101
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Ying P, Li C, Liu X, Xia R, Zhao M, Li J. Identification and molecular characterization of an IDA-like gene from litchi, LcIDL1, whose ectopic expression promotes floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37135. [PMID: 27845425 PMCID: PMC5109030 DOI: 10.1038/srep37135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unexpected abscission of flowers or fruits is a major limiting factor for crop productivity. Key genes controlling abscission in plants, especially in popular fruit trees, are largely unknown. Here we identified a litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) IDA-like (INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION-like) gene LcIDL1 as a potential key regulator of abscission. LcIDL1 encodes a peptide that shows the closest homology to Arabidopsis IDA, and is localized in cell membrane and cytoplasm. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression level of LcIDL1 accumulated gradually following flower abscission, and it was obviously induced by fruit abscission-promoting treatments. Transgenic plants expressing LcIDL1 in Arabidopsis revealed a role of LcIDL1 similar to IDA in promoting floral organ abscission. Moreover, ectopic expression of LcIDL1 in Arabidopsis activated the expression of abscission-related genes. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that LcIDL1 may act as a key regulator in control of abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Ying
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Caiqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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102
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Wilmowicz E, Frankowski K, Kućko A, Świdziński M, de Dios Alché J, Nowakowska A, Kopcewicz J. The influence of abscisic acid on the ethylene biosynthesis pathway in the functioning of the flower abscission zone in Lupinus luteus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 206:49-58. [PMID: 27689739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flower abscission is a highly regulated developmental process activated in response to exogenous (e.g. changing environmental conditions) and endogenous stimuli (e.g. phytohormones). Ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) are very effective stimulators of flower abortion in Lupinus luteus, which is a widely cultivated species in Poland, Australia and Mediterranean countries. In this paper, we show that artificial activation of abscission by flower removal caused an accumulation of ABA in the abscission zone (AZ). Moreover, the blocking of that phytohormone's biosynthesis by NDGA (nordihydroguaiaretic acid) decreased the number of abscised flowers. However, the application of NBD - an inhibitor of ET action - reversed the stimulatory effect of ABA on flower abscission, indicating that ABA itself is not sufficient to turn on the organ separation. Our analysis revealed that exogenous ABA significantly accelerated the transcriptional activity of the ET biosynthesis genes ACC synthase (LlACS) and oxidase (LlACO), and moreover, strongly increased the level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) - ET precursor, which was specifically localized within AZ cells. We cannot exclude the possibility that ABA mediates flower abscission processes by enhancing the ET biosynthesis rate. The findings of our study will contribute to the overall basic knowledge on the phytohormone-regulated generative organs abscission in L. luteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Kamil Frankowski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agata Kućko
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Michał Świdziński
- Department of Cell Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Juan de Dios Alché
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| | - Anna Nowakowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Jan Kopcewicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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103
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Hodge JG, Kellogg EA. Abscission zone development in Setaria viridis and its domesticated relative, Setaria italica. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:998-1005. [PMID: 27257006 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Development of an abscission zone (AZ) is needed for dispersal of seeds, and AZ loss was a critical early step in plant domestication. The AZ forms in different tissues in different species of plants, but whether the AZ is developmentally similar wherever it occurs is unknown. AZ development in Setaria viridis was studied as a representative of the previously uncharacterized subfamily Panicoideae. METHODS One accession of the wild species S. viridis and two of its domesticate, S. italica, were studied. Strength of the AZ was measured with a force gauge. Anatomy of the AZ was studied throughout development using bright field and confocal microscopy. KEY RESULTS The force required to remove a spikelet of S. viridis from the parent plant dropped steadily during development, whereas that required to remove spikelets of S. italica increased initially before stabilizing at a high level. Despite the clear difference in tensile strength of the AZ, anatomical differences between S. viridis and S. italica were subtle, and the position of the AZ was not easy to determine in cross sections of pedicel apices. Staining with DAPI showed that nuclei were present up to and presumably through abscission in S. viridis, and acridine orange staining showed much less lignification than in other cereals. CONCLUSIONS The AZ in Setaria is developmentally and anatomically different from that characterized in rice, barley, and many eudicots. In particular, no set of small, densely cytoplasmic cells is obvious. This difference in anatomy could point to differential genetic control of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Hodge
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 USA
| | - Elizabeth A Kellogg
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 USA
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104
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Li LF, Olsen KM. To Have and to Hold: Selection for Seed and Fruit Retention During Crop Domestication. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 119:63-109. [PMID: 27282024 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Crop domestication provides a useful model system to characterize the molecular and developmental bases of morphological variation in plants. Among the most universal changes resulting from selection during crop domestication is the loss of seed and fruit dispersal mechanisms, which greatly facilitates harvesting efficiency. In this review, we consider the molecular genetic and developmental bases of the loss of seed shattering and fruit dispersal in six major crop plant families, three of which are primarily associated with seed crops (Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae) and three of which are associated with fleshy-fruited crops (Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae). We find that the developmental basis of the loss of seed/fruit dispersal is conserved in a number of independently domesticated crops, indicating the widespread occurrence of developmentally convergent evolution in response to human selection. With regard to the molecular genetic approaches used to characterize the basis of this trait, traditional biparental quantitative trait loci mapping remains the most commonly used strategy; however, recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies are now providing new avenues to map and characterize loss of shattering/dispersal alleles. We anticipate that continued application of these approaches, together with candidate gene analyses informed by known shattering candidate genes from other crops, will lead to a rapid expansion of our understanding of this critical domestication trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-F Li
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States; Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, PR China.
