101
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Byrne C, Fair S, English A, Urh C, Sauerwein H, Crowe M, Lonergan P, Kenny D. Plane of nutrition before and after 6 months of age in Holstein-Friesian bulls: II. Effects on metabolic and reproductive endocrinology and identification of physiological markers of puberty and sexual maturation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3460-3475. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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102
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Rodino IS, Gignac GE, Sanders KA. Stress has a direct and indirect effect on eating pathology in infertile women: avoidant coping style as a mediator. REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2018; 5:110-118. [PMID: 29922727 PMCID: PMC6005805 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Patient-perceived stress and avoidance-oriented coping strategies are mental health risk factors well documented within the infertility literature. Relatedly, these factors are associated with maladaptive eating behaviours known to influence reproductive functioning. This study aims to investigate the interconnection between perceived stress, avoidant coping style and eating pathology in infertile women, and to determine whether avoidant coping style mediates the relationship between stress and eating pathology. A multicentre cross-sectional study of 416 women (aged 20-47 years) was completed. Women were assessed on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale and the Brief COPE. Correlational matrices, principal components analysis and structural equation modelling were used to develop a measurement model to test the avoidant coping style mediation hypothesis. Results showed that perceived stress had a direct effect on maladaptive eating behaviours [β = 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.065-0.346; P = 0.005]. Furthermore, a statistically significant indirect effect between perceived stress and maladaptive eating via avoidant coping style was also observed (β = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.017-0.267; P = 0.018), indicating partial mediation. These findings highlight that both perceived stress and avoidant coping style are important psychotherapy targets to consider in infertile women presenting with eating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda S. Rodino
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, The University Of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gilles E. Gignac
- School of Psychological Science, The University Of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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103
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Dietary fatty acids sex-specifically modulate guinea pig postnatal development via cortisol concentrations. Sci Rep 2018; 8:471. [PMID: 29323260 PMCID: PMC5765112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early ontogenetic periods and postnatal maturation in organisms are sex-specifically sensitive to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activities, related glucocorticoid secretions, and their effects on energy balance and homeostasis. Dietary polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and saturated (SFAs) fatty acids potentially play a major role in this context because PUFAs positively affect HPA-axis functions and a shift towards SFAs may impair body homeostasis. Here we show that dietary PUFAs positively affect postnatal body mass gain and diminish negative glucocorticoid-effects on structural growth rates in male guinea pigs. In contrast, SFAs increased glucocorticoid concentrations, which positively affected testes size and testosterone concentrations in males, but limited their body mass gain and first year survival rate. No distinct diet-related effects were detectable on female growth rates. These results highlight the importance of PUFAs in balancing body homeostasis during male's juvenile development, which clearly derived from a sex-specific energetic advantage of dietary PUFA intakes compared to SFAs.
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104
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Lal B. Seasonal ovarian immunolocalization of neuropeptide Y and its role in steriodogenesis in Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 255:32-39. [PMID: 29017851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to examine the cellular localization and potential steroidogenic role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the ovary of the freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus. NPY-immunoreaction was observed in the follicular cells (granulosa and thecal cells) in the growing ovarian follicles, and the intensity of staining increased steadily from the initiation of follicular development until follicles were fully grown. Thereafter as follicles matured the stain intensity decreased. Positive correlations were found between NPY expression and the ovarian levels of 17β-estradiol, testosterone, and activities of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) in the ovary. In vitro NPY treatment stimulated the production of the two steroids and the activities of two enzymes. This is the first report of NPY immunoreactivity at the cellular level in the fish ovary and implicates this orexigenic peptide in the modulation of ovarian steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bechan Lal
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
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105
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Hyland L, Rosenbaum S, Edwards A, Palacios D, Graham MD, Pfaus JG, Woodside B, Abizaid A. Central ghrelin receptor stimulation modulates sex motivation in male rats in a site dependent manner. Horm Behav 2018; 97:56-66. [PMID: 29080670 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a hormone produced primarily by the stomach, has been associated with motivational processes that include reward-seeking behaviors. In male laboratory mice, elevation of ghrelin levels enhances some aspects of sexual motivation and behavior, whereas in other experiments with male mice, rats, and other species, ghrelin treatment or food deprivation decreases sexual motivation and/or behavior. The present tested the hypothesis that stimulation of ghrelin receptors in different brain regions have opposite effects on male sexual motivation and behavior. To do this we examined appetitive and consummatory sex behaviors of male rats with a truncated ghrelin receptor (FHH-GHSRm1/Mcwi), and that of their WT (FHH) littermates. We also examined the effects of ghrelin or the ghrelin antagonist D-Lys-GHRP6 delivered into the VTA or the MPOA on appetitive and consummatory sex behaviors in male Long Evans rats. Results demonstrate that rats with a truncated ghrelin receptor, or rats that are food deprived, show deficits in anticipatory sex. Furthermore, although ghrelin does not further stimulate sex anticipation in rats when infused into the VTA, intra-VTA infusions of D-Lys-GHRP6 into the VTA further decreases in sex anticipation in food deprived rats. In contrast, ghrelin delivery into the mPOA decreased sex anticipation compared to saline or D-Lys-GHRP6 infused rats. Overall, these data suggest that ghrelin receptor signalling is important for full expression of appetitive sex behaviors. Within the VTA, ghrelin may act to enhance sex motivation, while acting on the mPOA to decrease sex motivation and promote foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Hyland
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alexander Edwards
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Palacios
- Centre for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Dean Graham
- Centre for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James G Pfaus
- Centre for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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106
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Influences of different dietary energy level on sheep testicular development associated with AMPK/ULK1/autophagy pathway. Theriogenology 2017; 108:362-370. [PMID: 29304491 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Energy balance is an important feature for spermatozoa production in the testis. The 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cell energy, has been implicated as a mediator between gonadal function and energy balance. Herein, we intended to determine the physiological effects of AMPK on testicular development in feed energy restricted and compensated pre-pubertal rams. Lambs had restricted feeding for 2 months and then provided compensatory feeding for another 3 months. Feed levels were 100%(control), 15% and 30% of energy restriction (ER) diets, respectively. The results showed that lambs fed the 30% ER diet had significantly lower testicular weight (P < .05) and spermatids number in the seminiferous tubules, but there were no differences between control and 15% ER groups. Meanwhile, 15% ER and 30% ER diets induced testis autophagy and apoptosis through activating AMPK-ULK1(ULK1, Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase) signal pathway with characterization of increased Beclin-1 and Light chain 3-Ⅱ/Light chain 3-Ⅰ (LC3-II/LC3-I) ratio, up-regulated the ratio of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), as well as activated AMPK, phosphorylated AMPK(p-AMPK) and ULK1. Furthermore, a compensation of these parameters occurred when the lambs were re-fed with normal energy requirement after restriction. Taken together, dietary energy levels influence testicular development through autophagy and apoptosis interplay mediated by AMPK-ULK1 signal pathway, which also indicates the important role of the actions of AMPK in the testis homeostasis.
