101
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Chen CY, Chen YT, Wang JY, Huang YS, Tai CY. Postsynaptic Y654 dephosphorylation of β-catenin modulates presynaptic vesicle turnover through increased n-cadherin-mediated transsynaptic signaling. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:61-74. [PMID: 27328456 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion molecules, which coordinately control structural and functional changes at both sides of synapses, are important for synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Because they physically form homophilic or heterophilic adhesions across synaptic junctions, these molecules can initiate transsynaptic communication in both anterograde and retrograde directions. Using optical imaging approaches, we investigated whether an increase in postsynaptic N-cadherin could correspondingly alter the function of connected presynaptic terminals. Postsynaptic expression of β-catenin Y654F, a phosphorylation-defective form with enhanced binding to N-cadherin, is sufficient to increase postsynaptic surface levels of N-cadherin and consequently promote presynaptic reorganizations. Such reorganizations include increases in the densities of the synaptic vesicle protein, Synaptotagmin 1 and the active zone scaffold protein, Bassoon, the number of active boutons and the size of the total recycling vesicle pool. In contrast, synaptic vesicle turnover is significantly impaired, preventing the exchange of synaptic vesicles with adjacent boutons. Together, N-cadherin-mediated retrograde signaling, governed by phosphoregulation of postsynaptic β-catenin Y654, coordinately modulates presynaptic vesicle dynamics to enhance synaptic communication in mature neurons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 61-74, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yeu Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yin Tai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.,Institute of Biologics, Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City, 22180, Taiwan
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102
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Magnowska M, Gorkiewicz T, Suska A, Wawrzyniak M, Rutkowska-Wlodarczyk I, Kaczmarek L, Wlodarczyk J. Transient ECM protease activity promotes synaptic plasticity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27757. [PMID: 27282248 PMCID: PMC4901294 DOI: 10.1038/srep27757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent proteolysis at a synapse has been recognized as a pivotal factor in controlling dynamic changes in dendritic spine shape and function; however, excessive proteolytic activity is detrimental to the cells. The exact mechanism of control of these seemingly contradictory outcomes of protease activity remains unknown. Here, we reveal that dendritic spine maturation is strictly controlled by the proteolytic activity, and its inhibition by the endogenous inhibitor (Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 – TIMP-1). Excessive proteolytic activity impairs long-term potentiation of the synaptic efficacy (LTP), and this impairment could be rescued by inhibition of protease activity. Moreover LTP is altered persistently when the ability of TIMP-1 to inhibit protease activity is abrogated, further demonstrating the role of such inhibition in the promotion of synaptic plasticity under well-defined conditions. We also show that dendritic spine maturation involves an intermediate formation of elongated spines, followed by their conversion into mushroom shape. The formation of mushroom-shaped spines is accompanied by increase in AMPA/NMDA ratio of glutamate receptors. Altogether, our results identify inhibition of protease activity as a critical regulatory mechanism for dendritic spines maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Magnowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gorkiewicz
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland.,Department of Physics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Anna Suska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Marcin Wawrzyniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
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103
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Harris KP, Zhang YV, Piccioli ZD, Perrimon N, Littleton JT. The postsynaptic t-SNARE Syntaxin 4 controls traffic of Neuroligin 1 and Synaptotagmin 4 to regulate retrograde signaling. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27223326 PMCID: PMC4880446 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic cells can induce synaptic plasticity through the release of activity-dependent retrograde signals. We previously described a Ca(2+)-dependent retrograde signaling pathway mediated by postsynaptic Synaptotagmin 4 (Syt4). To identify proteins involved in postsynaptic exocytosis, we conducted a screen for candidates that disrupted trafficking of a pHluorin-tagged Syt4 at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Here we characterize one candidate, the postsynaptic t-SNARE Syntaxin 4 (Syx4). Analysis of Syx4 mutants reveals that Syx4 mediates retrograde signaling, modulating the membrane levels of Syt4 and the transsynaptic adhesion protein Neuroligin 1 (Nlg1). Syx4-dependent trafficking regulates synaptic development, including controlling synaptic bouton number and the ability to bud new varicosities in response to acute neuronal stimulation. Genetic interaction experiments demonstrate Syx4, Syt4, and Nlg1 regulate synaptic growth and plasticity through both shared and parallel signaling pathways. Our findings suggest a conserved postsynaptic SNARE machinery controls multiple aspects of retrograde signaling and cargo trafficking within the postsynaptic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Harris
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Yao V Zhang
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Zachary D Piccioli
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - J Troy Littleton
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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104
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Abstract
Cancer is known for opportunistically utilizing resources from its surroundings for its own growth and survival. In this issue of Cell, Venkatesh et al. demonstrate that this also occurs in the brain, identifying neuronal activity-induced secretion of neuroligin-3 as a novel mechanism promoting glioma proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Lehrman
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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105
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Harris N, Braiser DJ, Dickman DK, Fetter RD, Tong A, Davis GW. The Innate Immune Receptor PGRP-LC Controls Presynaptic Homeostatic Plasticity. Neuron 2016; 88:1157-1164. [PMID: 26687223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that the brain is immunologically active. Highly conserved innate immune signaling responds to pathogen invasion and injury and promotes structural refinement of neural circuitry. However, it remains generally unknown whether innate immune signaling has a function during the day-to-day regulation of neural function in the absence of pathogens and irrespective of cellular damage or developmental change. Here we show that an innate immune receptor, a member of the peptidoglycan pattern recognition receptor family (PGRP-LC), is required for the induction and sustained expression of homeostatic synaptic plasticity. This receptor functions presynaptically, controlling the homeostatic modulation of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles following inhibition of postsynaptic glutamate receptor function. Thus, PGRP-LC is a candidate receptor for retrograde, trans-synaptic signaling, a novel activity for innate immune signaling and the first known function of a PGRP-type receptor in the nervous system of any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-0822, USA
| | - Daniel J Braiser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-0822, USA
| | - Dion K Dickman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-0822, USA
| | - Richard D Fetter
- Janelia Research Campus of HHMI, 19700 Helix Dr. Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Amy Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-0822, USA
| | - Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-0822, USA.
