully mediated by cognitive decline and ADL impairment. This study shed new light on the potential role played by depressive symptoms in incident HFs.

Long-term low-dose acetylsalicylic use shows protective potential for the development of both vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease in patients with coronary heart disease but not in other individuals from the general population: results from two large cohort studies

BACKGROUND

No population-based cohort study investigated a potential inverse association between long-term low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) use and all-cause dementia and its two most common sub-types Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) so far.

METHODS

Cox regression models with inverse probability of treatment weighting to model the underlying cardiovascular risk were used to assess the associations of low-dose ASA use with all-cause dementia, AD, and VD incidence in community-dwelling older adults from the German ESTHER study (N = 5258) and the UK Biobank (N = 305,394). Inclusion criteria were age of 55 years or older and completed drug assessment. Meta-analyses of the individual participant data from the two prospective cohort studies were performed.

RESULTS

Four hundred seventy-six cases of all-cause dementia, 157 cases of AD, and 183 cases of VD were diagnosed over a median of 14.3 years of follow-up in ESTHER. In the UK Biobank, 5584 participants were diagnosed with all-cause dementia, 2029 with AD, and 1437 with VD over a median of 11.6 years. The meta-analysis of both cohorts revealed a weak reduction in hazards for all-cause dementia (hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.96 [0.93 to 0.99]). The strongest protective effect of low-dose ASA was observed in participants with coronary heart disease (CHD) in both cohorts, and a significant interaction was detected. In particular, in meta-analysis, a 31% reduction in hazard for AD, 69% for VD and 34% for all-cause dementia were observed (HR [95% CI]: 0.69 [0.59 to 0.80], 0.31 [0.27 to 0.35], 0.46 [0.42 to 0.50], respectively). Furthermore, compared to non-users, users of low-dose ASA for 10 years or longer (who likely use it because they have CHD or a related diagnosis putting them at an increased risk for cardiovascular events) demonstrated a strong protective effect on all dementia outcomes, especially for VD (HR [95% CI]: 0.48 [0.42 to 0.56]) whereas no protective associations were observed with shorter low-dose ASA use.

CONCLUSIONS

The protective potential of low-dose ASA for all-cause dementia, AD, and VD seems to strongly depend on pre-existing CHD and the willingness of patients to take it for a minimum of ten years.

Associations between depressive symptoms and sleep duration for predicting cardiovascular disease onset: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

The joint effects of depressive symptoms and sleep on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined impact of depressive symptoms and sleep duration on the incidence of CVD among middle-aged and older Chinese individuals.

METHODS

Data were from the China Health and Longitudinal Study conducted in 2013, 2015, and 2018. A total of 9595 participants aged ≥ 45 years without a history of CVD in 2013 were included. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (elevated depressive symptoms cutoff ≥ 10). Average sleep duration was self-reported. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education and other potential confounders were conducted.

RESULTS

In total, 1072 (11.2%) participants reported CVD incidents over the 5-year period. Elevated depressive symptoms (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.30-1.72) and short sleep duration (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.05-1.40) were independently associated with an increased CVD risk in the fully adjusted model. Individuals with short sleep duration/low depressive symptoms (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.12-1.60), short sleep duration/elevated depressive symptoms (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.41-2.50), or long sleep duration/elevated depressive symptoms (OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.38-3.27) were more likely to develop CVD than those with normal sleep duration/low depressive symptoms.

LIMITATIONS

Depressive symptoms and sleep duration were self-reported.

CONCLUSIONS

A stronger risk of CVD was found when depressive symptoms and short or long sleep durations occurred together, suggesting that an integrated approach to sleep and depressive symptoms might be a feasible strategy for the prevention of CVD.

Association Between Functional Limitations and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases and All-Cause Mortality Among the Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Background

The prevalence of functional limitations is relatively high among the middle-aged and older adults. However, the contribution of functional limitations to subsequent incident cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and death is unclear. This study aims to examine the association between functional limitations and incident CVD and all-cause mortality among the middle-aged and older adults.

Methods

This is a nationally representative prospective cohort study. Participants were middle-aged and older Chinese adults from The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Functional limitations were measured using activities of daily living (ADL) scale and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scale. Incident CVD and death were recorded at followed-up from June 1, 2011, up until August 31, 2018. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the association between functional limitations and incident CVD and all-cause mortality.

Results

A total of 11,013 participants were included in this study. During the 7 years of follow-up, 1,914 incident CVD and 1,182 incident deaths were identified. Participants with functional limitations were associated with a 23% increased risk of incident CVD (HR, 1.23, 95% CI:1.08,1.39) after adjusting for age, gender, residential area, marital status, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, sleep duration, nap duration, depression symptoms, social participation, history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, use of hypertension medications, diabetes medications, and lipid-lowering therapy. Moreover, participants with functional limitations were associated with a 63% increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR,1.63, 95%CI: 1.41,1.89) after adjusting for potential confounders.

Conclusions

Functional limitations were significantly associated with subsequent incident CVD and death among the middle-aged and older Chinese adults.

The interaction and pathogenesis between cognitive impairment and common cardiovascular diseases in the elderly

Both cognitive impairment and cardiovascular diseases have a high incidence in the elderly population, increasing the burden of care and reducing the quality of life. Studies have suggested that cognitive impairment interacts with cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, abnormal blood pressure, heart failure, and arrhythmia. On one hand, cognitive impairment in the elderly influences the progression and self-management of cardiovascular diseases and increases the risk of cardiovascular-related adverse events. On the other hand, coronary heart disease, heart failure, higher blood pressure variability, orthostatic hypotension, and atrial fibrillation may aggravate cognitive impairment. The role of blood pressure levels on cognition remains controversial. Several shared biological pathways have been proposed as the underlying mechanism for the association. Cardiovascular diseases may lead to cognitive decline even dementia through cerebral perfusion damage, brain structural changes, inflammation, β-amyloid deposition, and neuroendocrine disorders. It is of great significance to study the interaction and put forward effective interventions in an overall perspective to reduce care burden and improve the quality of life of the elderly patients.