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107
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Tissier ML, Kletty F, Handrich Y, Habold C. Monocultural sowing in mesocosms decreases the species richness of weeds and invertebrates and critically reduces the fitness of the endangered European hamster. Oecologia 2017; 186:589-599. [PMID: 29209843 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intensive cereal monoculture is currently the main cause of biodiversity decline in Europe. However, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of intensive monoculture (e.g. pesticide use, mechanical ploughing and reduced protective cover), let alone evaluate how far the reduction of crop diversity affects biodiversity. It remains unclear to which extent the consequent decrease in food resources affects farmland biodiversity, and particularly vertebrate species. We therefore designed this study in mesocosms to investigate the effects of monoculture crops (organic wheat or corn seeds) and mixed crops (a combination of organic wheat, corn, sunflower and alfalfa seeds) on (1) the species richness of weeds and invertebrates and (2) the reproductive success of the European hamster (Cricetus cricetus), a critically endangered umbrella species of European farmlands. We found a negative impact of organic monoculture crops on plant and invertebrate species richness, with values respectively 38% and 28% lower than those obtained for mixed organic crops. The reproductive success of hamsters was reduced by 82% in monoculture mesocosms. These results highlight that monoculture per se can be detrimental for farmland biodiversity (i.e. from plants to vertebrates), even before taking into account the use of pesticide and mechanization. We believe that future research should further consider how food reduction in agroecosystems affects farmland wildlife, including vertebrates. Moreover, we argue that conservation actions must focus on restoring plant diversity on farmland to reverse the observed trend in farmland wildlife decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde L Tissier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Florian Kletty
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Handrich
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Habold
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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108
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Schneider JE, Benton NA, Russo KA, Klingerman CM, Williams WP, Simberlund J, Abdulhay A, Brozek JM, Kriegsfeld LJ. RFamide-related Peptide-3 and the Trade-off between Reproductive and Ingestive Behavior. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:1225-1239. [PMID: 28985338 PMCID: PMC5886337 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestive and sex behaviors are important for individual survival and reproductive success, but when environmental energy availability is limited, individuals of many different species make a trade-off, forfeiting sex for ingestive behavior. For example, food-deprived female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) forego vaginal scent marking and lordosis (sex behaviors) in favor of foraging, hoarding, and eating food (ingestive behavior). Reproductive processes tend to be energetically costly, and individual survival requires homeostasis in metabolic energy. Thus, during energetic challenges, the chances of survival are enhanced by decreasing the energy expended on reproductive processes. The entire hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) system is inhibited by severe energetic challenges, but comparatively little is known about the effects of mild energetic challenges. We hypothesized that (1) a trade-off is made between sex and ingestive behavior even when the level of food restriction is insufficient to inhibit the HPG system; (2) mild energetic challenges force a trade-off between appetitive ingestive and sex behaviors, but not consummatory versions of the same behaviors; and (3) the trade-off is orchestrated by ovarian steroid modulation of RFamide-related peptide 3 (RFRP-3). In other species, RFRP-3, an ortholog of avian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone, is implicated in control of behavior in response to energetic challenges and stressful stimuli. In support of our three hypotheses, there is a "dose-response" effect of food restriction and re-feeding on the activation of RFRP-3-immunoreactive cells in the dorsomedial hypothalamus and on appetitive behaviors (food hoarding and sexual motivation), but not on consummatory behaviors (food intake and lordosis), with no significant effect on circulating levels of estradiol or progesterone. The effect of food restriction on the activation of RFRP-3 cells is modulated at the time of estrus in gonadally-intact females and in ovariectomized females treated with progesterone alone or with estradiol plus progesterone. Intracerebral treatment with RFRP-3 results in significant decreases in sexual motivation and results in significant but small increases in food hoarding in hamsters fed ad libitum. These and other results are consistent with the idea that ovarian steroids and RFRP-3 are part of a system that orchestrates trade-offs in appetitive behaviors in environments where energy availability fluctuates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Noah A Benton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Kim A Russo
- Department of Psychology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Candice M Klingerman
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA
| | - Wilbur P Williams
- Department of Psychology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jessica Simberlund
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Amir Abdulhay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jeremy M Brozek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Lance J Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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109
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Oyster reproduction is compromised by acidification experienced seasonally in coastal regions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13276. [PMID: 29038546 PMCID: PMC5643346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been rising during the past century, leading to ocean acidification (OA). Coastal and estuarine habitats experience annual pH variability that vastly exceeds the magnitude of long-term projections in open ocean regions. Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reproduction season coincides with periods of low pH occurrence in estuaries, thus we investigated effects of moderate (pH 7.5, pCO2 2260 µatm) and severe OA (pH 7.1, pCO2 5584 µatm; and 6.7, pCO2 18480 µatm) on oyster gametogenesis, fertilization, and early larval development successes. Exposure at severe OA during gametogenesis caused disruption in oyster reproduction. Oogenesis appeared to be more sensitive compared to spermatogenesis. However, Eastern oyster reproduction was resilient to moderate OA projected for the near-future. In the context of projected climate change exacerbating seasonal acidification, OA of coastal habitats could represent a significant bottleneck for oyster reproduction which may have profound negative implications for coastal ecosystems reliant on this keystone species.
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110
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Jiang Q, Zhang Q, Lian A, Xu Y. Irisin stimulates gonadotropins gene expression in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pituitary cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 185:140-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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111
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Pouchain Ribeiro Neto R, Clarke IJ, Conductier G. Alteration in the relationship between tanycytes and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurosecretory terminals following long-term metabolic manipulation in the sheep. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28722251 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis is influenced by energy reserves, such that an increase or a decrease in adiposity may perturb the secretion and action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This is considered to be a result of the signalling of hormones such as leptin, which act upon neuronal systems controlling GnRH secretion. Other work shows plasticity in the relationship between tanycytes and GnRH neurosecretory terminals in the median eminence across the oestrous cycle and we hypothesised that a similar plasticity may occur with altered metabolic status. We studied Lean, Normal and Fat ovariectomised ewes, which displayed differences in gonadotrophin status, and investigated the relationship between tanycytes and GnRH neuroterminals. Under both Lean and Fat conditions, an altered anatomical arrangement between these two elements was observed in the vicinity of the blood vessels of the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal blood system. These data suggest that such plasticity is an important determinant of the rate of secretion of GnRH in animals of differing metabolic status and that this also contributes to the relative hypogonadotrophic condition prevailing with metabolic extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pouchain Ribeiro Neto
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - I J Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G Conductier
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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112
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Thomas LM, Jorgenson ZG, Brigham ME, Choy SJ, Moore JN, Banda JA, Gefell DJ, Minarik TA, Schoenfuss HL. Contaminants of emerging concern in tributaries to the Laurentian Great Lakes: II. Biological consequences of exposure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184725. [PMID: 28953953 PMCID: PMC5617166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Laurentian Great Lakes contain one fifth of the world's surface freshwater and have been impacted by human activity since the Industrial Revolution. In addition to legacy contaminants, nitrification and invasive species, this aquatic ecosystem is also the recipient of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) with poorly understood biological consequences. In the current study, we documented the presence, concentrations, and biological effects of CECs across 27 field sites in six Great Lakes tributaries by examining over 2250 resident and caged sunfish (Lepomis ssp.) for a variety of morphological and physiological endpoints and related these results to CEC occurrence. CEC were ubiquitous across studies sites and their presence and concentrations in water and sediment were highest in effluent dominated rivers and downstream of municipal wastewater treatment plant discharges. However, even putative upstream reference sites were not free of CEC presence and fish at these sites exhibited biological effects consistent with CEC exposure. Only the Fox River exhibited consistent adverse biological effects, including increased relative liver size, greater prominence of hepatocyte vacuoles and increased plasma glucose concentrations. Canonical Redundancy Analysis revealed consistent patterns of biological consequences of CEC exposure across all six tributaries. Increasing plasma glucose concentrations, likely as a result of pollutant-induced metabolic stress, were associated with increased relative liver size and greater prominence of hepatocyte vacuoles. These indicators of pollutant exposure were inversely correlated with indicators of reproductive potential including smaller gonad size and less mature gametes. The current study highlights the need for greater integration of chemical and biological studies and suggests that CECs in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin may adversely affect the reproductive potential of exposed fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea M. Thomas
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zachary G. Jorgenson
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States of America
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Brigham
- U.S. Geological Survey, Mounds View, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Choy
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeremy N. Moore
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jo A. Banda
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Gefell
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Cortland, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Minarik
- Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Cicero, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Heiko L. Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States of America
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113
