101
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Schodt KB, Quiroz SI, Wheeler B, Hall DL, Silva YN. Cyberbullying and Mental Health in Adults: The Moderating Role of Social Media Use and Gender. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:674298. [PMID: 34335327 PMCID: PMC8319715 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has identified a link between mental health and cyberbullying, primarily in studies of youth. Fewer studies have examined cyberbullying in adults or how the relation between mental health and cyberbullying might vary based on an individual's social media use. The present research examined how three indicators of mental health-depression, anxiety, and substance use-interact with social media use and gender to predict cyberbullying in adults. In Study 1, U.S. adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 525) completed an online survey that included measures of mental health and cyberbullying. Multiple regression analyses revealed significant three-way interactions between mental health, degree of social media use, and gender in models predicting cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Specifically, for men, depression and anxiety predicted greater cyberbullying victimization and perpetration, particularly among men with relatively higher levels of social media use. In contrast, depression and anxiety were uncorrelated with cyberbullying for women, regardless of level of social media use. Study 2 largely replicated these findings using well-validated measures of mental health (e.g., Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Global Appraisal of Individual Needs Substance Use scale) in U.S. adults recruited through Prolific.co (N = 482). Together, these results underscore the importance of examining mental health correlates of cyberbullying within the context of social media use and gender and shed light on conditions in which indicators of mental health may be especially beneficial for predicting cyberbullying in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn B Schodt
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Selena I Quiroz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Brittany Wheeler
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Deborah L Hall
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Yasin N Silva
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
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102
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Faelens L, Hoorelbeke K, Soenens B, Van Gaeveren K, De Marez L, De Raedt R, Koster EH. Social media use and well-being: A prospective experience-sampling study. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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103
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Macrynikola N, Auad E, Menjivar J, Miranda R. Does social media use confer suicide risk? A systematic review of the evidence. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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104
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Hartanto A, Quek FYX, Tng GYQ, Yong JC. Does Social Media Use Increase Depressive Symptoms? A Reverse Causation Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:641934. [PMID: 33833700 PMCID: PMC8021694 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jose C Yong
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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105
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Zahedi S, Jaffer R, Iyer A. A systematic review of screen-time literature to inform educational policy and practice during COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH OPEN 2021; 2:100094. [PMID: 35059672 PMCID: PMC8592820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for consensus around the matter of screen time (ST) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some governments announced restrictions for online schooling time per day to protect students from perceived risks of prolonged screen-use, but critics and an emerging body of research question such regulations. Our review of 52 empirical studies found (a) an overwhelming majority of literature shows effect sizes too small to be of practical or clinical significance, and (b) findings more specifically on educational ST are inconclusive and critically underrepresented. These facts, along with the undeniable benefits of online learning in the absence of brick-and-mortar schooling and the ominous forecasts of learning loss caused by prolonged school closure, inform our recommendations for a more moderate policy and practical stance on restrictions - one that is focused on responsibly leveraging the educational and social benefits of ST in a world still recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhea Jaffer
- Manager of Research and Outreach, The Acres Foundation, Mumbai, India
| | - Anuj Iyer
- Head of Learning & Innovation, The Acres Foundation, Mumbai, India
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106
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Social comparison on social networking sites. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 36:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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107
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Kross E, Verduyn P, Sheppes G, Costello CK, Jonides J, Ybarra O. Social Media and Well-Being: Pitfalls, Progress, and Next Steps. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 25:55-66. [PMID: 33187873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Within a relatively short time span, social media have transformed the way humans interact, leading many to wonder what, if any, implications this interactive revolution has had for people's emotional lives. Over the past 15 years, an explosion of research has examined this issue, generating countless studies and heated debate. Although early research generated inconclusive findings, several experiments have revealed small negative effects of social media use on well-being. These results mask, however, a deeper set of complexities. Accumulating evidence indicates that social media can enhance or diminish well-being depending on how people use them. Future research is needed to model these complexities using stronger methods to advance knowledge in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kross