Association between sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older adults: Findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the association between sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among middle-aged and older adults. Using the nationally representative data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses to investigate the association between sarcopenia status and CVD in middle-aged and older Chinese population.

METHODS

The sample comprised 15,137 participants aged at least 45 years from the CHARLS 2015. Sarcopenia status was defined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 (AWGS 2019) criteria. CVD was defined as the presence of physician-diagnosed heart disease and/or stroke. A total of 11,863 participants without CVD were recruited from the CHARLS 2015 and were followed up in 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression models were conducted to examine the effect of sarcopenia on CVD.

FINDINGS

The pre valence of CVD in total populations, no-sarcopenia, possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia individuals were 12.6% (1905/15,137), 10.0% (1026/10,280), 18.1% (668/3685), 18.0% (211/1172), respectively. Both possible sarcopenia [OR (95% CI): 1.29 (1.13-1.48)] and sarcopenia [1.72 (1.40-2.10)] were associated with CVD in total populations. During the 3.6 years of follow-up, 1,273 cases (10.7%) with incident CVD were identified. In the longitudinal analysis, individuals with the diagnosis of possible sarcopenia (HR:1.22, 95% CI: 1.05-1.43) and sarcopenia participants (HR:1.33, 95% CI: 1.04-1.71) were more likely to have new onset CVD than no-sarcopenia peers.

INTERPRETATION

Both possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia, assessed using the AWGS 2019 criteria, were associated with higher CVD risk among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.

FUNDING

None.

Trajectories of depressive symptoms and subsequent cognitive decline in older adults: a pooled analysis of two longitudinal cohorts

BACKGROUND

the course of depression is variable, but it is unknown how this variability over time affects long-term cognitive decline.

OBJECTIVE

to examine the relationship of different trajectories of depressive symptoms on rates of subsequent cognitive decline in older adults.

DESIGN

population-based cohort study.

SETTING

communities in the USA and England.

SUBJECTS

17,556 older adults from the Health and Retirement Study and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

METHODS

depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and trajectories were calculated using group-based trajectory modelling. Global cognitive function and three cognitive domains of memory, executive function and temporal orientation were assessed for up to 18 years.

RESULTS

five trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified. Compared with the 'non-depressed' trajectory, the 'worsening depressive symptoms' trajectory (pooled β = -0.016 standard deviation (SD)/year, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.021 to -0.010), 'persistent depressive symptoms' trajectory (pooled β = -0.016 SD/year, 95% CI: -0.024 to -0.008), and 'mild depressive symptoms' trajectory (pooled β = -0.008 SD/year, 95% CI: -0.014 to -0.003) were associated with faster rates of cognitive decline, while no such association was found for the 'improving depressive symptoms' trajectory (pooled β = 0.001 SD/year, 95% CI: -0.010 to 0.012).

CONCLUSIONS

subthreshold depressive symptoms are associated with an increased rate of cognitive decline, while individuals who show improving depressive symptoms do not exhibit accelerated cognitive decline. These findings raise the possibility that maintaining depressive symptoms as low as possible and ignoring the clinical threshold, might mitigate cognitive decline in older adults.

Resolving inflammatory links between myocardial infarction and vascular dementia

Myocardial infarction is associated with increased risk for vascular dementia. In both myocardial infarction and vascular dementia, there is evidence that elevated inflammatory biomarkers are associated with worsened clinical outcomes. Myocardial infarction leads to a systemic inflammatory response, which may contribute to recruitment or activation of myeloid cells, including monocytes, microglia, and perivascular macrophages, within the central nervous system. However, our understanding of the causative roles for these cells linking cardiac injury to the development and progression of dementia is incomplete. Herein, we provide an overview of inflammatory cellular and molecular links between myocardial infarction and vascular dementia and discuss strategies to resolve inflammation after myocardial infarction to limit neurovascular injury.

Different hypertension thresholds and cognitive decline: a pooled analysis of three ageing cohorts

BACKGROUND

The 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for high blood pressure (BP) in adults came up with a new definition of hypertension with a threshold BP level of 130/80 mmHg. But the 2018 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Society of Hypertension (ESH) guidelines adhered to a conventional hypertension definition as BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg. We aimed to compare the trajectories of cognitive decline between participants with BP < 130/80 mmHg in all BP measurement waves and others with all BP < 140/90 mmHg.

METHODS

This pooled analysis involved middle-aged and older participants from three nationally representative ageing cohorts, including the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), and the China Health Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Participants were divided into the Normal (BP < 130/80 mmHg on all occasions throughout the study), the Borderline (BP < 140/90 mmHg on all occasions throughout the study but not in the Normal group), and the High (the rest of participants) BP groups. Global cognitive Z score was calculated from tests on memory, executive function, and orientation.

RESULTS

A total of 17,590 participants (HRS 6964, median follow-ups 12 years; ELSA 5334, median follow-ups 16 years; CHARLS 5292, median follow-ups 7 years) were included. No significant difference in global cognitive decline rate was detected between the Normal and the borderline groups (men, pooled β = - 0.006 standard deviation [SD]/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], - 0.020 to 0.008; P = 0.377; women, pooled β = 0.006 SD/year; 95% CI - 0.005 to 0.018; P = 0.269). Participants in the High group had a significantly faster cognitive decline (men, pooled β = - 0.011 SD/year; 95% CI - 0.020 to - 0.002; P = 0.013; women, pooled β = - 0.017 SD/year; 95% CI - 0.026 to - 0.008; P < 0.001) than that in the Borderline group.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals in the Borderline group did not experience significantly faster cognitive decline compared with those in the Normal group. It might not be necessary for individuals with borderline BP (between 130/80 and 140/90 mmHg) to initiate antihypertension therapy in consideration of cognitive decline.

