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Long FY, Shi MQ, Zhou HJ, Liu DL, Sang N, Du JR. Klotho upregulation contributes to the neuroprotection of ligustilide against cerebral ischemic injury in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:198-205. [PMID: 29233659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Klotho, an aging-suppressor gene, encodes a protein that potentially acts as a neuroprotective factor. Our previous studies showed that ligustilide minimizes the cognitive dysfunction and brain damage induced by cerebral ischemia; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to investigate whether klotho is involved in the protective effects of ligustilide against cerebral ischemic injury in mice. Cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid arterial occlusion. Neurobehavioral tests as well as Nissl and Fluoro-Jade B staining were used to evaluate the protective effects of ligustilide in cerebral ischemia, and Western blotting and ELISA approaches were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Administration of ligustilide prevented the development of neurological deficits and reduced neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 region and the caudate putamen after cerebral ischemia. The protective effects were associated with inhibition of the RIG-I/NF-κB p65 and Akt/FoxO1 pathways and with prevention of inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. Further, downregulation of klotho could attenuate the neuroprotection of ligustilide against cerebral ischemic injury. Ligustilide exerted neuroprotective effects in mice after cerebral ischemia by regulating anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant signaling pathways. Furthermore, klotho upregulation contributes to the neuroprotection of LIG against cerebral ischemic injury. These results indicated that ligustilide may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yi Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Women and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meng-Qi Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong-Jing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dong-Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Na Sang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun-Rong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Hu J, Xu Y, He Z, Zhang H, Lian X, Zhu T, Liang C, Li J. Increased risk of cerebrovascular accident related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2752-2760. [PMID: 29416808 PMCID: PMC5788676 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent published studies on the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) risk have yielded conflicting findings. The aim of our study was to identify the potential association by pooling all available publications. A total of nine independent studies were included into our study. The pooled odd ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was calculated to weigh the strength for the relationship between NAFLD and CVA risk. We also conducted stratified analyses by study design, ethnicity and disease classification for further elucidation. The pooled results of the present meta-analysis showed that NAFLD was related to increased risk of CVA (OR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.84–2.93, P < 0.001). Besides, NAFLD is associated with increased risk of CVA among both Caucasians (OR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.77–2.90, P < 0.001) and Asians (OR = 2.81, 95% CI 1.43–5.51, P = 0.003). Moreover, the significant association was also observed in case-control studies (OR = 2.73, 95% CI 1.67–4.48, P < 0.001) and cohort studies (OR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.71–2.89, P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, NAFLD was shown to correlate with increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.05–3.27, P = 0.034) and the ischemic stroke (OR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.92–3.28, P < 0.001). In conclusion, our findings firstly provide strong evidence for a risk effect of NAFLD on CVA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Huai'an Second People's Hospital and The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Zemin He
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Lian
- Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Caihong Liang
- Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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Chen J, Yu H, Zhong J, Feng H, Wang H, Cheng Y, Zou Z, Huang C, Zhou Z, Zheng W, Xu J. The phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, FCPR16, attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Brain Res Bull 2017; 137:98-106. [PMID: 29155261 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors exert beneficial effects in central nervous system diseases via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, but many of them are plagued by side effects like nausea and emesis. FCPR16, a novel PDE4 inhibitor synthesized in our lab, has potential anti-inflammatory property. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of FCPR16 in a rat model of ischemic stroke and evaluate its emetogenic potential. Our results showed that FCPR16 treatment improved neurological function, reduced cerebral infarct volume, and attenuated brain histological changes in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R). Furthermore, levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β were decreased after FCPR16 treatment, as well as the ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in MCAO/R rats. TUNEL staining and Western blot results showed that FCPR16 reduced apoptosis and regulated apoptotic-related proteins, with increased level of phosphorylated protein kinase B. Moreover, FCPR16 treatment increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in ischemic tissue. In addition, oral administration of 3mg/kg FCPR16 did not cause vomiting in beagle dogs. This study indicates that FCPR16 has protective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis via the cAMP/CREB pathway, while it has low emetogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Chen
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiahong Zhong
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hongfang Feng
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yufang Cheng
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhengqiang Zou
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chang Huang
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhou
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Jiangping Xu
- Neuropharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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104
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Septicemia is associated with increased risk for dementia: a population-based longitudinal study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84300-84308. [PMID: 29137424 PMCID: PMC5663596 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic infection has been linked to cognitive impairment. We hypothesized that patients with septicemia are predisposed to increased risks for developing dementia in a long-term setting. Methods This observational, retrospective, longitudinal, nation-wide population-based study was conducted using the data deduced from Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) in Taiwan. All patients with septicemia hospitalized for the first time from 2001 to 2011 without prior dementia were included. The development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or non-Alzheimer dementias (NAD) in relation to the development of septicemia for each patient was recorded. An age- and sex-matched cohort without septicemia and without prior dementia served as the control. Septicemia, dementia, and other confounding factors were defined according to International Classification of Diseases Clinical Modification Codes. Cox proportional-hazards regressions were utilized to analyze adjusted hazard ratios. Results Patients with septicemia had a higher risk for developing dementia based on hazard ratios (HRs) (p<0.001). Patients with septicemia in the younger age groups had a greater dementia risk (p<0.01). Septicemia was associated with subsequent NAD (p<0.001), whereas the increased risk of AD was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Furthermore, higher severity of septicemia was associated with increased risk of developing dementia. Conclusions Our findings suggest that septicemia is associated with an increased risk in developing NAD but not AD. A likely causal role of septicemia in increasing the risk of NAD is suggested, according to the findings that patients with higher severity of septicemia carried greater risk of sustaining dementia.
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105
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Xyloketal B alleviates cerebral infarction and neurologic deficits in a mouse stroke model by suppressing the ROS/TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1236-1247. [PMID: 28552908 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xyloketal B (Xyl-B) is a novel marine compound isolated from mangrove fungus Xylaria sp. We previously demonstrated that pretreatment with Xyl-B exerted neuroprotective effects and attenuated hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. In the present study we investigated the neuroprotective effects of pre- and post-treatment with Xyl-B in adult mice using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model, and explored the underlying mechanisms. Adult male C57 mice were subjected to tMCAO surgery. For the pre-treatment, Xyl-B was given via multiple injections (12.5, 25, and 50 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) 48 h, 24 h and 30 min before ischemia. For the post-treatment, a single dose of Xyl-B (50 mg/kg, ip) was injected at 0, 1 or 2 h after the onset of ischemia. The regional cerebral perfusion was monitored using a laser-Doppler flowmeter. TTC staining was performed to determine the brain infarction volume. We found that both pre-treatment with Xyl-B (50 mg/kg) and post-treatment with Xyl-B (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced the infarct volume, but had no significant hemodynamic effects. Treatment with Xyl-B also significantly alleviated the neurological deficits in tMCAO mice. Furthermore, treatment with Xyl-B significantly attenuated ROS overproduction in brain tissues; increased the MnSOD protein levels, suppressed TLR4, NF-κB and iNOS protein levels; and downregulated the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ. Moreover, Xyl-B also protected blood-brain barrier integrity in tMCAO mice. In conclusion, Xyl-B administered within 2 h after the onset of stroke effectively protects against focal cerebral ischemia; the underlying mechanism may be related to suppressing the ROS/TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.