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Philippe Verduyn
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gal Sheppes
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Cory K Costello
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Jonides
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oscar Ybarra
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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108
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Mayer G, Alvarez S, Gronewold N, Schultz JH. Expressions of Individualization on the Internet and Social Media: Multigenerational Focus Group Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e20528. [PMID: 33146622 PMCID: PMC7673976 DOI: 10.2196/20528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growing individualization within the past decades has been described as a fundamental shift in society. Studies have reported how the digital age promotes new forms of individualism with self-tracking technologies and self-presentation in social networks. Potential harmful effects on the mental health of young adults have already been at the forefront of research. However, 2 questions that remain unanswered are how emotional experiences and expressions of self-relatedness differ among generations in their usage of the internet and social media, and if an increasing individualism can be observed by this. Objective The aim of this study is to examine whether the use of the internet and social media has led people to be more concerned about themselves than former generations. The potential consequences of mental and emotional distress among different age groups are analyzed. Methods A focus-group approach was chosen to study the following age groups: Baby Boomers (those born in 1950-1965), Generation X (those born in 1966-1980), and Digital Natives (those born in 1981-2000). We organized 6 focus groups with 36 participants who discussed their private usage of the internet and social media, different devices, platforms and functions, communication behavior, and self-tracking. We applied inductive category formation and followed the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist. Results We found differences in the 3 studied generations regarding the reasons for their use of the internet and social media, the effects of this use, personal feelings and experiences, expressions of self-relatedness, and social relationships. The Baby Boomers voiced a wish to stay autonomous while being in contact with their personal network. Generation X included enthusiastic members who appreciate self-tracking for curiosity and fascination, as well as people who felt fears about data surveillance. The Digital Natives reported a wish to optimize their own body by self-tracking while being faced with norms and expectations that were communicated via the internet and social media. Conclusions All generations expressed self-relatedness, yet by different means. The Baby Boomers expressed less individualism than Generation X and the Digital Natives, who felt the highest strain due to social comparisons. However, all generations reported specific, potentially problematic consequences for their mental health. Age-specific coping strategies are necessary to promote a mentally healthy way of using the internet and social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Mayer
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Alvarez
- Texas A&M University - Central Texas, Killeen Texas, TX, United States
| | - Nadine Gronewold
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jobst-Hendrik Schultz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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109
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Ivie EJ, Pettitt A, Moses LJ, Allen NB. A meta-analysis of the association between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 2020; 275:165-174. [PMID: 32734903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of adolescent social media use with mental health symptoms, especially depression, has recently attracted a great deal of interest in public media as well as the scientific community. Some studies have cited statistically significant associations between adolescent social media use and depression and have proposed that parents must regulate their adolescents' social media use in order to protect their mental health. METHOD In order to rigorously assess the size of the effect that has been reported in the current scientific literature, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies that measured the association between social media use specifically and depressive symptoms amongst early- to mid- adolescents (11-18 years-old). We searched Psychnet, PubMed, and Web of Science with the following terms: online social networks, social media, internet usage, facebook, twitter, instagram, myspace, snapchat, and depression. RESULTS We found a small but significant positive correlation (k=12 studies, r=.11, p<.01) between adolescent social media use and depressive symptoms. There was also high heterogeneity (I2=95.22%) indicating substantial variation among studies. CONCLUSIONS High heterogeneity along with the small overall effect size observed in the relationship between self-reported social media use and depressive symptoms suggests that other factors are likely to act as significant moderators of the relationship. We suggest that future research should be focused on understanding which types of use may be harmful (or helpful) to mental health, rather than focusing on overall use measures that likely reflect highly heterogeneous exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Pettitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Louis J Moses
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Nicholas B Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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110