Exploring the Bidirectional Associations Between Short or Long Sleep Duration and Lower Cognitive Function: A 7-Year Cohort Study in China

Background: Sleep duration is linked to cognitive function, but whether short or prolonged sleep duration results from impaired cognition or vice versa has been controversial in previous studies. We aimed to investigate the bidirectional association between sleep duration and cognitive function in older Chinese participants.

Methods: Data were obtained from a nationally representative study conducted in China. A total of 7984 participants aged 45 years or older were assessed at baseline between June 2011 and March 2012 (Wave 1), 2013 (Wave 2), 2015 (Wave 3), and 2018 (Wave 4). Nocturnal sleep duration was evaluated using interviews. Cognitive function was examined via assessments of global cognition, including episodic memory, visuospatial construction, calculation, orientation and attention capacity. Latent growth models and cross-lagged models were used to assess the bidirectional association between sleep duration and cognitive function.

Results: Among the 7,984 participants who were followed in the four waves of the study, the baseline mean (SD) age was 64.7 (8.4) years, 3862 (48.4%) were male, and 6453 (80.7%) lived in rural areas. Latent growth models showed that both sleep duration and global cognition worsened over time. Cross-lagged models indicated that short or long sleep duration in the previous wave was associated with lower global cognition in the subsequent wave (standardized β = −0.066; 95% CI: −0.073, −0.059; P < 0.001; Wave 1 to 2) and that lower global cognition in the previous wave was associated with short or long sleep duration in the subsequent wave (standardized β = −0.106; 95% CI: −0.116, −0.096; P < 0.001; Wave 1 to 2).

Conclusion: There was a bidirectional association between sleep duration and cognitive function, with lower cognitive function having a stronger association with long or short sleep duration than the reverse relationship. Global cognition was likely the major driver in these reciprocal associations.

A Prospective Study of Grip Strength Trajectories and Incident Cardiovascular Disease

Background: A single measurement of grip strength (GS) could predict the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the long-term pattern of GS and its association with incident CVD are rarely studied. We aimed to characterize the GS trajectory and determine its association with the incidence of CVD (myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, and heart failure). Methods: This study included 5,300 individuals without CVD from a British community-based cohort in 2012 (the baseline). GS was repeatedly measured in 2004, 2008, and 2012. Long-term GS patterns were identified by the group-based trajectory model. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the associations between GS trajectories and incident CVD. We identified three GS trajectories separately for men and women based on the 2012 GS measurement and change patterns during 2004-2012. Results: After a median follow-up of 6.1 years (during 2012-2019), 392 participants developed major CVD, including 114 myocardial infarction, 119 angina, 169 stroke, and 44 heart failure. Compared with the high stable group, participants with low stable GS was associated with a higher incidence of CVD incidence [hazards ratio (HR): 2.17; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52-3.09; P <0.001], myocardial infarction (HR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.05-3.83; P = 0.035), stroke (HR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.11-3.46; P = 0.020), and heart failure (HR: 6.91; 95% CI: 2.01-23.79; P = 0.002) in the fully adjusted models. Conclusions: The low GS trajectory pattern was associated with a higher risk of CVD. Continuous monitoring of GS values could help identify people at risk of CVD.

Persistent moderate to severe pain and long-term cognitive decline

BACKGROUND

The longitudinal association between persistent moderate to severe pain and subsequent long-term cognitive decline remains inconclusive.

METHODS

Study population came from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, an ongoing prospective and nationally representative cohort of community-dwelling adults aged ≥50 years in England. At waves 1 (2002/2003) and 2 (2004/2005) of the study, pain severity was measured based on pain intensity scores ranged from 0 to 10. We defined moderate to severe pain as pain intensity scores ≥5 points. Persistent moderate to severe pain was defined as participants reported moderate to severe pain at both waves 1 and 2. Standardized global cognitive Z scores derived from verbal memory, temporal orientation and semantic fluency were used as the primary outcome.

RESULTS

A total of 6,869 individuals (3,896 women; mean age: 63.9 ± 9.5 years) who have accepted twice measurements of pain at waves 1 and 2 (baseline), and at least one reassessment of cognitive function at waves 3 (2006/2007) to 8 (2016/2017), were included in this study. Each 5-point increase in the sum of pain intensity scores was associated with a faster rate of -0.009 (95% CI: -0.013 to -0.006, p < .001) in global cognitive Z scores. Compared with no pain group, persistent moderate to severe pain group was associated with a significantly faster decline rate of -0.031 SD/year (95% CI: -0.043 to -0.018), in global cognitive Z scores. The relationships of persistent moderate to severe pain with verbal memory, temporal orientation and semantic fluency were similar.

CONCLUSION

Cognitive function should be monitored in individuals with persistent moderate to severe pain.

SIGNIFICANCE

Persistent moderate to severe pain in adults age 50 and older was associated with accelerated cognitive decline over a median follow-up of 12 years. More severe pain was associated with faster cognitive decline in a dose-response pattern, and the relationship was demonstrated throughout multiple cognitive domains. While the overall effect was subtle, clinicians should be aware that older adults with persistent pain are at risk of faster cognitive decline.

Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction Exacerbates Neuroinflammation via the TLR4 Pathway in Mice With Heart Failure

Aims

The present study aimed to investigate alterations in neuroinflammation after heart failure (HF) and explore the potential mechanisms.