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O'Mara MT, Wikelski M, Voigt CC, Ter Maat A, Pollock HS, Burness G, Desantis LM, Dechmann DK. Cyclic bouts of extreme bradycardia counteract the high metabolism of frugivorous bats. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28923167 PMCID: PMC5605195 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Active flight requires the ability to efficiently fuel bursts of costly locomotion while maximizing energy conservation during non-flying times. We took a multi-faceted approach to estimate how fruit-eating bats (Uroderma bilobatum) manage a high-energy lifestyle fueled primarily by fig juice. Miniaturized heart rate telemetry shows that they use a novel, cyclic, bradycardic state that reduces daily energetic expenditure by 10% and counteracts heart rates as high as 900 bpm during flight. Uroderma bilobatum support flight with some of the fastest metabolic incorporation rates and dynamic circulating cortisol in vertebrates. These bats will exchange fat reserves within 24 hr, meaning that they must survive on the food of the day and are at daily risk of starvation. Energetic flexibly in U. bilobatum highlights the fundamental role of ecological pressures on integrative energetic networks and the still poorly understood energetic strategies of animals in the tropics. To survive, all animals have to balance how much energy they take in and how much they use. They must find enough food to fuel the chemical processes that keep them alive – known as their metabolism – and store leftover fuel to use when food is not available. Bats, for example, have a fast metabolism and powerful flight muscles, which require a lot of energy. Some bat species, such as the tent-making bats, survive on fruit juice, and their food sources are often far apart and difficult to find. These bats are likely to starve if they go without food for more than 24 hours, and therefore need to conserve energy while they are resting. To deal with potential food shortages, bats and other animals can enter a low-energy resting state called torpor. In this state, animals lower their body temperature and slow down their heart rate and metabolism so that they need less energy to stay alive. However, many animals that live in tropical regions, including tent-making bats, cannot enter a state of torpor, as it is too hot to sufficiently lower their body temperature. Until now, scientists did not fully understand how these bats control how much energy they use. Now, O’Mara et al. studied tent-making bats in the wild by attaching small heart rate transmitters to four wild bats, and measured their heartbeats over several days. Since each heartbeat delivers oxygen and fuel to the rest of the body, measuring the bats’ heart rate indicates how much energy they are using. The experiments revealed for the first time that tent-making bats periodically lower their heart rates while resting (to around 200 beats per minute). This reduces the amount of energy they use each day by up to 10%, and helps counteract heart rates that can reach 900 beats per minute when the bats are flying. Overall, these findings show that animals have evolved in various ways to control their use of energy. Future research should use similar technology to continue uncovering how wild animals have adapted to survive in different conditions. This knowledge will help us to understand how life has become so diverse in the tropics and the strategies that animals may use as climates change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teague O'Mara
- Department of Migration and Immuno-ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.,Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration and Immuno-ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Andries Ter Maat
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Henry S Pollock
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Lanna M Desantis
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
| | - Dina Kn Dechmann
- Department of Migration and Immuno-ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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114
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Bailey AM, Legan SJ, Meretsky VJ, Demas GE. Effects of exogenous leptin on seasonal reproductive responses to interacting environmental cues in female Siberian hamsters. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 250:95-103. [PMID: 28619288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Animals living in temperate climates respond to environmental cues that signal current and future resource availability to ensure that energy resources are available to support reproduction. Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) undergo robust gonadal regression in short, winter-like photoperiods as well as in response to mild food restriction in intermediate photoperiods. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether leptin is a relevant metabolic signal in regulating gonadal regression in response to diminishing food availability. Adult female hamsters housed in short-day (winter-like) or intermediate (fall-like) photoperiods received either ad libitum access to food or mild food restriction (90% of ad libitum intake) and were treated with either leptin or a vehicle for five weeks in order to determine the ability of leptin to inhibit gonadal regression. At the end of five weeks, vehicle-treated hamsters showed physiological signs associated with ongoing gonadal regression, such as decreases in body mass and food intake, cessation of estrous cycling, and small decreases in reproductive tissue mass. Leptin did not modify changes in body mass, food intake, hormone concentration, or tissue mass, but showed a tendency to support estrous cycling, particularly in response to food restriction in the intermediate photoperiod treatment. Overall, leptin appears to play a minor role in coordinating reproductive responses to multiple environmental cues, at least in the early stages of gonadal regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bailey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E 3rd St., Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Sandra J Legan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 508 Medical Science Building, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Vicky J Meretsky
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 315 E 10th St., Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E 3rd St., Bloomington, IN, USA.
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115
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Wells JCK, Nesse RM, Sear R, Johnstone RA, Stearns SC. Evolutionary public health: introducing the concept. Lancet 2017; 390:500-509. [PMID: 28792412 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emerging discipline of evolutionary medicine is breaking new ground in understanding why people become ill. However, the value of evolutionary analyses of human physiology and behaviour is only beginning to be recognised in the field of public health. Core principles come from life history theory, which analyses the allocation of finite amounts of energy between four competing functions-maintenance, growth, reproduction, and defence. A central tenet of evolutionary theory is that organisms are selected to allocate energy and time to maximise reproductive success, rather than health or longevity. Ecological interactions that influence mortality risk, nutrient availability, and pathogen burden shape energy allocation strategies throughout the life course, thereby affecting diverse health outcomes. Public health interventions could improve their own effectiveness by incorporating an evolutionary perspective. In particular, evolutionary approaches offer new opportunities to address the complex challenges of global health, in which populations are differentially exposed to the metabolic consequences of poverty, high fertility, infectious diseases, and rapid changes in nutrition and lifestyle. The effect of specific interventions is predicted to depend on broader factors shaping life expectancy. Among the important tools in this approach are mathematical models, which can explore probable benefits and limitations of interventions in silico, before their implementation in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - Randolph M Nesse
- Centre for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Rebecca Sear
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Stephen C Stearns
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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116
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Porter DT, Roberts DA, Maruska KP. Distribution and female reproductive state differences in orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons in the brain of the mouth brooding African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. J Comp Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28649723 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Integration of reproduction and metabolism is necessary for species survival. While the neural circuits controlling energy homeostasis are well-characterized, the signals controlling the relay of nutritional information to the reproductive axis are less understood. The cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni is ideal for studying the neural regulation of feeding and reproduction because females cycle between a feeding gravid state and a period of forced starvation while they brood developing young inside their mouths. To test the hypothesis that candidate neuropeptide-containing neurons known to be involved in feeding and energy homeostasis in mammals show conserved distribution patterns, we performed immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to localize appetite-stimulating (neuropeptide Y, NPY; agouti-related protein, AGRP) and appetite-inhibiting (cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript, CART; pro-opiomelanocortin, pomc1a) neurons in the brain. NPY, AGRP, CART, and pomc1a somata showed distribution patterns similar to other teleosts, which included localization to the lateral tuberal nucleus (NLT), the putative homolog of the mammalian arcuate nucleus. Gravid females also had larger NPY and AGRP neurons in the NLT compared to brooding females, but brooding females had larger pomc1a neurons compared to gravid females. Hypothalamic agrp mRNA levels were also higher in gravid compared to brooding females. Thus, larger appetite-stimulating neurons (NPY, AGRP) likely promote feeding while females are gravid, while larger pomc1a neurons may act as a signal to inhibit food intake during mouth brooding. Collectively, our data suggest a potential role for NPY, AGRP, POMC, and CART in regulating energetic status in A. burtoni females during varying metabolic and reproductive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - David A Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Karen P Maruska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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117
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Byrne C, Fair S, English A, Urh C, Sauerwein H, Crowe M, Lonergan P, Kenny D. Effect of breed, plane of nutrition and age on growth, scrotal development, metabolite concentrations and on systemic gonadotropin and testosterone concentrations following a GnRH challenge in young dairy bulls. Theriogenology 2017; 96:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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118
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Benton NA, Russo KA, Brozek JM, Andrews RJ, Kim VJ, Kriegsfeld LJ, Schneider JE. Food restriction-induced changes in motivation differ with stages of the estrous cycle and are closely linked to RFamide-related peptide-3 but not kisspeptin in Syrian hamsters. Physiol Behav 2017. [PMID: 28624479 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the effects of food restriction on behavioral motivation are mediated by one or both of the RFamide peptides, RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) and kisspeptin (Kp) in female Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Female hamsters fed ad libitum and given a choice between food and adult male hamsters are highly motivated to visit males instead of food on all four days of the estrous cycle, but after 8days of mild food restriction (75% of ad libitum intake) they shift their preference toward food every day of the estrous cycle until the day of estrus, when they shift their preference back toward the males. In support of a role for RFRP-3 in these behavioral changes, the preference for food and the activation of RFRP-3-immunoreactive (Ir) cells in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) showed the same estrous cycle pattern in food-restricted females, but no association was observed between behavior and the activation of Kp cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus or preoptic area. Next, we tested the hypothesis that food-restriction-induced activation of RFRP-3-Ir cells is modulated by high levels of ovarian steroids at the time of estrus. In support of this idea, on nonestrous days, mild food restriction increased activation of RFRP-3-Ir cells, but failed to do so on the day of estrus even though this level of food restriction did not significantly decrease circulating concentrations of estradiol or progesterone. Furthermore, in ovariectomized females, food-restriction-induced increases in activation of RFRP-3-Ir cells were blocked by systemic treatment with progesterone alone, estradiol plus progesterone, but not estradiol alone. Central infusion with RFRP-3 in ad libitum-fed females significantly decreased sexual motivation and produced significant increases in 90-minute food hoarding, in support of the hypothesis that elevated central levels of RFRP-3 are sufficient to create the shift in behavioral motivation in females fed ad libitum. Together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that high levels of ingestive motivation are promoted during the nonfertile phase of the estrous cycle by elevated activation of RFRP-3-Ir cells, and RFRP-3-Ir cellular activation is modulated by ovarian steroids around the time of estrus, thereby diverting attention away from food and increasing sexual motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah A Benton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Kim A Russo
- Department of Psychology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Jeremy M Brozek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States
| | - Ryan J Andrews
- Department of Psychology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Veronica J Kim
- Department of Psychology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Lance J Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Jill E Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States.