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Das-Friebel A, Lenneis A, Realo A, Sanborn A, Tang NKY, Wolke D, von Mühlenen A, Lemola S. Bedtime social media use, sleep, and affective wellbeing in young adults: an experience sampling study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1138-1149. [PMID: 32924153 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from primarily cross-sectional studies have linked more extensive social media use to poorer sleep and affective wellbeing among adolescents and young adults. This study examined bedtime social media use, sleep, and affective wellbeing, using an experience sampling methodology with the aim of establishing a day-to-day temporal link between the variables. The study hypothesized a positive association between increased bedtime social media use and lower affective wellbeing the following day, mediated by poorer sleep. METHODS Using a smartphone application, 101 undergraduate students (Mage = 19.70 years, SD = 1.09 years), completed daily questionnaires assessing the previous night's bedtime social media use and sleep duration and satisfaction (one measurement per day, questionnaire sent at 08:00), and momentary affective wellbeing (five measurements per day, at randomly varying times between 08:00 and 22:00 on weekdays and 10:00 and 22:00 on weekends), for 14 consecutive days. Objective assessments of total sleep time and sleep efficiency were obtained via wrist-worn actigraphs. By means of separate multilevel models, it was tested whether increased bedtime social media use predicted poorer sleep the same night, whether poorer sleep was predictive of positive and negative affect the following day, and whether sleep mediated the relationship between social media use and affective wellbeing. RESULTS Increased bedtime social media use was not associated with poorer sleep the same night. Apart from subjective sleep satisfaction, no other sleep variable (i.e., subjective sleep duration, objective total sleep time and objective sleep efficiency) predicted positive or negative affect the following day. CONCLUSIONS This study found that bedtime social media use is not detrimental to the sleep and affective wellbeing of healthy young adults. However, it is possible that bedtime social media use may be harmful to the sleep of vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Lenneis
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Adam Sanborn
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nicole K Y Tang
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Sakari Lemola
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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111
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Arias-de la Torre J, Puigdomenech E, García X, Valderas JM, Eiroa-Orosa FJ, Fernández-Villa T, Molina AJ, Martín V, Serrano-Blanco A, Alonso J, Espallargues M. Relationship Between Depression and the Use of Mobile Technologies and Social Media Among Adolescents: Umbrella Review. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e16388. [PMID: 32663157 PMCID: PMC7481866 DOI: 10.2196/16388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the relevance of mobile technologies and social media (MTSM) for adolescents, their association with depressive disorders in this population remains unclear. While there are previous reviews that have identified the use of MTSM as a risk factor for developing depression, other reviews have indicated their possible preventive effect. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to synthesize the current evidence on the association between MTSM use and the development or prevention of depressive disorders in adolescents. METHODS An umbrella review was conducted using information published up to June 2019 from PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library. Systematic reviews focusing on the adolescent population (up to 20 years old) and depression and its potential relationship with MTSM use were included. Screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts was performed. After selecting the reviews and given the heterogeneity of the outcome variables and exposures, a narrative synthesis of the results was carried out. RESULTS The search retrieved 338 documents, from which 7 systematic reviews (3 meta-analyses) were selected for data extraction. There were 11-70 studies and 5582-46,015 participants included in the 7 reviews. All reviews included quantitative research, and 2 reviews also included qualitative studies. A statistically significant association between social media and developing depressive symptoms was reported in 2 reviews, while 5 reviews reported mixed results. CONCLUSIONS Excessive social comparison and personal involvement when using MTSM could be associated with the development of depressive symptomatology. Nevertheless, MTSM might promote social support and even become a point of assistance for people with depression. Due to the mixed results, prospective research could be valuable for providing stronger evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arias-de la Torre
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain.,Agency for Health Quality and Assessment of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Elisa Puigdomenech
- Agency for Health Quality and Assessment of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Health Services and Chronic Diseases Research Network, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier García
- Agency for Health Quality and Assessment of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Valderas
- Health Services and Policy Research Group, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Jose Eiroa-Orosa
- Section of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Vicente Martín
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Antoni Serrano-Blanco
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain.,Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Alonso
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain.,Health Services Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Espallargues
- Agency for Health Quality and Assessment of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.,Health Services and Chronic Diseases Research Network, Barcelona, Spain
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112