Methods

Male wild-type (WT) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-knockout (KO) mice were subjected to sham operation or ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce HF. 8 weeks later, cardiac functions were analyzed by echocardiography, and intestinal barrier functions were examined by measuring tight junction protein expression, intestinal permeability and plasma metabolite levels. Alterations in neuroinflammation in the brain were examined by measuring microglial activation, inflammatory cytokine levels and the proinflammatory signaling pathway. The intestinal barrier protector intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and intestinal homeostasis inhibitor L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) were used to examine the relationship between intestinal barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation in mice with HF.

Results

Eight weeks later, WT mice with HF displayed obvious increases in intestinal permeability and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, which were accompanied by elevated expression of TLR4 in the brain and enhanced neuroinflammation. Treatment with the intestinal barrier protector IAP significantly attenuated neuroinflammation after HF while effectively increasing plasma LPS levels. TLR4-KO mice showed significant improvements in HF-induced neuroinflammation, which was not markedly affected by intestinal barrier inhibitors or protectors.

Conclusion

HF could induce intestinal barrier dysfunction and increase gut-to-blood translocation of LPS, which could further promote neuroinflammation through the TLR4 pathway.

A Review of Acute Coronary Syndrome and its Potential Impact on Cognitive Function

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) forecasts, in 2030, the number of people suffering from dementia will reach 82 million people worldwide, representing a huge burden on health and social care systems. Epidemiological data indicates a relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD) and the occurrence of cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia. It is known that both diseases have common risk factors. However, the impact of myocardial infarction (MI) on cognitive function remains controversial and largely unknown. The main goal of this study is to attempt to summarize and discuss selected scientific reports on the causes, mechanisms and effects of CI in patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), especially after MI. The risk of CI can increase in patients after ACS, and can therefore also adversely affect the further course of treatment. A late diagnosis of CI can lead to serious clinical implications, such as an increase in the number of hospitalizations and mortality.

Neuropsychological Sequelae of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: A Systematic Review

Heart disease, such as coronary heart disease (CHD), is the leading cause of death among aging women. However, over the past years, the mortality rate has declined, resulting in an increased number of CHD survivors. In this context, research has uncovered relationships between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that CHD can act as a precursor. Despite heart disease affecting both sexes, CVD research has significantly neglected women. Therefore, we conducted the first systematic review of neuropsychological sequelae of CHD in women to gain a clear portrait of the current knowledge of the association of CHD on women's neuropsychological status. We found that studies continue to include an insufficient number of women in their research. Our work also uncovered that there is variability in the definition of CHD by researchers (i.e., operationalization of the variable), which could explain inconsistencies across studies. Overall, we found evidence that supports the heart-brain disease hypothesis. To conclude, we provide several guidelines for future research involving the impact of CHD in women.

Association between symptoms of psychological distress and cognitive functioning among adults with coronary artery disease

Greater psychological distress is associated with cognitive impairment in healthy adults. Whether such associations also exist in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) is uncertain. We assessed cognitive function in 496 individuals with CAD using the verbal and visual memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale and executive functioning measured by the Trail Making Test Parts A and B. We used a composite score of psychological distress derived through summation of Z-transformed psychological distress symptom scales (depression, posttraumatic stress, anxiety, anger, hostility and perceived stress) and scores for each individual psychological scale. Multivariable linear regression models were used to determine the association between memory scores (as outcomes) and the psychological distress scores (both composite score and individual scales). After adjusting for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors, a higher psychological distress score was independently associated with worse memory and executive functioning. Each standard deviation increase in psychological distress score was associated with 3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1%-5%) to 5% (95% CI, 3-7%) worse cognitive performance (higher Trail A and Trail B, and lower verbal and visual memory scores). Among individuals with CAD, a higher level of psychological distress is independently associated with worse cognitive performance. These findings suggest that psychological risk factors play a role in cognitive trajectories of persons with CAD.

The Framingham risk score is associated with incident frailty, or is it?

BACKGROUNDS

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are individually associated with frailty. This study examined whether Framingham CVD risk score (FRS) as an aggregate measure of CVD risk is associated with incident frailty among Chinese older adults.

METHODS

This study used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. A sample of 3,618 participants aged 60 to 95 years and without CVD at baseline were followed for four years. FRS was calculated at baseline. Frailty status was defined as not-frail (0-2 criteria) or frail (3-5 criteria) based on the physical frailty phenotype consisting of five binary criteria (weakness, slowness, exhaustion, low activity level, and weight loss). After excluding subjects who were frail (n = 248) at baseline, discrete-time Cox regression was used to evaluate the relationship between FRS and incident frailty.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 323 (8 %) participants developed CVD and 318 (11 %) subjects had frailty onset. Higher FRS was associated with greater risk of incident frailty (HR: 1.03, 95 % CI: 1.00 to 1.06) after adjusting for education, marital status, obesity, comorbidity burden, and cognitive function. This association however was no longer significant (HR: 1.00, 95 % CI: 0.97 to 1.03) after additionally adjusting for age. These findings remained essentially unchanged after excluding subjects with depression (n = 590) at baseline or incident CVD (n = 323) during the 4-year follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

The FRS was not independently associated with incident frailty after adjusting for chronological age. More research is needed to assess the clinical utility of the FRS in predicting adverse health outcomes other than CVD in older adults.

Stroke and Heart Attack Symptom Recognition in Older US Adults by Cognitive Impairment Status

INTRODUCTION

Cognitive impairment may make stroke and heart attack symptom recognition difficult, potentially resulting in treatment delays for those with these cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Despite cognitive impairment affecting large numbers of older US adults who are also at increased risk of stroke and heart attack, little is known about stroke and heart attack symptom recognition in this population. As a result, this study sought to determine the impact of cognitive impairment on stroke and heart attack symptom recognition among older US adults.