| | - K M Olsen
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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105
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Domingos S, Fino J, Cardoso V, Sánchez C, Ramalho JC, Larcher R, Paulo OS, Oliveira CM, Goulao LF. Shared and divergent pathways for flower abscission are triggered by gibberellic acid and carbon starvation in seedless Vitis vinifera L. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:38. [PMID: 26832927 PMCID: PMC4736245 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abscission is a highly coordinated developmental process by which plants control vegetative and reproductive organs load. Aiming at get new insights on flower abscission regulation, changes in the global transcriptome, metabolome and physiology were analyzed in 'Thompson Seedless' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) inflorescences, using gibberellic acid (GAc) spraying and shading as abscission stimuli, applied at bloom. RESULTS Natural flower drop rates increased from 63.1% in non-treated vines to 83% and 99% in response to GAc and shade treatments, respectively. Both treatments had a broad effect on inflorescences metabolism. Specific impacts from shade included photosynthesis inhibition, associated nutritional stress, carbon/nitrogen imbalance and cell division repression, whereas GAc spraying induced energetic metabolism simultaneously with induction of nucleotide biosynthesis and carbon metabolism, therefore, disclosing alternative mechanisms to regulate abscission. Regarding secondary metabolism, changes in flavonoid metabolism were the most represented metabolic pathways in the samples collected following GAc treatment while phenylpropanoid and stilbenoid related pathways were predominantly affected in the inflorescences by the shade treatment. However, both GAc and shade treated inflorescences revealed also shared pathways, that involved the regulation of putrescine catabolism, the repression of gibberellin biosynthesis, the induction of auxin biosynthesis and the activation of ethylene signaling pathways and antioxidant mechanisms, although often the quantitative changes occurred on specific transcripts and metabolites of the pathways. CONCLUSIONS Globally, the results suggest that chemical and environmental cues induced contrasting effects on inflorescence metabolism, triggering flower abscission by different mechanisms and pinpointing the participation of novel abscission regulators. Grapevine showed to be considered a valid model to study molecular pathways of flower abscission competence acquisition, noticeably responding to independent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Domingos
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P. (IICT), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Joana Fino
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P. (IICT), Lisbon, Portugal.
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Vânia Cardoso
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P. (IICT), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Claudia Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - José C Ramalho
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P. (IICT), Lisbon, Portugal.
- GeoBioTec, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnolgia (FCT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Roberto Larcher
- FEM-IASMA, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Istituto Agrario di San Michele all'Adige, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
| | - Octávio S Paulo
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics Group, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Cristina M Oliveira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Luis F Goulao
- Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, I.P. (IICT), Lisbon, Portugal.
- Present address: Colégio Food, Farming and Forestry, Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal.