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106
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Yu T, Zhang W, Lin Y, Li Q, Xue J, Cai Z, Cheng Y, Shao B. Prognostic value of serum thioredoxin levels in ischemic stroke. Neurol Res 2017; 39:988-995. [PMID: 28828929 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1359882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thioredoxin (Trx) is one of significant antioxidative molecules to diminish oxidative stress. Current evidence suggests that Trx is a potent antioxidant with cytoprotective functions. The aim of our study was to investigate specifically the association between serum Trx levels and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. METHODS 198 AIS patients and 75 controls were enrolled to the study. Serum Trx levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Stroke severity was assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission. Clinical endpoint was functional outcome measured by Barthel Index (BI) 3 months after admission. Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors. RESULTS We found that serum Trx levels were significantly increased in patients as compared to controls. Serum Trx was an independent biomarker to predict ischemic stroke (OR, 1.264; 95% CI, 1.04-1.537; P = 0.019). In addition, there was a negative correlation between NIHSS score at admission and serum Trx levels in cardioembolic stroke patients (r = -0.422; P = 0.013). Furthermore, higher serum Trx levels in AIS patients were associated with favorable functional outcome. Serum Trx was an independent predictor for the functional outcome (OR, 0.862; 95% CI, 0.75-0.991; P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Serum Trx might be as a biomarker of cardioembolic stroke severity. Increased serum Trx levels could be a useful tool to predict good prognosis in patients with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieer Yu
- a Department of Neurology , Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Wenzhou , China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- a Department of Neurology , Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Wenzhou , China
| | - Yuanshao Lin
- a Department of Neurology , Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Wenzhou , China
| | - Qian Li
- b Department of Neurology , Jinhua Central Hospital , Jinhua , China
| | - Jie Xue
- a Department of Neurology , Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Wenzhou , China
| | - Zhengyi Cai
- a Department of Neurology , Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Wenzhou , China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- a Department of Neurology , Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Wenzhou , China
| | - Bei Shao
- a Department of Neurology , Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital , Wenzhou , China
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107
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Xiong Z, Lu W, Zhu L, Zeng L, Shi C, Jing Z, Xiang Y, Li W, Tsang CK, Ruan Y, Huang L. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Treatment Enhances Hemodynamics and Ameliorates Memory Deficits in Rats with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:238. [PMID: 28798681 PMCID: PMC5526838 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has revealed that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) activates a compensatory vascular mechanism attempting to maintain an optimal cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, this compensation fails to prevent neuronal death and cognitive impairment because neurons die prior to the restoration of normal CBF. Therefore, pharmacological invention may be critical to enhance the CBF for reducing neurodegeneration and memory deficit. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a compound isolated from the seeds of Chinese celery and has been proven to be able to prevent neuronal loss, reduce inflammation and ameliorate memory deficits in acute ischemic animal models and stroke patients. In the present study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, immunohistochemistry and Morris water maze (MWM) to investigate whether NBP can accelerate CBF recovery, reduce neuronal death and improve cognitive deficits in CCH rats after permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). Rats were intravenously injected with NBP (5 mg/kg) daily for 14 days beginning the first day after BCCAO. The results showed that NBP shortened recovery time of CBF to pre-occlusion levels at 2 weeks following BCCAO, compared to 4 weeks in the vehicle group, and enhanced hemodynamic compensation through dilation of the vertebral arteries (VAs) and increase in angiogenesis. NBP treatment also markedly reduced reactive astrogliosis and cell apoptosis and protected hippocampal neurons against ischemic injury. The escape latency of CCH rats in the MWM was also reduced in response to NBP treatment. These findings demonstrate that NBP can accelerate the recovery of CBF and improve cognitive function in a rat model of CCH, suggesting that NBP is a promising therapy for CCH patients or vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhu
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Changzheng Shi
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jing
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Xiang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chi Kwan Tsang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Ruan
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China.,Ministry of Education, CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Jinan University School of MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Li'an Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
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108
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Exacerbation of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced blood-brain barrier disruption: potential pathogenic role of interleukin-9 in ischemic stroke. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1499-1513. [PMID: 28550144 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-9 exerts a variety of functions in autoimmune diseases. However, its role in ischemic brain injury remains unknown. The present study explored the biological effects of IL-9 in ischemic stroke (IS). We recruited 42 patients newly diagnosed with IS and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The expression levels of IL-9 and percentages of IL-9-producing T cells, including CD3+CD4+IL-9+ and CD3+CD8+IL-9+ cells, were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from patients and control individuals. We also investigated the effects of IL-9 on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and the potential downstream signaling pathways. We found that patients with IS had higher IL-9 expression levels and increased percentages of IL-9-producing T cells in their PBMCs. The percentages of CD3+CD4+IL-9+ and CD3+CD8+IL-9+ T cells were positively correlated with the severity of illness. In in vitro experiments using bEnd.3 cells, exogenously administered IL-9 exacerbated the loss of tight junction proteins (TJPs) in cells subjected to OGD plus reoxygenation (RO). This effect was mediated via activation of IL-9 receptors, which increased the level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), as well as through up-regulated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3 and down-regulated phosphorylated protein kinase B/phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. These results indicate that IL-9 has a destructive effect on the BBB following OGD, at least in part by inducing eNOS production, and raise the possibility of targetting IL-9 for therapeutic intervention in IS.
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109
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Serum Galectin-3 level, not Galectin-1, is associated with the clinical feature and outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109752-109761. [PMID: 29312645 PMCID: PMC5752558 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To study the diagnostic and prognostic role of serum galectin-1 (Gal-1) and -3 (Gal-3) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Methods We enrolled 233 patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke and 252 healthy controls in this study. The AIS severity was evaluated by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. The serum Gal-1 and -3 levels were determined. All patients were followed for 1 years and the functional outcome were evaluated by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores. Results We found that AIS patients had higher serum Gal-1 and -3 levels than controls. The serum Gal-3 level was closely associated with the AIS severity indicated by NHSS and infarction volume. Serum Gal-3 levels were significantly higher in patients with a poor outcome indicated by mRS scores than those in patients with a good outcome. In contrast, the serum Gal-1 is not associated with the severity and outcome of acute AIS patients. Our in vitro studies show that Gal-3 knockdown with siRNA dramatically increased the culture neuron cell viability and reduced apoptosis under oxygen glucose deprivation treatment. Meanwhile, the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression decreased with the inhibition of Gal-3. Conclusion Our finding provides a novel biological marker, serum Gal-3, for monitor of acute AIS patients.
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110
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Ma L, Sun P, Zhang JC, Zhang Q, Yao SL. Proinflammatory effects of S100A8/A9 via TLR4 and RAGE signaling pathways in BV-2 microglial cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:31-38. [PMID: 28498464 PMCID: PMC5466387 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
S100A8/A9, a heterodimer of the two calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9, has emerged as an important proinflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation. However, whether S100A8/A9 is implicated in microglial-induced neuroinflammatory response remains unclear. Here, we found that S100A8/A9 significantly increased the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cultured BV-2 microglial cells. Inhibition of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) with C225 and a RAGE-blocking antibody, respectively significantly reduced the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 from S100A8/A9-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Furthermore, S100A8/A9 markedly enhanced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and the DNA-binding activities of NF-κB in BV-2 microglial cells, and suppression of ERK and JNK/MAPK signaling pathways by PD98059 or SP600125 significantly inhibited NF-κB activity and the release of TNF-α and IL-6 in the S100A8/A9-treated BV-2 microglial cells. Our data also showed that inhibition of NF-κB with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) significantly reduced the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 from BV-2 microglial cells treated with S100A8/A9. Taken together, our data suggest that S100A8/A9 acts directly on BV-2 microglial cells via binding to TLR4 and RAGE on the membrane and then stimulates the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines through ERK and JNK-mediated NF-κB activity in BV-2 microglial cells. Targeting S100A8/A9 may provide a novel therapeutic strategy in microglial-induced neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Emergency, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Shang-Long Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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111
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Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farbood Y, Moghaddam HF, Farzaneh M. Emerging Roles of microRNAs in Ischemic Stroke: As Possible Therapeutic Agents. J Stroke 2017; 19:166-187. [PMID: 28480877 PMCID: PMC5466283 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2016.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. The consequences of stroke injuries are profound and persistent, causing in considerable burden to both the individual patient and society. Current treatments for ischemic stroke injuries have proved inadequate, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the cellular and molecular changes that occur following ischemic stroke. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously expressed RNA molecules that function to inhibit mRNA translation and have key roles in the pathophysiological processes contributing to ischemic stroke injuries. Potential therapeutic areas to compensate these pathogenic processes include promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Several miRNAs, and their target genes, are recognized to be involved in these recoveries and repair mechanisms. The capacity of miRNAs to simultaneously regulate several target genes underlies their unique importance in ischemic stroke therapeutics. In this Review, we focus on the role of miRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as promising therapeutic agents in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - William Winlow
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italia.,Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hadi Fathi Moghaddam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Background Multi-infarct dementia (MID), a prominent subtype of vascular dementia (VaD), has only achieved recognition in the last 4 decades. Since its original description, the characterization, etiological understanding, and therapeutic direction of MID and other VaD subtypes has progressed at an astounding rate. Summary This paper divides the landmark discoveries and emergence of new research strategies for MID into decade-defining patterns so that a condensed picture of the total history of MID and its eventual inclusion as a VaD subtype emerges. This paper follows the first descriptive decade, a shift to a preventative focus, a renewed interest coinciding with timely advances in research technology, and a hopeful return to treatment possibilities for VaD. Key Message Concisely tracing the historical lineage of the modern understanding of MID, both as a singular entity and as part of the VaD constellation of disorders, provides a novel perspective on the foundation upon which future advances in combating vascular contributions to dementia will be based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McKay
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott E Counts
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Hauenstein Neurosciences Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's Hospital, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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113
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Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Brain injury following stroke results from a complex series of pathophysiological events including excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, there is a mechanistic link between brain ischemia, innate and adaptive immune cells, intracranial atherosclerosis, and also the gut microbiota in modifying the cerebral responses to ischemic insult. There are very few treatments for stroke injuries, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the diverse cellular and molecular changes that occur following ischemic stroke and that are responsible for neuronal death. Experimental discoveries have begun to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in stroke injury, leading to the development of numerous agents that target various injury pathways. In the present article, we review the underlying pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and reveal the intertwined pathways that are promising therapeutic targets.