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119
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Bradbury RA, Lee P, Smith HC. Elevated anti-Mullerian hormone in lean women may not indicate polycystic ovarian syndrome. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 57:552-557. [DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Lee
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
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120
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Takeda T, Matsuo Y, Nishida K, Fujiki A, Hattori Y, Koga T, Ishii Y, Yamada H. α-Lipoic acid potentially targets AMP-activated protein kinase and energy production in the fetal brain to ameliorate dioxin-produced attenuation in fetal steroidogenesis. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:13-23. [PMID: 28070105 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that treating pregnant rats with dioxins, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), targets the pituitary expression of luteinizing hormone (LH) to attenuate testicular steroidogenesis in fetuses, resulting in the imprinting of sexual immaturity of the offspring after reaching maturity. Furthermore, we found that although TCDD disturbs the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the fetal hypothalamus, maternal co-treatment with α-lipoic acid (α-LA), a cofactor of the TCA cycle, restores a TCDD-produced reduction in the LH-evoked steroidogenesis as well as the TCA cycle activity in fetuses. However, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of α-LA remains to be fully elucidated. To address this issue, we compared the effect of α-LA with that of thiamine, another cofactor of the TCA cycle. As with α-LA, supplying thiamine to dams exposed to TCDD alleviates the reduced level of not only hypothalamic ATP but also pituitary LH and testicular steroidogenic protein in fetuses. However, thiamine had a much weaker effect than α-LA. In agreement with ATP attenuation, TCDD activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a negative regulator of LH production, whereas the supplementation of α-LA allowed recovery from this defect. Furthermore, α-LA restored the TCDD-produced reduction in the pituitary expression of the receptor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), an upstream regulator of LH synthesis. These results suggest that α-LA rescues TCDD-produced attenuation during fetal steroidogenesis due not only to facilitation of energy production through the TCA cycle but also through suppression of AMPK activation, and the pituitary GnRH receptor may serve as a mediator of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Takeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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121
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Matsuda M, Hirata M. Phospholipase C-related but catalytically inactive proteins regulate ovarian follicle development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8369-8380. [PMID: 28360101 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C-related but catalytically inactive proteins PRIP-1 and -2 are inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate binding proteins that are encoded by independent genes. Ablation of the Prip genes in mice impairs female fertility, which is manifested by fewer pregnancies, a decreased number of pups, and the decreased and increased secretion of gonadal steroids and gonadotropins, respectively. We investigated the involvement of the PRIPs in fertility, focusing on the ovaries of Prip-1 and -2 double-knock-out (DKO) mice. Multiple cystic follicles were observed in DKO ovaries, and a superovulation assay showed a markedly decreased number of ovulated oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes showed normal expansion, and artificial gonadotropin stimulation regulated the ovulation-related genes in a normal fashion, suggesting that the ovulation itself was probably normal. A histological analysis showed atresia in fewer follicles of the DKO ovaries, particularly in the secondary follicle stages. The expression of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) was aberrantly higher in developing follicles, and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, a downstream target of LH-LHR signaling, was higher in DKO granulosa cells. This suggests that the up-regulation of LH-LHR signaling is the cause of impaired follicle development. The serum estradiol level was lower, but estradiol production was unchanged in the DKO ovaries. These results suggest that PRIPs are positively involved in the development of follicles via their regulation of LH-LHR signaling and estradiol secretion. Female DKO mice had higher serum levels of insulin, testosterone, and uncarboxylated osteocalcin, which, together with reduced fertility, are reminiscent of polycystic ovary syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Masato Hirata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
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122
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Emery Thompson M. Energetics of feeding, social behavior, and life history in non-human primates. Horm Behav 2017; 91:84-96. [PMID: 27594442 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Energy is a variable of key importance to a wide range of research in primate behavioral ecology, life history, and conservation. However, obtaining detailed data on variation in energetic condition, and its biological consequences, has been a considerable challenge. In the past 20years, tremendous strides have been made towards non-invasive methods for monitoring the physiology of animals in their natural environment. These methods provide detailed, individualized data about energetic condition, as well as energy allocations to growth, reproduction, and somatic health. In doing so, they add much-needed resolution by which to move beyond correlative studies to research programs that can discriminate causes from effects and disaggregate multiple correlated features of the social and physical environment. In this review, I describe the conceptual and methodological approaches for studying primate energetics. I then discuss the core questions about primate feeding ecology, social behavior, and life history that can benefit from physiological studies, highlighting the ways in which recent research has done so. Among these are studies that test, and often refute, common assumptions about how feeding ecology shapes primate biology, and those that reveal proximate associations between energetics and reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, MSC01-1040, 500 University Blvd NE, Albuquerque 87131, Mexico.
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123
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Emery Thompson M. Energetics of feeding, social behavior, and life history in non-human primates. Horm Behav 2017; 91:84-96. [PMID: 27594442 DOI: 10.10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Energy is a variable of key importance to a wide range of research in primate behavioral ecology, life history, and conservation. However, obtaining detailed data on variation in energetic condition, and its biological consequences, has been a considerable challenge. In the past 20years, tremendous strides have been made towards non-invasive methods for monitoring the physiology of animals in their natural environment. These methods provide detailed, individualized data about energetic condition, as well as energy allocations to growth, reproduction, and somatic health. In doing so, they add much-needed resolution by which to move beyond correlative studies to research programs that can discriminate causes from effects and disaggregate multiple correlated features of the social and physical environment. In this review, I describe the conceptual and methodological approaches for studying primate energetics. I then discuss the core questions about primate feeding ecology, social behavior, and life history that can benefit from physiological studies, highlighting the ways in which recent research has done so. Among these are studies that test, and often refute, common assumptions about how feeding ecology shapes primate biology, and those that reveal proximate associations between energetics and reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, MSC01-1040, 500 University Blvd NE, Albuquerque 87131, Mexico.