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Shatte ABR, Hutchinson DM, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Teague SJ. Social Media Markers to Identify Fathers at Risk of Postpartum Depression: A Machine Learning Approach. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2020; 23:611-618. [PMID: 32915660 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a significant mental health issue in mothers and fathers alike; yet at-risk fathers often come to the attention of health care professionals late due to low awareness of symptoms and reluctance to seek help. This study aimed to examine whether passive social media markers are effective for identifying fathers at risk of PPD. We collected 67,796 Reddit posts from 365 fathers, spanning a 6-month period around the birth of their child. A list of "at-risk" words was developed in collaboration with a perinatal mental health expert. PPD was assessed by evaluating the change in fathers' use of words indicating depressive symptomatology after childbirth. Predictive models were developed as a series of support vector machine classifiers using behavior, emotion, linguistic style, and discussion topics as features. The performance of these classifiers indicates that fathers at risk of PPD can be predicted from their prepartum data alone. Overall, the best performing model used discussion topic features only with a recall score of 0.82. These findings could assist in the development of support and intervention tools for fathers during the prepartum period, with specific applicability to personalized and preventative support tools for at-risk fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian B R Shatte
- School of Science, Engineering & Information Technology, Federation University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Delyse M Hutchinson
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Samantha J Teague
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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113
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Vente T, Daley M, Killmeyer E, Grubb LK. Association of Social Media Use and High-Risk Behaviors in Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2020; 3:e18043. [PMID: 32452820 PMCID: PMC7284392 DOI: 10.2196/18043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated the prevalence of social media use and identified the presence of high-risk behaviors among adolescents, including self-harm and sharing of sexually explicit messages. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify patterns in the amount of time spent on social media by adolescents who engage in high-risk behavior and the extent to which they use social media as a platform for sharing such behaviors. METHODS This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 179 adolescents seen in a pediatric clinic at an urban medical center. We used an anonymous self-report survey to obtain demographic characteristics, rates of self-harm thoughts and behaviors, sharing of sexually explicit messages, and social media use as determined by total hours spent on social media per day and the number of applications used. RESULTS Most adolescents reported spending 3 to 5 hours on social media each day and using 3 or more social media applications. Almost 1 in 8 (22/179, 12.3%) adolescents self-reported having ever engaged in self-injury with a mean age of onset of 11.8 years. Over a quarter (49/179, 27.4%) of adolescents reported sharing sexually explicit messages. Relative risk of engaging in self-injury and or sharing sexually explicit messages increased with the use of 4 or more social media applications (1.66; CI 1.11-2.48). CONCLUSIONS Results show a relationship between the number of social media applications used and increased rates of high-risk behaviors. We identified relevant risk factors that clinicians can use to screen for high-risk behavior and parents can monitor to encourage education about healthy online practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vente
- Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,The Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mary Daley
- The Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Killmeyer
- The Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laura K Grubb
- The Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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114
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Timpano KR, Beard C. Social networking and mental health: looking beyond frequency of use and towards mechanisms of action. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:905-906. [PMID: 32034280 PMCID: PMC7265427 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiara R. Timpano
- 0000 0004 1936 8606grid.26790.3aDepartment of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL USA
| | - Courtney Beard
- 000000041936754Xgrid.38142.3cMcLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA USA
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115
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Orben A. Teenagers, screens and social media: a narrative review of reviews and key studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2020; 55:407-414. [PMID: 31925481 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In light of growing concerns about an increasingly digital adolescence, the academic field investigating how digital technologies affect adolescents' psychological well-being is growing rapidly. In the last years, much research has amassed, and this has been summarised in over 80 systematic reviews and meta-analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and key studies are reviewed to provide insights into the state of current research linking digital technology and social media use to well-being; possible future directions and improvements are discussed. RESULTS When examining the reviews, it becomes evident that the research field is dominated by cross-sectional work that is generally of a low quality standard. While research has highlighted the importance of differentiating between different types of digital technology use many studies do not consider such necessary nuances. These limitations aside, the association between digital technology use, or social media use in particular, and psychological well-being is-on average-negative but very small. Furthermore, the direction of the link between digital technology use and well-being is still unclear: effects have been found to exist in both directions and there has been little work done to rule out potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Reviewing the last decade of reviews in the area, it is evident that the research field needs to refocus on improving transparency, interpreting effect sizes and changing measurement. It also needs to show a greater appreciation for the individual differences that will inherently shape each adolescent's reaction to digital technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Orben
- Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3AP, UK.