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106
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Patterson SE, Bolivar-Medina JL, Falbel TG, Hedtcke JL, Nevarez-McBride D, Maule AF, Zalapa JE. Are We on the Right Track: Can Our Understanding of Abscission in Model Systems Promote or Derail Making Improvements in Less Studied Crops? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1268. [PMID: 26858730 PMCID: PMC4726918 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As the world population grows and resources and climate conditions change, crop improvement continues to be one of the most important challenges for agriculturalists. The yield and quality of many crops is affected by abscission or shattering, and environmental stresses often hasten or alter the abscission process. Understanding this process can not only lead to genetic improvement, but also changes in cultural practices and management that will contribute to higher yields, improved quality and greater sustainability. As plant scientists, we have learned significant amounts about this process through the study of model plants such as Arabidopsis, tomato, rice, and maize. While these model systems have provided significant valuable information, we are sometimes challenged to use this knowledge effectively as variables including the economic value of the crop, the uniformity of the crop, ploidy levels, flowering and crossing mechanisms, ethylene responses, cultural requirements, responses to changes in environment, and cellular and tissue specific morphological differences can significantly influence outcomes. The value of genomic resources for lesser-studied crops such as cranberries and grapes and the orphan crop fonio will also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Patterson
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Jenny L. Bolivar-Medina
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research ServiceMadison, WI, USA
| | - Tanya G. Falbel
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew F. Maule
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Juan E. Zalapa
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadison, WI, USA
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research ServiceMadison, WI, USA
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107
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Couzigou JM, Magne K, Mondy S, Cosson V, Clements J, Ratet P. The legume NOOT-BOP-COCH-LIKE genes are conserved regulators of abscission, a major agronomical trait in cultivated crops. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:228-40. [PMID: 26390061 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to lose organs selectively through a process called abscission. This process relies on the differentiation of specialized territories at the junction between organs and the plant body that are called abscission zones (AZ). Several genes control the formation or functioning of these AZ. We have characterized BLADE-ON-PETIOLE (BOP) orthologues from several legume plants and studied their roles in the abscission process using a mutant approach. Here, we show that the Medicago truncatula NODULE ROOT (NOOT), the Pisum sativum COCHLEATA (COCH) and their orthologue in Lotus japonicus are strictly necessary for the abscission of not only petals, but also leaflets, leaves and fruits. We also showed that the expression pattern of the M. truncatula pNOOT::GUS fusion is associated with functional and vestigial AZs when expressed in Arabidopsis. In addition, we show that the stip mutant from Lupinus angustifolius, defective in stipule formation and leaf abscission, is mutated in a BOP orthologue. In conclusion, this study shows that this clade of proteins plays an important conserved role in promoting abscission of all aerial organs studied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Malo Couzigou
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Kevin Magne
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Samuel Mondy
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Viviane Cosson
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | - Pascal Ratet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France
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108
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Gao Y, Liu C, Li X, Xu H, Liang Y, Ma N, Fei Z, Gao J, Jiang CZ, Ma C. Transcriptome Profiling of Petal Abscission Zone and Functional Analysis of an Aux/IAA Family Gene RhIAA16 Involved in Petal Shedding in Rose. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1375. [PMID: 27695465 PMCID: PMC5023668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Roses are one of the most important cut flowers among ornamental plants. Rose flower longevity is largely dependent on the timing of petal shedding occurrence. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying petal abscission in rose, we performed transcriptome profiling of the petal abscission zone during petal shedding using Illumina technology. We identified a total of 2592 differentially transcribed genes (DTGs) during rose petal shedding. Gene ontology term enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that major biochemical pathways the DTGs were involved in included ethylene biosynthesis, starch degradation, superpathway of cytosolic glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase and TCA cycle, photorespiration and the lactose degradation III pathway. This suggests that alterations in carbon metabolism are an important part of rose petal abscission. Among these DTGs, approximately 150 genes putatively encoding transcription factors were identified in rose abscission zone. These included zinc finger, WRKY, ERF, and Aux/IAA gene families, suggesting that petal abscission involves complex transcriptional reprogramming. Approximately 108 DTGs were related to hormone pathways, of which auxin and ethylene related DTGs were the largest groups including 52 and 41 genes, respectively. These also included 12 DTGs related to gibberellin and 6 DTGs in jasmonic acid pathway. Surprisingly, no DTGs involved in the biosynthesis/signaling of abscisic acid, cytokinin, brassinosteroid, and salicylic acid pathways were detected. Moreover, among DTGs related to auxin, we identified an Aux/IAA gene RhIAA16 that was up-regulated in response to petal shedding. Down-regulation of RhIAA16 by virus-induced gene silencing in rose promoted petal abscission, suggesting that RhIAA16 plays an important role in rose petal abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Haiqian Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yue Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research ServiceIthaca, NY, USA
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Crops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at DavisDavis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Chao Ma, Cai-Zhong Jiang,
| | - Chao Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Ma, Cai-Zhong Jiang,
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109