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124
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Gordon CM, Ackerman KE, Berga SL, Kaplan JR, Mastorakos G, Misra M, Murad MH, Santoro NF, Warren MP. Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1413-1439. [PMID: 28368518 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
COSPONSORING ASSOCIATIONS The American Society for Reproductive Medicine, the European Society of Endocrinology, and the Pediatric Endocrine Society. This guideline was funded by the Endocrine Society. OBJECTIVE To formulate clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA). PARTICIPANTS The participants include an Endocrine Society-appointed task force of eight experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer. EVIDENCE This evidence-based guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach to describe the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. The task force commissioned two systematic reviews and used the best available evidence from other published systematic reviews and individual studies. CONSENSUS PROCESS One group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications enabled consensus. Endocrine Society committees and members and cosponsoring organizations reviewed and commented on preliminary drafts of this guideline. CONCLUSIONS FHA is a form of chronic anovulation, not due to identifiable organic causes, but often associated with stress, weight loss, excessive exercise, or a combination thereof. Investigations should include assessment of systemic and endocrinologic etiologies, as FHA is a diagnosis of exclusion. A multidisciplinary treatment approach is necessary, including medical, dietary, and mental health support. Medical complications include, among others, bone loss and infertility, and appropriate therapies are under debate and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Sarah L Berga
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - Jay R Kaplan
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
| | - George Mastorakos
- Areteio Hospital, Medical School, National and Capodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece 10674
| | | | - M Hassan Murad
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | | | - Michelle P Warren
- Center for Menopause, Hormonal Disorders, and Women's Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10021
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125
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Barlow IL, Rihel J. Zebrafish sleep: from geneZZZ to neuronZZZ. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 44:65-71. [PMID: 28391130 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
All animals have a fundamental and unavoidable requirement for rest, yet we still do not fully understand the processes that initiate, maintain, and regulate sleep. The larval zebrafish is an optically translucent, genetically tractable model organism that exhibits sleep states regulated by conserved sleep circuits, thereby offering a unique system for investigating the genetic and neural control of sleep. Recent studies using high throughput monitoring of larval sleep/wake behaviour have unearthed novel modulators involved in regulating arousal and have provided new mechanistic insights into the role of established sleep/wake modulators. In addition, the application of computational tools to large behavioural datasets has allowed for the identification of neuroactive compounds that alleviate sleep symptoms associated with genetic neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida L Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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126
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Leroy JLMR, Valckx SDM, Jordaens L, De Bie J, Desmet KLJ, Van Hoeck V, Britt JH, Marei WF, Bols PEJ. Nutrition and maternal metabolic health in relation to oocyte and embryo quality: critical views on what we learned from the dairy cow model. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:693-703. [PMID: 25690396 DOI: 10.1071/rd14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fragmented and sometimes inconsistent, the proof of a vital link between the importance of the physiological status of the mother and her subsequent reproductive success is building up. High-yielding dairy cows are suffering from a substantial decline in fertility outcome over past decades. For many years, this decrease in reproductive output has correctly been considered multifactorial, with factors including farm management, feed ratios, breed and genetics and, last, but not least, ever-rising milk production. Because the problem is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach, it is hard to formulate straightforward conclusions leading to improvements on the 'work floor'. However, based on remarkable similarities on the preimplantation reproductive side between cattle and humans, there is a growing tendency to consider the dairy cow's negative energy balance and accompanying fat mobilisation as an interesting model to study the impact of maternal metabolic disorders on human fertility and, more specifically, on oocyte and preimplantation embryo quality. Considering the mutual interest of human and animal scientists studying common reproductive problems, this review has several aims. First, we briefly introduce the 'dairy cow case' by describing the state of the art of research into metabolic imbalances and their possible effects on dairy cow reproduction. Second, we try to define relevant in vitro models that can clarify certain mechanisms by which aberrant metabolite levels may influence embryonic health. We report on recent advances in the assessment of embryo metabolism and meantime critically elaborate on advantages and major limitations of in vitro models used so far. Finally, we discuss hurdles to be overcome to successfully translate the scientific data to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo L M R Leroy
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Departement of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sara D M Valckx
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Departement of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lies Jordaens
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Departement of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jessie De Bie
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Departement of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Karolien L J Desmet
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Departement of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Veerle Van Hoeck
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Endocrinologia Molecular, University SaoPaulo Pirassununga, CEP 13-3565-4220 Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Jack H Britt
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - Waleed F Marei
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Departement of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter E J Bols
- Gamete Research Centre, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Departement of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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127
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Nemeth M, Millesi E, Siutz C, Wagner KH, Quint R, Wallner B. Reproductive performance and gestational effort in relation to dietary fatty acids in guinea pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:28. [PMID: 28373905 PMCID: PMC5376286 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary saturated (SFAs) and polyunsaturated (PUFAs) fatty acids can highly affect reproductive functions by providing additional energy, modulating the biochemical properties of tissues, and hormone secretions. In precocial mammals such as domestic guinea pigs the offspring is born highly developed. Gestation might be the most critical reproductive period in this species and dietary fatty acids may profoundly influence the gestational effort. We therefore determined the hormonal status at conception, the reproductive success, and body mass changes during gestation in guinea pigs maintained on diets high in PUFAs or SFAs, or a control diet. Results The diets significantly affected the females’ plasma fatty acid status at conception, while cortisol and estrogen levels did not differ among groups. SFA females exhibited a significantly lower body mass and litter size, while the individual birth mass of pups did not differ among groups and a general higher pup mortality rate in larger litters was diminished by PUFAs and SFAs. The gestational effort, determined by a mother’s body mass gain during gestation, increased with total litter mass, whereas this increase was lowest in SFA and highest in PUFA individuals. The mother’s body mass after parturition did not differ among groups and was positively affected by the total litter mass in PUFA females. Conclusions While SFAs reduce the litter size, but also the gestational effort as a consequence, PUFA supplementation may contribute to an adjustment of energy accumulations to the total litter mass, which may both favor a mother’s body condition at parturition and perhaps increase the offspring survival at birth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-017-0158-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nemeth
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Millesi
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Siutz
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Quint
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Haunhorst CB, Heesen M, Ostner J, Schülke O. Social bonds with males lower the costs of competition for wild female Assamese macaques. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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129
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Eating disorders in the context of preconception care: fertility specialists’ knowledge, attitudes, and clinical practices. Fertil Steril 2017; 107:494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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130
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Luque EM, Tissera A, Gaggino MP, Molina RI, Mangeaud A, Vincenti LM, Beltramone F, Larcher JS, Estofán D, Fiol de Cuneo M, Martini AC. Body mass index and human sperm quality: neither one extreme nor the other. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:731-739. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the still contentious association between body mass index (BMI) and seminal quality. To this end, 4860 male patients (aged 18–65 years; non-smokers and non-drinkers), were classified according to BMI as either underweight (UW; BMI <20 kg m–2; n = 45), normal weight (NW; BMI 20–24.9 kg m–2; n = 1330), overweight (OW; BMI 25–29.9 kg m–2; n = 2493), obese (OB; BMI 30–39.9 kg m–2; n = 926) or morbidly obese (MOB; BMI ≥40 kg m–2; n = 57). Conventional semen parameters and seminal concentrations of fructose, citric acid and neutral α-glucosidase (NAG) were evaluated. The four parameters that reflect epididymal maturation were significantly lower in the UW and MOB groups compared with NW, OW and OB groups: sperm concentration, total sperm count (103.3 ± 11.4 and 121.5 ± 20.6 and vs 157.9 ± 3.6, 152.4 ± 2.7 or 142.1 ± 4.3 spermatozoa ejaculate–1 respectively, P < 0.05), motility (41.8 ± 2.5 and 42.6 ± 2.6 vs 47.8 ± 0.5, 48.0 ± 0.4 or 46.3 ± 0.6 % of motile spermatozoa respectively, P < 0.05) and NAG (45.2 ± 6.6 and 60.1 ± 7.9 vs 71.5 ± 1.9, 64.7 ± 1.3 or 63.1 ± 2.1 mU ejaculate-1 respectively, P < 0.05). Moreover, the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa was decreased in the MOB group compared with the UW, NW, OW and OB groups (4.8 ± 0.6% vs 6.0 ± 0.8%, 6.9 ± 0.1%, 6.8 ± 0.1 and 6.4 ± 0.2%, respectively; P < 0.05). In addition, men in the MOB group had an increased risk (2.3- to 4.9-fold greater) of suffering oligospermia and teratospermia (P < 0.05). Both morbid obesity and being underweight have a negative effect on sperm quality, particularly epididymal maturation. These results show the importance of an adequate or normal bodyweight as the natural best option for fertility, with both extremes of the BMI scale as negative prognostic factors.