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK.
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116
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Holtzhausen N, Fitzgerald K, Thakur I, Ashley J, Rolfe M, Pit SW. Swipe-based dating applications use and its association with mental health outcomes: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:22. [PMID: 32127048 PMCID: PMC7055053 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-0373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swipe-Based Dating Applications (SBDAs) function similarly to other social media and online dating platforms but have the unique feature of “swiping” the screen to either like or dislike another user’s profile. There is a lack of research into the relationship between SBDAs and mental health outcomes. The aim of this study was to study whether adult SBDA users report higher levels of psychological distress, anxiety, depression, and lower self-esteem, compared to people who do not use SBDAs. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was completed by 437 participants. Mental health (MH) outcomes included the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-2 scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-2, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios of having a MH condition. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used with an apriori model which considered all four mental health scores together in a single analysis. The apriori model included user status, age and gender. Results Thirty percent were current SBDA users. The majority of users and past users had met people face-to-face, with 26.1%(60/230) having met > 5 people, and only 22.6%(52/230) having never arranged a meeting. Almost 40%(39.1%; 90/230) had previously entered into a serious relationship with someone they had met on a SBDA. More participants reported a positive impact on self-esteem as a result of SBDA use (40.4%; 93/230), than a negative impact (28.7%;66/230). Being a SBDA user was significantly associated with having psychological distress (OR = 2.51,95%CI (1.32–4.77)), p = 0.001), and depression (OR = 1.91,95%CI (1.04–3.52), p = 0.037) in the multivariable logistic regression models, adjusting for age, gender and sexual orientation. When the four MH scores were analysed together there was a significant difference (p = 0.037) between being a user or non-user, with SDBA users having significantly higher mean scores for distress (p = 0.001), anxiety (p = 0.015) and depression (p = 0.005). Increased frequency of use and longer duration of use were both associated with greater psychological distress and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusion SBDA use is common and users report higher levels of depression, anxiety and distress compared to those who do not use the applications. Further studies are needed to determine causality and investigate specific patterns of SBDA use that are detrimental to mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol Holtzhausen
- Western Sydney University, University Centre for Rural Health, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Keersten Fitzgerald
- Western Sydney University, University Centre for Rural Health, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Ishaan Thakur
- Western Sydney University, University Centre for Rural Health, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Jack Ashley
- Western Sydney University, University Centre for Rural Health, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Margaret Rolfe
- University Of Sydney, School of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sabrina Winona Pit
- Western Sydney University, University Centre for Rural Health, 61 Uralba Street, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia. .,University Of Sydney, School of Medicine, Sydney, Australia.
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117
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[Mediators of Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescence as Possible Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2020; 68:690-710. [PMID: 31957561 DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2019.68.8.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mediators of Problematic Social Media Use in Adolescence as Possible Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Social media are omnipresent in the lives of adolescents. Problematic use of social media has been linked to adverse mental health outcomes including depression, anxiety, suicidality, self-harm, body dissatisfaction and eating pathology. Preliminary evidence suggests that interventions aiming at reducing the amount of time spent in social media and changing dysfunctional beliefs about social media use are promising. However, the mechanisms of change of these interventions with regard to mental health remain unclear. Therefore, this review first provides an overview of the association between social media and mental health and then identifies mediators of this relationship as potential mechanisms of change of interventions targeting problematic media use in adolescents. The identified mediators encompass social comparison, decreased self-esteem, fear of missing out, sleep problems and increased rumination. Future studies should apply a longitudinal design, should investigate additional confounding variables (e. g. age, level of psychopathology) and should also focus on positive effects of social media use on mental health. Thereby, this line of research has the potential to improve our understanding how social media use exerts its effects and based thereupon to develop new or optimize current interventions on problematic social media use to improve mental health in adolescents by targeting the identified mediators.