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Roongsattham P, Morcillo F, Fooyontphanich K, Jantasuriyarat C, Tragoonrung S, Amblard P, Collin M, Mouille G, Verdeil JL, Tranbarger TJ. Cellular and Pectin Dynamics during Abscission Zone Development and Ripe Fruit Abscission of the Monocot Oil Palm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:540. [PMID: 27200017 PMCID: PMC4844998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fruit primary abscission zone (AZ) is a multi-cell layered boundary region between the pedicel (P) and mesocarp (M) tissues. To examine the cellular processes that occur during the development and function of the AZ cell layers, we employed multiple histological and immunohistochemical methods combined with confocal, electron and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy approaches. During early fruit development and differentiation of the AZ, the orientation of cell divisions in the AZ was periclinal compared with anticlinal divisions in the P and M. AZ cell wall width increased earlier during development suggesting cell wall assembly occurred more rapidly in the AZ than the adjacent P and M tissues. The developing fruit AZ contain numerous intra-AZ cell layer plasmodesmata (PD), but very few inter-AZ cell layer PD. In the AZ of ripening fruit, PD were less frequent, wider, and mainly intra-AZ cell layer localized. Furthermore, DAPI staining revealed nuclei are located adjacent to PD and are remarkably aligned within AZ layer cells, and remain aligned and intact after cell separation. The polarized accumulation of ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and vesicles suggested active secretion at the tip of AZ cells occurred during development which may contribute to the striated cell wall patterns in the AZ cell layers. AZ cells accumulated intracellular pectin during development, which appear to be released and/or degraded during cell separation. The signal for the JIM5 epitope, that recognizes low methylesterified and un-methylesterified homogalacturonan (HG), increased in the AZ layer cell walls prior to separation and dramatically increased on the separated AZ cell surfaces. Finally, FT-IR microspectroscopy analysis indicated a decrease in methylesterified HG occurred in AZ cell walls during separation, which may partially explain an increase in the JIM5 epitope signal. The results obtained through a multi-imaging approach allow an integrated view of the dynamic developmental processes that occur in a multi-layered boundary AZ and provide evidence for distinct regulatory mechanisms that underlie oil palm fruit AZ development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Fooyontphanich
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | | | - Somvong Tragoonrung
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Genome InstitutePathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Myriam Collin
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique -AgroParisTechERL3559 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
| | | | - Timothy J. Tranbarger
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Timothy J. Tranbarger
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110
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Hagemann MH, Winterhagen P, Hegele M, Wünsche JN. Ethephon induced abscission in mango: physiological fruitlet responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:706. [PMID: 26442021 PMCID: PMC4569964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fruitlet abscission of mango is typically very severe, causing considerable production losses worldwide. Consequently, a detailed physiological and molecular characterization of fruitlet abscission in mango is required to describe the onset and time-dependent course of this process. To identify the underlying key mechanisms of abscission, ethephon, an ethylene releasing substance, was applied at two concentrations (600 and 7200 ppm) during the midseason drop stage of mango. The abscission process is triggered by ethylene diffusing to the abscission zone where it binds to specific receptors and thereby activating several key physiological responses at the cellular level. The treatments reduced significantly the capacity of polar auxin transport through the pedicel at 1 day after treatment and thereafter when compared to untreated pedicels. The transcript levels of the ethylene receptor genes MiETR1 and MiERS1 were significantly upregulated in the pedicel and pericarp at 1, 2, and 3 days after the ethephon application with 7200 ppm, except for MiETR1 in the pedicel, when compared to untreated fruitlet. In contrast, ethephon applications with 600 ppm did not affect expression levels of MiETR1 in the pedicel and of MiERS1 in the pericarp; however, MiETR1 in the pericarp at day 2 and MiERS1 in the pedicel at days 2 and 3 were significantly upregulated over the controls. Moreover, two novel short versions of the MiERS1 were identified and detected more often in the pedicel of treated than untreated fruitlets at all sampling times. Sucrose concentration in the fruitlet pericarp was significantly reduced to the control at 2 days after both ethephon treatments. In conclusion, it is postulated that the ethephon-induced abscission process commences with a reduction of the polar auxin transport capacity in the pedicel, followed by an upregulation of ethylene receptors and finally a decrease of the sucrose concentration in the fruitlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Hagemann
- Section Crop Physiology of Specialty Crops, Institute of Crop Science, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
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Butenko MA, Simon R. Beyond the meristems: similarities in the CLAVATA3 and INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION peptide mediated signalling pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5195-203. [PMID: 26105996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants form new organs throughout their lives; this requires a balance between cell proliferation and differentiation, and between the generation and loss of organs. To do this, plants must maintain a population of stem cells within the meristems, and at the same time, closely control the identity and position of cells at the meristem boundaries as they differentiate to new leaf or flower primordia. Once developed, organs may need to be shed, either as a controlled developmental decision-such as floral abscission after pollination, or as a response to disease, environmental stress, and predators. Cell wall degradation at specialized abscission zone (AZ) cells needs to occur for this to take place, but since there is little cell rearrangement in plants, cell separation events are also important for plant architecture. In this Opinion paper we discuss the role of two peptide ligand signalling systems that control stem cell homeostasis and cell separation, respectively. We draw parallels between the signalling pathways and explore on the commonalities of the downstream components activated and controlled by the signalling peptides. We provide evidence for AZ cells having a meristem identity and discuss the role of identical KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) transcription factors in meristem maintenance and abscission. Lastly we explore the evolutionary relationship between the pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinka A Butenko
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Universitätsstr. 1, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Ishizaki K. Development of schizogenous intercellular spaces in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:497. [PMID: 26191071 PMCID: PMC4488600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Gas exchange is essential for multicellular organisms. In contrast to the circulatory systems of animals, land plants have tissues with intercellular spaces (ICSs), called aerenchyma, that are critical for efficient gas exchange. Plants form ICSs by two different mechanisms: schizogeny, where localized cell separation creates spaces; and lysogeny, where cells die to create ICSs. In schizogenous ICS formation, specific molecular mechanisms regulate the sites of cell separation and coordinate extensive reorganization of cell walls. Emerging evidence suggests the involvement of extracellular signaling, mediated by peptide ligands and leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases, in the regulation of cell wall remodeling during cell separation. Recent work on the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has demonstrated a critical role for a plasma membrane-associated plant U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase in ICS formation. In this review, I discuss the mechanism of schizogenous ICS formation, focusing on the potential role of extracellular signaling in the regulation of cell separation.