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131
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Xu WH, Wu H, Xia WL, Lan H, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hua S. Physical exercise before pregnancy helps the development of mouse embryos produced in vitro. Mitochondrion 2016; 34:36-42. [PMID: 28017685 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effects of pre-gestational physical activity on the later development of embryos generated in vitro were evaluated. Kunming mice were divided into two groups, namely exercised and unexercised, with the former undergoing physical training on a motor-driven leveled treadmill over a period of 4weeks (5days/week and 60min/day). After that, following superovulation, collection of oocytes from both groups was performed for in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Notably and specifically, natural mating between the unexercised mice was also done for in vivo fertilization (IVIF). Observation on the preimplantation embryo development showed that SCNT embryos from exercised group (NEM) had significant higher rates of cleavage and formation of blastocyst containing more blastomeres compared to SCNT embryos from unexercised group (NCM); while IVF embryos in exercised group (FEM) showed a significant higher rate of cleavage and blastocyst formation. Further analysis of embryos from the trained group on the molecular level demonstrated a prominent increase in terms of ATP levels, mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm) and mtDNA copy number and an obvious decrease in H2O2 concentration than those from the respective control group. Meanwhile, epigenetically, methylation levels of CpG sites on imprinting control regions of imprinted genes (Igf2, Igf2r, Meg 3 and H19) in the NEM embryos were normalized in exercise groups compared to the NCM embryos, which were comparable to the in vivo-derived embryos. Moreover, global DNA and histone methylation (H3K4m2, H3K9m3 and H3K36m) further confirmed that NEM-derived embryos and in vivo-derived ones stay in the same cluster, indicating that physical activity in pre-pregnancy facilitates the maintenance of epigenetic modifications. Generally, these results strongly suggest that physical exercise before pregnancy is in favor of the later embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hai Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Lan Xia
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoan District in Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province 518100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Tran DQ, Tse EK, Kim MH, Belsham DD. Diet-induced cellular neuroinflammation in the hypothalamus: Mechanistic insights from investigation of neurons and microglia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:18-26. [PMID: 27208620 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity can lead to detrimental chronic disorders. The severity of this global epidemic has encouraged ongoing research to characterize the mechanisms underlying obesity and its comorbidities. Recent evidence suggests that saturated fatty acids (SFA) in high-fat diets rapidly generate inflammation in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), which centrally regulates whole-body energy homeostasis. Herein, we will review the roles of hypothalamic neurons and resident microglia in the initiation of SFA-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Particularly, we focus on neuronal and microglial free fatty acid-sensing and capacity to produce inflammatory signaling. We also outline a potential role of peripherally-derived monocytes in this inflammation. And finally, we explore synaptic plasticity as a mechanism through which hypothalamic inflammation can modulate ARC circuitry, and thus disrupt energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Q Tran
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erika K Tse
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mun Heui Kim
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Allaway HCM, Southmayd EA, De Souza MJ. The physiology of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea associated with energy deficiency in exercising women and in women with anorexia nervosa. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 25:91-119. [PMID: 26953710 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An energy deficiency is the result of inadequate energy intake relative to high energy expenditure. Often observed with the development of an energy deficiency is a high drive for thinness, dietary restraint, and weight and shape concerns in association with eating behaviors. At a basic physiologic level, a chronic energy deficiency promotes compensatory mechanisms to conserve fuel for vital physiologic function. Alterations have been documented in resting energy expenditure (REE) and metabolic hormones. Observed metabolic alterations include nutritionally acquired growth hormone resistance and reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations; hypercortisolemia; increased ghrelin, peptide YY, and adiponectin; and decreased leptin, triiodothyronine, and kisspeptin. The cumulative effect of the energetic and metabolic alterations is a suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion is decreased with consequent suppression of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone release. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary secretion alters the production of estrogen and progesterone resulting in subclinical or clinical menstrual dysfunction.
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134
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Torsoni MA, Borges BC, Cote JL, Allen SJ, Mahany E, Garcia-Galiano D, Elias CF. AMPKα2 in Kiss1 Neurons Is Required for Reproductive Adaptations to Acute Metabolic Challenges in Adult Female Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4803-4816. [PMID: 27732087 PMCID: PMC5133340 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A temporary and reversible inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is adaptive when energy reserves are diminished, allowing individual survival and energy accumulation for eventual reproduction. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) works as a cellular sensor of the AMP to ATP ratio and ultimately of energy availability. Activation of AMPK suppresses ATP-consuming processes and stimulates ATP-producing pathways. The AMPK α2 catalytic subunit is expressed in multiple hypothalamic nuclei including those associated with reproductive control, ie, the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and the arcuate nucleus. Subsets of kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (20% in females) and arcuate nucleus (45% in males and 65% in females) coexpress AMPKα2 mRNA. Using the Cre-loxP approach, we assessed whether AMPKα2 in Kiss1 cells is required for body weight and reproductive function. The AMPKα2-deleted mice show no difference in body weight and time for sexual maturation compared with controls. Males and females are fertile and have normal litter size. The AMPKα2-deleted and control females have similar estradiol feedback responses and show no difference in Kiss1 mRNA expression after ovariectomy or ovariectomy plus estradiol replacement. In males, acute fasting decreased Kiss1 mRNA expression in both groups, but no effect was observed in females. However, after an acute fasting, control mice displayed prolonged diestrous phase, but AMPKα2-deleted females showed no disruption of estrous cycles. Our findings demonstrate that the AMPKα2 catalytic subunit in Kiss1 cells is dispensable for body weight and reproductive function in mice but is necessary for the reproductive adaptations to conditions of acute metabolic distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio A Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders (M.A.T.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira-SP 13484-350, Brazil; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.A.T., B.C.B., S.J.A., D.G.-G., C.F.E.), Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.L.C.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.M., C.F.E.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Beatriz C Borges
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders (M.A.T.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira-SP 13484-350, Brazil; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.A.T., B.C.B., S.J.A., D.G.-G., C.F.E.), Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.L.C.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.M., C.F.E.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jessica L Cote
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders (M.A.T.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira-SP 13484-350, Brazil; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.A.T., B.C.B., S.J.A., D.G.-G., C.F.E.), Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.L.C.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.M., C.F.E.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Susan J Allen
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders (M.A.T.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira-SP 13484-350, Brazil; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.A.T., B.C.B., S.J.A., D.G.-G., C.F.E.), Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.L.C.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.M., C.F.E.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Erica Mahany
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders (M.A.T.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira-SP 13484-350, Brazil; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.A.T., B.C.B., S.J.A., D.G.-G., C.F.E.), Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.L.C.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.M., C.F.E.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - David Garcia-Galiano
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders (M.A.T.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira-SP 13484-350, Brazil; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.A.T., B.C.B., S.J.A., D.G.-G., C.F.E.), Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.L.C.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.M., C.F.E.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Carol F Elias
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders (M.A.T.), School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira-SP 13484-350, Brazil; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.A.T., B.C.B., S.J.A., D.G.-G., C.F.E.), Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.L.C.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (E.M., C.F.E.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Cheng L, Shi H, Jin Y, Li X, Pan J, Lai Y, Lin Y, Jin Y, Roy G, Zhao A, Li F. Adiponectin Deficiency Leads to Female Subfertility and Ovarian Dysfunctions in Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4875-4887. [PMID: 27700136 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an important role in regulating female fertility, owing to not only its energy stores but also the endocrine actions of secreted adipokines. As one of the adipokines, adiponectin is almost exclusively secreted from the fat, and its circulating concentration is paradoxically reduced in obesity. Although recent studies implied a purported positive role of adiponectin in ovarian functions, definitive in vivo evidence has been sorely lacking. We have consistently observed subfertility in female adiponectin null mice and therefore postulated a protective role of adiponectin in ovarian functions. Female adiponectin null mice displayed impaired fertility, reduced retrieval of oocytes, disrupted estrous cycle, elevated number of atretic follicles, and impaired late folliculogenesis. Analysis of their sera revealed a significant decrease in estradiol and FSH but an increase in LH and testosterone at proestrus. In addition, we found marked reduction of progesterone levels at diestrus, a significant decrease in LH receptor expression as well as in the number of GnRH immunoreactive neurons. Adiponectin deficiency also altered the peak concentrations of LH surge and led to lower expression of Cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (P450scc), an enzyme critical for progesterone synthesis, as well as an increase in BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator and Insulin like growth factor binding protein 4 in atretic follicles. These physiological and molecular events were independent of insulin sensitivity. Thus, we have revealed a novel mechanism linking adiponectin and female fertility that entails regulation of reproductive hormone balance and ovarian follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jinshun Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yimei Lai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Ya Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Gaurab Roy