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106
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Kim EJ, Jeon CS, Lee SY, Hwang I, Chung TD. Robust Type-specific Hemisynapses Induced by Artificial Dendrites. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24210. [PMID: 27072994 PMCID: PMC4829863 DOI: 10.1038/srep24210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-specificity of synapses, excitatory and inhibitory, regulates information process in neural networks via chemical neurotransmitters. To lay a foundation of synapse-based neural interfaces, artificial dendrites are generated by covering abiotic substrata with ectodomains of type-specific synaptogenic proteins that are C-terminally tagged with biotinylated fluorescent proteins. The excitatory artificial synapses displaying engineered ectodomains of postsynaptic neuroligin-1 (NL1) induce the formation of excitatory presynapses with mixed culture of neurons in various developmental stages, while the inhibitory artificial dendrites displaying engineered NL2 and Slitrk3 induce inhibitory presynapses only with mature neurons. By contrast, if the artificial dendrites are applied to the axonal components of micropatterned neurons, correctly-matched synaptic specificity emerges regardless of the neuronal developmental stages. The hemisynapses retain their initially established type-specificity during neuronal development and maintain their synaptic strength provided live neurons, implying the possibility of durable synapse-based biointerfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Chang Su Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Soo Youn Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Inseong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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107
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Mapping the dynamics and nanoscale organization of synaptic adhesion proteins using monomeric streptavidin. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10773. [PMID: 26979420 PMCID: PMC4799371 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of super-resolution imaging (SRI) has created a need for optimized labelling strategies. We present a new method relying on fluorophore-conjugated monomeric streptavidin (mSA) to label membrane proteins carrying a short, enzymatically biotinylated tag, compatible with SRI techniques including uPAINT, STED and dSTORM. We demonstrate efficient and specific labelling of target proteins in confined intercellular and organotypic tissues, with reduced steric hindrance and no crosslinking compared with multivalent probes. We use mSA to decipher the dynamics and nanoscale organization of the synaptic adhesion molecules neurexin-1β, neuroligin-1 (Nlg1) and leucine-rich-repeat transmembrane protein 2 (LRRTM2) in a dual-colour configuration with GFP nanobody, and show that these proteins are diffusionally trapped at synapses where they form apposed trans-synaptic adhesive structures. Furthermore, Nlg1 is dynamic, disperse and sensitive to synaptic stimulation, whereas LRRTM2 is organized in compact and stable nanodomains. Thus, mSA is a versatile tool to image membrane proteins at high resolution in complex live environments, providing novel information about the nano-organization of biological structures. The advent of fluorescence-based super-resolution microscopy has created a need for labeling strategies relying on small probes that minimally perturb protein function. Here the authors describe a labeling method that reduces protein tag and label sizes, allowing for accurate protein targeting and measurements of protein dynamics in tight cellular spaces.
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108
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Glebov OO, Cox S, Humphreys L, Burrone J. Neuronal activity controls transsynaptic geometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22703. [PMID: 26951792 PMCID: PMC4782104 DOI: 10.1038/srep22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal synapse is comprised of several distinct zones, including presynaptic vesicle zone (SVZ), active zone (AZ) and postsynaptic density (PSD). While correct relative positioning of these zones is believed to be essential for synaptic function, the mechanisms controlling their mutual localization remain unexplored. Here, we employ high-throughput quantitative confocal imaging, super-resolution and electron microscopy to visualize organization of synaptic subdomains in hippocampal neurons. Silencing of neuronal activity leads to reversible reorganization of the synaptic geometry, resulting in a increased overlap between immunostained AZ and PSD markers; in contrast, the SVZ-AZ spatial coupling is decreased. Bayesian blinking and bleaching (3B) reconstruction reveals that the distance between the AZ-PSD distance is decreased by 30 nm, while electron microscopy shows that the width of the synaptic cleft is decreased by 1.1 nm. Our findings show that multiple aspects of synaptic geometry are dynamically controlled by neuronal activity and suggest mutual repositioning of synaptic components as a potential novel mechanism contributing to the homeostatic forms of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg O. Glebov
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lawrence Humphreys
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Juan Burrone
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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109
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Sindi IA, Dodd PR. New insights into Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: the involvement of neuroligins in synaptic malfunction. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 5:137-45. [PMID: 25894877 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.14.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic damage is a key hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and the best correlate with cognitive decline ante mortem. Signature protein combinations arrayed at tightly apposed pre- and post-synaptic sites characterize different types of synapse. Neuroligins are postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules that interact with neurexins across the synaptic cleft. These pairings recruit receptors, channels and signal transduction molecules to the synapse, and help mediate trans-synaptic transmission. Dysfunction in the neuroligin family can disrupt neuronal networks and leads to neurodegeneration and other diseases. The extracellular domain of neuroligins is homologous with acetylcholinesterase but lacks residues required for enzymatic activity. This domain may interact pathogenically with β-amyloid. Here we summarize research over the last decade on the potential involvement of neuroligins in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas A Sindi
- Centre for Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Australia
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110
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Gao R, Penzes P. Common mechanisms of excitatory and inhibitory imbalance in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Curr Mol Med 2015; 15:146-67. [PMID: 25732149 DOI: 10.2174/1566524015666150303003028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Schizophrenia (SCZ) are cognitive disorders with complex genetic architectures but overlapping behavioral phenotypes, which suggests common pathway perturbations. Multiple lines of evidence implicate imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory activity (E/I imbalance) as a shared pathophysiological mechanism. Thus, understanding the molecular underpinnings of E/I imbalance may provide essential insight into the etiology of these disorders and may uncover novel targets for future drug discovery. Here, we review key genetic, physiological, neuropathological, functional, and pathway studies that suggest alterations to excitatory/inhibitory circuits are keys to ASD and SCZ pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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111
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Perez de Arce K, Schrod N, Metzbower SWR, Allgeyer E, Kong GKW, Tang AH, Krupp AJ, Stein V, Liu X, Bewersdorf J, Blanpied TA, Lucić V, Biederer T. Topographic Mapping of the Synaptic Cleft into Adhesive Nanodomains. Neuron 2015; 88:1165-1172. [PMID: 26687224 PMCID: PMC4687029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cleft is an integral part of synapses, yet its macromolecular organization remains unclear. We show here that the cleft of excitatory synapses exhibits a distinct density profile as measured by cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET). Aiming for molecular insights, we analyzed the synapse-organizing proteins Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (SynCAM 1) and EphB2. Cryo-ET of SynCAM 1 knockout and overexpressor synapses showed that this immunoglobulin protein shapes the cleft's edge. SynCAM 1 delineates the postsynaptic perimeter as determined by immunoelectron microscopy and super-resolution imaging. In contrast, the EphB2 receptor tyrosine kinase is enriched deeper within the postsynaptic area. Unexpectedly, SynCAM 1 can form ensembles proximal to postsynaptic densities, and synapses containing these ensembles were larger. Postsynaptic SynCAM 1 surface puncta were not static but became enlarged after a long-term depression paradigm. These results support that the synaptic cleft is organized on a nanoscale into sub-compartments marked by distinct trans-synaptic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Perez de Arce
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nikolas Schrod
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sarah W R Metzbower
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Edward Allgeyer
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Geoffrey K-W Kong
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ai-Hui Tang
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alexander J Krupp
- Department of Physiology, Universität Bonn Medical Faculty, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Valentin Stein
- Department of Physiology, Universität Bonn Medical Faculty, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Xinran Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jörg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vladan Lucić
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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112
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A truncating mutation in Alzheimer's disease inactivates neuroligin-1 synaptic function. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3171-3175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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113
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Shinoe T, Goda Y. Tuning synapses by proteolytic remodeling of the adhesive surface. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 35:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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114
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From the genetic architecture to synaptic plasticity in autism spectrum disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:551-63. [PMID: 26289574 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genetics studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have identified several risk genes that are key regulators of synaptic plasticity. Indeed, many of the risk genes that have been linked to these disorders encode synaptic scaffolding proteins, receptors, cell adhesion molecules or proteins that are involved in chromatin remodelling, transcription, protein synthesis or degradation, or actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Changes in any of these proteins can increase or decrease synaptic strength or number and, ultimately, neuronal connectivity in the brain. In addition, when deleterious mutations occur, inefficient genetic buffering and impaired synaptic homeostasis may increase an individual's risk for ASD.
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115
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The Role of Proteases in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity: Putting Together Small Pieces of a Complex Puzzle. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:156-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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116
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Wiera G, Mozrzymas JW. Extracellular proteolysis in structural and functional plasticity of mossy fiber synapses in hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:427. [PMID: 26582976 PMCID: PMC4631828 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain is continuously altered in response to experience and environmental changes. One of the underlying mechanisms is synaptic plasticity, which is manifested by modification of synapse structure and function. It is becoming clear that regulated extracellular proteolysis plays a pivotal role in the structural and functional remodeling of synapses during brain development, learning and memory formation. Clearly, plasticity mechanisms may substantially differ between projections. Mossy fiber synapses onto CA3 pyramidal cells display several unique functional features, including pronounced short-term facilitation, a presynaptically expressed long-term potentiation (LTP) that is independent of NMDAR activation, and NMDA-dependent metaplasticity. Moreover, structural plasticity at mossy fiber synapses ranges from the reorganization of projection topology after hippocampus-dependent learning, through intrinsically different dynamic properties of synaptic boutons to pre- and postsynaptic structural changes accompanying LTP induction. Although concomitant functional and structural plasticity in this pathway strongly suggests a role of extracellular proteolysis, its impact only starts to be investigated in this projection. In the present report, we review the role of extracellular proteolysis in various aspects of synaptic plasticity in hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that among perisynaptic proteases, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin system, β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and metalloproteinases play a crucial role in shaping plastic changes in this projection. We discuss recent advances and emerging hypotheses on the roles of proteases in mechanisms underlying mossy fiber target specific synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Wiera
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University Wroclaw, Poland ; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy W Mozrzymas
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University Wroclaw, Poland ; Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University Wroclaw, Poland
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117
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The alpha secretase ADAM10: A metalloprotease with multiple functions in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 135:1-20. [PMID: 26522965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the 'A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase' (ADAM) family are membrane-anchored proteases that are able to cleave the extracellular domains of several membrane-bound proteins in a process known as 'ectodomain shedding'. In the central nervous system, ADAM10 has attracted the most attention, since it was described as the amyloid precursor protein α-secretase over ten years ago. Despite the excitement over the potential of ADAM10 as a novel drug target in Alzheimer disease, the physiological functions of ADAM10 in the brain are not yet well understood. This is largely because of the embryonic lethality of ADAM10-deficient mice, which results from the loss of cleavage and signaling of the Notch receptor, another ADAM10 substrate. However, the recent generation of conditional ADAM10-deficient mice and the identification of further ADAM10 substrates in the brain has revealed surprisingly numerous and fundamental functions of ADAM10 in the development of the embryonic brain and also in the homeostasis of adult neuronal networks. Mechanistically, ADAM10 controls these functions by utilizing unique postsynaptic substrates in the central nervous system, in particular synaptic cell adhesion molecules, such as neuroligin-1, N-cadherin, NCAM, Ephrin A2 and A5. Consequently, a dysregulation of ADAM10 activity is linked to psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, fragile X syndrome and Huntington disease. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding the substrates and function as well as the regulation and cell biology of ADAM10 in the central nervous system and discusses the value of ADAM10 as a drug target in brain diseases.
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118
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Abstract
Recent findings implicate alterations in glutamate signaling, leading to aberrant synaptic plasticity, in schizophrenia. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been shown to regulate glutamate receptors, be regulated by glutamate at excitatory synapses, and modulate physiological and morphological synaptic plasticity. By means of functional gene polymorphism, gene responsiveness to antipsychotics and blood plasma levels MMP-9 has recently been implicated in schizophrenia. This commentary critically reviews these findings based on the hypothesis that MMP-9 contributes to pathological synaptic plasticity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lepeta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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119
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Conant K, Allen M, Lim ST. Activity dependent CAM cleavage and neurotransmission. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:305. [PMID: 26321910 PMCID: PMC4531370 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially localized proteolysis represents an elegant means by which neuronal activity dependent changes in synaptic structure, and thus experience dependent learning and memory, can be achieved. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that matrix metalloproteinase and adamalysin activity is concentrated at the cell surface, and emerging evidence suggests that increased peri-synaptic expression, release and/or activation of these proteinases occurs with enhanced excitatory neurotransmission. Synaptically expressed cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) could therefore represent important targets for neuronal activity-dependent proteolysis. Several CAM subtypes are expressed at the synapse, and their cleavage can influence the efficacy of synaptic transmission through a variety of non-mutually exclusive mechanisms. In the following review, we discuss mechanisms that regulate neuronal activity-dependent synaptic CAM shedding, including those that may be calcium dependent. We also highlight CAM targets of activity-dependent proteolysis including neuroligin and intercellular adhesion molecule-5 (ICAM-5). We include discussion focused on potential consequences of synaptic CAM shedding, with an emphasis on interactions between soluble CAM cleavage products and specific pre- and post-synaptic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Conant
- Department of Neuroscience and Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Megan Allen
- Department of Neuroscience and Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Seung T Lim
- Department of Neuroscience and Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
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Reinhard SM, Razak K, Ethell IM. A delicate balance: role of MMP-9 in brain development and pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:280. [PMID: 26283917 PMCID: PMC4518323 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a critical regulator of neural network development and plasticity. As neuronal circuits develop, the ECM stabilizes synaptic contacts, while its cleavage has both permissive and active roles in the regulation of plasticity. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is a member of a large family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that can cleave ECM and several cell surface receptors allowing for synaptic and circuit level reorganization. It is becoming increasingly clear that the regulated activity of MMP-9 is critical for central nervous system (CNS) development. In particular, MMP-9 has a role in the development of sensory circuits during early postnatal periods, called ‘critical periods.’ MMP-9 can regulate sensory-mediated, local circuit reorganization through its ability to control synaptogenesis, axonal pathfinding and myelination. Although activity-dependent activation of MMP-9 at specific synapses plays an important role in multiple plasticity mechanisms throughout the CNS, misregulated activation of the enzyme is implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Growing evidence also suggests a role for MMP-9 in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders including Fragile X Syndrome. This review outlines the various actions of MMP-9 during postnatal brain development, critical for future studies exploring novel therapeutic strategies for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Reinhard
- Psychology Department, University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Khaleel Razak
- Psychology Department, University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Biomedical Sciences Division, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA, USA
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121
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Abstract
A fundamental physical interaction exists across the synapse. It is mediated by synaptic adhesion molecules, and is among the earliest and most indispensable of molecular events occurring during synaptogenesis. The regulation of adhesion molecules and their interactions with other synaptic proteins likely affect not only on synapse formation but also on ongoing synaptic function. We review research on one major family of postsynaptic adhesion molecules, neuroligins, which bind to their presynaptic partner neurexin across the synaptic cleft. We move from a structural overview to the broad cellular and synaptic context of neuroligins, intermolecular interactions, and molecular modifications that occur within a synapse. Finally, we examine evidence concerning the physiological functions of neuroligin in a cell and highlight areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bemben
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Seth L Shipman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Roger A Nicoll
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Proctor DT, Stotz SC, Scott LOM, de la Hoz CLR, Poon KWC, Stys PK, Colicos MA. Axo-glial communication through neurexin-neuroligin signaling regulates myelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia 2015; 63:2023-2039. [PMID: 26119281 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axonal transsynaptic signaling between presynaptic neurexin (NX) and postsynaptic neuroligin (NL) is essential for many properties of synaptic connectivity. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a parallel axo-glial signaling pathway between axonal NX and oligodendritic (OL) NL3. We show that this pathway contributes to the regulation of myelinogenesis, the maintenance of established myelination, and the differentiation state of the OL using in vitro models. We first confirm that NL3 mRNA and protein are expressed in OLs and in OL precursors. We then show that OLs in culture form contacts with non-neuronal cells exogenously expressing NL3's binding partners NX1α or NX1β. Conversely, blocking axo-glial NX-NL3 signaling by saturating NX with exogenous soluble NL protein (NL-ECD) disrupts interactions between OLs and axons in both in vitro and ex vivo assays. Myelination by OLs is tied to their differentiation state, and we find that blocking NX-NL signaling with soluble NL protein also caused OL differentiation to stall at an immature stage. Moreover, in vitro knockdown of NL3 in OLs with siRNAs stalls their development and reduces branching complexity. Interestingly, inclusion of an autism related mutation in the NL blocking protein attenuates these effects; OLs differentiate and the dynamics of OL-axon signaling occur normally as this peptide does not disrupt NX-NL3 axo-glial interactions. Our findings provide evidence not only for a new pathway in axo-glial communication, they also potentially explain the correlation between altered white matter and autism. GLIA 2015;63:2023-2039.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Proctor
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Stephanie C Stotz
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Lucas O M Scott
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Cristiane L R de la Hoz
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Kelvin W C Poon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Peter K Stys
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Michael A Colicos
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
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123
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Murase S, Lantz CL, Kim E, Gupta N, Higgins R, Stopfer M, Hoffman DA, Quinlan EM. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Regulates Neuronal Circuit Development and Excitability. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3477-3493. [PMID: 26093382 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In early postnatal development, naturally occurring cell death, dendritic outgrowth, and synaptogenesis sculpt neuronal ensembles into functional neuronal circuits. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of the extracellular proteinase matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) affects each of these processes, resulting in maladapted neuronal circuitry. MMP-9 deletion increases the number of CA1 pyramidal neurons but decreases dendritic length and complexity. Parallel changes in neuronal morphology are observed in primary visual cortex and persist into adulthood. Individual CA1 neurons in MMP-9(-/-) mice have enhanced input resistance and a significant increase in the frequency, but not amplitude, of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Additionally, deletion of MMP-9 significantly increases spontaneous neuronal activity in awake MMP-9(-/-) mice and enhances response to acute challenge by the excitotoxin kainate. Our data document a novel role for MMP-9-dependent proteolysis: the regulation of several aspects of circuit maturation to constrain excitability throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Murase
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Department of Biology and Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Crystal L Lantz
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Synaptic Neurophysiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard Higgins
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mark Stopfer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Synaptic Neurophysiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dax A Hoffman
- Molecular Neurophysiology and Biophysics Section, Program in Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Quinlan
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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124
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Neurexin-Neuroligin Synaptic Complex Regulates Schizophrenia-Related DISC1/Kal-7/Rac1 "Signalosome". Neural Plast 2015; 2015:167308. [PMID: 26078884 PMCID: PMC4452847 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins (NXs) and neuroligins (NLs) are cell adhesion molecules that are localized at opposite sites of synaptic membranes. They interact with each other to promote the assembly, maintenance, and function of synapses in the central nervous system. Both NX and NL are cleaved from a membrane-attached intracellular domain in an activity-dependent manner, generating the soluble ectodomain of NX or NL. Expression of the NX1 and NX3 genes in the brain appears to be regulated by a schizophrenia-related protein, DISC1. Here, we show that soluble ecto-NX1β can regulate the expression of DISC1 and induce signaling downstream of DISC1. We also show that NL1 binds to a well-characterized DISC1 interaction partner, Kal-7, and this interaction can be compromised by DISC1. Our results indicate that the NX/NL synaptic complex is intrinsically involved in the regulation of DISC1 function, thus contributing to a better understanding of the pathology of schizophrenia.
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125
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Venkatesh HS, Johung TB, Caretti V, Noll A, Tang Y, Nagaraja S, Gibson EM, Mount CW, Polepalli J, Mitra SS, Woo PJ, Malenka RC, Vogel H, Bredel M, Mallick P, Monje M. Neuronal Activity Promotes Glioma Growth through Neuroligin-3 Secretion. Cell 2015; 161:803-16. [PMID: 25913192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Active neurons exert a mitogenic effect on normal neural precursor and oligodendroglial precursor cells, the putative cellular origins of high-grade glioma (HGG). By using optogenetic control of cortical neuronal activity in a patient-derived pediatric glioblastoma xenograft model, we demonstrate that active neurons similarly promote HGG proliferation and growth in vivo. Conditioned medium from optogenetically stimulated cortical slices promoted proliferation of pediatric and adult patient-derived HGG cultures, indicating secretion of activity-regulated mitogen(s). The synaptic protein neuroligin-3 (NLGN3) was identified as the leading candidate mitogen, and soluble NLGN3 was sufficient and necessary to promote robust HGG cell proliferation. NLGN3 induced PI3K-mTOR pathway activity and feedforward expression of NLGN3 in glioma cells. NLGN3 expression levels in human HGG negatively correlated with patient overall survival. These findings indicate the important role of active neurons in the brain tumor microenvironment and identify secreted NLGN3 as an unexpected mechanism promoting neuronal activity-regulated cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humsa S Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tessa B Johung
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Viola Caretti
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alyssa Noll
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yujie Tang
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Surya Nagaraja
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erin M Gibson
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher W Mount
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jai Polepalli
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Siddhartha S Mitra
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pamelyn J Woo
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Markus Bredel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Parag Mallick
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Bestman JE, Huang LC, Lee-Osbourne J, Cheung P, Cline HT. An in vivo screen to identify candidate neurogenic genes in the developing Xenopus visual system. Dev Biol 2015; 408:269-91. [PMID: 25818835 PMCID: PMC4584193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the brain of Xenopus laevis continues throughout larval stages of development. We developed a 2-tier screen to identify candidate genes controlling neurogenesis in Xenopus optic tectum in vivo. First, microarray and NanoString analyses were used to identify candidate genes that were differentially expressed in Sox2-expressing neural progenitor cells or their neuronal progeny. Then an in vivo, time-lapse imaging-based screen was used to test whether morpholinos against 34 candidate genes altered neural progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation over 3 days in the optic tectum of intact Xenopus tadpoles. We co-electroporated antisense morpholino oligonucleotides against each of the candidate genes with a plasmid that drives GFP expression in Sox2-expressing neural progenitor cells and quantified the effects of morpholinos on neurogenesis. Of the 34 morpholinos tested, 24 altered neural progenitor cell proliferation or neuronal differentiation. The candidates which were tagged as differentially expressed and validated by the in vivo imaging screen include: actn1, arl9, eif3a, elk4, ephb1, fmr1-a, fxr1-1, fbxw7, fgf2, gstp1, hat1, hspa5, lsm6, mecp2, mmp9, and prkaca. Several of these candidates, including fgf2 and elk4, have known or proposed neurogenic functions, thereby validating our strategy to identify candidates. Genes with no previously demonstrated neurogenic functions, gstp1, hspa5 and lsm6, were identified from the morpholino experiments, suggesting that our screen successfully revealed unknown candidates. Genes that are associated with human disease, such as such as mecp2 and fmr1-a, were identified by our screen, providing the groundwork for using Xenopus as an experimental system to probe conserved disease mechanisms. Together the data identify candidate neurogenic regulatory genes and demonstrate that Xenopus is an effective experimental animal to identify and characterize genes that regulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Bestman
- Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Lin-Chien Huang
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Jane Lee-Osbourne
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Phillip Cheung
- Dart Neuroscience, LLC, San Diego, CA 92064, United States
| | - Hollis T Cline
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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127
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The interplay between synaptic activity and neuroligin function in the CNS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:498957. [PMID: 25839034 PMCID: PMC4369883 DOI: 10.1155/2015/498957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins (NLs) are postsynaptic transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins that play a key role in the regulation of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that NLs contribute to synapse formation and synaptic transmission. Consistent with their localization, NL1 and NL3 selectively affect excitatory synapses, whereas NL2 specifically affects inhibitory synapses. Deletions or mutations in NL genes have been found in patients with autism spectrum disorders or mental retardations, and mice harboring the reported NL deletions or mutations exhibit autism-related behaviors and synapse dysfunction. Conversely, synaptic activity can regulate the phosphorylation, expression, and cleavage of NLs, which, in turn, can influence synaptic activity. Thus, in clinical research, identifying the relationship between NLs and synapse function is critical. In this review, we primarily discuss how NLs and synaptic activity influence each other.
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128
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Belanger-Nelson E, Freyburger M, Pouliot P, Beaumont E, Lesage F, Mongrain V. Brain hemodynamic response to somatosensory stimulation in Neuroligin-1 knockout mice. Neuroscience 2015; 289:242-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hayer SN, Bading H. Nuclear calcium signaling induces expression of the synaptic organizers Lrrtm1 and Lrrtm2. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:5523-32. [PMID: 25527504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.532010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium transients in the cell nucleus evoked by synaptic activity in hippocampal neurons function as a signaling end point in synapse-to-nucleus communication. As an important regulator of neuronal gene expression, nuclear calcium is involved in the conversion of synaptic stimuli into functional and structural changes of neurons. Here we identify two synaptic organizers, Lrrtm1 and Lrrtm2, as targets of nuclear calcium signaling. Expression of both Lrrtm1 and Lrrtm2 increased in a synaptic NMDA receptor- and nuclear calcium-dependent manner in hippocampal neurons within 2-4 h after the induction of action potential bursting. Induction of Lrrtm1 and Lrrtm2 occurred independently of the need for new protein synthesis and required calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases and the nuclear calcium signaling target CREB-binding protein. Analysis of reporter gene constructs revealed a functional cAMP response element in the proximal promoter of Lrrtm2, indicating that at least Lrrtm2 is regulated by the classical nuclear Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV-CREB/CREB-binding protein pathway. These results suggest that one mechanism by which nuclear calcium signaling controls neuronal network function is by regulating the expression of Lrrtm1 and Lrrtm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie N Hayer
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hilmar Bading
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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130
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Oligodendrocyte precursor cells modulate the neuronal network by activity-dependent ectodomain cleavage of glial NG2. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001993. [PMID: 25387269 PMCID: PMC4227637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study shows that the activity of neurons can trigger shedding of a protein, NG2, from the surface of oligodendrocyte precursor cells; this protein in turn modulates synaptic transmission, revealing a two-way conversation between neurons and glia. The role of glia in modulating neuronal network activity is an important question. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) characteristically express the transmembrane proteoglycan nerve-glia antigen 2 (NG2) and are unique glial cells receiving synaptic input from neurons. The development of NG2+ OPC into myelinating oligodendrocytes has been well studied, yet the retention of a large population of synapse-bearing OPC in the adult brain poses the question as to additional functional roles of OPC in the neuronal network. Here we report that activity-dependent processing of NG2 by OPC-expressed secretases functionally regulates the neuronal network. NG2 cleavage by the α-secretase ADAM10 yields an ectodomain present in the extracellular matrix and a C-terminal fragment that is subsequently further processed by the γ-secretase to release an intracellular domain. ADAM10-dependent NG2 ectodomain cleavage and release (shedding) in acute brain slices or isolated OPC is increased by distinct activity-increasing stimuli. Lack of NG2 expression in OPC (NG2-knockout mice), or pharmacological inhibition of NG2 ectodomain shedding in wild-type OPC, results in a striking reduction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex and alterations in the subunit composition of their α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepr opionicacid (AMPA) receptors. In NG2-knockout mice these neurons exhibit diminished AMPA and NMDA receptor-dependent current amplitudes; strikingly AMPA receptor currents can be rescued by application of conserved LNS protein domains of the NG2 ectodomain. Furthermore, NG2-knockout mice exhibit altered behavior in tests measuring sensorimotor function. These results demonstrate for the first time a bidirectional cross-talk between OPC and the surrounding neuronal network and demonstrate a novel physiological role for OPC in regulating information processing at neuronal synapses. Although glial cells substantially outnumber neurons in the mammalian brain, much remains to be discovered regarding their functions. Among glial cells, oligodendrocyte precursors differentiate into oligodendrocytes, whose function is to enwrap nerves with myelin to ensure proper impulse conduction. However, oligodendrocyte precursors also comprise a stable population in all major regions of the adult brain, making up around 5% of the total number of neurons and glia. Synapses are classically formed between neurons. Nonetheless, oligodendrocyte precursors are unique among glial cells in that they receive direct synaptic input from different types of neurons; whether OPC also send signals to neurons is still unknown. Here we show a bidirectional communication between neurons and oligodendrocyte precursors: neuronal activity regulates the cleavage of a glial membrane protein and the release of an extracellular domain that in turn modulates synaptic transmission between neurons. Our data thus show that a particular subtype of glial cells, oligodendrocyte precursors, functionally integrate into the neuronal network and we link this bidirectional signaling to mouse behavior and disease.
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131
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Aujla PK, Huntley GW. Early postnatal expression and localization of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 during establishment of rat hippocampal synaptic circuitry. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:1249-63. [PMID: 24114974 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular proteolytic enzymes that contribute to pericellular remodeling in a variety of tissues, including brain, where they function in adult hippocampal synaptic structural and functional plasticity. Synaptic plasticity and remodeling are also important for development of connectivity, but it is unclear whether MMPs--particularly MMP-2 and -9, the major MMPs operative in brain--contribute at these stages. Here, we use a combination of biochemical and anatomical methods to characterize expression and localization of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in early postnatal and adult rat hippocampus. Gene and protein expression of these MMPs were evident throughout hippocampus at all ages examined, but expression levels were highest during the first postnatal week. MMP-2 and MMP-9 immunolocalized to punctate structures within the neuropil that codistributed with foci of proteolytic activity, as well as with markers of growing axons and synapses. Taken together, discrete foci of MMP proteolysis are likely important for actively shaping and remodeling cellular and connectional architecture as hippocampal circuitry is becoming established during early postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paven K Aujla
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029
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132
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Abstract
It is well established that the active properties of nerve and muscle cells are stabilized by homeostatic signaling systems. In organisms ranging from Drosophila to humans, neurons restore baseline function in the continued presence of destabilizing perturbations by rebalancing ion channel expression, modifying neurotransmitter receptor surface expression and trafficking, and modulating neurotransmitter release. This review focuses on the homeostatic modulation of presynaptic neurotransmitter release, termed presynaptic homeostasis. First, we highlight criteria that can be used to define a process as being under homeostatic control. Next, we review the remarkable conservation of presynaptic homeostasis at the Drosophila, mouse, and human neuromuscular junctions and emerging parallels at synaptic connections in the mammalian central nervous system. We then highlight recent progress identifying cellular and molecular mechanisms. We conclude by reviewing emerging parallels between the mechanisms of homeostatic signaling and genetic links to neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158;
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133
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Caroni P, Chowdhury A, Lahr M. Synapse rearrangements upon learning: from divergent-sparse connectivity to dedicated sub-circuits. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:604-14. [PMID: 25257207 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Learning can involve formation of new synapses and loss of synapses, providing memory traces of learned skills. Recent findings suggest that these synapse rearrangements reflect assembly of task-related sub-circuits from initially broadly distributed and sparse connectivity in the brain. These local circuit remodeling processes involve rapid emergence of synapses upon learning, followed by protracted validation involving strengthening of some new synapses, and selective elimination of others. The timing of these consolidation processes can vary. Here, we review these findings, focusing on how molecular/cellular mechanisms of synapse assembly, strengthening, and elimination might interface with circuit/system mechanisms of learning and memory consolidation. An integrated understanding of these learning-related processes should provide a better basis to elucidate how experience, genetic background, and disease influence brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pico Caroni
- Friedrich Miescher Institut, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Maria Lahr
- Friedrich Miescher Institut, Basel, Switzerland
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134
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van der Kooij MA, Fantin M, Rejmak E, Grosse J, Zanoletti O, Fournier C, Ganguly K, Kalita K, Kaczmarek L, Sandi C. Role for MMP-9 in stress-induced downregulation of nectin-3 in hippocampal CA1 and associated behavioural alterations. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4995. [PMID: 25232752 PMCID: PMC4199199 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is a risk factor for the development of psychopathologies characterized by cognitive dysfunction and deregulated social behaviours. Emerging evidence suggests a role for cell adhesion molecules, including nectin-3, in the mechanisms that underlie the behavioural effects of stress. We tested the hypothesis that proteolytic processing of nectins by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), an enzyme family that degrades numerous substrates, including cell adhesion molecules, is involved in hippocampal effects induced by chronic restraint stress. A reduction in nectin-3 in the perisynaptic CA1, but not in the CA3, compartment is observed following chronic stress and is implicated in the effects of stress in social exploration, social recognition and a CA1-dependent cognitive task. Increased MMP-9-related gelatinase activity, involving N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, is specifically found in the CA1 and involved in nectin-3 cleavage and chronic stress-induced social and cognitive alterations. Thus, MMP-9 proteolytic processing emerges as an important mediator of stress effects in brain function and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. van der Kooij
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Martina Fantin
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Emilia Rejmak
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jocelyn Grosse
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Zanoletti
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Celine Fournier
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Krishnendu Ganguly
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kalita
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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135
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Xing G, Gan G, Chen D, Sun M, Yi J, Lv H, Han J, Xie W. Drosophila neuroligin3 regulates neuromuscular junction development and synaptic differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31867-31877. [PMID: 25228693 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroligins (Nlgs) are a family of cell adhesion molecules thought to be important for synapse maturation and function. Mammalian studies have shown that different Nlgs have different roles in synaptic maturation and function. In Drosophila melanogaster, the roles of Drosophila neuroligin1 (DNlg1), neuroligin2, and neuroligin4 have been examined. However, the roles of neuroligin3 (dnlg3) in synaptic development and function have not been determined. In this study, we used the Drosophila neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) as a model system to investigate the in vivo role of dnlg3. We showed that DNlg3 was expressed in both the CNS and NMJs where it was largely restricted to the postsynaptic site. We generated dnlg3 mutants and showed that these mutants exhibited an increased bouton number and reduced bouton size compared with the wild-type (WT) controls. Consistent with alterations in bouton properties, pre- and postsynaptic differentiations were affected in dnlg3 mutants. This included abnormal synaptic vesicle endocytosis, increased postsynaptic density length, and reduced GluRIIA recruitment. In addition to impaired synaptic development and differentiation, we found that synaptic transmission was reduced in dnlg3 mutants. Altogether, our data showed that DNlg3 was required for NMJ development, synaptic differentiation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guangming Gan
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Mingkuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jukang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Huihui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junhai Han
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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136
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Kang Y, Ge Y, Cassidy RM, Lam V, Luo L, Moon KM, Lewis R, Molday RS, Wong ROL, Foster LJ, Craig AM. A combined transgenic proteomic analysis and regulated trafficking of neuroligin-2. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29350-64. [PMID: 25190809 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.549279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses, the basic units of communication in the brain, require complex molecular machinery for neurotransmitter release and reception. Whereas numerous components of excitatory postsynaptic sites have been identified, relatively few proteins are known that function at inhibitory postsynaptic sites. One such component is neuroligin-2 (NL2), an inhibitory synapse-specific cell surface protein that functions in cell adhesion and synaptic organization via binding to neurexins. In this study, we used a transgenic tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry strategy to isolate and characterize NL2-associated complexes. Complexes purified from brains of transgenic His6-FLAG-YFP-NL2 mice showed enrichment in the Gene Ontology terms cell-cell signaling and synaptic transmission relative to complexes purified from wild type mice as a negative control. In addition to expected components including GABA receptor subunits and gephyrin, several novel proteins were isolated in association with NL2. Based on the presence of multiple components involved in trafficking and endocytosis, we showed that NL2 undergoes dynamin-dependent endocytosis in response to soluble ligand and colocalizes with VPS35 retromer in endosomes. Inhibitory synapses in brain also present a particular challenge for imaging. Whereas excitatory synapses on spines can be imaged with a fluorescent cell fill, inhibitory synapses require a molecular tag. We find the His6-FLAG-YFP-NL2 to be a suitable tag, with the unamplified YFP signal localizing appropriately to inhibitory synapses in multiple brain regions including cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and basal ganglia. Altogether, we characterize NL2-associated complexes, demonstrate regulated trafficking of NL2, and provide tools for further proteomic and imaging studies of inhibitory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhee Kang
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Yuan Ge
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Robert M Cassidy
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Vivian Lam
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Lin Luo
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for High-throughput Biology and
| | - Renate Lewis
- the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Robert S Molday
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Macular Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- the Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Leonard J Foster
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for High-throughput Biology and
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- From the Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2B5, Canada,
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137
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Reissner C, Stahn J, Breuer D, Klose M, Pohlentz G, Mormann M, Missler M. Dystroglycan binding to α-neurexin competes with neurexophilin-1 and neuroligin in the brain. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27585-603. [PMID: 25157101 PMCID: PMC4183798 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.595413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Neurexins (α-Nrxn) are mostly presynaptic cell surface molecules essential for neurotransmission that are linked to neuro-developmental disorders as autism or schizophrenia. Several interaction partners of α-Nrxn are identified that depend on alternative splicing, including neuroligins (Nlgn) and dystroglycan (αDAG). The trans-synaptic complex with Nlgn1 was extensively characterized and shown to partially mediate α-Nrxn function. However, the interactions of α-Nrxn with αDAG, neurexophilins (Nxph1) and Nlgn2, ligands that occur specifically at inhibitory synapses, are incompletely understood. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we demonstrate the exact binding epitopes of αDAG and Nxph1 on Nrxn1α and show that their binding is mutually exclusive. Identification of an unusual cysteine bridge pattern and complex type glycans in Nxph1 ensure binding to the second laminin/neurexin/sex hormone binding (LNS2) domain of Nrxn1α, but this association does not interfere with Nlgn binding at LNS6. αDAG, in contrast, interacts with both LNS2 and LNS6 domains without inserts in splice sites SS#2 or SS#4 mostly via LARGE (like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase)-dependent glycans attached to the mucin region. Unexpectedly, binding of αDAG at LNS2 prevents interaction of Nlgn at LNS6 with or without splice insert in SS#4, presumably by sterically hindering each other in the u-form conformation of α-Nrxn. Thus, expression of αDAG and Nxph1 together with alternative splicing in Nrxn1α may prevent or facilitate formation of distinct trans-synaptic Nrxn·Nlgn complexes, revealing an unanticipated way to contribute to the identity of synaptic subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Reissner
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johanna Stahn
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dorothee Breuer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Klose
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Robert-Koch Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Robert-Koch Strasse 31, 48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Markus Missler
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Vesaliusweg 2-4, 48149 Münster, Germany, Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, 48149 Münster, Germany
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138
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Conserved and divergent processing of neuroligin and neurexin genes: from the nematode C. elegans to human. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:79-90. [PMID: 25148907 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-014-0173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuroligins are cell-adhesion proteins that interact with neurexins at the synapse. This interaction may contribute to differentiation, plasticity and specificity of synapses. In humans, single mutations in neuroligin-encoding genes are implicated in autism spectrum disorder and/or mental retardation. Moreover, some copy number variations and point mutations in neurexin-encoding genes have been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders including autism. Neurexins are subject to extensive alternative splicing, highly regulated in mammals, with a great physiological importance. In addition, neuroligins and neurexins are subjected to proteolytic processes that regulate synaptic transmission modifying pre- and postsynaptic activities and may also regulate the remodelling of spines at specific synapses. Four neuroligin genes exist in mice and five in human, whilst in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, there is only one orthologous gene. In a similar manner, in mammals, there are three neurexin genes, each of them encoding two major isoforms named α and β, respectively. In contrast, there is one neurexin gene in C. elegans that also generates two isoforms like mammals. The complexity of the genetic organization of neurexins is due to extensive processing resulting in hundreds of isoforms. In this review, a wide comparison is made between the genes in the nematode and human with a view to better understanding the conservation of processing in these synaptic proteins in C. elegans, which may serve as a genetic model to decipher the synaptopathies underpinning neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism.
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139
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Wang T, Hauswirth AG, Tong A, Dickman DK, Davis GW. Endostatin is a trans-synaptic signal for homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Neuron 2014; 83:616-29. [PMID: 25066085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
At synapses in organisms ranging from fly to human, a decrease in postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor function elicits a homeostatic increase in presynaptic release that restores baseline synaptic efficacy. This process, termed presynaptic homeostasis, requires a retrograde, trans-synaptic signal of unknown identity. In a forward genetic screen for homeostatic plasticity genes, we identified multiplexin. Multiplexin is the Drosophila homolog of Collagen XV/XVIII, a matrix protein that can be proteolytically cleaved to release Endostatin, an antiangiogenesis signaling factor. Here we demonstrate that Multiplexin is required for normal calcium channel abundance, presynaptic calcium influx, and neurotransmitter release. Remarkably, Endostatin has a specific activity, independent of baseline synapse development, that is required for the homeostatic modulation of presynaptic calcium influx and neurotransmitter release. Our data support a model in which proteolytic release of Endostatin signals trans-synaptically, acting in concert with the presynaptic CaV2.1 calcium channel, to promote presynaptic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna G Hauswirth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amy Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dion K Dickman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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140
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Stawarski M, Stefaniuk M, Wlodarczyk J. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 involvement in the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:68. [PMID: 25071472 PMCID: PMC4091410 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the locus for excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain and thus play a major role in neuronal plasticity. The ability to alter synaptic connections includes volumetric changes in dendritic spines that are driven by scaffolds created by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we review the effects of the proteolytic activity of ECM proteases in physiological and pathological structural plasticity. We use matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as an example of an ECM modifier that has recently emerged as a key molecule in regulating the morphology and dysmorphology of dendritic spines that underlie synaptic plasticity and neurological disorders, respectively. We summarize the influence of MMP-9 on the dynamic remodeling of the ECM via the cleavage of extracellular substrates. We discuss its role in the formation, modification, and maintenance of dendritic spines in learning and memory. Finally, we review research that implicates MMP-9 in aberrant synaptic plasticity and spine dysmorphology in neurological disorders, with a focus on morphological abnormalities of dendritic protrusions that are associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Stawarski
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland
| | - Marzena Stefaniuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw, Mzowieckie, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland
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141
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Sonderegger P, Matsumoto-Miyai K. Activity-controlled proteolytic cleavage at the synapse. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:413-23. [PMID: 24969462 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activity-controlled enzymatic cleavage of proteins on the surface of synaptic membranes or in the synaptic or perisynaptic interstitial compartment represents a direct way to regulate synaptic structure, function, and number. Extracellular proteolysis at synapses was initially understood to be plasticity enabling by freeing synapses from the constraints provided by the extracellular matrix. However, recent observations indicate that at least part of the extracellular protein cleavage results in activation of previously cryptic functions that regulate adaptive changes of synapses and neuronal circuits. Here, we focus on peptidases with distinct localization and function at synapses combined with regulation by neuronal and synaptic activity, and evaluate their function in the context of developmental and/or adult synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sonderegger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kazumasa Matsumoto-Miyai
- Department of Neurophysiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Kansai University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 1456-4 Shizuki, Awaji, Hyogo 656-2131, Japan
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142
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Identification of gene ontologies linked to prefrontal-hippocampal functional coupling in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9657-62. [PMID: 24979789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404082111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional interactions between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during working memory have been studied extensively as an intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. Coupling abnormalities have been found in patients, their unaffected siblings, and carriers of common genetic variants associated with schizophrenia, but the global genetic architecture of this imaging phenotype is unclear. To achieve genome-wide hypothesis-free identification of genes and pathways associated with prefrontal-hippocampal interactions, we combined gene set enrichment analysis with whole-genome genotyping and functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 269 healthy German volunteers. We found significant enrichment of the synapse organization and biogenesis gene set. This gene set included known schizophrenia risk genes, such as neural cell adhesion molecule (NRCAM) and calcium channel, voltage-dependent, beta 2 subunit (CACNB2), as well as genes with well-defined roles in neurodevelopmental and plasticity processes that are dysfunctional in schizophrenia and have mechanistic links to prefrontal-hippocampal functional interactions. Our results demonstrate a readily generalizable approach that can be used to identify the neurogenetic basis of systems-level phenotypes. Moreover, our findings identify gene sets in which genetic variation may contribute to disease risk through altered prefrontal-hippocampal functional interactions and suggest a link to both ongoing and developmental synaptic plasticity.
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143
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Bury LA, Sabo SL. Dynamic mechanisms of neuroligin-dependent presynaptic terminal assembly in living cortical neurons. Neural Dev 2014; 9:13. [PMID: 24885664 PMCID: PMC4049477 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-9-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synapse formation occurs when synaptogenic signals trigger coordinated development of pre and postsynaptic structures. One of the best-characterized synaptogenic signals is trans-synaptic adhesion. However, it remains unclear how synaptic proteins are recruited to sites of adhesion. In particular, it is unknown whether synaptogenic signals attract synaptic vesicle (SV) and active zone (AZ) proteins to nascent synapses or instead predominantly function to create sites that are capable of forming synapses. It is also unclear how labile synaptic proteins are at developing synapses after their initial recruitment. To address these issues, we used long-term, live confocal imaging of presynaptic terminal formation in cultured cortical neurons after contact with the synaptogenic postsynaptic adhesion proteins neuroligin-1 or SynCAM-1. Results Surprisingly, we find that trans-synaptic adhesion does not attract SV or AZ proteins nor alter their transport. In addition, although neurexin (the presynaptic partner of neuroligin) typically accumulates over the entire region of contact between axons and neuroligin-1-expressing cells, SV proteins selectively assemble at spots of enhanced neurexin clustering. The arrival and maintenance of SV proteins at these sites is highly variable over the course of minutes to hours, and this variability correlates with neurexin levels at individual synapses. Conclusions Together, our data support a model of synaptogenesis where presynaptic proteins are trapped at specific axonal sites, where they are stabilized by trans-synaptic adhesion signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shasta L Sabo
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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144
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Szepesi Z, Hosy E, Ruszczycki B, Bijata M, Pyskaty M, Bikbaev A, Heine M, Choquet D, Kaczmarek L, Wlodarczyk J. Synaptically released matrix metalloproteinase activity in control of structural plasticity and the cell surface distribution of GluA1-AMPA receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98274. [PMID: 24853857 PMCID: PMC4031140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapses are particularly prone to dynamic alterations and thus play a major role in neuronal plasticity. Dynamic excitatory synapses are located at the membranous neuronal protrusions called dendritic spines. The ability to change synaptic connections involves both alterations at the morphological level and changes in postsynaptic receptor composition. We report that endogenous matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity promotes the structural and functional plasticity of local synapses by its effect on glutamate receptor mobility and content. We used live imaging of cultured hippocampal neurons and quantitative morphological analysis to show that chemical long-term potentiation (cLTP) induces the permanent enlargement of a subset of small dendritic spines in an MMP-dependent manner. We also used a superresolution microscopy approach and found that spine expansion induced by cLTP was accompanied by MMP-dependent immobilization and synaptic accumulation as well as the clustering of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors. Altogether, our results reveal novel molecular and cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Szepesi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eric Hosy
- Dynamic Organization and Function of Synapses, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France
| | - Blazej Ruszczycki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Bijata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Pyskaty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arthur Bikbaev
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Heine
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Choquet
- Dynamic Organization and Function of Synapses, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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145
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Fritschy JM, Panzanelli P. GABAAreceptors and plasticity of inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1845-65. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Fritschy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich; University of Zurich and ETH; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Panzanelli
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini; University of Turin; Turin Italy
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146
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Uzunova G, Hollander E, Shepherd J. The role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders: autism spectrum disorders and fragile x syndrome. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:71-98. [PMID: 24533017 PMCID: PMC3915351 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113116660046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) are relatively common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders with increasing incidence in recent years. They are currently accepted as disorders of the synapse with alterations in different forms of synaptic communication and neuronal network connectivity. The major excitatory neurotransmitter system in brain, the glutamatergic system, is implicated in learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, neuronal development. While much attention is attributed to the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in ASD and FXS, studies indicate that the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and their regulatory proteins are also altered in several brain regions. Role of iGluRs in the neurobiology of ASD and FXS is supported by a weight of evidence that ranges from human genetics to in vitro cultured neurons. In this review we will discuss clinical, molecular, cellular and functional changes in NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors and the synaptic proteins that regulate them in the context of ASD and FXS. We will also discuss the significance for the development of translational biomarkers and treatments for the core symptoms of ASD and FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveva Uzunova
- Autism and Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Program, Department of Psychiatry, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th St, Bronx, New York 10467-2490
| | - Eric Hollander
- Autism and Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Program, Department of Psychiatry, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210th St, Bronx, New York 10467-2490
| | - Jason Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, 531A Wintrobe, 20N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
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147
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The genome-wide landscape of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in response to sleep deprivation impacts on synaptic plasticity genes. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e347. [PMID: 24448209 PMCID: PMC3905230 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is critical for normal brain function and mental health. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating the impact of sleep loss on both cognition and the sleep electroencephalogram remain mostly unknown. Acute sleep loss impacts brain gene expression broadly. These data contributed to current hypotheses regarding the role for sleep in metabolism, synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection. These changes in gene expression likely underlie increased sleep intensity following sleep deprivation (SD). Here we tested the hypothesis that epigenetic mechanisms coordinate the gene expression response driven by SD. We found that SD altered the cortical genome-wide distribution of two major epigenetic marks: DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation. DNA methylation differences were enriched in gene pathways involved in neuritogenesis and synaptic plasticity, whereas large changes (>4000 sites) in hydroxymethylation where observed in genes linked to cytoskeleton, signaling and neurotransmission, which closely matches SD-dependent changes in the transcriptome. Moreover, this epigenetic remodeling applied to elements previously linked to sleep need (for example, Arc and Egr1) and synaptic partners of Neuroligin-1 (Nlgn1; for example, Dlg4, Nrxn1 and Nlgn3), which we recently identified as a regulator of sleep intensity following SD. We show here that Nlgn1 mutant mice display an enhanced slow-wave slope during non-rapid eye movement sleep following SD but this mutation does not affect SD-dependent changes in gene expression, suggesting that the Nlgn pathway acts downstream to mechanisms triggering gene expression changes in SD. These data reveal that acute SD reprograms the epigenetic landscape, providing a unique molecular route by which sleep can impact brain function and health.
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148
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Pitkänen A, Ndode-Ekane XE, Łukasiuk K, Wilczynski GM, Dityatev A, Walker MC, Chabrol E, Dedeurwaerdere S, Vazquez N, Powell EM. Neural ECM and epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:229-62. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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149
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Bemben MA, Shipman SL, Hirai T, Herring BE, Li Y, Badger JD, Nicoll RA, Diamond JS, Roche KW. CaMKII phosphorylation of neuroligin-1 regulates excitatory synapses. Nat Neurosci 2013; 17:56-64. [PMID: 24336150 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins are postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules that are important for synaptic function through their trans-synaptic interaction with neurexins (NRXNs). The localization and synaptic effects of neuroligin-1 (NL-1, also called NLGN1) are specific to excitatory synapses with the capacity to enhance excitatory synapses dependent on synaptic activity or Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII). Here we report that CaMKII robustly phosphorylates the intracellular domain of NL-1. We show that T739 is the dominant CaMKII site on NL-1 and is phosphorylated in response to synaptic activity in cultured rodent neurons and sensory experience in vivo. Furthermore, a phosphodeficient mutant (NL-1 T739A) reduces the basal and activity-driven surface expression of NL-1, leading to a reduction in neuroligin-mediated excitatory synaptic potentiation. To the best of our knowledge, our results are the first to demonstrate a direct functional interaction between CaMKII and NL-1, two primary components of excitatory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bemben
- 1] Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [2] Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth L Shipman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Takaaki Hirai
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce E Herring
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Protein/Peptide Sequencing Facility, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Badger
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger A Nicoll
- 1] Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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150
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Vitureira N, Goda Y. Cell biology in neuroscience: the interplay between Hebbian and homeostatic synaptic plasticity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 203:175-86. [PMID: 24165934 PMCID: PMC3812972 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201306030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity, a change in the efficacy of synaptic signaling, is a key property of synaptic communication that is vital to many brain functions. Hebbian forms of long-lasting synaptic plasticity-long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD)-have been well studied and are considered to be the cellular basis for particular types of memory. Recently, homeostatic synaptic plasticity, a compensatory form of synaptic strength change, has attracted attention as a cellular mechanism that counteracts changes brought about by LTP and LTD to help stabilize neuronal network activity. New findings on the cellular mechanisms and molecular players of the two forms of plasticity are uncovering the interplay between them in individual neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Vitureira
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11100, Uruguay
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