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Domingos S, Scafidi P, Cardoso V, Leitao AE, Di Lorenzo R, Oliveira CM, Goulao LF. Flower abscission in Vitis vinifera L. triggered by gibberellic acid and shade discloses differences in the underlying metabolic pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:457. [PMID: 26157448 PMCID: PMC4476107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding abscission is both a biological and an agronomic challenge. Flower abscission induced independently by shade and gibberellic acid (GAc) sprays was monitored in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) growing under a soilless greenhouse system during two seasonal growing conditions, in an early and late production cycle. Physiological and metabolic changes triggered by each of the two distinct stimuli were determined. Environmental conditions exerted a significant effect on fruit set as showed by the higher natural drop rate recorded in the late production cycle with respect to the early cycle. Shade and GAc treatments increased the percentage of flower drop compared to the control, and at a similar degree, during the late production cycle. The reduction of leaf gas exchanges under shade conditions was not observed in GAc treated vines. The metabolic profile assessed in samples collected during the late cycle differently affected primary and secondary metabolisms and showed that most of the treatment-resulting variations occurred in opposite trends in inflorescences unbalanced in either hormonal or energy deficit abscission-inducing signals. Particularly concerning carbohydrates metabolism, sucrose, glucose, tricarboxylic acid metabolites and intermediates of the raffinose family oligosaccharides pathway were lower in shaded and higher in GAc samples. Altered oxidative stress remediation mechanisms and indolacetic acid (IAA) concentration were identified as abscission signatures common to both stimuli. According to the global analysis performed, we report that grape flower abscission mechanisms triggered by GAc application and C-starvation are not based on the same metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Domingos
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
- Agri4Safe-BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical I.P., LisbonPortugal
| | - Pietro Scafidi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, University of PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Vania Cardoso
- Agri4Safe-BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical I.P., LisbonPortugal
| | - Antonio E. Leitao
- Agri4Safe-BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical I.P., LisbonPortugal
| | - Rosario Di Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, University of PalermoPalermo, Italy
| | - Cristina M. Oliveira
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis F. Goulao
- Agri4Safe-BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical I.P., LisbonPortugal
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Li C, Wang Y, Huang X, Li J, Wang H, Li J. An improved fruit transcriptome and the identification of the candidate genes involved in fruit abscission induced by carbohydrate stress in litchi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:439. [PMID: 26124768 PMCID: PMC4466451 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Massive young fruit abscission usually causes low and unstable yield in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), an important fruit crop cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. However, the molecular mechanism of fruit drop has not been fully characterized. This study aimed at identification of molecular components involved in fruitlet abscission in litchi, for which reference genome is not available at present. An improved de novo transcriptome assembly was firstly achieved by using an optimized assembly software, Trinity. Using improved transcriptome assembly as reference, digital transcript abundance (DTA) profiling was performed to screen and identify candidate genes involved in fruit abscission induced by girdling plus defoliation (GPD), a treatment significantly decreased the soluble sugar contents causing carbohydrate stress to fruit. Our results showed that the increasing fruit abscission rate after GPD treatment was associated with higher ethylene production and lower glucose levels in fruit. A total of 2,771 differentially expressed genes were identified as GPD-responsive genes, 857 of which were defined by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses as the candidate genes involved in fruit abscission process. These genes were involved in diverse metabolic processes and pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, plant hormone synthesis, and signaling, transcription factor activity and cell wall modification that were rapidly induced in the early stages (within 2 days after treatment). qRT-PCR was used to explore the expression pattern of 15 selected candidate genes in the abscission zone, pericarp, and seed, which confirmed the accuracy of our DTA data. More detailed information for different functional categories was also analyzed. This study profiled the gene expression related to fruit abscission induced by carbohydrate stress at whole transcriptome level and thus provided a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism of young fruit abscission in litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, ShenzhenChina
| | - Xuming Huang
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
| | - Jiang Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, ShenzhenChina
| | - Huicong Wang
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
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115
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Cheng C, Zhang L, Yang X, Zhong G. Profiling gene expression in citrus fruit calyx abscission zone (AZ-C) treated with ethylene. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1991-2006. [PMID: 25948248 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