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Allan Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Fanghong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine (L.C., A.Z., F.L.), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511495, China; Xiamen Medical College (L.C.), Xiamen, Fujian 361023, China; Department of Pathology (H.S.), Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Pathology (Yan Jin), Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China; Center of Metabolic Disease Research (X.L., J.P., Y.La., Y.Li.), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; and School of Bioscience and Bioengineering (YaJ., G.R.), South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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Gupta S, Haldar C. Photoperiodic modulation of local melatonin synthesis and its role in regulation of thymic homeostasis in Funambulus pennanti. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 239:40-49. [PMID: 26699203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of photo-neuroendocrine system on the thymic (immune) functions is mediated by gonadal steroid and the pineal hormone melatonin. The present study explored the effect of photoperiod on the thymic melatonergic system and its role in protection of thymic T-cells from the testosterone induced seasonal oxidative stress and apoptosis. Exposure to long day-length (LD) was noted to decrease local (thymic) melatonin content and induce oxidative stress and apoptosis in the thymus. Increased peripheral level of testosterone upregulated the androgen receptor expression and, consequently reduced proliferation response of the thymocytes. Short day conditions (SD) however, reversed the effect of LD on the thymic physiology. Low level of testosterone was concomitant with diminished nitro-oxidative stress and decreased expression of redox sensitive factors (NF-κB, p53 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio) in the thymus. SD retarded activation of caspase-3 resulting in procaspase-3 accumulation. Further, in vitro treatment of thymocytes with AR antagonist flutamide impaired the sensitivity of thymocytes to androgen and reversed the deleterious effects of testosterone on the proliferative and apoptotic responses of thymocytes. Therefore, it can be suggested that thymus derived melatonin protects thymic T-cells from testosterone induced seasonal oxidative stress, apoptosis and also acts as a potent paracrine factor for maintenance of redox status to ensure thymocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Gupta
- Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
| | - Chandana Haldar
- Pineal Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
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137
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Cameron EZ, Edwards AM, Parsley LM. Developmental sexual dimorphism and the evolution of mechanisms for adjustment of sex ratios in mammals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1389:147-163. [PMID: 27862006 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex allocation theory predicts biased offspring sex ratios in relation to local conditions if they would maximize parental lifetime reproductive return. In mammals, the extent of the birth sex bias is often unpredictable and inconsistent, leading some to question its evolutionary significance. For facultative adjustment of sex ratios to occur, males and females would need to be detectably different from an early developmental stage, but classic sexual dimorphism arises from hormonal influences after gonadal development. Recent advances in our understanding of early, pregonadal sexual dimorphism, however, indicate high levels of dimorphism in gene expression, caused by chromosomal rather than hormonal differences. Here, we discuss how such dimorphism would interact with and link previously hypothesized mechanisms for sex-ratio adjustment. These differences between males and females are sufficient for offspring sex both to be detectable to parents and to provide selectable cues for biasing sex ratios from the earliest stages. We suggest ways in which future research could use the advances in our understanding of sexually dimorphic developmental physiology to test the evolutionary significance of sex allocation in mammals. Such an approach would advance our understanding of sex allocation and could be applied to other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Z Cameron
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Amy M Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Laura M Parsley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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138
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Zhao Y, Singh C, Prober DA, Wayne NL. Morphological and Physiological Interactions Between GnRH3 and Hypocretin/Orexin Neuronal Systems in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Endocrinology 2016; 157:4012-4020. [PMID: 27533887 PMCID: PMC5045510 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
GnRH neurons integrate internal and external cues to control sexual maturation and fertility. Homeostasis of energy balance and food intake correlates strongly with the status of reproduction. Neuropeptides secreted by the hypothalamus involved in modulating energy balance and feeding may play additional roles in the regulation of reproduction. Hypocretin (Hcrt) (also known as orexin) is one such peptide, primarily controlling sleep/wakefulness, food intake, and reward processing. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that Hcrt/orexin (Hcrt) modulates reproduction through interacting with the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in mammals. To explore potential morphological and functional interactions between the GnRH and Hcrt neuronal systems, we employed a variety of experimental approaches including confocal imaging, immunohistochemistry, and electrophysiology in transgenic zebrafish, in which fluorescent proteins are genetically expressed in GnRH3 and Hcrt neurons. Our imaging data revealed close apposition and direct connection between GnRH3 and Hcrt neuronal systems in the hypothalamus during larval development through adulthood. Furthermore, the Hcrt receptor (HcrtR) is expressed in GnRH3 neurons. Electrophysiological data revealed a reversible inhibitory effect of Hcrt on GnRH3 neuron electrical activity, which was blocked by the HcrtR antagonist almorexant. In addition, Hcrt had no effect on the electrical activity of GnRH3 neurons in the HcrtR null mutant zebrafish (HcrtR-/-). Our findings demonstrate a close anatomical and functional relationship between Hcrt and GnRH neuronal systems in zebrafish. It is the first demonstration of a link between neuronal circuits controlling sleeping/arousal/feeding and reproduction in zebrafish, an important animal model for investigating the molecular genetics of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhao
- Department of Physiology (Y.Z., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095; and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering (C.S., D.P.), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Chanpreet Singh
- Department of Physiology (Y.Z., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095; and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering (C.S., D.P.), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - David A Prober
- Department of Physiology (Y.Z., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095; and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering (C.S., D.P.), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Nancy L Wayne
- Department of Physiology (Y.Z., N.L.W.), David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095; and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering (C.S., D.P.), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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139
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Fluctuations in daily energy intake do not cause physiological stress in a Neotropical primate living in a seasonal forest. Oecologia 2016; 182:973-984. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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140
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Kim JS. What's in a Name? Roles of RFamide-Related Peptides Beyond Gonadotrophin Inhibition. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27369805 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) have been heavily implicated in the control of reproductive function subsequent to their discovery more than 16 years ago. However, recent studies using genetic and pharmacological tools have challenged their importance in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. It is generally accepted that RFRPs act as part of a wider RFamide system, which involves two receptors, called the neuropeptide FF receptors (NPFFR1 and R2), and includes the closely-related neuropeptide NPFF. NPFF has been studied ever since the 1980s and many of the functions of NPFF are also shared by RFRPs. The current review questions whether these functions of NPFF are indeed specific to just NPFF alone and presents evidence from both neuroendocrine and pharmacological perspectives. Furthermore, recently emerging new functions of RFRPs are discussed with the overall goal of clarifying the functions of RFRPs beyond the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kim
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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141
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Wang R, Kuang M, Nie H, Bai W, Sun L, Wang F, Mao D, Wang Z. Impact of Food Restriction on the Expression of the Adiponectin System and Genes in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis of Pre-Pubertal Ewes. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:657-64. [PMID: 27405252 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin, a cytokine secreted typically by adipocytes, has been implicated as a molecular switch between female reproduction and energy balance. The present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of adiponectin system and patterns of genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis of food-restricted pre-pubertal ewes. Eighteen 2-month-old female ewes were assigned to 3 groups after a pre-feeding ad libitum for 10 days (six in each group): the control group (C), the low-food-restricted group (LR) and the high-food-restricted group (HR), which were fed with 100%, 70% and 50% of ad libitum food intake, respectively. The hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and serum were collected after food restriction for 2 months. Results by ELISA showed that food restriction increased serum adiponectin concentrations. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that the gene transcriptions for adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and 2 (AdipoR2) were enhanced in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, while KISS-1/GPR-54 and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone β-subunit (LHβ) and follicle-stimulating hormone β-subunit (FSHβ) in the pituitary were reduced after food restriction. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that AdipoR1 localized in the oocytes of follicles in the ovary. These results suggest that the alterations in the expression of adiponectin and its receptors in response to food restriction might negatively influence the HPO axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - M Kuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Nie
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - W Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Sun
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - F Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - D Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Z Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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142
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Abstract