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118
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Shensa A, Sidani JE, Escobar-Viera CG, Switzer GE, Primack BA, Choukas-Bradley S. Emotional support from social media and face-to-face relationships: Associations with depression risk among young adults. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:38-44. [PMID: 31493637 PMCID: PMC7383439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional support is highly protective against poor mental health. Though several measures of emotional support exist, none specifically addresses social media (SM) as a source of emotional support. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine if SM-based emotional support is an extension of or distinct construct from face-to-face (FTF) emotional support and to assess the independent associations between each domain of emotional support and depression risk among U.S. young adults. METHODS In March 2018, we surveyed 2408 18-30 year olds. We assessed perceived FTF emotional support with the brief PROMIS emotional support scale and perceived SM-based emotional support using a new four-item measure. Depression risk was assessed using the PHQ-9. We performed factor analysis (FA) to determine the underlying factor structure of all items and to develop composite scales. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the independent association between each resulting emotional support scale and depression risk. RESULTS FA revealed two distinct constructs. FTF emotional support was associated with 43% lower odds of depression per 1-unit increase on the 5-point scale (AOR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.52-0.63). However, SM-based emotional support was significantly associated with 20% greater odds of depression per 1-unit increase on the 5-point scale (AOR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.09-1.32). LIMITATIONS This study utilized a cross-sectional design and self-report data. CONCLUSIONS While FTF emotional support was associated with slightly lower odds of depression, SM-based emotional support was associated with slightly greater odds of depression. It may be valuable for clinicians treating individuals with depression to ask about sources of emotional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shensa
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Jaime E Sidani
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - César G Escobar-Viera
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Galen E Switzer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brian A Primack
- College of Education and Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AK, United States
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119
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Blease C, Locher C, Leon-Carlyle M, Doraiswamy M. Artificial intelligence and the future of psychiatry: Qualitative findings from a global physician survey. Digit Health 2020; 6:2055207620968355. [PMID: 33194219 PMCID: PMC7597571 DOI: 10.1177/2055207620968355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential for machine learning to disrupt the medical profession is the subject of ongoing debate within biomedical informatics. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore psychiatrists' opinions about the potential impact innovations in artificial intelligence and machine learning on psychiatric practice. METHODS In Spring 2019, we conducted a web-based survey of 791 psychiatrists from 22 countries worldwide. The survey measured opinions about the likelihood future technology would fully replace physicians in performing ten key psychiatric tasks. This study involved qualitative descriptive analysis of written responses ("comments") to three open-ended questions in the survey. RESULTS Comments were classified into four major categories in relation to the impact of future technology on: (1) patient-psychiatrist interactions; (2) the quality of patient medical care; (3) the profession of psychiatry; and (4) health systems. Overwhelmingly, psychiatrists were skeptical that technology could replace human empathy. Many predicted that 'man and machine' would increasingly collaborate in undertaking clinical decisions, with mixed opinions about the benefits and harms of such an arrangement. Participants were optimistic that technology might improve efficiencies and access to care, and reduce costs. Ethical and regulatory considerations received limited attention. CONCLUSIONS This study presents timely information on psychiatrists' views about the scope of artificial intelligence and machine learning on psychiatric practice. Psychiatrists expressed divergent views about the value and impact of future technology with worrying omissions about practice guidelines, and ethical and regulatory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blease
- General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Locher
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Plymouth, UK
| | | | - M Doraiswamy
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, and Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
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120
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Jagtiani MR, Kelly Y, Fancourt D, Shelton N, Scholes S. #StateOfMind: Family Meal Frequency Moderates the Association Between Time on Social Networking Sites and Well-Being Among U.K. Young Adults. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2019; 22:753-760. [PMID: 31841647 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2019.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Family belonging may influence relationships between the amount of time spent on social networking sites (SNS) and well-being. We examined the SNS and well-being association among young adults and investigated whether different markers of family belonging moderated this association. SNS, well-being, and family data (n = 2,229) were collected from adults aged 16-21 years living with their parent(s) in the United Kingdom. Participants were classed as nonusers (0 hours/weekday spent chatting or interacting with friends through social Web sites), moderate (nonzero to 4 hours/weekday), or heavy users (4+ hours/weekday). Multivariable linear regressions examined the SNS use and well-being associations; interaction terms tested whether these varied by family belonging (family meal frequency, strength of family support, and importance of family to personal identity). Well-being scores were lower for heavy users of SNS compared with moderate users (p = 0.044), and for those sharing few or no family meals (p < 0.001). The SNS use and well-being association was significantly moderated by family meal frequency (p = 0.009). Among those reporting no family meals, well-being scores were lower for heavy users versus nonusers (22.4 vs. 25.3). Well-being scores were similar across the SNS use categories among those having more family meals. Among heavy users of SNS, young adults having no family meals may be particularly vulnerable to the harms of being online. Our findings highlight the importance of minimizing the harms of heavy SNS use, including support for families to enable them to develop and build young adults' resilience to the stresses and anxieties that potentially accompany online social networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Memta Ramchand Jagtiani
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Fancourt
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Shelton
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Scholes
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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121
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Waring ME, Hills MT, Lessard DM, Saczynski JS, Libby BA, Holovatska MM, Kapoor A, Kiefe CI, McManus DD. Characteristics Associated With Facebook Use and Interest in Digital Disease Support Among Older Adults With Atrial Fibrillation: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Baseline Data From the Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Elements in Atrial Fibrillation (SAGE-AF) Cohort. JMIR Cardio 2019; 3:e15320. [PMID: 31758791 PMCID: PMC6883367 DOI: 10.2196/15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online support groups for atrial fibrillation (AF) and apps to detect and manage AF exist, but the scientific literature does not describe which patients are interested in digital disease support. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe characteristics associated with Facebook use and interest in digital disease support among older patients with AF who used the internet. METHODS We used baseline data from the Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Elements in Atrial Fibrillation (SAGE-AF), a prospective cohort of older adults (≥65 years) with AF at high stroke risk. Participants self-reported demographics, clinical characteristics, and Facebook and technology use. Online patients (internet use in the past 4 weeks) were asked whether they would be interested in participating in an online support AF community. Mobile users (owns smartphone and/or tablet) were asked about interest in communicating with their health care team about their AF-related health using a secure app. Logistic regression models identified crude and multivariable predictors of Facebook use and interest in digital disease support. RESULTS Online patients (N=816) were aged 74.2 (SD 6.6) years, 47.8% (390/816) were female, and 91.1% (743/816) were non-Hispanic white. Roughly half (52.5%; 428/816) used Facebook. Facebook use was more common among women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.21, 95% CI 1.66-2.95) and patients with mild to severe depressive symptoms (aOR 1.50, 95% CI 1.08-2.10) and less common among patients aged ≥85 years (aOR 0.27, 95% CI 0.15-0.48). Forty percent (40.4%; 330/816) reported interest in an online AF patient community. Interest in an online AF patient community was more common among online patients with some college/trade school or Bachelors/graduate school (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.10-2.61 and aOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.13-2.92, respectively), obesity (aOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.08-2.52), online health information seeking at most weekly or multiple times per week (aOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.32-2.56 and aOR 2.78, 95% CI 1.86-4.16, respectively), and daily Facebook use (aOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.26-2.46). Among mobile users, 51.8% (324/626) reported interest in communicating with their health care team via a mobile app. Interest in app-mediated communication was less likely among women (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.34-0.68) and more common among online patients who had completed trade school/some college versus high school/General Educational Development (aOR 1.95, 95% CI 1.17-3.22), sought online health information at most weekly or multiple times per week (aOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.27-2.74 and aOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.39-3.62, respectively), and had health-related apps (aOR 3.92, 95% CI 2.62-5.86). CONCLUSIONS Among older adults with AF who use the internet, technology use and demographics are associated with interest in digital disease support. Clinics and health care providers may wish to encourage patients to join an existing online support community for AF and explore opportunities for app-mediated patient-provider communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Waring
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Mellanie T Hills
- StopAfib.org, American Foundation for Women's Health, Decatur, TX, United States
| | - Darleen M Lessard
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jane S Saczynski
- Department of Pharmacy and Health System Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brooke A Libby
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Marta M Holovatska
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Alok Kapoor
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Catarina I Kiefe
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - David D McManus
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Appel M, Marker C, Gnambs T. Are Social Media Ruining Our Lives? A Review of Meta-Analytic Evidence. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1089268019880891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of studies have examined the psychological corollaries of using social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter (often called social media). The interdisciplinary research area and conflicting evidence from primary studies complicate the assessment of current scholarly knowledge in this field of high public attention. We review meta-analytic evidence on three hotly debated topics regarding the effects of SNSs: well-being, academic achievement, and narcissism. Meta-analyses from different laboratories draw a rather equivocal picture. They show small associations in the r = .10 range between the intensity of SNS use and loneliness, self-esteem, life satisfaction, or self-reported depression, and somewhat stronger links to a thin body ideal and higher social capital. There is no indication for potential devastating effects of social media on school achievement; social media use and school grades are unrelated for adolescents. The meta-analyses revealed small to moderate associations between narcissism and SNS use. In sum, meta-analytic evidence is not in support of dramatic claims relating social media use to mischief.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timo Gnambs
- Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Bamberg, Germany
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123
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The grass is always greener on my Friends' profiles: The effect of Facebook social comparison on state self-esteem and depression. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Brunborg GS, Burdzovic Andreas J. Increase in time spent on social media is associated with modest increase in depression, conduct problems, and episodic heavy drinking. J Adolesc 2019; 74:201-209. [PMID: 31254779 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescent use of social media has been linked to a range of negative outcomes, but it is still unclear whether the associations are spurious. To address this issue, we examined if within-individual change in time spent on social media was associated with within-individual changes in depression, conduct problems, and episodic heavy drinking in a sample of adolescents using first-differencing models (FD-models). METHODS A sample of 763 Norwegian adolescents (45.1% boys; mean age 15.22 years, standard deviation 1.44) completed two questionnaires 6-months apart. The associations between changes in time spent on social media and symptoms of depression, conduct problems, and frequency of episodic heavy drinking were estimated using FD-models, a statistical technique that effectively controls for all time-invariant individual factors. We also accounted for three time-variant putative confounders: frequency of sports practice, frequency of unsupervised leisure activities, and peer relationship problems. RESULTS Increases in time spent on social media were associated with increases in symptoms of depression (b = 0.13 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.24], p = 0.038), increases in conduct problems (b = 0.07 [95% CI: 0.02, 0.10], p = 0.007), and increases in episodic heavy drinking (b = 0.10 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.15], p < 0.001), after adjusting for changes in the three hypothesized confounders. The effect-sizes for these relationships were, however, quite modest. CONCLUSION Increased time spent on social media was modestly related to increases in depression, conduct problems, as well as frequency of episodic heavy drinking among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Scott Brunborg
- Department of Alcohol, Tobacco & Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
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Longitudinal associations between problematic social media use and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Prev Med Rep 2019; 15:100925. [PMID: 31304081 PMCID: PMC6603436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of the current study was to examine longitudinal relation between problematic social media use (PSMU) and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Adolescent girls (n = 397) were assessed in three time points across two years. PSMU and depressive symptoms were subjectively assessed at three waves spaced 2 years apart. Latent growth models were used to test whether changes in PSMU were related to changes in depressive symptoms, and whether baseline PSMU predicted changes in depressive symptoms and vice versa. Results revealed baseline PSMU was positively associated with baseline depressive symptoms (β = 0.29, p < 0.01), and changes in PSMU were related to changes in depressive symptoms (β = 0.22, p < 0.05). In addition, baseline depressive symptoms were predictive of changes in PSMU (β = 0.23, p < 0.05), but baseline PSMU did not predict changes in depressive symptoms. These findings provide evidence of positive associations between increasing PSMU and depressive symptoms and suggest that interventions should target reduction of PSMU to prevent adolescents' mental health problems.
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