METHODS

Using the 2014 and 2017 National Health Interview Surveys, we compared stroke and heart attack symptom recognition levels in US adults aged ≥65 years with cognitive impairment and those without cognitive impairment. Estimates of stroke and heart attack symptom recognition adjusted for CVD-related factors were assessed by cognitive impairment status. We also conducted analyses stratified by living arrangement and stroke and heart attack history for individuals with and without cognitive impairment.

RESULTS

US adults aged ≥65 years with cognitive impairment were observed to be 3.0-6.7% and 1.6-4.9%, respectively, less likely to recognize an individual stroke and heart attack symptom than similarly aged individuals without cognitive impairment. Recognition of all 5 stroke/heart attack symptoms was also lower among those with cognitive impairment, with this group being 9.7% less likely to recognize all stroke symptoms and 6.7% less likely to recognize all 5 heart attack symptoms compared to people without cognitive impairment. Following adjustment, individuals with cognitive impairment continued to have slightly lower recognition of certain individual stroke and heart attack symptoms as well as of all 5 symptoms of these conditions (stroke OR: 0.70 [95% CI: 0.58-0.85]; heart attack OR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.75, 1.03]) than those without cognitive impairment. For individuals with cognitive impairment, living with others was linked with slightly better recognition of all individual stroke symptoms and heart attack history with better recognition of all individual heart attack symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Additional work is needed to address the challenge of improving recognition levels for specific stroke and heart attack symptoms in older US adults with cognitive impairment and especially for members of this group who live alone.

Performances on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Along the Cardiovascular Disease Continuum

 

Cardiovascular diseases involve a continuum starting with risk factors, which can progress to coronary heart disease and eventually, to heart failure. Cognitive impairment (CI) is observed as early as cardiovascular risk factors, and in up to 50% of patients with heart failure. Because CI in cardiovascular disease is linked to poorer clinical outcomes, early detection is essential. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a screening tool widely used in clinical setting. To date, little is known about MoCA scores along the cardiovascular disease continuum.

OBJECTIVE

This study compared performances of different cardiovascular disease profiles on the MoCA and its subscores.

METHOD

Eighty participants (>50 years) from two studies conducted at the Montreal Heart Institute were separated into four groups: low cardiovascular risk factors (<2), high cardiovascular risk factors (>2), coronary heart disease, and stable heart failure. ANCOVAs were performed on the total score and on subscores, with sex, age, and education as covariates.

RESULTS

Group differences were observed on the MoCA total score (heart failure < low cardiovascular risk), verbal fluency (heart failure < low cardiovascular risk), memory (coronary heart disease < low cardiovascular risk), and orientation (coronary heart disease < low and high cardiovascular risk) subscores.

CONCLUSION

Results suggest that the MoCA, particularly verbal fluency and memory subscores, can detect cognitive changes in later stages of the cardiovascular disease continuum, such as heart failure. Detecting cognitive changes earlier on the cardiovascular disease continuum may require more in depth neuropsychological assessments.

Secular trends of ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and dementia in high-income countries from 1990 to 2017: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND

We assessed secular trends in the burden of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and dementia in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.

METHODS

Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2017, we compared sex-specific and age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life years (DALY); mortality, incidence, and prevalence of IHD and stroke; and dementia per 100,000 people, in the world, OECD countries, and Canada.

RESULTS

From 1990 to 2017, the crude incidence number of IHD, stroke, and dementia increased 52%, 76%, and 113%, respectively. Likewise, the prevalence of IHD (75%), stroke (95%), and dementia (119%) increased worldwide. In addition during the study period, the crude global number of deaths of IHD increased 52%, stroke by 41%, and dementia by 146% (9, 6, and 3 million deaths in 2017, respectively). Despite an increase in the crude number of these diseases, the global age-standardized incidence rate of IHD, stroke, and dementia decreased by -27%, - 11%, and - 5%, respectively. Moreover, there was a decline in their age-standardized DALY rates (- 1.17%, - 1.32%, and - 0.23% per year, respectively) and death rates (- 1.29%, - 1.46%, and - 0.17% per year, respectively), with sharper downward trends in Canada and OECD countries. Almost all trends flattened during the last decade.

CONCLUSIONS

From 1990 to 2017, the age-standardized burden of IHD, stroke, and dementia decreased, more prominently in OECD countries than the world. However, their rising crude numbers mainly due to population growth and ageing require urgent identification of reversible risk and protective factors.

Renal Denervation Attenuates Neuroinflammation in the Brain by Regulating Gut-Brain Axis in Rats With Myocardial Infarction

Aims: The development of neuroinflammation deteriorates the prognosis of myocardial infarction (MI). We aimed to investigate the effect of renal denervation (RDN) on post-MI neuroinflammation in rats and the related mechanisms.

Methods and Results: Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham or ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce MI. One week later, the MI rats received a sham or RDN procedure. Their cardiac functions were analyzed by echocardiography, and their intestinal structures, permeability, and inflammatory cytokines were tested. The intestinal microbiota were characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing. The degrees of neuroinflammation in the brains of rats were analyzed for microglia activation, inflammatory cytokines, and inflammation-related signal pathways. In comparison with the Control rats, the MI rats exhibited impaired cardiac functions, intestinal injury, increased intestinal barrier permeability, and microbial dysbiosis, accompanied by increased microglia activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain. A RDN procedure dramatically decreased the levels of renal and intestinal sympathetic nerve activity, improved cardiac functions, and mitigated the MI-related intestinal injury and neuroinflammation in the brain of MI rats. Interestingly, the RDN procedure mitigated the MI-increased intestinal barrier permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokines and plasma LPS as well as ameliorated the gut microbial dysbiosis in MI rats. The protective effect of RDN was not significantly affected by treatment with intestinal alkaline phosphatase but significantly reduced by L-phenylalanine treatment in MI rats.