Successfully rearing young places multiple demands on the mammalian female. These are met by a wide array of alterations in maternal physiology and behavior that are coordinated with the needs of the developing young, and include adaptations in neuroendocrine systems not directly involved in maternal behavior or lactation. In this article, attenuations in the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stressors, the alterations in metabolic pathways facilitating both increased food intake and conservation of energy, and the changes in fertility that occur postpartum are described. The mechanisms underlying these processes as well as the factors that contribute to them and the relative contributions of these stimuli at different times postpartum are also reviewed. The induction and maintenance of the adaptations observed in the postpartum maternal brain are dependent on mother-young interaction and, in most cases, on suckling stimulation and its consequences for the hormonal profile of the mother. The peptide hormone prolactin acting on receptors within the brain makes a major contribution to changes in metabolic pathways, suppression of fertility and the attenuation of the neuroendocrine response to stress during lactation. Oxytocin is also released, both into the circulation and in some hypothalamic nuclei, in response to suckling stimulation and this hormone has been implicated in the decrease in anxiety behavior seen in the early postpartum period. The relative importance of these hormones changes across lactation and it is becoming increasingly clear that many of the adaptations to motherhood reviewed here reflect the outcome of multiple influences. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1493-1518, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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143
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Talbi R, Klosen P, Laran-Chich MP, El Ouezzani S, Simonneaux V. Coordinated seasonal regulation of metabolic and reproductive hypothalamic peptides in the desert jerboa. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3717-3728. [PMID: 27113425 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) is a semi-desert rodent displaying strong seasonal variations in biological functions in order to survive harsh conditions. When environmental conditions become unfavorable in early autumn, it shuts down its reproductive axis, increases its body weight, and finally hibernates. In spring, the jerboa displays opposite regulations, with a reactivation of reproduction and reduction in body weight. This study investigated how genes coding for different hypothalamic peptides involved in the central control of reproduction (Rfrp and Kiss1) and energy homeostasis (Pomc, Npy, and Somatostatin) are regulated according to seasons in male jerboas captured in the wild in spring or autumn. Remarkably, a coordinated increase in the mRNA level of Rfrp in the dorso/ventromedial hypothalamus and Kiss1, Pomc, and Somatostatin in the arcuate nucleus was observed in jerboas captured in spring as compared to autumn animals. Only Npy gene expression in the arcuate nucleus displayed no significant variations between the two seasons. These variations appear in line with the jerboa's seasonal physiology, since the spring increase in Rfrp and Kiss1 expression might be related to sexual reactivation, while the spring increase in genes encoding anorexigenic peptides, POMC, and somatostatin may account for the reduced body weight reported at this time of the year. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3717-3728, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajae Talbi
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology of Rhythms, CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Nutritional and Climatic Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1796-ATLAS, FES, Morocco
| | - Paul Klosen
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology of Rhythms, CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Laran-Chich
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology of Rhythms, CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seloua El Ouezzani
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Nutritional and Climatic Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 1796-ATLAS, FES, Morocco
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Department of Neurobiology of Rhythms, CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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144
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Sharma VK, Pandita S, Bharath Kumar B. Circadian variations in peripheral levels of growth hormone and testosterone in male Murrah buffaloes. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1129697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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145
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Faure M, Guibert E, Alves S, Pain B, Ramé C, Dupont J, Brillard JP, Froment P. The insulin sensitiser metformin regulates chicken Sertoli and germ cell populations. Reproduction 2016; 151:527-38. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metformin, an insulin sensitiser from the biguanide family of molecules, is used for the treatment of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes individuals. It increases peripheral glucose uptake and may reduce food intake. Based on the tight link between metabolism and fertility, we investigated the role of metformin on testicular function using in vitro culture of Sertoli cells and seminiferous tubules, complemented by in vivo data obtained following metformin administration to prepubertal chickens. In vitro, metformin treatment reduced Sertoli cell proliferation without inducing apoptosis and morphological changes. The metabolism of Sertoli cells was affected because lactate secretion by Sertoli cells increased approximately twofold and intracellular free ATP was negatively impacted. Two important pathways regulating proliferation and metabolism in Sertoli cells were assayed. Metformin exposure was not associated with an increased phosphorylation of AKT or ERK. There was a 90% reduction in the proportion of proliferating germ cells after a 96-h exposure of seminiferous tubule cultures to metformin. In vivo, 6-week-old chickens treated with metformin for 3 weeks exhibited reduced testicular weight and a 50% decrease in testosterone levels. The expression of a marker of undifferentiated germ cells was unchanged in contrast to the decrease in expression of ‘protamine’, a marker of differentiated germ cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that metformin affects the testicular energy content and the proliferative ability of Sertoli and germ cells.
Reproduction (2016) 151 527–538
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146
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Regulation of arcuate genes by developmental exposures to endocrine-disrupting compounds in female rats. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 62:18-26. [PMID: 27103539 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) alters reproduction and energy homeostasis, both of which are regulated by the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Little is known about the effects of EDC on ARC gene expression. In Experiment #1, pregnant dams were treated with either two doses of bisphenol A (BPA) or oil from embryonic day (E)18-21. Neonates were injected from postnatal day (PND)0-7. Vaginal opening, body weights, and ARC gene expression were measured. Chrm3 (muscarinic receptor 3) and Adipor1 (adiponectin receptor 1) were decreased by BPA. Bdnf (brain-derived neurotropic factor), Igf1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), Htr2c (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor), and Cck2r (cholescystokinin 2 receptor) were impacted. In Experiment #2, females were exposed to BPA, diethylstilbestrol (DES), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, or methoxychlor (MXC) during E11-PND7. MXC and DES advanced the age of vaginal opening and ARC gene expression was impacted. These data indicate that EDCs alter ARC genes involved in reproduction and energy homeostasis in females.
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147
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Micera E, Ragni M, Minuti F, Rubino G, Marsico G, Zarrilli A. Improvement of sheep welfare and milk production fed on diet containing hydroponically germinating seeds. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s2.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Ragni
- Dipartimento di Produzione Animale, Università di Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Minuti
- Dipartimento di Produzione Animale, Università di Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rubino
- Dipartimento di Sanità e Benessere degli Animali, Università di Bari, Italy
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148
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Marsico G, Micera E, Dimatteo S, Minuti F, Vicenti A, Zarrilli A. Evaluation of animal welfare and milk production of goat fed on diet containing hydroponically germinating seeds. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.s2.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Minuti
- Dipartimento di Produzione Animale, Università di Bari, Italy
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149
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Quillet R, Ayachi S, Bihel F, Elhabazi K, Ilien B, Simonin F. RF-amide neuropeptides and their receptors in Mammals: Pharmacological properties, drug development and main physiological functions. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 160:84-132. [PMID: 26896564 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RF-amide neuropeptides, with their typical Arg-Phe-NH2 signature at their carboxyl C-termini, belong to a lineage of peptides that spans almost the entire life tree. Throughout evolution, RF-amide peptides and their receptors preserved fundamental roles in reproduction and feeding, both in Vertebrates and Invertebrates. The scope of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the RF-amide systems in Mammals from historical aspects to therapeutic opportunities. Taking advantage of the most recent findings in the field, special focus will be given on molecular and pharmacological properties of RF-amide peptides and their receptors as well as on their implication in the control of different physiological functions including feeding, reproduction and pain. Recent progress on the development of drugs that target RF-amide receptors will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Quillet
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Safia Ayachi
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Bihel
- Laboratoire Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Khadija Elhabazi
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Brigitte Ilien
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Frédéric Simonin
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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150
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Fontana R, Della Torre S. The Deep Correlation between Energy Metabolism and Reproduction: A View on the Effects of Nutrition for Women Fertility. Nutrients 2016; 8:87. [PMID: 26875986 PMCID: PMC4772050 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In female mammals, mechanisms have been developed, throughout evolution, to integrate environmental, nutritional and hormonal cues in order to guarantee reproduction in favorable energetic conditions and to inhibit it in case of food scarcity. This metabolic strategy could be an advantage in nutritionally poor environments, but nowadays is affecting women's health. The unlimited availability of nutrients, in association with reduced energy expenditure, leads to alterations in many metabolic pathways and to impairments in the finely tuned inter-relation between energy metabolism and reproduction, thereby affecting female fertility. Many energetic states could influence female reproductive health being under- and over-weight, obesity and strenuous physical activity are all conditions that alter the profiles of specific hormones, such as insulin and adipokines, thus impairing women fertility. Furthermore, specific classes of nutrients might affect female fertility by acting on particular signaling pathways. Dietary fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins and food-associated components (such as endocrine disruptors) have per se physiological activities and their unbalanced intake, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, might impair metabolic homeostasis and fertility in premenopausal women. Even though we are far from identifying a "fertility diet", lifestyle and dietary interventions might represent a promising and invaluable strategy to manage infertility in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.
| | - Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
- Center of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, Milan 20133, Italy.
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