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Chang WL, Hsu MH, Lin CL, Chan PC, Chang KS, Lee CH, Hsu CY, Tsai MT, Yeh CH, Sung FC. Increased risk of stroke in contact dermatitis patients: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5650. [PMID: 28272195 PMCID: PMC5348143 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatologic diseases are not traditional risk factors of stroke, but recent studies show atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and bullous skin disease may increase the risk of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. No previous studies have focused on the association between contact dermatitis and stroke.We established a cohort comprised of 48,169 contact dermatitis patients newly diagnosed in 2000-2003 and 96,338 randomly selected subjects without the disorder, frequency matched by sex, age, and diagnosis year, as the comparison cohort. None of them had a history of stroke. Stroke incidence was assessed by the end of 2011 for both cohorts.The incidence stroke was 1.1-fold higher in the contact dermatitis cohort than in the comparison cohort (5.93 vs 5.37 per 1000 person-years, P < 0.01). The multivariable Cox method analyzed adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.19) for all stroke types and 1.12 (95% CI, 1.05-1.20) for ischemic stroke and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.94-1.30) for hemorrhagic stroke. The age-specific aHR of stroke for contact dermatitis cohort increased with age, from 1.14 (95% CI, 1.03-1.27) for 65 to 74 years; to 1.27 (95% CI, 1.15-1.42) for 75 years and older. The aHR of stroke were 1.16 (95% CI, 1.07-1.27) and 1.09 (95% CI, 1.00-1.18) for men and women, respectively.This study suggests that patients with contact dermatitis were at a modestly increased risk of stroke, significant for ischemic stroke but not for hemorrhagic stroke. Comorbidity, particularly hypertension, increased the hazard of stroke further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Chang
- Department of Neurology, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-The Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Min-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-The Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Po-Chi Chan
- Department of Neurology, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-The Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ko-Shih Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Yuan Rung Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Hsiao Lee
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-The Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Yi Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Min-Tein Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Yuan Rung Hospital, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Yuan Rung Hospital, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Sport and Health Management, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine & Nursing, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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115
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Ramos E, Patiño P, Reiter RJ, Gil-Martín E, Marco-Contelles J, Parada E, de Los Rios C, Romero A, Egea J. Ischemic brain injury: New insights on the protective role of melatonin. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 104:32-53. [PMID: 28065781 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the most common causes of brain's vulnerability for many millions of people worldwide. The plethora of physiopathological events associated with brain ischemia are regulate through multiple signaling pathways leading to the activation of oxidative stress process, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, proinflammatory mediators, excitotoxicity and/or programmed neuronal cell death. Understanding this cascade of molecular events is mandatory in order to develop new therapeutic strategies for stroke. In this review article, we have highlighted the pleiotropic effects of melatonin to counteract the multiple processes of the ischemic cascade. Additionally, experimental evidence supports its actions to ameliorate ischemic long-term behavioural and neuronal deficits, preserving the functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier, inducing neurogenesis and cell proliferation through receptor-dependent mechanism, as well as improving synaptic transmission. Consequently, the synthesis of melatonin derivatives designed as new multitarget-directed products has focused a great interest in this area. This latter has been reinforced by the low cost of melatonin and its reduced toxicity. Furthermore, its spectrum of usages seems to be wide and with the potential for improving human health. Nevertheless, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying melatonin´s actions need to be further exploration and accordingly, new clinical studies should be conducted in human patients with ischemic brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramos
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Patiño
- Paediatric Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology. University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
| | - Emilio Gil-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Parada
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de I+D del Medicamento Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristobal de Los Rios
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de I+D del Medicamento Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Egea
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de I+D del Medicamento Teófilo Hernando (ITH), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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116
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Li Y, Wang X, Ren J, Lan X, Li J, Yi J, Liu L, Han Y, Zhang S, Li D, Lu S. Identification and application of anti-inflammatory compounds screening system based on RAW264.7 cells stably expressing NF-κB-dependent SEAP reporter gene. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 18:5. [PMID: 28095903 PMCID: PMC5242024 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF-κB is one of the key transcription factors in the inflammatory response, transactivates a series of pro-inflammatory genes and is therefore regarded as an important target for anti-inflammatory drug screening. METHOD We recombined the reporter gene vector with inserting the "neo" transcript into the vector pNF-κB-SEAP, made the reporter gene vector stable in a eukaryotic cell line. The recombinant reporter gene vector we named pNF-κB-SEAP-Neo was transfected into RAW264.7. We selected the transfected RAW264.7 cell line with G418 for 15 days and then get RAW264.7 cells stably expressing NF-κB-dependent SEAP named as RAW264.7-pNF-κB-SEAP cells. We treated the RAW264.7-pNF-κB-SEAP cells with NF-κB agonists as LPS, PolyI:C and TNF-α, NF-κB inhibitor as PDTC and BAY117085, in different concentrations and time points and tested the expression of the SEAP, constructed the drug screening system on the base of the RAW264.7-pNF-κB-SEAP cell line. 130 chemicals were screened with the drug screening system we constructed and one of these chemicals numbered w10 was found could inhibit the NF-κB significantly. At last, we verified the inhibition of w10 to expression of genes promoted with NF-κB in HepG2 and Hela, and to migration of Hela. RESULT In this study, we established a drug screening system based on RAW264.7 cells that stably expressed the NF-κB-dependent, SEAP reporter gene. To develop a standard method for drug screening using this reporter-gene cell line, the test approach of SEAP was optimized and basic conditions for drug screening were chosen. This included the initial cell number inoculated in a 96-well plate, the optimum agonist, inhibitor of NF-κB pathway and their concentrations during screening. Subsequently, 130 newly synthesized compounds were screened using the stable reporter-gene cell line. The anti-inflammatory effects of the candidate compounds obtained were further verified in 2 cancer cell lines. The results indicated that compound W10 (methyl 4-(4-(prop-2-yn-1-ylcarbamoyl) phenylcarbamoyl) benzoate) significantly inhibited SEAP production under the screening conditions. Further results confirmed that the precursor compound significantly inhibited the transcription of NF-κB target genes. CONCLUSION In conclusion, RAW264.7 cells, stably expressing the NF-κB-dependent SEAP-reporter gene, may provide a new, feasible, and efficient cellular drug-screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Lan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanqi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shemin Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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117
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Dhande IS, Zhu Y, Braun MC, Hicks MJ, Wenderfer SE, Doris PA. Mycophenolate mofetil prevents cerebrovascular injury in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Genomics 2016; 49:132-140. [PMID: 28011882 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00110.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-A3) develop strokes and progressive kidney disease as a result of naturally occurring genetic variations. We recently identified genetic variants in immune signaling pathways that contribute to end-organ injury. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a dysregulated immune response promotes stroke susceptibility. We salt-loaded 20 wk old male SHR-A3 rats and treated them with the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, 25 mg/kg/day po) (n = 8) or vehicle (saline) (n = 9) for 8 wk. Blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly by telemetry. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, MMF-treated SHR-A3 rats had improved survival and lower neurological deficit scores (1.44 vs. 0.125; P < 0.02). Gross morphology of the brain revealed cerebral edema in 8 of 9, and microbleeds and hemorrhages in 5 of 9 vehicle-treated rats. These lesions were absent in MMF-treated rats. Brain CD68 expression, indicating macrophage/microglial activation, was upregulated in vehicle-treated rats with microbleeds and hemorrhages but was undetectable in the brains of MMF-treated rats. MMF also prevented renal injury in SHR-A3 rats, evidenced by reduced proteinuria (albumin:creatinine) from 7.52 to 1.05 mg/mg (P < 0.03) and lower tubulointerstitial injury scores (2.46 vs. 1.43; P < 0.01). Salt loading resulted in a progressive increase in BP, which was blunted in rats receiving MMF. Our findings provide evidence that abnormal immune activation predisposes to cerebrovascular and renal injury in stroke-prone SHR-A3 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha S Dhande
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Yaming Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Michael C Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - M John Hicks
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott E Wenderfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter A Doris
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
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118
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Xue J, Huang W, Chen X, Li Q, Cai Z, Yu T, Shao B. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is a Prognostic Marker in Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 26:650-657. [PMID: 27955949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, it is uncertain whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is related with functional outcome and recurrent ischemic stroke. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with stroke severity, functional outcome, and recurrent ischemic stroke after acute ischemic stroke. METHODS A total of 280 patients with acute ischemic stroke were included in the study. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio value (<2, 2-3, >3). Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected for all patients. We evaluated the association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and (1) stroke severity on admission, (2) functional outcome at 3 months, and (3) recurrent ischemic stroke. Regression analyses were performed, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was associated with an increased risk of stroke severity on admission (odds ratio [OR] 1.364, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.101-1.690, P = .005) and primary unfavorable outcome (OR 1.455, 95% CI 1.083-1.956, P = .013). After a median of 1.13 years (interquartile range.91-1.42) of follow-up, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was associated with recurrent ischemic stroke after adjustment (hazard ratio 1.499, 95% CI 1.161-1.935, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with stroke severity on admission, primary unfavorable functional outcome, and recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Wensi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhengyi Cai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Tieer Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Bei Shao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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119