Conclusions: RDN attenuated the neuroinflammation in the brain of MI rats, associated with mitigating the MI-related intestinal injury.

Cardiovascular disease and cumulative incidence of cognitive impairment in the Health and Retirement Study

Background

We sought to examine whether people with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) experienced a greater incidence of subsequent cognitive impairment (CI) compared to people without CVD, as suggested by prior studies, using a large longitudinal cohort.

Methods

We employed Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data collected biennially from 1998 to 2014 in 1305 U.S. adults age ≥ 65 newly diagnosed with CVD vs. 2610 age- and gender-matched controls. Diagnosis of CVD was adjudicated with an established HRS methodology and included self-reported coronary heart disease, angina, heart failure, myocardial infarction, or other heart conditions. CI was defined as a score < 11 on the 27-point modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. We examined incidence of CI over an 8-year period using a cumulative incidence function accounting for the competing risk of death.

Results

Mean age at study entry was 73 years, 55% were female, and 13% were non-white. Cognitive impairment developed in 1029 participants over 8 years. The probability of death over the study period was greater in the CVD group (19.8% vs. 13.8%, absolute difference 6.0, 95% confidence interval 2.2 to 9.7%). The cumulative incidence analysis, which adjusted for the competing risk of death, showed no significant difference in likelihood of cognitive impairment between the CVD and control groups (29.7% vs. 30.6%, absolute difference − 0.9, 95% confidence interval − 5.6 to 3.7%). This finding did not change after adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical characteristics using a proportional subdistribution hazard regression model.

Conclusions

Overall, we found no increased risk of subsequent CI among participants with CVD (compared with no CVD), despite previous studies indicating that incident CVD accelerates cognitive decline.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02191-0.

Sleep quality and risk of cancer: findings from the English longitudinal study of aging

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To prospectively examine the association between sleep quality and incident cancer risk in the elderly.

METHODS

A total of 10,036 participants aged ≥50 years free of cancer at baseline from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing at wave 4 (2008) were included, and followed up until 2016. The primary endpoint was new onset physician-diagnosed cancer. Sleep quality was assessed by four questions regarding the frequency of sleep problems and overall subjective feeling of sleep quality in the last month, with higher score denoting poorer sleep quality. The multivariable Cox regression model was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident cancer risk according to sleep quality.

RESULTS

At 8-year follow-up, a total of 745 (7.4%) participants developed cancer. Compared with good sleep quality at baseline, HR (95% CI) for incident cancer risk was 1.328 (1.061, 1.662) for intermediate quality, 1.586 (1.149, 2.189) for poor quality. Similarly, compared with maintaining good sleep quality in the first 4 years, HR (95% CI) for incident cancer risk was 1.615 (1.208, 2.160) for maintaining intermediate quality and 1.608 (1.043, 2.480) for maintaining poor quality. The exclusion of participants with family history of cancer or abnormal sleep duration yielded consistent results.

CONCLUSIONS

Poor sleep quality is positively associated with the long-term risk of developing cancer in an elderly cohort. Both medical staffs and the general public should pay more attention to improving sleep hygiene.

Lowered cognitive function and the risk of the first events of cardiovascular diseases: findings from a cohort study in Lithuania

Background

The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to examine whether the level of cognitive function at the baseline expressed as a cognitive function composite score and score of specific domains predict the risk of first cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in middle-aged and older populations.

Methods

Seven thousand eighty-seven participants, men and women aged 45–72 years, were assessed in the baseline survey of the Health Alcohol Psychosocial Factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study in 2006–2008 in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania. During 10 years of follow-up, the risk of first non-fatal events of CVD and death from CVD (excluding those participants with a documented history of CVD and/or ischemic heart disease (IHD) diagnosed at the baseline survey) was evaluated. Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to examine how cognitive function predicts the first events of CVD.

Results

During the follow-up, there were 156 deaths from CVD (49 women and 107 men) and 464 first non-fatal CVD events (195 women and 269 men) registered. The total number of first CVD events was 620 (11.5%). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, biological and lifestyle risk factors and illnesses, a decrease per 1 standard deviation in different cognitive function scores significantly increased the risk of a first event of CVD (immediate verbal recall score - by 17% in men and 32% in women; delayed verbal recall score – by 17% in men and 24% in women; and a composite score of cognitive function – by 15% in men and 29% in women). Kaplan-Meier survival curves for the probability of a first cardiovascular event according to the categories of a composite score of cognitive function, revealed that a lowered cognitive function predicts a higher probability of the events compared to normal cognitive function (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The findings of this follow-up study suggest that men and women with lower cognitive functions have an increased risk for a first event of CVD compared to participants with a higher level of cognitive functions.

Cerebrovascular Disease and Cognitive Outcome in Patients with Cardiac Disease

The pace of understanding cognitive decline and dementia has rapidly accelerated over the past decade, with constantly evolving insights into the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Notably, more overlap has been discovered in the pathophysiology between what was previously understood to be Alzheimer's disease and VCID, leading to a heightened emphasis on disease prevention through early and aggressive control of vascular risk factors. One particularly vulnerable population may be those with cardiac disease, as they are at risk for cerebrovascular disease, which itself can lead to dementia, and increasing evidence supports cognitive impairment in disease processes such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation, independent of ischemic stroke, suggesting other potential mechanisms. In this article, we review the evidence supporting the relationship between cardiac disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cognitive decline and discuss the ongoing and future research efforts aimed at defining the important relationship between these entities.

Longitudinal Changes in Depressive Symptoms and Risks of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

There remains a relative paucity of evidence for the association between changes in depressive symptoms with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the association of change in depressive symptoms and incident CVD and mortality in a large prospective cohort of middle-aged and older adults.

METHODS

A total of 6,810 participants free of CVD in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study with two assessments of depressive symptoms at wave 1 (2011-2012) and wave 2 (2013-2014) were included. Elevated depressive symptoms were defined as a score of ≥12 on the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. We used a modified Poisson regression to examine the association of changes in depressive symptoms (never, onset, remitted, and persistent) and incident CVD (a composite endpoint of heart disease or stroke) and mortality at wave 3 (2015-2016).

RESULTS

During follow-up, 457 CVDs and 148 deaths occurred. Multivariable analyses revealed that persistent depressive symptoms were associated with an elevated risk of CVD (risk ratio = 1.77, 95% confidence interval = 1.38-2.26) and mortality (risk ratio = 1.63, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-2.64) compared with participants without any depressive symptoms. New-onset depressive symptoms increased the mortality risk (risk ratio = 2.37, 95% confidence interval = 1.52-3.69), but not CVD (risk ratio = 1.15, 95% confidence interval = 0.84-1.58). Remitted depressive symptoms were associated with a 35% and 13% excess risk of CVD and mortality, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Persistent and remitted depressive symptoms were associated with an increased risk of CVD. New-onset depressive symptoms predicted elevated mortality risk.

Neurobiological Pathways Linking Acute Mental Stress to Impairments in Executive Function in Individuals with Coronary Artery Disease

BACKGROUND

Individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD) have worse executive function compared to the general population but the mechanisms are unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of acute mental stress (MS) on the executive function of patients with CAD.

METHODS

Participants with stable CAD underwent acute MS testing with simultaneous peripheral vascular function measurements and brain imaging using high resolution-positron emission tomography. Digital pulse wave amplitude was continuously measured using peripheral artery tonometry (PAT, Itamar Inc). Stress/rest PAT ratio (sPAT) of pulse wave amplitude during MS/baseline was calculated as a measure of microvascular constriction during MS. Plasma levels of catecholamine and interleukin-6 were assessed at baseline and after MS. Executive function was assessed both at baseline and at 2 years follow-up using the Trail Making Test parts A and B.

RESULTS

We studied 389 individuals with brain data available for 148 participants. Of this population follow-up cognitive assessments were performed in 226 individuals (121 with brain imaging). After multivariable adjustment for baseline demographics, risk factors, and medication use, a lower sPAT, indicating greater vasoconstriction, a higher inferior frontal lobe activation with MS, and increases in norepinephrine and IL-6 levels with MS were all independently associated with greater time to complete Trail B test.-38.4pt.

CONCLUSION

In response to acute MS, greater peripheral vasoconstriction, higher inferior frontal lobe brain activation, and increases in the levels of norepinephrine and IL-6 are associated with worse executive function.

Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia and cognitive impairment in coronary atherosclerosis

OBJECTIVE

To understand if presence of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI) is associated with higher prevalence of cognitive impairment at baseline and its decline over time.

METHODS

A cohort of participants with stable coronary atherosclerosis underwent acute mental stress testing using a series of standardized speech/arithmetic stressors. The stress/rest digital vasomotor response to mental stress (sPAT) was assessed to measure microvascular constriction during mental stress. Patients received 99mTc-sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging at rest, with mental stress and with conventional (exercise/pharmacological) stress. Cognitive function was assessed both at baseline and at a 2 year follow-up using the Trail Making Test parts A and B and the verbal and visual memory subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale.

RESULTS

We studied 486 individuals (72% male, 32.1% Black, 62 ± 9 (mean ± SD) years old). After multivariable adjustment for baseline demographics, risk factors, and medication use, presence of MSIMI was associated with 21% and 20% slower completion of Trail-A and Trail-B, respectively (p for all <0.01). After a 2-year follow-up period, presence of MSIMI was associated with a 33% slower completion of Trail-B, denoting cognitive decline (B = 0.33, 95% CI, 0.04, 0.62). A lower sPAT, indicating greater vasoconstriction, mediated the association between MSIMI and worsening Trail-B performance by 18.2%. Ischemia with a conventional stress test was not associated with any of the cognitive tests over time.

CONCLUSION

MSIMI is associated with slower visuomotor processing and worse executive function at baseline and with greater decline in these abilities over time.

Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID): A report from the 2018 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Workshop

Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) are characterized by the aging neurovascular unit being confronted with and failing to cope with biological insults due to systemic and cerebral vascular disease, proteinopathy including Alzheimer's biology, metabolic disease, or immune response, resulting in cognitive decline. This report summarizes the discussion and recommendations from a working group convened by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke to evaluate the state of the field in VCID research, identify research priorities, and foster collaborations. As discussed in this report, advances in understanding the biological mechanisms of VCID across the wide spectrum of pathologies, chronic systemic comorbidities, and other risk factors may lead to potential prevention and new treatment strategies to decrease the burden of dementia. Better understanding of the social determinants of health that affect risks for both vascular disease and VCID could provide insight into strategies to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in VCID.

Association Between Sleep Duration and Cognitive Decline

IMPORTANCE

An association between sleep duration and the trajectory of cognitive decline has not been conclusively demonstrated.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between sleep duration and cognitive decline by a pooled analysis of 2 nationally representative aging cohorts.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

A pooled cohort study using data from waves 4 to 8 (2008-2009 to 2016-2017) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and waves 1 to 3 (2011 to 2015) in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in a population-based setting. Participants were 2 randomly enrolled cohorts comprising 28 756 individuals living in England who were 50 years or older and those living in China who were 45 years or older.

EXPOSURE

Self-reported sleep duration per night according to face-to-face interviews.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Global cognitive z scores were calculated according to immediate and delayed recall test, an animal fluency test, the serial sevens test, an intersecting pentagon copying test, and a date orientation test.

RESULTS

Data were analyzed from 20 065 participants, including 9254 from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (mean [SD] age, 64.6 [9.8] years; 55.9% [5174 of 9254] women; median follow-up duration, 8 [interquartile range, 6-8] years) and 10 811 from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (mean [SD] age, 57.8 [9.0] years; 50.2% [5425 of 10 811] men; median follow-up duration, 4 [interquartile range, 4-4] years). During 100 000 person-years of follow-up, global cognitive z scores in individuals with 4 hours or less (pooled β = -0.022; 95% CI, -0.035 to -0.009 SD per year; P = .001) and 10 hours or more (pooled β = -0.033; 95% CI, -0.054 to -0.011 SD per year; P = .003) of sleep per night declined faster than in the reference group (7 hours per night) after adjusting for a number of covariates. An inverted U-shaped association between sleep duration and global cognitive decline was also observed.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

In this pooled cohort study, an inverted U-shaped association between sleep duration and global cognitive decline was found, indicating that cognitive function should be monitored in individuals with insufficient (≤4 hours per night) or excessive (≥10 hours per night) sleep duration. Future studies are needed to examine the mechanisms of the association between sleep duration and cognitive decline.

PolyvasculaR Evaluation for Cognitive Impairment and vaScular Events (PRECISE)-a population-based prospective cohort study: rationale, design and baseline participant characteristics

Background and purpose

Cardiovascular diseases and dementia are two major diseases in the elderly. Atherosclerosis is associated with future vascular events and cognitive impairment. The PolyvasculaR Evaluation for Cognitive Impairment and vaScular Events (PRECISE) study is a population-based prospective cohort study with comprehensive evaluation of multiterritorial artery stenosis and plaque using advanced vascular imaging techniques and prospective collection of vascular events and cognitive assessments.

Methods

Between May 2017 and September 2019, the PRECISE study enrolled 3067 community-dwelling adults with ages between 50 and 75 years cluster sampled from six villages and four communities of Lishui city in China. Data are collected in face-to-face interviews at baseline, 2-year and 4-year follow-up visits. Brain MRI including high-resolution sequences for intracranial and carotidal arteries and CT angiography for thoracoabdominal arteries were performed at baseline and will be rescanned after 4 years. Cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events and cognitive assessment will be prospectively collected after the enrollment. Blood and urine samples were collected and biomarkers were tested at baseline.

Results

A total of 3067 subjects were enrolled, among which 53.5% were female with an average age of 61.2±6.7 years. Among them, 2.8%, 8.1%, 43.1% and 21.6% had a history of stroke, coronary heart diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively.

Conclusions

The PRECISE study is a population-based prospective cohort study with comprehensive evaluation of atherosclerotic stenosis and plaque using advanced vascular imaging techniques. Data from this cohort provide us an opportunity to precisely evaluate polyvascular atherosclerosis and its association with future vascular events and cognitive impairment.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT03178448).

Cigarette smoking and cognitive function among older adults living in the community

Background. The present study aimed to examine the long-term impact of CS on Executive Function (EF) and memory among older adults living in the community. Methods. Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT) were used to examine EF and memory, respectively, using four waves of National Health and Aging Trend Study. The respondents were asked whether they have ever smoked, length of smoking, and age of start and quit smoking. Results. CS can have a long-term impact on both EF and memory. However, current smoking can increase the risk of EF impairment compared to former smokers. Lung disease and current smoking can have a synergic effect of impairment in EF. Conclusion. In the long-term, smoking can negatively affect cognitive. Lung diseases and smoking can synergize their impacts on EF. The impact of smoking on cognition varies across ethnic groups; hence, educational programs targeting minorities can reduce discrepancies.

Radionuclide Imaging of the Molecular Mechanisms Linking Heart and Brain in Ischemic Syndromes

For the heart and the brain, clinical observations suggest that an acute ischemic event experienced by one organ is associated with an increased risk for future acute events and chronic dysfunction of the reciprocal organ. Beyond atherosclerosis as a common systemic disease, various molecular mechanisms are thought to be involved in this interaction. Molecular-targeted nuclear imaging may identify the contribution of factors, such as the neurohumoral, circulatory, or especially the immune system, by combining specific radiotracers with whole-body acquisition and global as well as regional multiorgan analysis. This may be integrated with complementary functional imaging markers and systemic biomarkers for comprehensive network interrogation. Such systems-based strategies go beyond the traditional organ-centered approach and provide novel mechanistic insights, information about temporal dynamics, and a foundation for future interventions aiming at optimal preservation of function of both organs.

Associations between dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and cognitive function in 5,061 older men and women in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

Despite extensive observational and intervention research, the association between concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and cognition at older ages remains unclear. This study investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between plasma DHEAS and cognitive function in a large nationally-representative cohort of men and women aged 50 and older. Data were analysed from 5061 participants (mean age 65.1, standard deviation 8.61) who completed memory, verbal fluency and processing speed tests at baseline and two years later. Age, education, marital status, paid employment, depressive symptoms, mobility impairment, coronary heart disease and diabetes were included as covariates, and analyses were stratified by gender. We found positive associations at baseline between DHEAS concentration and aggregate cognition after adjustment for covariates in men (β = 0.049, standard error (s.e.) 0.020, p = 0.015). Longitudinally, DHEAS at baseline predicted cognition two years later in men (β = 0.052, s.e. 0.020, p = 0.010), but not after baseline cognition was taken into account (β = 0.022, s.e. 0.016, p = 0.17), indicating that DHEAS was not associated with rate of cognitive decline. Similar associations were recorded at 6 year follow-up. No significant relationships between DHEAS and cognition were observed among women. We conclude that greater DHEAS concentrations are associated with cognition level at older ages in men, but are unlikely to play a functional role in cognitive decline.