On-tree storage and harvesting of mature fruit account for a large proportion of cost in the production of citrus, and a reduction of the cost would not be achieved without a thorough understanding of the mechani sm of the mature fruit abscission. Genome-wide gene expression changes in ethylene-treated fruit calyx abscission zone (AZ-C) of Citrus sinensis cv. Olinda were therefore investigated using a citrus genome array representing up to 33,879 citrus transcripts. In total, 1313 and 1044 differentially regulated genes were identified in AZ-C treated with ethylene for 4 and 24 h, respectively. The results showed that mature citrus fruit abscission commenced with the activation of ethylene signal transduction pathway that led to the activation of ethylene responsive transcription factors and the subsequent transcriptional regulation of a large set of ethylene responsive genes. Significantly down-regulated genes included those of starch/sugar biosynthesis, transportation of water and growth promoting hormone synthesis and signaling, whereas significantly up-regulated genes were those involved in defense, cell wall degradation, and secondary metabolism. Our data unraveled the underlying mechanisms of some known important biochemical events occurring at AZ-C and should provide informative suggestions for future manipulation of the events to achieve a controllable abscission for mature citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhen Cheng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China. .,College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit tree Researches, Guangdong Province Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Guizhou Normal University Guizhou, Guiyang, 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Yang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyan Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization Ministry of Agriculture Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit tree Researches, Guangdong Province Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, People's Republic of China.
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116
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Sawicki M, Aït Barka E, Clément C, Vaillant-Gaveau N, Jacquard C. Cross-talk between environmental stresses and plant metabolism during reproductive organ abscission. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1707-19. [PMID: 25711702 PMCID: PMC4669552 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, flowering is a crucial process for reproductive success and continuity of the species through time. Fruit production requires the perfect development of reproductive structures. Abscission, a natural process, can occur to facilitate shedding of no longer needed, infected, or damaged organs. If stress occurs during flower development, abscission can intervene at flower level, leading to reduced yield. Flower abscission is a highly regulated developmental process simultaneously influenced and activated in response to exogenous (changing environmental conditions, interactions with microorganisms) and endogenous (physiological modifications) stimuli. During climate change, plant communities will be more susceptible to environmental stresses, leading to increased flower and fruit abscission, and consequently a decrease in fruit yield. Understanding the impacts of stress on the reproductive phase is therefore critical for managing future agricultural productivity. Here, current knowledge on flower/fruit abscission is summarized by focusing specifically on effects of environmental stresses leading to this process in woody plants. Many of these stresses impair hormonal balance and/or carbohydrate metabolism, but the exact mechanisms are far from completely known. Hormones are the abscission effectors and the auxin/ethylene balance is of particular importance. The carbohydrate pathway is the result of complex regulatory processes involving the balance between photosynthesis and mobilization of reserves. Hormones and carbohydrates together participate in complex signal transduction systems, especially in response to stress. The available data are discussed in relation to reproductive organ development and the process of abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Sawicki
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Essaïd Aït Barka
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Nathalie Vaillant-Gaveau
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Unité de Recherche Vignes et Vins de Champagne - EA 4707, Moulin de la Housse - Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Ma C, Meir S, Xiao L, Tong J, Liu Q, Reid MS, Jiang CZ. A KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX protein regulates abscission in tomato by modulating the auxin pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:844-53. [PMID: 25560879 PMCID: PMC4348773 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding a KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX PROTEIN1 (KD1) is highly expressed in both leaf and flower abscission zones. Reducing the abundance of transcripts of this gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by both virus-induced gene silencing and stable transformation with a silencing construct driven by an abscission-specific promoter resulted in a striking retardation of pedicel and petiole abscission. In contrast, Petroselinum, a semidominant KD1 mutant, showed accelerated pedicel and petiole abscission. Complementary DNA microarray and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that regulation of abscission by KD1 was associated with changed abundance of genes related to auxin transporters and signaling components. Measurement of auxin content and activity of a DR5::β-glucuronidase auxin reporter assay showed that changes in KD1 expression modulated the auxin concentration and response gradient in the abscission zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Shimon Meir
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Michael S Reid
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
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Sundaresan S, Philosoph-Hadas S, Riov J, Belausov E, Kochanek B, Tucker ML, Meir S. Abscission of flowers and floral organs is closely associated with alkalization of the cytosol in abscission zone cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1355-68. [PMID: 25504336 PMCID: PMC4339595 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In vivo changes in the cytosolic pH of abscission zone (AZ) cells were visualized using confocal microscopic detection of the fluorescent pH-sensitive and intracellularly trapped dye, 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF), driven by its acetoxymethyl ester. A specific and gradual increase in the cytosolic pH of AZ cells was observed during natural abscission of flower organs in Arabidopsis thaliana and wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia), and during flower pedicel abscission induced by flower removal in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill). The alkalization pattern in the first two species paralleled the acceleration or inhibition of flower organ abscission induced by ethylene or its inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), respectively. Similarly, 1-MCP pre-treatment of tomato inflorescence explants abolished the pH increase in AZ cells and pedicel abscission induced by flower removal. Examination of the pH changes in the AZ cells of Arabidopsis mutants defective in both ethylene-induced (ctr1, ein2, eto4) and ethylene-independent (ida, nev7, dab5) abscission pathways confirmed these results. The data indicate that the pH changes in the AZ cells are part of both the ethylene-sensitive and -insensitive abscission pathways, and occur concomitantly with the execution of organ abscission. pH can affect enzymatic activities and/or act as a signal for gene expression. Changes in pH during abscission could occur via regulation of transporters in AZ cells, which might affect cytosolic pH. Indeed, four genes associated with pH regulation, vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, putative high-affinity nitrate transporter, and two GTP-binding proteins, were specifically up-regulated in tomato flower AZ following abscission induction, and 1-MCP reduced or abolished the increased expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 5025001, Israel The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sonia Philosoph-Hadas
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 5025001, Israel
| | - Joseph Riov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 5025001, Israel
| | - Betina Kochanek
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 5025001, Israel
| | - Mark L Tucker
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Shimon Meir
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 5025001, Israel
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Dong Y, Wang YZ. Seed shattering: from models to crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:476. [PMID: 26157453 PMCID: PMC4478375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed shattering (or pod dehiscence, or fruit shedding) is essential for the propagation of their offspring in wild plants but is a major cause of yield loss in crops. In the dicot model species, Arabidopsis thaliana, pod dehiscence necessitates a development of the abscission zones along the pod valve margins. In monocots, such as cereals, an abscission layer in the pedicle is required for the seed shattering process. In the past decade, great advances have been made in characterizing the genetic contributors that are involved in the complex regulatory network in the establishment of abscission cell identity. We summarize the recent burgeoning progress in the field of genetic regulation of pod dehiscence and fruit shedding, focusing mainly on the model species A. thaliana with its close relatives and the fleshy fruit species tomato, as well as the genetic basis responsible for the parallel loss of seed shattering in domesticated crops. This review shows how these individual genes are co-opted in the developmental process of the tissues that guarantee seed shattering. Research into the genetic mechanism underlying seed shattering provides a premier prerequisite for the future breeding program for harvest in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yin-Zheng Wang
- *Correspondence: Yin-Zheng Wang, State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China,
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Jin X, Zimmermann J, Polle A, Fischer U. Auxin is a long-range signal that acts independently of ethylene signaling on leaf abscission in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:634. [PMID: 26322071 PMCID: PMC4532917 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Timing of leaf abscission is an important trait for biomass production and seasonal acclimation in deciduous trees. The signaling leading to organ separation, from the external cue (decreasing photoperiod) to ethylene-regulated hydrolysis of the middle lamellae in the abscission zone, is only poorly understood. Data from annual species indicate that the formation of an auxin gradient spanning the abscission zone regulates the timing of abscission. We established an experimental system in Populus to induce leaf shedding synchronously under controlled greenhouse conditions in order to test the function of auxin in leaf abscission. Here, we show that exogenous auxin delayed abscission of dark-induced leaves over short and long distances and that a new auxin response maximum preceded the formation of an abscission zone. Several auxin transporters were down-regulated during abscission and inhibition of polar auxin transport delayed leaf shedding. Ethylene signaling was not involved in the regulation of these auxin transporters and in the formation of an abscission zone, but was required for the expression of hydrolytic enzymes associated with cell separation. Since exogenous auxin delayed abscission in absence of ethylene signaling auxin likely acts independently of ethylene signaling on cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jin
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeå, Sweden
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Jorma Zimmermann
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeå, Sweden
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Urs Fischer, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden,
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Kim J, Sundaresan S, Philosoph-Hadas S, Yang R, Meir S, Tucker ML. Examination of the Abscission-Associated Transcriptomes for Soybean, Tomato, and Arabidopsis Highlights the Conserved Biosynthesis of an Extensible Extracellular Matrix and Boundary Layer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1109. [PMID: 26697054 PMCID: PMC4678212 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Abscission zone (AZ) development and the progression of abscission (detachment of plant organs) have been roughly separated into four stages: first, AZ differentiation; second, competence to respond to abscission signals; third, activation of abscission; and fourth, formation of a protective layer and post-abscission trans-differentiation. Stage three, activation of abscission, is when changes in the cell wall and extracellular matrix occur to support successful organ separation. Most abscission research has focused on gene expression for enzymes that disassemble the cell wall within the AZ and changes in phytohormones and other signaling events that regulate their expression. Here, transcriptome data for soybean, tomato and Arabidopsis were examined and compared with a focus not only on genes associated with disassembly of the cell wall but also on gene expression linked to the biosynthesis of a new extracellular matrix. AZ-specific up-regulation of genes associated with cell wall disassembly including cellulases (beta-1,4-endoglucanases, CELs), polygalacturonases (PGs), and expansins (EXPs) were much as expected; however, curiously, changes in expression of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) were not AZ-specific in soybean. Unexpectedly, we identified an early increase in the expression of genes underlying the synthesis of a waxy-like cuticle. Based on the expression data, we propose that the early up-regulation of an abundance of small pathogenesis-related (PR) genes is more closely linked to structural changes in the extracellular matrix of separating cells than an enzymatic role in pathogen resistance. Furthermore, these observations led us to propose that, in addition to cell wall loosening enzymes, abscission requires (or is enhanced by) biosynthesis and secretion of small proteins (15-25 kDa) and waxes that form an extensible extracellular matrix and boundary layer on the surface of separating cells. The synthesis of the boundary layer precedes what is typically associated with the post-abscission synthesis of a protective scar over the fracture plane. This modification in the abscission model is discussed in regard to how it influences our interpretation of the role of multiple abscission signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyup Kim
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Lab, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
| | - Srivignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet-Dagan, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Sonia Philosoph-Hadas
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Ronghui Yang
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Lab, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
| | - Shimon Meir
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterBet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Mark L. Tucker
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Lab, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Mark L. Tucker
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Li C, Wang Y, Ying P, Ma W, Li J. Genome-wide digital transcript analysis of putative fruitlet abscission related genes regulated by ethephon in litchi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 26217356 PMCID: PMC4493771 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The high level of physiological fruitlet abscission in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) causes severe yield loss. Cell separation occurs at the fruit abscission zone (FAZ) and can be triggered by ethylene. However, a deep knowledge of the molecular events occurring in the FAZ is still unknown. Here, genome-wide digital transcript abundance (DTA) analysis of putative fruit abscission related genes regulated by ethephon in litchi were studied. More than 81 million high quality reads from seven ethephon treated and untreated control libraries were obtained by high-throughput sequencing. Through DTA profile analysis in combination with Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, a total of 2730 statistically significant candidate genes were involved in the ethephon-promoted litchi fruitlet abscission. Of these, there were 1867 early-responsive genes whose expressions were up- or down-regulated from 0 to 1 d after treatment. The most affected genes included those related to ethylene biosynthesis and signaling, auxin transport and signaling, transcription factors (TFs), protein ubiquitination, ROS response, calcium signal transduction, and cell wall modification. These genes could be clustered into four groups and 13 subgroups according to their similar expression patterns. qRT-PCR displayed the expression pattern of 41 selected candidate genes, which proved the accuracy of our DTA data. Ethephon treatment significantly increased fruit abscission and ethylene production of fruitlet. The possible molecular events to control the ethephon-promoted litchi fruitlet abscission were prompted out. The increased ethylene evolution in fruitlet would suppress the synthesis and polar transport of auxin and trigger abscission signaling. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to monitor the gene expression profile occurring in the FAZ-enriched pedicel during litchi fruit abscission induced by ethephon on the genome-wide level. This study will contribute to a better understanding for the molecular regulatory mechanism of fruit abscission in litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Bioinformation Department, Beijing Genomics Institute at ShenzhenShenzhen, China
| | - Peiyuan Ying
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wuqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianguo Li, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
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Hepworth SR, Pautot VA. