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Dalen T, Lorås H, Hjelde GH, Kjøsnes TN, Wisløff U. Accelerations – a new approach to quantify physical performance decline in male elite soccer? Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1015-1023. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1566403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terje Dalen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Håvard Lorås
- Department of Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Terje Naess Kjøsnes
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- School of Human Movement & Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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102
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Pettersen SA, Brenn T. Activity Profiles by Position in Youth Elite Soccer Players in Official Matches. Sports Med Int Open 2019; 3:E19-E24. [PMID: 31143839 PMCID: PMC6538502 DOI: 10.1055/a-0883-5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate activity profiles and external load patterns in elite youth soccer players, we studied high-intensity activity patterns, maximum running speed, and temporary and end-of-match decline in external load in 54 U17 players (96 match observations) over a full season of official match play. Wide midfielders covered most high-intensity running (HIR) distance (1044.2 m), most sprinting distance (224.4 m), and the highest number of accelerations (185.2); center defenders had the lowest values for these activities (10 396.8 m, 508.3 m, 85.1 m, and 119.0), respectively. Wide midfielders had the highest and center defenders had the lowest maximum speed (30.3 km·h -1 and 28.6 km·h -1 ), respectively. During the matches, players in all playing positions displayed a significant drop in HIR distance, sprinting distance, and number of accelerations. This was especially pronounced in the 5 min following the 5-min peak period and in the last 5-min period for sprinting distance. There are substantial differences in activity profiles by positions, but all players show temporary and end-of-match drop in external load. The variation in activity profiles by playing position in this study may aid in the design of training programs. The considerable end-of-match drop in external load observed raises the question of the favorability of 90 min match times for U17 players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein Arne Pettersen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Sport Sciences UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tormod Brenn
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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103
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Verheul J, Gregson W, Lisboa P, Vanrenterghem J, Robinson MA. Whole-body biomechanical load in running-based sports: The validity of estimating ground reaction forces from segmental accelerations. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:716-722. [PMID: 30594457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unlike physiological loads, the biomechanical loads of training in running-based sports are still largely unexplored. This study, therefore, aimed to assess the validity of estimating ground reaction forces (GRF), as a measure of external whole-body biomechanical loading, from segmental accelerations. METHODS Fifteen team-sport athletes performed accelerations, decelerations, 90° cuts and straight running at different speeds including sprinting. Full-body kinematics and GRF were recorded with a three-dimensional motion capture system and a single force platform respectively. GRF profiles were estimated as the sum of the product of all fifteen segmental masses and accelerations, or a reduced number of segments. RESULTS Errors for GRF profiles estimated from fifteen segmental accelerations were low (1-2Nkg-1) for low-speed running, moderate (2-3Nkg-1) for accelerations, 90° cuts and moderate-speed running, but very high (>4Nkg-1) for decelerations and high-speed running. Similarly, impulse (2.3-11.1%), impact peak (9.2-28.5%) and loading rate (20.1-42.8%) errors varied across tasks. Moreover, mean errors increased from 3.26±1.72Nkg-1 to 6.76±3.62Nkg-1 across tasks when the number of segments was reduced. CONCLUSIONS Accuracy of estimated GRF profiles and loading characteristics was dependent on task, and errors substantially increased when the number of segments was reduced. Using a direct mechanical approach to estimate GRF from segmental accelerations is thus unlikely to be a valid method to assess whole-body biomechanical loading across different dynamic and high-intensity activities. Researchers and practitioners should, therefore, be very cautious when interpreting accelerations from one or several segments, as these are unlikely to accurately represent external whole-body biomechanical loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Verheul
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Warren Gregson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo Lisboa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark A Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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104
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Comparative Analysis of Load Profile between Small-Sided Games and Official Matches in Youth Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6040173. [PMID: 30545050 PMCID: PMC6316437 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of the present study are: (a) to characterize the external (eTL) and internal load (iTL) of official matches and small-sided games (SSGs) in relation to their objective, (b) to compare demands between SSG, and (c) to analyze the SSG requirements in relation to official matches during a one-month competition period. Twenty under-18 national-level soccer players were recorded using WIMUTM inertial devices (RealTrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) during four official matches and 12 training sessions where four SSGs with different objectives were performed: (SSG1) keeping the ball; (SSG2) keeping the ball and progressing; (SSG3) keeping the ball, progressing and ending in mini-goals; and (SSG4) keeping the ball, progressing and ending in an official goal with a goalkeeper. Statistical analysis included Kruskall-Wallis’ H and Mann-Whitney’s U with Cohen’s d effect size. The SSGs presented walking and jogging intensity movements (0.7–7 to 7–14 km/h), with a 5-to-8 %HIA (high intensity activity, >16 km/h), where low intensity accelerations, decelerations and impacts were predominant (1–2.5 m/s2; 5–7 G), and %HRMAX (maximum heart rate percentage) was between 70–90%. Only SSG4 presented similar demands to competition, finding differences between SSGs (p < 0.05; d = 1.40 − 0.36). In conclusion, the objective of the SSGs directly influenced the demands on the players in training sessions. For this reason, it is important to monitor demands for designing specific training sessions.
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105
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Chesher SM, Netto KJ, Appleby BB, Jacques A, Wild CY. Deceleration characteristics of elite Australian male field hockey players during an Olympic tournament. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:611-615. [PMID: 30538079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study described the deceleration efforts of the Australian men's field hockey team during the 2016 Olympics by categorising efforts into 'bands' of intensity; and comparing the deceleration intensity and frequency by player position, game period and opponent. DESIGN Descriptive retrospective analysis. METHODS Global positioning system sensors (MinimaxX S4, Catapult Sports Pty. Ltd., Melbourne, Australia; 10Hz) were worn by 15 male field hockey players during six games of the 2016 Olympic tournament. RESULTS There were 8998 individual deceleration efforts (≤-3ms-2) performed over the tournament with the most intense effort measured at -13.6ms-2. Deceleration intensity 'bands' were calculated using Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves as low intensity=-3 to -5.99ms-2; medium intensity=-6 to -8.99ms-2; high intensity=-9 to -11.99ms-2; and, very high intensity=<-12ms-2. There were no significantly different decelerations between field positions but decelerations performed within game period one were more intense than game period two (-0.11±0.01ms-2, p<0.001). Deceleration efforts were more frequent in game period one than two [X2(3, N=8997)=12.00, p=0.007]. CONCLUSIONS Decelerations are common in elite field hockey and very high intensities are present. These findings, in conjunction with other metrics can be used as a tool to monitor the load associated with training and match play in field hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Chesher
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Australia.
| | - Kevin J Netto
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Brendyn B Appleby
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia; Hockey Australia
| | - Angela Jacques
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Catherine Y Wild
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Australia
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106
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding soccer players' match-related fatigue and recovery profiles likely helps with developing conditioning programs that increase team performance and reduce injuries and illnesses. In order to improve match recovery (the return-to-play process and ergogenic interventions) it is also pivotal to determine if match simulation protocols and actual match-play lead to similar responses. OBJECTIVES (1) To thoroughly describe the development of fatigue during actual soccer match play and its recovery time course in terms of physiological, neuromuscular, technical, biochemical and perceptual responses, and (2) to determine similarities of recovery responses between actual competition (11 vs. 11) and match simulations. METHODS A first screening phase consisted of a systematic search on PubMed (MEDLINE) and SportDiscus databases until March 2016. Inclusion criteria were: longitudinal study with soccer players; match or validated protocol; duration > 45 min; and published in English. RESULTS A total of 77 eligible studies (n = 1105) were used to compute 1196 effect sizes (ES). Half-time assessments revealed small to large alterations in immunological parameters (e.g. leukocytes, ES = 1.9), a moderate decrement in insulin concentration (ES = - 0.9) and a small to moderate impairment in lower-limb muscle function (ES = - 0.5 to - 0.7) and physical performance measures (e.g. linear sprint, ES = - 0.3 to - 1.0). All the systematically analyzed fatigue-related markers were substantially altered at post-match. Hamstrings force production capacity (ES = - 0.7), physical performance (2-4%, ES = 0.3-0.5), creatine kinase (CK, ES = 0.4), well-being (ES = 0.2-0.4) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS, ES = 0.6-1.3) remained substantially impaired at G + 72 h. Compared to simulation protocols, 11 vs. 11 match format (CK, ES = 1.8) induced a greater magnitude of change in muscle damage (i.e. CK, ES = 1.8 vs. 0.7), inflammatory (IL-6, ES = 2.6 vs. 1.1) and immunological markers and DOMS (ES = 1.5 vs. 0.7) than simulation protocols at post-assessments. Neuromuscular performances at post-match did not differ between protocols. CONCLUSION While some parameters are fully recovered (e.g. hormonal and technical), our systematic review shows that a period of 72 h post-match play is not long enough to completely restore homeostatic balance (e.g. muscle damage, physical and well-being status). The extent of the recovery period post-soccer game cannot consist of a 'one size fits all approach'. Additionally, the 'real match' (11 vs. 11 format) likely induces greater magnitudes of perceptual (DOMS) and biochemical alterations (e.g. muscle damage), while neuromuscular alterations were essentially similar. Overall, coaches must adjust the structure and content of the training sessions during the 72-h post-match intervention to effectively manage the training load within this time-frame.
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107
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Taylor JB, Wright AA, Dischiavi SL, Townsend MA, Marmon AR. Activity Demands During Multi-Directional Team Sports: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:2533-2551. [PMID: 28801751 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-stage rehabilitation programs often incorporate 'sport-specific' demands, but may not optimally simulate the in-game volume or intensity of such activities as sprinting, cutting, jumping, and lateral movement. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to characterize, quantify, and compare straight-line running and multi-directional demands during sport competition. DATA SOURCES A systematic review of PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was conducted. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that reported time-motion analysis data on straight-line running, accelerations/decelerations, activity changes, jumping, cutting, or lateral movement over the course of an entire competition in a multi-directional sport (soccer, basketball, lacrosse, handball, field hockey, futsal, volleyball) were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Data was organized based on sport, age level, and sex and descriptive statistics of the frequency, intensity, time, and volume of the characteristics of running and multi-directional demands were extracted from each study. RESULTS Eighty-one studies were included in the review (n = 47 soccer, n = 11 basketball, n = 9 handball, n = 7 field hockey, n = 3 futsal, n = 4 volleyball). Variability of sport demand data was found across sports, sexes, and age levels. Specifically, soccer and field hockey demanded the most volume of running, while basketball required the highest ratio of high-intensity running to sprinting. Athletes change activity between 500 and 3000 times over the course of a competition, or once every 2-4 s. Studies of soccer reported the most frequent cutting (up to 800 per game), while studies of basketball reported the highest frequency of lateral movement (up to 450 per game). Basketball (42-56 per game), handball (up to 90 per game), and volleyball (up to 35 per game) were found to require the most jumping. LIMITATIONS These data may provide an incomplete view of an athlete's straight-line running load, considering that only competition and not practice data was provided. CONCLUSIONS Considerable variability exists in the demands of straight-line running and multi-directional demands across sports, competition levels, and sexes, indicating the need for sports medicine clinicians to design future rehabilitation programs with improved specificity (including the type of activity and dosage) to these demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Taylor
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.
| | - Alexis A Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Steven L Dischiavi
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - M Allison Townsend
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Adam R Marmon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 South College Avenue, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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108
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Abbott W, Brickley G, Smeeton NJ. Positional Differences in GPS Outputs and Perceived Exertion During Soccer Training Games and Competition. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:3222-3231. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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109
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the influence of the match period on the movement patterns of hockey players according to their playing positions under the introduction of quarters (QTRs). METHODS Sixteen subelite-level Spanish National League male hockey players participated in the study (age: 25.5 [2.9] y; body mass: 74.6 [5.5] kg). Global positioning system devices were used to monitor players' running performance during 17 competitive matches (113 match-play profiles). Only players who played for at least 85% of the game were analyzed. Players were placed into 3 position categories: backs, midfielders, and forwards. RESULTS Moderate to large differences in relative total distance were found between midfielders and both backs and forwards in all QTRs (effect size [ES]: 0.4-1.2). ES for total distance was moderate for midfielders when compared with backs during the first QTR (moderate ES: 0.7). Midfielders and forwards covered more distance (m and m·min-1) in high-velocity zones than backs (ES: 0.6). Acceleration activities (n·min-1) at moderate and high intensities decreased in all groups across QTRs with moderate to very large ES (ES: 0.4-1.4). Relative sprinting distance decreased in backs (ES: 0.8). Backs had fewer repeated-sprint bouts (n and n·min-1) as the game progressed (ES: 1.0). CONCLUSIONS During competitive match play, a degree of positional variation can be observed across QTRs. The relative distance and the number of accelerations and decelerations at moderate and high intensity decreased across QTRs. No between-QTRs differences in high-speed activity were reported.
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110
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Casamichana D, Bradley PS, Castellano J. Influence of the Varied Pitch Shape on Soccer Players Physiological Responses and Time-Motion Characteristics During Small-Sided Games. J Hum Kinet 2018; 64:171-180. [PMID: 30429909 PMCID: PMC6231353 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pitch shape modifications on heart rate responses and time-motion characteristics in soccer players during 5-a-side small-sided games (SSGs). Players completed four different SSG dimensions: (1) short narrow pitch (SN; 40 × 25 m), (2) short wide pitch (SW; 66 × 25 m), (3) long narrow pitch (LN; 40 × 50 m), and (4) long wide pitch (LW; 66 × 50 m). Twenty amateur soccer players (age: 21 ± 5 yr; stature: 176.8 ± 1.9 cm; body mass: 72.7 ± 3.7 kg) were monitored using a heart rate monitor and a 10 Hz GPS device. Mean maximum heart rate (%HRmax), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), peak running speed, total distance covered (TD), distance covered in four speed categories, number of moderate and high accelerations (Ac), decelerations (Dc), changes of direction (COD) and player load were recorded. Increasing the pitch length had a greater effect compared to increasing the pitch width especially on RPE (3.8, 6.3, 4.9 and 6.6 AU to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively) and time-motion characteristics such as TD (101, 127, 108 and 131 m·min-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), peak speed (4.8, 6.1, 5.2 and 6.2 m·s-1 to SN, LN, SW and LW, respectively), and the number of accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction. The data demonstrates that increasing the length rather than the width of 5-a-side SSG has a greater impact on players' responses in terms of increasing workloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Casamichana
- Faculty of Physiotherapy and Speech Therapy Gimbernat-Cantabria University School associated with the University of Cantabria (UC). Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Paul S Bradley
- Research Institute of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julen Castellano
- Faculty of Education and Sport. University of the Basque Country ( UPV/EHU). Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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111
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Vigh-Larsen JF, Dalgas U, Andersen TB. Position-Specific Acceleration and Deceleration Profiles in Elite Youth and Senior Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1114-1122. [PMID: 28699924 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vigh-Larsen, JF, Dalgas, U, and Andersen, TB. Position-specific acceleration and deceleration profiles in elite youth and senior soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1114-1122, 2018-The purpose of the study was to characterize and compare the position-specific activity profiles of young and senior elite soccer players with special emphasis put on accelerations and decelerations. Eight professional senior matches were tracked using the ZXY tracking system and analyzed for the number of accelerations and decelerations and running distances within different speed zones. Likewise, 4 U19 and 5 U17 matches were analyzed for comparison between youth and senior players. In senior players, the total distance (TD) was 10,776 ± 107 m with 668 ± 28 and 143 ± 10 m being high-intensity running (HIR) and sprinting, respectively. Number of accelerations and decelerations were 81 ± 2 and 84 ± 3, respectively, with central defenders performing the lowest and wide players the highest number. Declines were found between first and second halves for accelerations and decelerations (11 ± 3%), HIR (6 ± 4%), and TD (5 ± 1%), whereas sprinting distance did not differ. U19 players performed a higher number of accelerations, decelerations, and TD compared with senior players. In conclusion, differences in the number and distribution of accelerations and decelerations appeared between player positions, which is of importance when monitoring training and match loads and when prescribing specific training exercises. Furthermore, youth players performed as much high-intensity activities as senior players, indicating that this is not a discriminating physiological parameter between these players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe F Vigh-Larsen
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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112
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Rago V, Silva J, Mohr M, Randers M, Barreira D, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Influence of opponent standard on activity profile and fatigue development during preseasonal friendly soccer matches: a team study. Res Sports Med 2018; 26:413-424. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1492400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Desporto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Magni Mohr
- Frodskaparsetur Foroya Megindeildin, fyri natturuvisindi og heilsuvisindi, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, Goteborgs universitet Naturvetenskapliga Fakulteten, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Morten Randers
- Health Science and Clinical Biomechanics Syddansk, Universitet Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Desporto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Syddansk Universitet Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Odense, Denmark
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sports, Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Desporto, Porto, Portugal
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113
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Are Current Physical Match Performance Metrics in Elite Soccer Fit for Purpose or Is the Adoption of an Integrated Approach Needed? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:656-664. [PMID: 29345547 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Time-motion analysis is a valuable data-collection technique used to quantify the physical match performance of elite soccer players. For over 40 years, researchers have adopted a "traditional" approach when evaluating match demands by simply reporting the distance covered or time spent along a motion continuum of walking through to sprinting. This methodology quantifies physical metrics in isolation without integrating other factors, and this ultimately leads to a 1-dimensional insight into match performance. Thus, this commentary proposes a novel "integrated" approach that focuses on a sensitive physical metric such as high-intensity running but contextualizes this in relation to key tactical activities for each position and collectively for the team. In the example presented, the integrated model clearly unveils the unique high-intensity profile that exists due to distinct tactical roles, rather than 1-dimensional "blind" distances produced by traditional models. Intuitively, this innovative concept may aid coaches' understanding of the physical performance in relation to the tactical roles and instructions given to the players. In addition, it will enable practitioners to effectively translate match metrics into training and testing protocols. This innovative model may well aid advances in other team sports that incorporate similar intermittent movements with tactical purpose. Evidence of the merits and application of this new concept is needed before the scientific community accepts this model as it may well add complexity to an area that conceivably needs simplicity.
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114
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External Match Loads of Footballers With Cerebral Palsy: A Comparison Among Sport Classes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:590-596. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine and compare the external match load, according to sport class (FT), of footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) during the International Federation of CP Football World Championships Qualification Tournament. Methods: Forty-two international male footballers with CP participated in the data collection. The footballers with CP were classified according to their FT into 3 groups (ie, FT5/6, FT7, and FT8). External match load (ie, total distance covered, distance covered at different speeds, accelerations, decelerations, player load, peak metabolic power, and changes of directions) was collected for both halves during official matches with global positioning system devices. Results: Players with lower impairment (FT8) covered more distance (effect size = 0.30–0.60) at high-intensity running (13.0–18.0 km·h−1) and sprinting (>18.0 km·h−1) and performed more (effect size = 0.29–1.08) accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction at high intensity in matches than did other players (ie, FT5/6 and FT7 groups). Conclusion: Because high-intensity actions are relevant to football performance and there are differences caused by players’ impairments, the International Federation of CP Football classification protocols should include high-intensity actions during the technical assessment as part of the procedures for determining the sport class of football players with CP.
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115
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Roell M, Roecker K, Gehring D, Mahler H, Gollhofer A. Player Monitoring in Indoor Team Sports: Concurrent Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Quantify Average and Peak Acceleration Values. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29535641 PMCID: PMC5835232 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in assessing physical demands in team sports has led to the development of multiple sports related monitoring systems. Due to technical limitations, these systems primarily could be applied to outdoor sports, whereas an equivalent indoor locomotion analysis is not established yet. Technological development of inertial measurement units (IMU) broadens the possibilities for player monitoring and enables the quantification of locomotor movements in indoor environments. The aim of the current study was to validate an IMU measuring by determining average and peak human acceleration under indoor conditions in team sport specific movements. Data of a single wearable tracking device including an IMU (Optimeye S5, Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia) were compared to the results of a 3D motion analysis (MA) system (Vicon Motion Systems, Oxford, UK) during selected standardized movement simulations in an indoor laboratory (n = 56). A low-pass filtering method for gravity correction (LF) and two sensor fusion algorithms for orientation estimation [Complementary Filter (CF), Kalman-Filter (KF)] were implemented and compared with MA system data. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between LF and MA data but not between sensor fusion algorithms and MA. Higher precision and lower relative errors were found for CF (RMSE = 0.05; CV = 2.6%) and KF (RMSE = 0.15; CV = 3.8%) both compared to the LF method (RMSE = 1.14; CV = 47.6%) regarding the magnitude of the resulting vector and strongly emphasize the implementation of orientation estimation to accurately describe human acceleration. Comparing both sensor fusion algorithms, CF revealed slightly lower errors than KF and additionally provided valuable information about positive and negative acceleration values in all three movement planes with moderate to good validity (CV = 3.9 – 17.8%). Compared to x- and y-axis superior results were found for the z-axis. These findings demonstrate that IMU-based wearable tracking devices can successfully be applied for athlete monitoring in indoor team sports and provide potential to accurately quantify accelerations and decelerations in all three orthogonal axes with acceptable validity. An increase in accuracy taking magnetometers in account should be specifically pursued by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Roell
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Applied Public Health, Furtwangen University, Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Germany
| | - Dominic Gehring
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hubert Mahler
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department for Sports and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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116
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Ryan M, Malone S, Donnellan A, Collins K. Acceleration Profile of Elite Gaelic Football With Special Reference to Position of Play. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 34:1750-1758. [PMID: 29401196 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ryan, M, Malone, S, Donnellan, A, and Collins, K. Acceleration profile of elite Gaelic football with special reference to position of play. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1750-1758, 2020-The current study aimed to characterize the positional match-play demands of elite Gaelic football players with special reference to acceleration using predetermined 5-minute periods (epochs). Thirty-five male Gaelic players (mean ± SD, age: 24 ± 6 years; height: 180 ± 7 cm; mass: 81 ± 7 kg) across 5 playing positions (full-back, half-back, midfield, half-forward, and full-forward) were monitored during the investigation. Player movement was recorded during 19 matches using 4-Hz global positioning system technology (VXSport, New Zealand) resulting in 154 player observations. Global positioning system was used to record total distance (m), (high-speed running; m; ≥17 km·h), (very high-speed running distance; m; ≥22 km·h), the number of accelerations (n), duration of accelerations (s), peak acceleration (m), and distance of accelerations (m). Acceleration profiles were position dependent with midfielders found to have a high accumulation of acceleration movements when compared with all other positions (p ≤ 0.05). Declines of -2 to -32% for acceleration distance (m) depending on positional line of play were observed during match-play. Less high-speed running and very high-speed running distance was performed by the full-back line (high-speed running; -39% and very high-speed running; -36%) and full-forward line (-35%; -29%) when compared with half-back, midfielders, and half-forwards (p = 0.01, d = 1.35-1.77). Similar trends were reported for peak acceleration distance (p = 0.01, d = 1.15-1.93). The current investigation provides a greater understanding of temporal differences in acceleration profiles of playing position. We show that half-back, midfield, and half-forwards have the highest acceleration movements; these data can assist coaches in appropriately preparing players for the required acceleration distances required during match-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ryan
- Department of Science, Gaelic Sports Research Center, Institute of Tallaght, Tallaght, Dublin
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117
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The match-to-match variation of match-running in elite female soccer. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:196-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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118
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Slater LV, Baker R, Weltman AL, Hertel J, Saliba SA, Hart JM. Activity monitoring in men’s college soccer: a single season longitudinal study. Res Sports Med 2018; 26:178-190. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1431535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay V. Slater
- Neuromechanics of Impaired Locomotion Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Baker
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Arthur L. Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Susan A. Saliba
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joseph M. Hart
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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119
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Hills SP, Russell M. Carbohydrates for Soccer: A Focus on Skilled Actions and Half-Time Practices. Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010022. [PMID: 29295583 PMCID: PMC5793250 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate consumption is synonymous with soccer performance due to the established effects on endogenous energy store preservation, and physical capacity maintenance. For performance-enhancement purposes, exogenous energy consumption (in the form of drinks, bars, gels and snacks) is recommended on match-day; specifically, before and during match-play. Akin to the demands of soccer, limited opportunities exist to consume carbohydrates outside of scheduled breaks in competition, such as at half-time. The link between cognitive function and blood glucose availability suggests that carbohydrates may influence decision-making and technical proficiency (e.g., soccer skills). However, relatively few reviews have focused on technical, as opposed to physical, performance while also addressing the practicalities associated with carbohydrate consumption when limited in-play feeding opportunities exist. Transient physiological responses associated with reductions in activity prevalent in scheduled intra-match breaks (e.g., half-time) likely have important consequences for practitioners aiming to optimize match-day performance. Accordingly, this review evaluated novel developments in soccer literature regarding (1) the ergogenic properties of carbohydrates for skill performance; and (2) novel considerations concerning exogenous energy provision during half-time. Recommendations are made to modify half-time practices in an aim to enhance subsequent performance. Viable future research opportunities exist regarding a deeper insight into carbohydrate provision on match-day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Hills
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Horsforth, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK.
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Horsforth, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK.
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120
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Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the validity of measuring locomotor activities and PlayerLoad using real-time (RT) data collection during soccer training. METHODS Twenty-nine English soccer players participated. Each player wore the same MEMS device (Micromechanical Electrical Systems; S5, Optimeye; CatapultSports, Melbourne, Australia) during 21 training sessions (N = 331 data sets) in the 2015-16 and 2016-17 seasons. An RT receiver (TRX; Catapultsports, Melbourne, Australia) was used to collect the locomotor activities and PlayerLoad data in RT and compared with the postevent downloaded (PED) data. PlayerLoad and locomotor activities (total distance covered; total high-speed running distance covered, >5.5#x00A0;m/s; total sprinting distance covered, >7 m/s; maximum velocity) were analyzed. RESULTS Correlations were near perfect for all variables analyzed (r = .98-1.00), with a varied level of noise between RT and PED also (0.3-9.7% coefficient of variation). CONCLUSIONS Locomotor activities and PlayerLoad can use both RT and PED concurrently to quantify a player's physical output during a training session. Caution should be taken with higher-velocity-based locomotor activities during RT compared to PED.
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121
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Nakamura FY, Pereira LA, Loturco I, Rosseti M, Moura FA, Bradley PS. Repeated-Sprint Sequences During Female Soccer Matches Using Fixed and Individual Speed Thresholds. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1802-1810. [PMID: 27662490 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nakamura, FY, Pereira, LA, Loturco, I, Rosseti, M, Moura, FA, and Bradley, PS. Repeated-sprint sequences during female soccer matches using fixed and individual speed thresholds. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1802-1810, 2017-The main objective of this study was to characterize the occurrence of single sprint and repeated-sprint sequences (RSS) during elite female soccer matches, using fixed (20 km·h) and individually based speed thresholds (>90% of the mean speed from a 20-m sprint test). Eleven elite female soccer players from the same team participated in the study. All players performed a 20-m linear sprint test, and were assessed in up to 10 official matches using Global Positioning System technology. Magnitude-based inferences were used to test for meaningful differences. Results revealed that irrespective of adopting fixed or individual speed thresholds, female players produced only a few RSS during matches (2.3 ± 2.4 sequences using the fixed threshold and 3.3 ± 3.0 sequences using the individually based threshold), with most sequences composing of just 2 sprints. Additionally, central defenders performed fewer sprints (10.2 ± 4.1) than other positions (fullbacks: 28.1 ± 5.5; midfielders: 21.9 ± 10.5; forwards: 31.9 ± 11.1; with the differences being likely to almost certainly associated with effect sizes ranging from 1.65 to 2.72), and sprinting ability declined in the second half. The data do not support the notion that RSS occurs frequently during soccer matches in female players, irrespective of using fixed or individual speed thresholds to define sprint occurrence. However, repeated-sprint ability development cannot be ruled out from soccer training programs because of its association with match-related performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Y Nakamura
- 1Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; 3Audax São Paulo, Osasco, Brazil; 4Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, Department of Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; and 5Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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122
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de Hoyo M, Sañudo B, Suárez-Arrones L, Carrasco L, Joel T, Domínguez-Cobo S, Núñez FJ. Analysis of the acceleration profile according to initial speed and positional role in elite professional male soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1774-1780. [PMID: 29199786 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.08003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to analyze the acceleration profile in elite professional soccer players according to their initial speed but also considering players' position. METHODS Players' accelerations profiles were analyzed using a relative acceleration profile according to the initial speed (S1, from 0 to 7 km/h; S2, from 7.1 to 14.3 km/h; and S3, ≥14.4 km/h) and the maximum acceleration. RESULTS Within-group analyzes showed that center backs (CB) performed more high intensity accelerations (likely) when they started in S1 than S2 (effect size [ES] 0.50). Strikers (S) and wide midfielders (W-MD) achieved more accelerations (likely to almost certain) starting in S3 than S1 (ES=0.80 and ES=0.59, respectively) and S2 (ES=0.67 and ES=1.09, respectively). Full backs (FB) completed more accelerations (almost certain) starting in S1 and S3 than S2 (ES=1.39 and ES=1.36, respectively). Finally, midfielders (MD) executed a greater number of high intensity accelerations (likely to almost certain) when they started in S1 than S2 (ES=0.83) and S3 (ES=0.66), and in S3 than S2 (ES=4.72). Between-group analyzes showed that S, W-MD, and FB performed a greater total number of high intensity accelerations (very likely to almost certain) than CB (ES=1.94, ES=1.57, and ES=1.51, respectively) and MD (ES=1.23, ES=0.92; and ES=0.81, respectively). Furthermore, MD performed substantially greater total number of high intensity accelerations (likely) than CB (ES=0.56). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that CB achieved more high-intensity accelerations starting in low and moderate speed, S and W-MD in high speed, and FB combined low and high speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés de Hoyo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain - .,Section of Fitness, Sevilla FC, Seville, Spain -
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Luis Carrasco
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Tom Joel
- Department of Sports Science, Leicester City Football Club, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Francisco J Núñez
- Faculty of Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain.,Section of Fitness, Beijing Sinobo Guoan Football Club, Beijing, China
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123
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Brownstein CG, Dent JP, Parker P, Hicks KM, Howatson G, Goodall S, Thomas K. Etiology and Recovery of Neuromuscular Fatigue following Competitive Soccer Match-Play. Front Physiol 2017; 8:831. [PMID: 29118716 PMCID: PMC5661001 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Previous research into the etiology of neuromuscular fatigue following competitive soccer match-play has primarily focused on peripheral perturbations, with limited research assessing central nervous system function in the days post-match. The aim of the present study was to examine the contribution and time-course of recovery of central and peripheral factors toward neuromuscular fatigue following competitive soccer match-play. Methods: Sixteen male semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-min soccer match. Pre-, post- and at 24, 48, and 72 h participants completed a battery of neuromuscular, physical, and perceptual tests. Maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) and twitch responses to electrical (femoral nerve) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex during isometric knee-extension and at rest were measured to assess central nervous system (voluntary activation, VA) and muscle contractile (potentiated twitch force, Qtw, pot) function. Electromyography responses of the rectus femoris to single- and paired-pulse TMS were used to assess corticospinal excitability and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), respectively. Fatigue and perceptions of muscle soreness were assessed via visual analog scales, and physical function was assessed through measures of jump (countermovement jump height and reactive strength index) and sprint performance. Results: Competitive match-play elicited significant post-match declines in MVC force (−14%, P < 0.001) that persisted for 48 h (−4%, P = 0.01), before recovering by 72 h post-exercise. VA (motor point stimulation) was reduced immediately post-match (−8%, P < 0.001), and remained depressed at 24 h (−5%, P = 0.01) before recovering by 48 h post-exercise. Qtw,pot was reduced post-match (−14%, P < 0.001), remained depressed at 24 h (−6%, P = 0.01), before recovering by 48 h post-exercise. No changes were evident in corticospinal excitability or SICI. Jump performance took 48 h to recover, while perceptions of fatigue persisted at 72 h. Conclusion: Competitive soccer match-play elicits substantial impairments in central nervous system and muscle function, requiring up to 48 h to resolve. The results of the study could have important implications for fixture scheduling, the optimal management of the training process, squad rotation during congested competitive schedules, and the implementation of appropriate recovery interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum G Brownstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jack P Dent
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Parker
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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124
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Physical responses of professional soccer players during 4 vs. 4 small-sided games with mini-goals according to rule changes. Biol Sport 2017; 35:75-81. [PMID: 30237664 PMCID: PMC6135968 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.70754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the number of ball touches authorised per game (one touch [T1], two touches [T2], and free touches [FT]) on the players’ physical responses throughout the bouts in 4 vs 4 soccer small-sided games (SSGs) with mini-goals (without a goalkeeper). Fourteen professional Polish players (age 23.2±2.7 years, height 177.9±6.1 cm, weight: 73.2±6.9 kg, body fat 12.6±2%, playing experience: 14±5 years) completed nine series of 4 vs 4 SSGs. Each trial included three series of SSGs with a game duration of 4 minutes on an equal sized pitch (30x24 m; 720 m2; individual occupied area per player=90 m2). Differences in physical responses and time-motion characteristics of players were measured with the Global Positioning System (GPS) and assessed using a repeated measures ANOVA to compare the three game conditions and the magnitude-based inference to evaluate the pairwise comparison effects. The results showed that only the variables distance covered at low speed, time walking, time at low speed, and accelerations of >4 m/s² were statistically significantly different among game conditions. The pairwise comparisons only identified significant effects for distance covered at low speed (between FT and T2), for time walking (between FT and T1), for time at moderate and low speed (between FT and T2), and for accelerations of >4 m/s² (between FT and T1). The players’ performances are affected by the ball touch constraint during SSGs with mini-goals. The results provide useful information for training and task design that replicate specific physical demands (i.e., accelerations of >4 m/s², time walking or running at a lower speed).
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125
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Barte JCM, Nieuwenhuys A, Geurts SAE, Kompier MAJ. Fatigue experiences in competitive soccer: development during matches and the impact of general performance capacity. FATIGUE-BIOMEDICINE HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21641846.2017.1377811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen C. M. Barte
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arne Nieuwenhuys
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine A. E. Geurts
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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126
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Wollin M, Thorborg K, Pizzari T. Monitoring the effect of football match congestion on hamstring strength and lower limb flexibility: Potential for secondary injury prevention? Phys Ther Sport 2017; 29:14-18. [PMID: 29156302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of competitive football match congestion on hamstring strength and lower limb flexibility. DESIGN Repeated measures. SETTING Elite male youth football. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen male elite youth football players from the national football association centre of excellence were included (age = 15.81 ±0.65 years, height = 171.95 ±6.89 cm, weight = 65.93 ±7.53 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hamstring strength and pain, ankle dorsiflexion, hip extension, knee extension and flexion range of motion. RESULTS Hamstring strength was highest at baseline and significantly reduced at 24 (p = 0.001, mean difference -0.19 Nm/Kg, CI95 -0.28, -0.1) and 48 h post-match 1 (p = 0.002, mean difference -0.16 Nm/Kg, CI95 -0.25, -0.07). Strength recovered by match day 2 before significantly reducing again 24 h post-match 2 (p = 0.012, mean difference -0.17 Nm/Kg, CI95 -0.29, -0.04). Pain was lowest at baseline and increased in the post-match periods (p < 0.05) with standardised effect sizes ranging from 0.07 to 0.42. Passive knee flexion range decreased post-match (p < 0.01) with mean differences of 1.5°-2.7°. The other flexibility measures remained unaffected by match play. CONCLUSION Isometric hamstring strength and pain can be considered for inclusion in-season to monitor player's post-match hamstring recovery characteristics during congested match fixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wollin
- Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, ACT, Australia; La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Orthopaedic Research Center (SORC-C), Amager-Hvidovre Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - Copenhagen (PMR-C), Amager-Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.
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127
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Sweeting AJ, Cormack SJ, Morgan S, Aughey RJ. When Is a Sprint a Sprint? A Review of the Analysis of Team-Sport Athlete Activity Profile. Front Physiol 2017; 8:432. [PMID: 28676767 PMCID: PMC5476778 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The external load of a team-sport athlete can be measured by tracking technologies, including global positioning systems (GPS), local positioning systems (LPS), and vision-based systems. These technologies allow for the calculation of displacement, velocity and acceleration during a match or training session. The accurate quantification of these variables is critical so that meaningful changes in team-sport athlete external load can be detected. High-velocity running, including sprinting, may be important for specific team-sport match activities, including evading an opponent or creating a shot on goal. Maximal accelerations are energetically demanding and frequently occur from a low velocity during team-sport matches. Despite extensive research, conjecture exists regarding the thresholds by which to classify the high velocity and acceleration activity of a team-sport athlete. There is currently no consensus on the definition of a sprint or acceleration effort, even within a single sport. The aim of this narrative review was to examine the varying velocity and acceleration thresholds reported in athlete activity profiling. The purposes of this review were therefore to (1) identify the various thresholds used to classify high-velocity or -intensity running plus accelerations; (2) examine the impact of individualized thresholds on reported team-sport activity profile; (3) evaluate the use of thresholds for court-based team-sports and; (4) discuss potential areas for future research. The presentation of velocity thresholds as a single value, with equivocal qualitative descriptors, is confusing when data lies between two thresholds. In Australian football, sprint efforts have been defined as activity >4.00 or >4.17 m·s−1. Acceleration thresholds differ across the literature, with >1.11, 2.78, 3.00, and 4.00 m·s−2 utilized across a number of sports. It is difficult to compare literature on field-based sports due to inconsistencies in velocity and acceleration thresholds, even within a single sport. Velocity and acceleration thresholds have been determined from physical capacity tests. Limited research exists on the classification of velocity and acceleration data by female team-sport athletes. Alternatively, data mining techniques may be used to report team-sport athlete external load, without the requirement of arbitrary or physiologically defined thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J Sweeting
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria UniversityFootscray, VIC, Australia.,Netball AustraliaFitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Performance Research, Australian Institute of SportBruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic UniversityFitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart Morgan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe UniversityBundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert J Aughey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria UniversityFootscray, VIC, Australia
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THOMAS KEVIN, DENT JACK, HOWATSON GLYN, GOODALL STUART. Etiology and Recovery of Neuromuscular Fatigue after Simulated Soccer Match Play. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:955-964. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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129
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López-Fernández J, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Gallardo L, García-Unanue J. Metabolic Power of Female Footballers in Various Small-Sided Games with Different Pitch Surfaces and Sizes. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5020024. [PMID: 29910384 PMCID: PMC5968997 DOI: 10.3390/sports5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-sided-games (SSGs) seem to be a useful tool for replicating most types of scenarios found in sport competitions, but it is not that clear in female soccer. Game surface and pitch size seem to affect the intensity of SSGs, but no one has yet analysed the influence of these two variables together. The objective of this research was to analyse the metabolic power demands of various SSGs on possession play without goal-keepers, played on three different surfaces. Sixteen sub-elite female players performed three different four-a-side games (400 m2, 600 m2, and 800 m2) on three different surfaces (ground [GR]; natural grass [NG]; and artificial turf [AT]), recording a total of 96 events. Metabolic variables were recorded through a global positioning system (GPS). The GR condition obtained the lowest outputs for all variables in all of the SSGs. Furthermore, NG resulted in higher outcomes than AT for Average Metabolic Power (SSG 400 [+0.65; p = 0.019]; SSG 600 [+0.70; p = 0.04]); and equivalent distance (SSG 400 [+33.0; p = 0.02]; SSG 600 [+36.53; p = 0.04]). Moreover, SSG 400 obtained lower results than SSG 600 and SSG 800 for both AT and NG. In conclusion, playing on GR reduces the metabolic power of SSGs, While NG seems to be the most suitable surface for attaining highest metabolic responses for sub-elite female players. On the other hand, too big a pitch size may not increase the metabolic demands of the game.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- School of Sport Science, European University, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.
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130
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Oxendale CL, Highton J, Twist C. Energy expenditure, metabolic power and high speed activity during linear and multi-directional running. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:957-961. [PMID: 28392339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to compare measures of energy expenditure derived from indirect calorimetry and micro-technology, as well as high power and high speed activity during linear and multi-directional running. DESIGN Repeated measures. METHODS Twelve university standard team sport players completed a linear and multi-directional running condition. Estimated energy expenditure, as well as time at high speed (>14.4kmh-1) and high power (>20Wkg-1) were quantified using a 10Hz micro-technology device and compared with energy expenditure derived from indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Measured energy expenditure was higher during the multi-directional condition (9.0±2.0 cf. 5.9±1.4kcalmin-1), whereas estimated energy expenditure was higher during the linear condition (8.7±2.1 cf. 6.5±1.5kcalmin-1). Whilst measures of energy expenditure were strongly related (r>0.89, p<0.001), metabolic power underestimated energy expenditure by 52% (95% LoA: 20-93%) and 34% (95% LoA: 12-59%) during the multi-directional and linear condition, respectively. Time at high power was 41% (95% LoA: 4-92%) greater than time at high speed during the multi-directional condition, whereas time at high power was 5% (95% LoA: -17-9%) lower than time at high speed during the linear condition. CONCLUSIONS Estimated energy expenditure and time at high metabolic power can reflect changes in internal load. However, micro-technology cannot be used to determine the energy cost of intermittent running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Oxendale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, United Kingdom.
| | - Jamie Highton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Twist
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, United Kingdom
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131
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Gold Standard or Fool's Gold? The Efficacy of Displacement Variables as Indicators of Energy Expenditure in Team Sports. Sports Med 2017; 46:657-70. [PMID: 26643522 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades, the use of player tracking technology to monitor physical work output has become established practice in many team sports. Early tracking systems were manual in nature, relying on subjective assessments and arbitrary classifications of movement intensity. Poor spatial and temporal resolution meant that only gross displacement measures could be used to infer energy demands. However, the advent and evolution of automated systems, with higher sampling rates and improved accuracy, have enabled data collection to occur on a mass scale, and served as a catalyst for extensive research into the demands of team sport activity, including comparisons between different groups of athletes, and the effects of various interventions on performance. The inherent assumption with this research is that, based on steady-state models where energy cost is independent of speed, total distance and average speed are indicative of the amount and rate of work done, respectively. This assumption could be justified if the activity was performed at a constant speed in a straight line. However, team sport movement involves continual changes in both speed and direction, both of which increase energy cost. Accordingly, new models have emerged that incorporate both speed and acceleration to determine metabolic power. This provides a more complete measure of energy expenditure in intermittent activity, and is potentially more suitable than displacement variables for research into the demands of team sports.
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132
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Stevens TGA, de Ruiter CJ, Twisk JWR, Savelsbergh GJP, Beek PJ. Quantification of in-season training load relative to match load in professional Dutch Eredivisie football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1282163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom G. A. Stevens
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Sport Science, Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. de Ruiter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W. R. Twisk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J. P. Savelsbergh
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Beek
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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133
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The assessment of neuromuscular fatigue during 120 min of simulated soccer exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:687-697. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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134
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Ryan M, Malone S, Collins K. Acceleration Profile of Elite Gaelic Football Match Play. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:812-820. [PMID: 28146437 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ryan, M, Malone, S, and Collins, K. An acceleration profile of elite Gaelic football match play. J Strength Cond Res 32(3): 812-820, 2018-The use of global positioning system (GPS) technology in Gaelic football is the primary source of quantifying game demands. The aim of this study was to quantify the acceleration profile of elite Gaelic football. Thirty-six elite male Gaelic football players (mean ± SD, age: 24 ± 6 years; height: 180 ± 7 cm; mass: 81 ± 7 kg) across 5 playing positions took part in a multiple study (n = 154 observations). Player movement was recorded during 19 (n = 19) competitive games over 2 seasons using 4-Hz GPS (VXSport, New Zealand). The average total distance (m), high-speed running distance (m; ≥17 km·h), and very high-speed running distance (m; ≥22 km·h) were recorded. In addition, the number (n), distance (m), and the duration of accelerations were quantified. Accelerations were subdivided into 14 equal parts of 5-minute epochs (E1 = 0-5 minutes, E2 = 5-10 minutes, E3 = 10-15 minutes etc). Players performed 166 ± 41 accelerations. High-speed running distance and very high-speed running distance was 1563 ± 605 and 524 ± 190 m, respectively. The mean acceleration distance was 267 ± 45 m distributed between 12 ± 5 accelerations per 5-minute epoch. The maximum acceleration epoch classified as the greatest distance covered accelerating during a predetermined 5-minute epoch was 296 ± 134 m. The PEAK epoch resulted in a significant reduction of acceleration distance covered in the period before and in the subsequent epoch. An understanding of the acceleration profile in Gaelic football can inform the prescription of appropriate training regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ryan
- Gaelic Sports Research Center, Department of Science, Institute of Tallaght, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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135
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Russell M, Sparkes W, Northeast J, Cook CJ, Love TD, Bracken RM, Kilduff LP. Changes in Acceleration and Deceleration Capacity Throughout Professional Soccer Match-Play. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 30:2839-44. [PMID: 25474342 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Russell, M, Sparkes, W, Northeast, J, Cook, CJ, Love, TD, Bracken, RM, and Kilduff, LP. Changes in acceleration and deceleration capacity throughout professional soccer match-play. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2839-2844, 2016-As the acceleration and deceleration demands of soccer are currently not well understood, this study aimed to profile markers of acceleration and deceleration capacity during professional soccer match-play. This within-player observational study required reserve team players from a Premier League club to wear 10-Hz Global Positioning System units throughout competitive matches played in the 2013-14 competitive season. Data are presented for players who completed 4 or more games during the season (n = 11), and variables are presented according to six 15-minute intervals (I1-6: 00:00-14:59 minutes, 15:00-29:59 minutes, 30:00-44:59 minutes, 45:00-59:59 minutes, 60:00-74:59 minutes, and 75:00-89:59 minutes, respectively). During I6, the distance covered (total, per minute, and at high intensity), number of sprints, accelerations (total and high intensity), decelerations (total and high intensity), and impacts were reduced compared with I1 (all p ≤ 0.05). The number of high-intensity impacts remained unchanged throughout match-play (p > 0.05). These findings indicate that high-intensity actions and markers of acceleration and deceleration capacity are reduced in the last 15 minutes of the normal duration of match-play. Such information can be used to increase the specificity of training programs designed for soccer players while also giving further insight in to the effects of 90 minutes of soccer-specific exercise. Interventions that seek to maintain the acceleration and deceleration capacity of players throughout the full duration of a soccer match warrant investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Russell
- 1Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom; 2Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; 3Department of Sports Science, Swansea City Association Football Club, Swansea, United Kingdom; and 4School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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136
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The Challenge of Evaluating the Intensity of Short Actions in Soccer: A New Methodological Approach Using Percentage Acceleration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166534. [PMID: 27846308 PMCID: PMC5112910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose There are several approaches to quantifying physical load in team sports using positional data. Distances in different speed zones are most commonly used. Recent studies have used acceleration data in addition in order to take short intense actions into account. However, the fact that acceleration decreases with increasing initial running speed is ignored and therefore introduces a bias. The aim of our study was to develop a new methodological approach that removes this bias. For this purpose, percentage acceleration was calculated as the ratio of the maximal acceleration of the action (amax,action) and the maximal voluntary acceleration (amax) that can be achieved for a particular initial running speed (percentage acceleration [%] = amax,action / amax * 100). Methods To define amax, seventy-two highly trained junior male soccer players (17.1 ± 0.6 years) completed maximal sprints from standing and three different constant initial running speeds (vinit; trotting: ~6.0 km·h–1; jogging: ~10.8 km·h–1; running: ~15.0 km·h–1). Results The amax was 6.01 ± 0.55 from a standing start, 4.33 ± 0.40 from trotting, 3.20 ± 0.49 from jogging and 2.29 ± 0.34 m·s–2 from running. The amax correlated significantly with vinit (r = –0.98) and the linear regression equation of highly-trained junior soccer players was: amax = –0.23 * vinit + 5.99. Conclusion Using linear regression analysis, we propose to classify high-intensity actions as accelerations >75% of the amax, corresponding to acceleration values for our population of >4.51 initiated from standing, >3.25 from trotting, >2.40 from jogging, and >1.72 m·s–2 from running. The use of percentage acceleration avoids the bias of underestimating actions with high and overestimating actions with low initial running speed. Furthermore, percentage acceleration allows determining individual intensity thresholds that are specific for one population or one single player.
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137
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Akenhead R, Harley JA, Tweddle SP. Examining the External Training Load of an English Premier League Football Team With Special Reference to Acceleration. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2424-32. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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138
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Nikolaidis PT, Ruano MAG, de Oliveira NC, Portes LA, Freiwald J, Leprêtre PM, Knechtle B. Who runs the fastest? Anthropometric and physiological correlates of 20 m sprint performance in male soccer players. Res Sports Med 2016; 24:341-351. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1222281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. A. G. Ruano
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N. C. de Oliveira
- Research Group in Physical Exercise, Lifestyle and Health Promotion, Adventist University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L. A. Portes
- Research Group in Physical Exercise, Lifestyle and Health Promotion, Adventist University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J. Freiwald
- Research Center for Performance Diagnostics and Training Advice, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P. M. Leprêtre
- UFR-STAPS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - B. Knechtle
- Instutute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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139
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Johnston RJ, Watsford ML, Austin DJ, Pine MJ, Spurrs RW. Movement Profiles, Match Events, and Performance in Australian Football. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2129-37. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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140
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Tierney PJ, Young A, Clarke ND, Duncan MJ. Match play demands of 11 versus 11 professional football using Global Positioning System tracking: Variations across common playing formations. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 49:1-8. [PMID: 27269201 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine Global Positioning System (GPS) determined movement patterns across the 5 most common playing formations (4-4-2; 4-3-3; 3-5-2; 3-4-3; 4-2-3-1) employed in 11 versus 11 football match play in England. Elite male footballers (n=46) were monitored over the course of a season; total distance (TD), high speed running (HSR), high metabolic load distance (HMLD), high speed accelerations (Acc) and decelerations (Dec) data was collected for analysis. It was found that 3-5-2 formation elicited higher TD (10528±565m, p=0.05), HSR (642±215m, p=0.001), and HMLD (2025±304m, p=0.001) than all other formations and above average Acc and Dec (34±7, p=0.036 and 57±10, p=0.006), with 4-2-3-1 eliciting the highest Acc and Dec (38±8 and 61±12). Positional data showed that CM in 4-3-3 covered >11% TD than in 4-4-2 (p=0.012). FW in 3-5-2 covered >45% HSR than in 4-2-3-1 (p=0.004). CM in 4-3-3 covered >14% HMLD than in 4-4-2 (p=0.367). FW in 4-3-3 performed >49% accelerations than in 4-2-3-1 (p=0.293). WD in 3-5-2 performed >20% more decelerations than in 4-4-2 (p=0.161). This study is important for coaches understanding, that positional physical characteristics are influenced by the demands of playing in different formations during match play.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Neil D Clarke
- Human Performance Laboratory, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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141
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Carling C, Bradley P, McCall A, Dupont G. Match-to-match variability in high-speed running activity in a professional soccer team. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:2215-2223. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1176228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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142
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Wollin M, Thorborg K, Pizzari T. The acute effect of match play on hamstring strength and lower limb flexibility in elite youth football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:282-288. [PMID: 26926311 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of competitive football match play on hamstring strength and lower limb flexibility. Fifteen male international youth football players were included. Hamstring strength and associated pain ratings, ankle dorsiflexion, hip extension, knee extension and flexion range of motion were evaluated immediately post-match and at intervals of 24, 48, and 72 h post-match. Strength significantly reduced post-match (P < 0.01), mean difference -0.43 (CI95 : -0.56, -0.30) and 24 h post (P < 0.05) mean difference -0.12 Nm/kg (CI95 : -0.20, -0.04). The associated pain scores significantly increased at the post-match (P < 0.01, ES = 0.61) and 24 h (P < 0.01, ES = 0.55) time intervals. At the 48 and 72 h post-match tests no significant difference was found for strength or pain ratings. No significant differences were detected for any of the range of motion measures. Competitive football match play has a significant acute and transient effect on isometric hamstring strength and associated pain levels during resisted knee flexion in male international youth players. Range of motion measures appear to remain relatively unaffected by match play. Isometric hamstring strength testing and associated pain levels might be considered for inclusion in-season to monitor player's post-match hamstring recovery characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wollin
- Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia.,Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K Thorborg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Orthopaedic Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Amager-Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation - Copenhagen (PMR-C), Amager-Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Pizzari
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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143
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de Hoyo M, Cohen DD, Sañudo B, Carrasco L, Álvarez-Mesa A, del Ojo JJ, Domínguez-Cobo S, Mañas V, Otero-Esquina C. Influence of football match time–motion parameters on recovery time course of muscle damage and jump ability. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1363-70. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1150603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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144
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Russell M, Northeast J, Atkinson G, Shearer DA, Sparkes W, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. Between-Match Variability of Peak Power Output and Creatine Kinase Responses to Soccer Match-Play. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2079-85. [PMID: 25627642 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Post-match assessments of peak power output (PPO) during countermovement jumps and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations are common markers of recovery status in soccer players. Yet, the impact of soccer match-play on recovery in the 48 hours after competition is unclear, and the between-match variability of these responses has not been examined. Fourteen reserve team players from an English Premier League club were examined over 1-4 matches per player. Creatine kinase and PPO were measured before, 24, and 48 hours after each match. Data were analyzed with within-subjects linear mixed models. Compared with the prematch baseline, PPO was 237 ± 170 W and 98 ± 168 W lower at 24 and 48 hours, respectively (p ≤ 0.005) and CK was elevated (24 hours: 334.8 ± 107.2 μ·L(-1), 48 hours: 156.9 ± 121.0 μ·L(-1); both p ≤ 0.001) after match-play. These responses were consistent across the different matches and playing positions (p > 0.05). Within-subject correlations between PPO and CK were significant (r = -0.558; p ≤ 0.005). The between-match variability of PPO was 10.9, 11.0, and 9.9%, respectively at baseline, 24 and 48 hours, whereas for CK, the variability was 41.7, 30.0, and 34.3%, respectively. These findings highlight that more than 48 hours are needed to restore metabolic and performance perturbations after soccer match-play, and that CK demonstrates greater between-match variability than PPO. Such information is likely to be of interest to those responsible for the design of training schedules in the days after a match and sports scientists whose responsibilities include the monitoring of recovery status in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Russell
- 1Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; 2Swansea City Association Football Club, Swansea, United Kingdom; 3Health and Social Care Institute, School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; 4Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom; 5Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; and 6School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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145
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Repeated Acceleration Activity in Competitive Youth Soccer. CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SPORT SCIENCES AND MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.18276/cej.2016.2-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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146
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Barrett S, Midgley A, Reeves M, Joel T, Franklin E, Heyworth R, Garrett A, Lovell R. The within-match patterns of locomotor efficiency during professional soccer match play: Implications for injury risk? J Sci Med Sport 2015; 19:810-5. [PMID: 26787341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The principle aim of the current study was to examine within-match patterns of locomotor efficiency in professional soccer, determined as the ratio between tri-axial accelerometer data (PlayerLoad™) and locomotor activities. Between match variability and determinants of PlayerLoad™ during match play were also assessed. DESIGN A single cohort, observational study. METHODS Tri-axial accelerometer data (PlayerLoad™) was recorded during 86 competitive soccer matches in 63 English championship players (574 match observations). Accelerometer data accumulated (PlayerLoad Vector Magnitude [PLVM]) from the individual-component planes of PlayerLoad™ (anterior-posterior PlayerLoad™ [PLAP], medial-lateral PlayerLoad™ [PLML] and vertical PlayerLoad™ [PLV]), together with locomotor activity (Total Distance Covered [TDC]) were determined in 15-min segments. Locomotor efficiency was calculated using the ratio of PLVM and TDC (PlayerLoad™ per metre). The proportion of variance explaining the within-match trends in PLVM, PLAP, APML, APv, and TDC was determined owing to matches, individual players, and positional role. RESULTS PLVM, PLAP, APML, APv and TDC reduced after the initial 15-min match period (p=0.001; η(2)=0.22-0.43, large effects). PL:TDC increased in the last 15min of each half (p=0.001; η(2)=0.25, large effect). The variance in PLVM during soccer match-play was explained by individual players (63.9%; p=0.001) and between-match variation (21.6%; p=0.001), but not positional role (14.1%; p=0.364). CONCLUSIONS Locomotor efficiency is lower during the latter stages of each half of competitive soccer match-play, a trend synonymous with observations of increased injury incidence and fatigue in these periods. Locomotor efficiency may be a valuable metric to identify fatigue and heightened injury risk during soccer training and match-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Barrett
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, The University of Hull, UK; Sport Medicine and Science Department, Hull City Tigers FC, UK.
| | - Adrian Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, UK
| | - Matt Reeves
- Medicine and Sport Science Department, Leicester City FC, UK
| | - Tom Joel
- Medicine and Sport Science Department, Leicester City FC, UK
| | - Ed Franklin
- Medicine and Sport Science Department, Reading FC, UK
| | - Rob Heyworth
- Medicine and Sport Science Department, Blackburn Rovers FC, UK
| | - Andrew Garrett
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, The University of Hull, UK
| | - Ric Lovell
- Western Sydney High Performance Sports Group, University of Western Sydney, Australia
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147
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Stevens TGA, De Ruiter CJ, Beek PJ, Savelsbergh GJP. Validity and reliability of 6-a-side small-sided game locomotor performance in assessing physical fitness in football players. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:527-34. [PMID: 26630259 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1116709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine whether small-sided game (SSG) locomotor performance can serve as a fitness indicator, we (1) compared 6-a-side (6v6) SSG-intensity of players varying in fitness and skill, (2) examined the relationship of the 6v6-SSG and Yo-Yo IR2 and (3) assessed the reliability of the 6v6-SSG. Thirty-three professional senior, 30 professional youth, 62 amateur and 16 professional woman football players performed 4 × 7 min 6v6-SSGs recorded by a Local Position Measurement system. A substantial subgroup (N = 113) also performed the Yo-Yo IR2. Forty-seven amateur players performed two or three 6v6-SSGs. No differences in 6v6-SSG time-motion variables were found between professional senior and professional youth players. Amateurs showed lower values than professional seniors on almost all time-motion variables (ES = 0.59-1.19). Women displayed lower high-intensity time-motion variables than all other subgroups. Total distance run during 6v6-SSG was only moderately related to Yo-Yo IR2 distance (r = 0.45), but estimated metabolic power, high speed (>14.4 km · h(-1)), high acceleration (>2 m · s(-2)), high power (>20 W · kg(-1)) and very high (35 W · kg(-1)) power showed higher correlations (r = 0.59-0.70) with Yo-Yo IR2 distance. Intraclass correlation coefficient values were higher for total distance (0.84) than other time-motion variables (0.74‒0.78). Although total distance and metabolic power during 6v6-SSG showed good reproducibility (coefficient of variation (CV) < 5%), CV was higher (8-14%) for all high-intensity time-motion variables. It was therefore concluded that standardised SSG locomotor performance cannot serve used as a valid and reliable fitness indicator for individual players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gerardus Antonia Stevens
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Johannes De Ruiter
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Peter Jan Beek
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jozef Peter Savelsbergh
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Academy of Physical Education , Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Page RM, Marrin K, Brogden CM, Greig M. Biomechanical and Physiological Response to a Contemporary Soccer Match-Play Simulation. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:2860-6. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The reliability, validity and sensitivity of a novel soccer-specific reactive repeated-sprint test (RRST). Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2531-42. [PMID: 26335624 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the reliability, validity and sensitivity of a reactive repeated-sprint test (RRST). METHODS Elite (n = 72) and sub-elite male (n = 87) and elite female soccer players (n = 12) completed the RRST at set times during a season. Total distance timed was 30 m and the RRST performance measure was the total time (s) across eight repetitions. Competitive match running performance was measured using GPS and high-intensity running quantified (≥ 19.8 km h(-1)). RESULTS Test-retest coefficient of variation in elite U16 and sub-elite U19 players was 0.71 and 0.84 %, respectively. Elite U18 players' RRST performances were better (P < 0.01) than elite U16, sub-elite U16, U18, U19 and elite senior female players (58.25 ± 1.34 vs 59.97 ± 1.64, 61.42 ± 2.25, 61.66 ± 1.70, 61.02 ± 2.31 and 63.88 ± 1.46 s; ES 0.6-1.9). For elite U18 players, RRST performances for central defenders (59.84 ± 1.35 s) were lower (P < 0.05) than full backs (57.85 ± 0.77 s), but not attackers (58.17 ± 1.73 s) or central and wide midfielders (58.55 ± 1.08 and 58.58 ± 1.89 s; ES 0.7-1.4). Elite U16 players demonstrated lower (P < 0.01) RRST performances during the preparation period versus the start, middle and end of season periods (61.13 ± 1.53 vs 59.51 ± 1.39, 59.25 ± 1.42 and 59.20 ± 1.57 s; ES 1.0-1.1). Very large magnitude correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between RRST performance and high-intensity running in the most intense 5-min period of a match for both elite and sub-elite U18 players (r = -0.71 and -0.74), with the best time of the RRST also correlating with the arrowhead agility test for elite U16 and U18 players (r = 0.84 and 0.75). CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that the RRST is a reliable and valid test that distinguishes between performance across standard, position and seasonal period.
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Waldron M, Highton J. Fatigue and pacing in high-intensity intermittent team sport: an update. Sports Med 2015; 44:1645-58. [PMID: 25047854 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the advancements in player tracking technology, the topic of fatigue and pacing in team sport has become increasingly popular in recent years. Initially based upon a pre-conceived pacing schema, a central metabolic control system is proposed to guide the movement of players during team sport matches, which can be consciously modified based on afferent signals from the various physiological systems and in response to environmental cues. On the basis of this theory, coupled with the collective findings from motion-analysis research, we sought to define the different pacing strategies employed by team sport players. Whole-match players adopt a 'slow-positive' pacing profile (gradual decline in total running intensity), which appears to be global across the different team sports. High-intensity movement also declines in a 'slow-positive' manner across most team sport matches. The duration of the exercise bout appears to be important for the selected exercise intensity, with the first introduction to a match as a substitute or interchange player resulting in a 'one bout, all out' strategy. In a limited interchange environment, a second introduction to the match results in a 'second-bout reserve' strategy; otherwise, the 'one bout, all out' strategy is likely to be adopted. These pacing profiles are proposed to reflect the presence of a central regulator that controls the movement intensity of the player to optimize performance, as well as avoiding the harmful failure of any physiological system. The presence of 'temporary fatigue' reflects this process, whereby exercise intensity is consciously modulated from within the framework of a global pacing schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Waldron
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2350, Australia,
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