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Patnala R, Arumugam TV, Gupta N, Dheen ST. HDAC Inhibitor Sodium Butyrate-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation Enhances Neuroprotective Function of Microglia During Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6391-6411. [PMID: 27722928 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0149-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia leads to neuroinflammation and activation of microglia which further contribute to stroke pathology. Understanding regulation of microglial activation will aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that mitigate microglia-mediated neurotoxicity in neuropathologies, including ischemia. In this study, we investigated the epigenetic regulation of microglial activation by studying histone modification histone 3-lysine 9-acetylation (H3K9ac) and its regulation by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. In vitro analysis of activated microglia showed that HDAC inhibitor, sodium butyrate (SB), alters H3K9ac enrichment and transcription at the promoters of pro-inflammatory (Tnf-α, Nos2, Stat1, Il6) and anti-inflammatory (Il10) genes while inducing the expression of genes downstream of the IL10/STAT3 anti-inflammatory pathway. In an experimental mouse (C57BL/6NTac) model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we observed that SB mediates neuroprotection by epigenetically regulating the microglial inflammatory response, via downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, TNF-α and NOS2, and upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory mediator IL10, in activated microglia. Interestingly, H3K9ac levels were found to be upregulated in activated microglia distributed in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus of MCAO mice. A similar upregulation of H3K9ac was detected in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia in the Wistar rat brain, indicating that H3K9ac upregulation is consistently associated with microglial activation in vivo. Altogether, these results show evidence of HDAC inhibition being a promising molecular switch to epigenetically modify microglial behavior from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory which could mitigate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Patnala
- Department of Anatomy, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD9, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Neelima Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
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120
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Qian L, Yuanshao L, Wensi H, Yulei Z, Xiaoli C, Brian W, Wanli Z, Zhengyi C, Jie X, Wenhui Z, Tieer Y, Hong W, Jincai H, Kunlin J, Bei S. Serum IL-33 Is a Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2016; 7:614-622. [PMID: 27699084 PMCID: PMC5036956 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a newly recognized IL-1 family member, is expressed in various tissues and cells, and involved in pathogenesis of many human diseases. For example, IL-33 plays a protective role in cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of IL-33 in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains unclear. This study aims to investigate whether IL-33 level in AIS patient serum can be used as a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker. The study included two hundred and six patients with first-ever ischemic stroke, who were admitted within 72 hours after stroke onset. The serum level of IL-33 was measured with ELISA and the severity of AIS patients on admission was evaluated based on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. The functional outcome at 3 months was determined using the Barthel index (BI). We found that serum IL-33 was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in patients with AIS [57.68 ng/L (IQR, 44.95-76.73)] compared with healthy controls [47.48 ng/L (IQR, 38.67-53.78)]. IL-33 was an independent diagnostic biomarker for AIS with an OR of 1.051 (95%Cl, 1.018-1.085; P=0.002). Serum IL-33 was higher (P < 0.05) in the stroke patients with small cerebral infarction volume compared to AIS patients with large cerebral infarction. In addition, serum IL-33 was also significantly higher (P = 0.001) in the patients with mild stroke, compared to the patients with severe stroke. Furthermore, serum IL-33 level in AIS patients with a worse outcome was higher (P < 0.001) compared to AIS patients with a better outcome. IL-33 was also an independent predictor for the functional outcome with an adjusted OR of 0.932 (95% CI, 0.882-0.986). Our results suggest that the lower level of serum IL-33 is associated with large infarction volume and greater stroke severity in AIS patients. Thus, IL-33 can be used as a novel and independent diagnostic and predicting prognostic marker in AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qian
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Lin Yuanshao
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Huang Wensi
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Zhou Yulei
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Chen Xiaoli
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Wang Brian
- 3Institute for Healthy Aging, Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Zhang Wanli
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Cai Zhengyi
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Xue Jie
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Zhang Wenhui
- 2Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 35000, China
| | - Yu Tieer
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Wang Hong
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - He Jincai
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
| | - Jin Kunlin
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research,; 3Institute for Healthy Aging, Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Shao Bei
- 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research
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Yang L, Zhao P, Zhao J, Wang J, Shi L, Wang X. Effects of ezetimibe and anticoagulant combined therapy on progressing stroke: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Neurol 2016; 263:2438-2445. [PMID: 27632179 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of progressing stroke in patients with acute stroke, preventative treatments are still the unmet needs for those patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate, prospectively, the efficacy and safety of ezetimibe in the prevention of acute progressing stroke and thereby the improvement of patient outcome. A total of 423 patients (267 men and 156 women with a mean age of 65.2 years) were randomly assigned to receive ezetimibe (10 mg daily oral administration, n = 209) or placebo (n = 214) for 14 consecutive days. Analytical procedures performed at baseline (i.e., day 1) and 14 days after the treatments were completed. These included a real-time three-dimensional ultrasound (RT-3DU) examination for carotid plaque volume, clinical laboratory analyses of serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9, as well as lipid parameters and liver dysfunction marker ALT and TBIL. Ezetimibe significantly reduced the average NIHSS score after 14 days of treatment and attenuated the stroke progression rate, which was associated with reduction in carotid plaque volume and attenuation of serum levels of IL-6, MMP-9, and LDL, without inducing liver dysfunction. Ezetimibe treatment may be a beneficial and effective strategy for preventing progressing stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Pingping Zhao
- The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Wang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Quyang County People's Hospital, Quyang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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122
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Guo Z, Yu S, Xiao L, Chen X, Ye R, Zheng P, Dai Q, Sun W, Zhou C, Wang S, Zhu W, Liu X. Dynamic change of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolysis in stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:199. [PMID: 27561990 PMCID: PMC5000487 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been shown to predict short- and long-term outcomes in ischemic stroke patients. We sought to explore the temporal profile of the plasma NLR in stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and its relationship with intracranial bleeding complications after thrombolysis. Methods A total of 189 ischemic stroke patients were prospectively enrolled. Blood samples for leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts were obtained at admission and at 3–6, 12–18, and 36–48 h after IVT. Head CT was performed on admission and repeated after 36–48 h, and a CT scan was done immediately in case of clinical worsening. Hemorrhagic events were categorized as symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and parenchymal hematomas (PH) according to previously published criteria. Results An increasing trend in the NLR was observed after stroke, and the NLR was higher in patients who developed PH or sICH at 3–6, 12–18, and 36–48 h after IVT (P < 0.01) than in those without PH or sICH. The optimal cutoff value for the serum NLR as an indicator for auxiliary diagnosis of PH and sICH was 10.59 at 12–18 h. Furthermore, the NLR obtained at 12–18-h post-treatment was independently associated with PH (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.14) and sICH (adjusted OR 1.14). In addition, patients with a NLR ≥10.59 had an 8.50-fold greater risk for PH (95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.69–26.89) and a 7.93-fold greater risk for sICH (95 % CI 2.25–27.99) than patients with a NLR <10.59. Conclusions NLR is a dynamic variable, and its variation is associated with HT after thrombolysis in stroke patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0680-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Shuhong Yu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lulu Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qiliang Dai
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Changsheng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Shuiping Wang
- Department of Neurology, PLA 123 Hospital, 1052 Yanshan Road, Yuhui District, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 305 E Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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123
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Wang S, Xu H, Xin Y, Li M, Fu W, Wang Y, Lu Z, Yu X, Sui D. Neuroprotective effects of Kaempferide-7-O-(4″-O-acetylrhamnosyl)-3-O-rutinoside on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 788:335-342. [PMID: 27497882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we aim to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effect and the underlying mechanism of Kaempferide-7-O-(4″-O-acetylrhamnosyl)-3-O-rutinoside (A-F-B) against cerebral I/R injury. Adult male rats were pretreated with A-F-B by intragastric administration once a day for 3 days. One hour after the third day administration, animals were subjected to 2h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24h of reperfusion. Neurological deficit, infarct volume, histopathological changes, oxidative stress-related biochemical parameters, neuronal apoptosis, apoptosis-related proteins and the expression of pro-inflammator cytokines genes were measured. A-F-B significantly decreased neurological and histological deficits, reduced the infarct volume, and decreased neuroapoptosis. Meanwhile, A-F-B inhibited the expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and promoted Bcl-2 expression. In addition, the expression of pro-inflammator cytokines, including phospho-NF-kBp65, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, were also suppressed by A-F-B pretreatment. Furthermore, pretreatment with A-F-B could significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, but decrease the content of malondiadehyde in blood serum. These results suggest that A-F-B has the neuroprotective effect in ischemic stroke by suppressing neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species and neuroapoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Maowei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zeyuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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Hwang S, Cho GS, Ryu S, Kim HJ, Song HY, Yune TY, Ju C, Kim WK. Post-ischemic treatment of WIB801C, standardized Cordyceps extract, reduces cerebral ischemic injury via inhibition of inflammatory cell migration. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 186:169-180. [PMID: 27036628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Anti-inflammatory therapy has been intensively investigated as a potential strategy for treatment of cerebral stroke. However, despite many positive outcomes reported in animal studies, anti-inflammatory treatments have not proven successful in humans as yet. Although immunomodulatory activity and safety of Cordyceps species (Chinese caterpillar fungi) have been proven in clinical trials and traditional Asian prescriptions for inflammatory diseases, its anti-ischemic effect remains elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, therefore, we investigated the potential therapeutic efficacy of WIB801C, the standardized extract of Cordyceps militaris, for treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-chemotactic activity of WIB801C was assayed in cultured rat microglia/macrophages. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to ischemic stroke via either transient (1.5-h tMCAO and subsequent 24-h reperfusion) or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO for 24-h without reperfusion). WIB801C was orally administered twice at 3- and 8-h (50mg/kg each) after the onset of MCAO. Infarct volume, edema, blood brain barrier and white matter damages, neurological deficits, and long-term survival rates were investigated. The infiltration of inflammatory cells into ischemic lesions was assayed by immunostaining. RESULTS WIB801C significantly decreased migration of cultured microglia/macrophages. This anti-chemotactic activity of WIB-801C was not mediated via adenosine A3 receptors, although cordycepin, the major ingredient of WIB801C, is known as an adenosine receptor agonist. Post-ischemic treatment with WIB801C significantly reduced the infiltration of ED-1-and MPO-positive inflammatory cells into ischemic lesions in tMCAO rats. WIB801C-treated rats exhibited significantly decreased infarct volume and cerebral edema, less white matter and blood-brain barrier damages, and improved neurological deficits. WIB801C also improved survival rates over 34 days after ischemia onset. A significant reduction in infarct volume and neurobehavioral deficits by WIB801C was also observed in rats subjected to pMCAO. CONCLUSIONS In summary, post-ischemic treatment of WIB801C reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells into ischemic lesions via inhibition of chemotaxis, which confers long-lasting histological and neurological protection in ischemic brain. WIB801C may be a promising anti-ischemic drug candidate with clinically relevant therapeutic time window and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Hwang
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sil Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwoo Ryu
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon J Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Young Song
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Y Yune
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Ju
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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125
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Brodtmann A, Kalra L. Experimental treatments for poststroke disability. Neurology 2016; 86:2122-3. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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126
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Burrows F, Haley MJ, Scott E, Coutts G, Lawrence CB, Allan SM, Schiessl I. Systemic inflammation affects reperfusion following transient cerebral ischaemia. Exp Neurol 2016; 277:252-260. [PMID: 26795089 PMCID: PMC4767324 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reperfusion after stroke is critical for improved patient survival and recovery and can be achieved clinically through pharmacological (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) or physical (endovascular intervention) means. Yet these approaches remain confined to a small percentage of stroke patients, often with incomplete reperfusion, and therefore there is an urgent need to learn more about the mechanisms underlying the no-reflow phenomenon that prevents restoration of adequate microvascular perfusion. Recent evidence suggests systemic inflammation as an important contributor to no-reflow and to further investigate this here we inject interleukin 1 (IL-1) i.p. 30 min prior to an ischaemic challenge using a remote filament to occlude the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice. Before, during and after the injection of IL-1 and occlusion we use two-dimensional optical imaging spectroscopy to record the spatial and temporal dynamics of oxyhaemoglobin concentration in the cortical areas supplied by the MCA. Our results reveal that systemic inflammation significantly reduces oxyhaemoglobin reperfusion as early as 3h after filament removal compared to vehicle injected animals. CD41 immunohistochemistry shows a significant increase of hyper-coagulated platelets within the microvessels in the stroked cortex of the IL-1 group compared to vehicle. We also observed an increase of pathophysiological biomarkers of ischaemic damage including elevated microglial activation co-localized with interleukin 1α (IL-1α), increased blood brain barrier breakdown as shown by IgG infiltration and increased pyknotic morphological changes of cresyl violet stained neurons. These data confirm systemic inflammation as an underlying cause of no-reflow in the post-ischaemic brain and that appropriate anti-inflammatory approaches could be beneficial in treating ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Burrows
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - M J Haley
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - E Scott
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - G Coutts
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - C B Lawrence
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - S M Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, UK
| | - I Schiessl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, M13 9PT Manchester, UK.
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127
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Sun Z, Yue Y, Leung C, Chan M, Gelb A. Clinical diagnostic tools for screening of perioperative stroke in general surgery: a systematic review. Br J Anaesth 2016; 116:328-38. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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128
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Lammerding L, Slowik A, Johann S, Beyer C, Zendedel A. Poststroke Inflammasome Expression and Regulation in the Peri-Infarct Area by Gonadal Steroids after Transient Focal Ischemia in the Rat Brain. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:460-75. [PMID: 26337121 DOI: 10.1159/000439435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CNS ischemia results in locally confined and rapid tissue damage accompanied by a loss of neurons and their circuits. Early and time-delayed inflammatory responses are critical variables determining the extent of neural disintegration and regeneration. Inflammasomes are vital effectors in innate immunity. Their activation in brain-intrinsic immune cells contributes to ischemia-related brain damage. The steroids 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) are neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory. Using a transient focal rat ischemic model, we evaluated the time response of different inflammasomes in the peri-infarct zone from the early to late phases after poststroke ischemia. We show that the different inflammasome complexes reveal a specific time-oriented sequential expression pattern with a maximum at approximately 24 h after the infarct. Within the limits of antibody availability, immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated that microglia and neurons are major sources of the locally activated inflammasomes NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) and associated speck-like protein (ASC), respectively. E2 and P given for 24 h immediately after ischemia onset reduced hypoxia-induced mRNA expression of the inflammasomes NLRC4, AIM2 and ASC, and decreased the protein levels of ASC and NLRP3. In addition, mRNA protein levels of the cytokines interleukin-1β (IL1β), IL18 and TNFα were reduced by the steroids. The findings provide for the first time a detailed flow chart of hypoxia-driven inflammasome regulation in the peri-infarct cerebral cortex. Further, we demonstrate that E2 and P alleviate the expression of certain inflammasome components, sometimes in a hormone-specific way. Besides directly regulating other cellular neuroprotective pathways, the control of inflammasomes by these steroids might contribute to its neuroprotective potency.
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129
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Han D, Fang W, Zhang R, Wei J, Kodithuwakku ND, Sha L, Ma W, Liu L, Li F, Li Y. Clematichinenoside protects blood brain barrier against ischemic stroke superimposed on systemic inflammatory challenges through up-regulating A20. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:56-69. [PMID: 26231971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of excessive inflammation can ameliorate blood brain barrier (BBB) injury, which shows therapeutic potential for clinical treatment of brain injury induced by stroke superimposed on systemic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated whether and how clematichinenoside (AR), an anti-inflammatory triterpene saponin, protects brain injury from stroke superimposed on systemic inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intraperitoneally injected immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Rat microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) coexisting with LPS. The results revealed that AR suppressed the excessive inflammation, restored BBB dysfunction, alleviated brain edema, decreased neutrophil infiltration, lessened neurological dysfunction, and decreased infarct rate. Further study demonstrated that the expression of nucleus nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interlukin-1β (IL-1β) were suppressed by AR via zinc finger protein A20. Besides, AR increased in vitro BBB integrity through A20. In conclusion, AR alleviated cerebral inflammatory injury through A20-NF-κB signal pathway, offering an alternative medication for stroke associated with systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Nandani Darshika Kodithuwakku
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lan Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenhuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and the Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, PR China
| | - Fengwen Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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130
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Zong Y, Jiang L, Zhang M, Zhou F, Qi W, Li S, Yang H, Zou Y, Xia Q, Zhou X, Hu X, Wang T. Limb remote ischemic postconditioning protects cerebral ischemia from injury associated with expression of HIF-1α in rats. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:97. [PMID: 26715469 PMCID: PMC4696280 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Limb remote ischemic postconditioning (LRIP) can ameliorate cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), while the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is an important transcription factor during cerebral ischemia damage. However, whether the neuroprotective effect of LRIP could be associated with HIF-1α is somewhat unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that Limb remote ischemic postconditioning (LRIP) protecting brain from injury in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model was associated with HIF-1α expression. Results LRIP was conducted with 3 cycles of 10 min occlusion/10 min reperfusion at the beginning of reperfusion. The analysis of neurobehavioral function and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining showed the neurological deficit, brain infarct and cerebral edema, caused by ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), were dramatically ameliorated in LRIP administrated animals. Meanwhile, the result of Q-PCR and western blot revealed that the overexpression of HIF-1α induced by IRI could be notably suppressed by LRIP treatment. Conclusions LRIP exhibits a protective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and the possible mechanism is associated with the suppression of HIF-1α in stroke rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Zong
- Department of Morphology Lab and Department of Graduate, Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, 610500, China.
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Mingxiao Zhang
- Department of Morphology Lab and Department of Graduate, Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, 610500, China.
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Department of Morphology Lab and Department of Graduate, Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, 610500, China.
| | - Wenqian Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Morphology Lab and Department of Graduate, Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, 610500, China.
| | - Huijun Yang
- Department of Morphology Lab and Department of Graduate, Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, 610500, China.
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Qingjie Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- Department of Morphology Lab and Department of Graduate, Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, 610500, China.
| | - Tinghua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650031, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Institute of Neurological Disease, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Ormstad H, Eilertsen G. A biopsychosocial model of fatigue and depression following stroke. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:835-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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132
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Szigeti K, Horváth I, Veres DS, Martinecz B, Lénárt N, Kovács N, Bakcsa E, Márta A, Semjéni M, Máthé D, Dénes Á. A novel SPECT-based approach reveals early mechanisms of central and peripheral inflammation after cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35. [PMID: 26219594 PMCID: PMC4671129 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation that develops in the brain and peripheral organs after stroke contributes profoundly to poor outcome of patients. However, mechanisms through which inflammation impacts on brain injury and overall outcome are improperly understood, in part because the earliest inflammatory events after brain injury are not revealed by current imaging tools. Here, we show that single-photon emission computed tomography (NanoSPECT/CT Plus) allows visualization of blood brain barrier (BBB) injury after experimental stroke well before changes can be detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Early 99mTc-DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) signal changes predict infarct development and systemic inflammation preceding experimental stroke leads to very early perfusion deficits and increased BBB injury within 2 hours after the onset of ischemia. Acute brain injury also leads to peripheral inflammation and immunosuppression, which contribute to poor outcome of stroke patients. The SPECT imaging revealed early (within 2 hours) changes in perfusion, barrier function and inflammation in the lungs and the gut after experimental stroke, with good predictive value for the development of histopathologic changes at later time points. Collectively, visualization of early inflammatory changes after stroke could open new translational research avenues to elucidate the interactions between central and peripheral inflammation and to evaluate in vivo 'multi-system' effects of putative anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel S Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Martinecz
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Kovács
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Bakcsa
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexa Márta
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Domokos Máthé
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Poublanc J, Crawley AP, Sobczyk O, Montandon G, Sam K, Mandell DM, Dufort P, Venkatraghavan L, Duffin J, Mikulis DJ, Fisher JA. Measuring cerebrovascular reactivity: the dynamic response to a step hypercapnic stimulus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1746-56. [PMID: 26126862 PMCID: PMC4635229 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We define cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR) as the ratio of the change in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal (S) to an increase in blood partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2): % Δ S/Δ PCO2 mm Hg. Our aim was to further characterize CVR into dynamic and static components and then study 46 healthy subjects collated into a reference atlas and 20 patients with unilateral carotid artery stenosis. We applied an abrupt boxcar change in PCO2 and monitored S. We convolved the PCO2 with a set of first-order exponential functions whose time constant τ was increased in 2-second intervals between 2 and 100 seconds. The τ corresponding to the best fit between S and the convolved PCO2 was used to score the speed of response. Additionally, the slope of the regression between S and the convolved PCO2 represents the steady-state CVR (ssCVR). We found that both prolongations of τ and reductions in ssCVR (compared with the reference atlas) were associated with the reductions in CVR on the side of the lesion. τ and ssCVR are respectively the dynamic and static components of measured CVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Poublanc
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian P Crawley
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivia Sobczyk
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaspard Montandon
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Sam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M Mandell
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Dufort
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James Duffin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Mikulis
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph A Fisher
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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134
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Biller J, Heyer GL. A call for new attitudes on infection, vaccination, and childhood stroke. Neurology 2015; 85:1438-9. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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135
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Zhao J, Mou Y, Bernstock JD, Klimanis D, Wang S, Spatz M, Maric D, Johnson K, Klinman DM, Li X, Li X, Hallenbeck JM. Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing Multiple Telemeric TTAGGG Motifs Suppress Inflammasome Activity in Macrophages Subjected to Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation and Reduce Ischemic Brain Injury in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140772. [PMID: 26473731 PMCID: PMC4608557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a fundamental role in both the development and pathobiology of stroke. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that have come to be recognized as critical players in the inflammation that ultimately contributes to stroke severity. Inflammasomes recognize microbial and host-derived danger signals and activate caspase-1, which in turn controls the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. We have shown that A151, a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing multiple telemeric TTAGGG motifs, reduces IL-1β production by activated bone marrow derived macrophages that have been subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and LPS stimulation. Further, we demonstrate that A151 reduces the maturation of caspase-1 and IL-1β, the levels of both the iNOS and NLRP3 proteins, and the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential within such cells. In addition, we have demonstrated that A151 reduces ischemic brain damage and NLRP3 mRNA levels in SHR-SP rats that have undergone permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. These findings clearly suggest that the modulation of inflammasome activity via A151 may contribute to a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages subjected to conditions that model brain ischemia and modulate ischemic brain damage in an animal model of stroke. Therefore, modulation of ischemic pathobiology by A151 may have a role in the development of novel stroke prevention and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated with Shandong University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, P. R. China
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongshan Mou
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dace Klimanis
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sixian Wang
- College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Spatz
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dragan Maric
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kory Johnson
- Information Technology & Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dennis M. Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurology, Jinan Central Hospital affiliated with Shandong University, 105 Jiefang Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (JMH); (Xinhui Li); (Xiaohong Li)
| | - Xinhui Li
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMH); (Xinhui Li); (Xiaohong Li)
| | - John M. Hallenbeck
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMH); (Xinhui Li); (Xiaohong Li)
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136
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Ni J, Wang X, Chen S, Liu H, Wang Y, Xu X, Cheng J, Jia J, Zhen X. MicroRNA let-7c-5p protects against cerebral ischemia injury via mechanisms involving the inhibition of microglia activation. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:75-85. [PMID: 25934573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to reveal the potential role of let-7c-5p, a highly conserved miRNA in stroke. We found that the content of let-7c-5p was significantly decreased in the plasma of patients with ischemic stroke as well as in experimental animals. Moreover, we also observed a significant decrease of let-7c-5p in ipsilateral cortex and striatum in mice that were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) at 24h reperfusion. Overexpression of let-7c-5p via ICV injection decreased the infarction volume and attenuated the neurological deficits, and most interestingly, inhibited microglial activation. To further explore the mechanism, we checked let-7c-5p expression in BV2 cells and primary microglia in an OGD condition and in LPS-induced microglial activation. The results indicated that decreased let-7c-5p was evidenced in the activated microglia. Overexpression of let-7c-5p in BV2 cells remarkably inhibited the microglial activation. The inhibition of microglial activation by overexpression of let-7c-5p was also observed in mice with experimental stroke, which is in line with the decreased infarction volume and improved neurological deficits. We identified that let-7c-5p directly targeted to the 3'-untranslated region of the caspase 3 mRNA to reduce caspase 3 levels, which may underline the miRNA - modulated microglial activity. The present study revealed that suppression of microglia activation by let-7c-5p overexpression may be involved in the protection effects of ischemic damage. The mechanism may include the miRNA-mediated caspase 3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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137
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Serum Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and their Ratio in Acute Ischemic Stroke: on the Trail of a Biomarker? J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:102-8. [PMID: 26423306 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fast diagnosis and appropriate treatment are of utmost importance to improving the outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). A rapid and sensitive blood test for ischemic stroke is required. The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of phenylalanine (PHE) and tyrosine (TYR) as diagnostic biomarkers in AIS. Serum levels of PHE and TYR, measured using HPLC, and their ratio (PHE/TYR) were compared between 45 patients with AIS and 40 healthy control subjects. The relationship between PHE/TYR and the serum levels of several cytokines were also examined. PHE/TYR was significantly higher in AIS patients than in healthy controls (1.75 vs 1.24, p < 0.001). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of PHE/TYR in AIS patients relative to healthy controls revealed promising sensitivity and specificity, which at an optimal cutoff of 1.45 were 76 and 85 %, respectively. PHE/TYR was positively correlated with interleukin (IL)-1β (r = 0.37, p = 0.011) and IL-6 (r = 0.33, p = 0.025). This study shows that PHE/TYR is highly elevated in the acute phase of AIS, and that this elevation is coupled to the inflammatory response. The ROC analysis documents the possible value of PHE/TYR as a biomarker for AIS and demonstrates its clinical potential as a blood-based test for AIS.
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138
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Herz J, Sabellek P, Lane TE, Gunzer M, Hermann DM, Doeppner TR. Role of Neutrophils in Exacerbation of Brain Injury After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Stroke 2015; 46:2916-25. [PMID: 26337969 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation-related comorbidities contribute to stroke-induced immune responses and brain damage. We previously showed that hyperlipidemia exacerbates ischemic brain injury, which is associated with elevated peripheral and cerebral granulocyte numbers. Herein, we evaluate the contribution of neutrophils to the exacerbation of ischemic brain injury. METHODS Wild-type mice fed with a normal chow and ApoE knockout mice fed with a high cholesterol diet were exposed to middle cerebral artery occlusion. CXCR2 was blocked using the selective antagonist SB225002 (2 mg/kg) or neutralizing CXCR2 antiserum. Neutrophils were depleted using an anti-Ly6G antibody. At 72 hours post ischemia, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to determine cerebral tissue injury and immunologic changes in the blood, bone marrow, and brain. Functional outcome was assessed by accelerated rota rod and tight rope tests at 4, 7, and 14 days post ischemia. RESULTS CXCR2 antagonization reduced neurological deficits and infarct volumes that were exacerbated in hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice. This effect was mimicked by neutrophil depletion. Cerebral neutrophil infiltration and peripheral neutrophilia, which were increased on ischemia in hyperlipidemia, were attenuated by CXCR2 antagonization. This downscaling of neutrophil responses was associated with increased neutrophil apoptosis and reduced levels of CXCR2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and NADPH oxidase 2 expression on bone marrow neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate a role of neutrophils in the exacerbation of ischemic brain injury induced by hyperlipidemia. Accordingly, CXCR2 blockade, which prevents neutrophil recruitment into the brain, might be an effective option for stroke treatment in patients with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Herz
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.).
| | - Pascal Sabellek
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
| | - Thomas E Lane
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- From the Department of Neurology (J.H., P.S., D.M.H., T.R.D.), Department of Pediatrics I (J.H.), and Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Duisburg-Essen (M.G.), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; and Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City (T.E.L.)
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139
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Kell D, Potgieter M, Pretorius E. Individuality, phenotypic differentiation, dormancy and 'persistence' in culturable bacterial systems: commonalities shared by environmental, laboratory, and clinical microbiology. F1000Res 2015; 4:179. [PMID: 26629334 PMCID: PMC4642849 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6709.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For bacteria, replication mainly involves growth by binary fission. However, in a very great many natural environments there are examples of phenotypically dormant, non-growing cells that do not replicate immediately and that are phenotypically 'nonculturable' on media that normally admit their growth. They thereby evade detection by conventional culture-based methods. Such dormant cells may also be observed in laboratory cultures and in clinical microbiology. They are usually more tolerant to stresses such as antibiotics, and in clinical microbiology they are typically referred to as 'persisters'. Bacterial cultures necessarily share a great deal of relatedness, and inclusive fitness theory implies that there are conceptual evolutionary advantages in trading a variation in growth rate against its mean, equivalent to hedging one's bets. There is much evidence that bacteria exploit this strategy widely. We here bring together data that show the commonality of these phenomena across environmental, laboratory and clinical microbiology. Considerable evidence, using methods similar to those common in environmental microbiology, now suggests that many supposedly non-communicable, chronic and inflammatory diseases are exacerbated (if not indeed largely caused) by the presence of dormant or persistent bacteria (the ability of whose components to cause inflammation is well known). This dormancy (and resuscitation therefrom) often reflects the extent of the availability of free iron. Together, these phenomena can provide a ready explanation for the continuing inflammation common to such chronic diseases and its correlation with iron dysregulation. This implies that measures designed to assess and to inhibit or remove such organisms (or their access to iron) might be of much therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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140
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Kell D, Potgieter M, Pretorius E. Individuality, phenotypic differentiation, dormancy and 'persistence' in culturable bacterial systems: commonalities shared by environmental, laboratory, and clinical microbiology. F1000Res 2015; 4:179. [PMID: 26629334 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6709.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For bacteria, replication mainly involves growth by binary fission. However, in a very great many natural environments there are examples of phenotypically dormant, non-growing cells that do not replicate immediately and that are phenotypically 'nonculturable' on media that normally admit their growth. They thereby evade detection by conventional culture-based methods. Such dormant cells may also be observed in laboratory cultures and in clinical microbiology. They are usually more tolerant to stresses such as antibiotics, and in clinical microbiology they are typically referred to as 'persisters'. Bacterial cultures necessarily share a great deal of relatedness, and inclusive fitness theory implies that there are conceptual evolutionary advantages in trading a variation in growth rate against its mean, equivalent to hedging one's bets. There is much evidence that bacteria exploit this strategy widely. We here bring together data that show the commonality of these phenomena across environmental, laboratory and clinical microbiology. Considerable evidence, using methods similar to those common in environmental microbiology, now suggests that many supposedly non-communicable, chronic and inflammatory diseases are exacerbated (if not indeed largely caused) by the presence of dormant or persistent bacteria (the ability of whose components to cause inflammation is well known). This dormancy (and resuscitation therefrom) often reflects the extent of the availability of free iron. Together, these phenomena can provide a ready explanation for the continuing inflammation common to such chronic diseases and its correlation with iron dysregulation. This implies that measures designed to assess and to inhibit or remove such organisms (or their access to iron) might be of much therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, Lancashire, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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141
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Wilker EH, Preis SR, Beiser AS, Wolf PA, Au R, Kloog I, Li W, Schwartz J, Koutrakis P, DeCarli C, Seshadri S, Mittleman MA. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, residential proximity to major roads and measures of brain structure. Stroke 2015; 46:1161-6. [PMID: 25908455 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.008348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment, but whether it is related to structural changes in the brain is not clear. We examined the associations between residential long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and markers of brain aging using magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Framingham Offspring Study participants who attended the seventh examination were at least 60 years old and free of dementia and stroke were included. We evaluated associations between exposures (fine particulate matter [PM2.5] and residential proximity to major roadways) and measures of total cerebral brain volume, hippocampal volume, white matter hyperintensity volume (log-transformed and extensive white matter hyperintensity volume for age), and covert brain infarcts. Models were adjusted for age, clinical covariates, indicators of socioeconomic position, and temporal trends. RESULTS A 2-μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 was associated with -0.32% (95% confidence interval, -0.59 to -0.05) smaller total cerebral brain volume and 1.46 (95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.94) higher odds of covert brain infarcts. Living further away from a major roadway was associated with 0.10 (95% confidence interval, 0.01 to 0.19) greater log-transformed white matter hyperintensity volume for an interquartile range difference in distance, but no clear pattern of association was observed for extensive white matter. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to elevated levels of PM2.5 was associated with smaller total cerebral brain volume, a marker of age-associated brain atrophy, and with higher odds of covert brain infarcts. These findings suggest that air pollution is associated with insidious effects on structural brain aging even in dementia- and stroke-free persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa H Wilker
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.).
| | - Sarah R Preis
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Philip A Wolf
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Rhoda Au
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Itai Kloog
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Wenyuan Li
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Joel Schwartz
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Charles DeCarli
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- From the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (E.H.W., M.A.M.); Exposure, Epidemiology and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health (E.H.W., J.S., P.K.) and Department of Epidemiology (W.L., J.S., M.A.M.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (S.R.P., A.S.B., R.A.) and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine (A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.), Boston University, MA; Framingham Heart Study, MA (S.R.P., A.S.B., P.A.W., S.S.); Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel (I.K.); and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis (C.D.)
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142
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Sun M, Deng B, Zhao X, Gao C, Yang L, Zhao H, Yu D, Zhang F, Xu L, Chen L, Sun X. Isoflurane preconditioning provides neuroprotection against stroke by regulating the expression of the TLR4 signalling pathway to alleviate microglial activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11445. [PMID: 26086415 PMCID: PMC4471883 DOI: 10.1038/srep11445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive microglial activation often contributes to inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity in the ischemic penumbra during the acute stage of ischemic stroke. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been reported to induce microglial activation via the NF-κB pathway. Isoflurane preconditioning (IP) can provide neuroprotection and inhibit microglial activation. In this study, we investigated the roles of the TLR4 signalling pathway in IP to exert neuroprotection following ischemic stroke in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that 2% IP alleviated neurological deficits, reduced the infarct volume, attenuated apoptosis and weakened microglial activation in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, IP down-regulated the expression of HSP 60, TLR4 and MyD88 and up-regulated inhibitor of IκB-α expression compared with I/R group in vivo. In vitro, 2% IP and a specific inhibitor of TLR4, CLI-095, down-regulated the expression of TLR4, MyD88, IL-1β, TNF-α and Bax, and up-regulated IκB-α and Bcl-2 expression compared with OGD group. Moreover, IP and CLI-095 attenuated microglial activation-induced neuronal apoptosis, and overexpression of the TLR4 gene reversed the neuroprotective effects of IP. In conclusion, IP provided neuroprotection by regulating TLR4 expression directly, alleviating microglial activation and neuroinflammation. Thus, inhibiting the activation of microglial activation via TLR4 may be a new avenue for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Changjun Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Daihua Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Medical Administration, Lintong Sanatorium of PLA Lanzhou Military District, Lintong, Xi'an, 710600, China
| | - Lixian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nave General Hospital, Beijing, 100059, China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
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143
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Yu M, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Ding J, Xie C, Lu N. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 23:2233-9. [PMID: 25263434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have suggested an association between Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of stroke, but the relationship remains controversial. The aim of this study was to obtain a more comprehensive estimate of H. pylori on the risk of stroke by performing a meta-analysis. METHODS A computerized search of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library (including CENTRAL) up to February 2014 was performed to identify eligible studies. Prospective studies reported that a multivariate-adjusted estimate for the association between H. pylori and stroke were included. A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall combined risk. RESULTS Ten prospective observational studies (6 cohort studies, 4 nested case-control, or case-cohort studies within cohort studies) were included in the meta-analysis. The overall combined odds ratio for H. infection and stroke was .96 (95% confidence interval, .78-1.14). Similar results were yielded in patients with cytotoxin-associated gene-A seropositive strains. The combined estimates were robust across sensitivity analyses and had no observed publication bias. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our formal meta-analysis indicated no strong association between H. pylori infection and stroke, neither in those with cytotoxin-associated gene-A-positive infection. We believe that future epidemiologic studies of H. pylori and stroke are unlikely to be fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangbo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwu Ding
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nonghua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.
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144
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Potgieter M, Bester J, Kell DB, Pretorius E. The dormant blood microbiome in chronic, inflammatory diseases. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:567-91. [PMID: 25940667 PMCID: PMC4487407 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood in healthy organisms is seen as a ‘sterile’ environment: it lacks proliferating microbes. Dormant or not-immediately-culturable forms are not absent, however, as intracellular dormancy is well established. We highlight here that a great many pathogens can survive in blood and inside erythrocytes. ‘Non-culturability’, reflected by discrepancies between plate counts and total counts, is commonplace in environmental microbiology. It is overcome by improved culturing methods, and we asked how common this would be in blood. A number of recent, sequence-based and ultramicroscopic studies have uncovered an authentic blood microbiome in a number of non-communicable diseases. The chief origin of these microbes is the gut microbiome (especially when it shifts composition to a pathogenic state, known as ‘dysbiosis’). Another source is microbes translocated from the oral cavity. ‘Dysbiosis’ is also used to describe translocation of cells into blood or other tissues. To avoid ambiguity, we here use the term ‘atopobiosis’ for microbes that appear in places other than their normal location. Atopobiosis may contribute to the dynamics of a variety of inflammatory diseases. Overall, it seems that many more chronic, non-communicable, inflammatory diseases may have a microbial component than are presently considered, and may be treatable using bactericidal antibiotics or vaccines. Atopobiosis of microbes (the term describing microbes that appear in places other than where they should be), as well as the products of their metabolism, seems to correlate with, and may contribute to, the dynamics of a variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnie Potgieter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Janette Bester
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa
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145
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Mohamed IN, Ishrat T, Fagan SC, El-Remessy AB. Role of inflammasome activation in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases of the neurovascular unit. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1188-206. [PMID: 25275222 PMCID: PMC4403234 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Inflammation is the standard double-edged defense mechanism that aims at protecting the human physiological homeostasis from devastating threats. Both acute and chronic inflammation have been implicated in the occurrence and progression of vascular diseases. Interference with components of the immune system to improve patient outcome after ischemic injury has been uniformly unsuccessful. There is a need for a deeper understanding of the innate immune response to injury in order to modulate, rather than to block inflammation and improve the outcome for vascular diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors or NOD-like receptor proteins (NLRPs) can be activated by sterile and microbial inflammation. NLR family plays a major role in activating the inflammasome. CRITICAL ISSUES The aim of this work is to review recent findings that provided insights into key inflammatory mechanisms and define the place of the inflammasome, a multi-protein complex involved in instigating inflammation in neurovascular diseases, including retinopathy, neurodegenerative diseases, and stroke. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The significant contribution of NLRP-inflammasome activation to vascular disease of the neurovascular unit in the brain and retina suggests that therapeutic strategies focused on specific targeting of inflammasome components could significantly improve the outcomes of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam N Mohamed
- 1 Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia , Augusta, Georgia
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146
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Abstract
Stroke is as common as brain tumor in children. The etiology of childhood arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) appears to be multifactorial, resulting from the interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. The risk factors for AIS in children are markedly different from the atherosclerotic risk factors in adults. Trauma and infections have been identified as associations in previous studies and are exposures of particular interest because of their increased prevalence in the children. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the research studies that have addressed the role of infections and trauma in pediatric AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moraitis
- Rheumatology/Infectious Diseases and Immunity Unit UCL Institute of Child Health and Rheumatology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK,
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147
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González-Quijada S, Salazar-Thieroldt E, Mora-Simón M. Persistent Q fever and ischaemic stroke in elderly patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:362-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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148
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The HIF-1/glial TIM-3 axis controls inflammation-associated brain damage under hypoxia. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6340. [PMID: 25790768 PMCID: PMC4383004 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is closely related to the extent of damage following cerebral ischaemia, and the targeting of this inflammation has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we present that hypoxia-induced glial T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein (TIM)-3 can function as a modulator that links inflammation and subsequent brain damage after ischaemia. We find that TIM-3 is highly expressed in hypoxic brain regions of a mouse cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia (H/I) model. TIM-3 is distinctively upregulated in activated microglia and astrocytes, brain resident immune cells, in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-dependent manner. Notably, blockade of TIM-3 markedly reduces infarct size, neuronal cell death, oedema formation and neutrophil infiltration in H/I mice. Hypoxia-triggered neutrophil migration and infarction are also decreased in HIF-1α-deficient mice. Moreover, functional neurological deficits after H/I are significantly improved in both anti-TIM-3-treated mice and myeloid-specific HIF-1α-deficient mice. Further understanding of these insights could serve as the basis for broadening the therapeutic scope against hypoxia-associated brain diseases.
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149
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Murray KN, Parry-Jones AR, Allan SM. Interleukin-1 and acute brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:18. [PMID: 25705177 PMCID: PMC4319479 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the key host-defense response to infection and injury, yet also a major contributor to a diverse range of diseases, both peripheral and central in origin. Brain injury as a result of stroke or trauma is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, yet there are no effective treatments, resulting in enormous social and economic costs. Increasing evidence, both preclinical and clinical, highlights inflammation as an important factor in stroke, both in determining outcome and as a contributor to risk. A number of inflammatory mediators have been proposed as key targets for intervention to reduce the burden of stroke, several reaching clinical trial, but as yet yielding no success. Many factors could explain these failures, including the lack of robust preclinical evidence and poorly designed clinical trials, in addition to the complex nature of the clinical condition. Lack of consideration in preclinical studies of associated co-morbidities prevalent in the clinical stroke population is now seen as an important omission in previous work. These co-morbidities (atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, infection) have a strong inflammatory component, supporting the need for greater understanding of how inflammation contributes to acute brain injury. Interleukin (IL)-1 is the prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokine, first identified many years ago as the endogenous pyrogen. Research over the last 20 years or so reveals that IL-1 is an important mediator of neuronal injury and blocking the actions of IL-1 is beneficial in a number of experimental models of brain damage. Mechanisms underlying the actions of IL-1 in brain injury remain unclear, though increasing evidence indicates the cerebrovasculature as a key target. Recent literature supporting this and other aspects of how IL-1 and systemic inflammation in general contribute to acute brain injury are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie N Murray
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | | | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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150
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Tarrant C, Angell E, Baker R, Boulton M, Freeman G, Wilkie P, Jackson P, Wobi F, Ketley D. Responsiveness of primary care services: development of a patient-report measure – qualitative study and initial quantitative pilot testing. HEALTH SERVICES AND DELIVERY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPrimary care service providers do not always respond to the needs of diverse groups of patients, and so certain patients groups are disadvantaged. General practitioner (GP) practices are increasingly encouraged to be more responsive to patients’ needs in order to address inequalities.Objectives(1) Explore the meaning of responsiveness in primary care. (2) Develop a patient-report questionnaire for use as a measure of patient experience of responsiveness by a range of primary care organisations (PCOs). (3) Investigate methods of population mapping available to GP practices.Design settingPCOs, including GP practices, walk-in centres and community pharmacies.ParticipantsPatients and staff from 12 PCOs in the East Midlands in the development stage, and 15 PCOs across three different regions of England in stage 3.InterventionsTo investigate what responsiveness means, we conducted a literature review and interviews with patients and staff in 12 PCOs. We developed, tested and piloted the use of a questionnaire. We explored approaches for GP practices to understand the diversity of their populations.Main outcome measures(1) Definition of primary care responsiveness. (2) Three patient-report questionnaires to provide an assessment of patient experience of GP, pharmacy and walk-in centre responsiveness. (3) Insight into challenges in collecting diversity data in primary care.ResultsThe literature covers three overlapping themes of service quality, inequalities and patient involvement. We suggest that responsiveness is achieved through alignment between service delivery and patient needs, involving strategies to improve responsive service delivery, and efforts to manage patient expectations. We identified three components of responsive service delivery: proactive population orientation, reactive population orientation and individual patient orientation. PCOs tend to utilise reactive strategies rather than proactive approaches. Questionnaire development involved efforts to include patients who are ‘seldom heard’. The questionnaire was checked for validity and consistency and is available in three versions (GP, pharmacy, and walk-in centre), and in Easy Read format. We found the questionnaires to be acceptable to patients, and to have content validity. We produced some preliminary evidence of reliability and construct validity. Measuring and improving responsiveness requires PCOs to understand the characteristics of their patient population, but we identified significant barriers and challenges to this.ConclusionsResponsiveness is a complex concept. It involves alignment between service delivery and the needs of diverse patient groups. Reactive and proactive strategies at individual and population level are required, but PCOs mainly rely on reactive approaches. Being responsive means giving good care equally to all, and some groups may require extra support. What this extra support is will differ in different patient populations, and so knowledge of the practice population is essential. Practices need to be motivated to collect and use diversity data. Future work needed includes further evaluation of the patient-report questionnaires, including Easy Read versions, to provide further evidence of their quality and acceptability; research into how to facilitative the use of patient experience data in primary care; and implementation of strategies to improve responsiveness, and evaluation of effectiveness.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Service Delivery and Organisation programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Tarrant
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Emma Angell
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Baker
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mary Boulton
- Department of Clinical Health Care, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - George Freeman
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia Wilkie
- National Association for Patient Participation, Walton-on-Thames, UK
| | - Peter Jackson
- School of Management, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Fatimah Wobi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Diane Ketley
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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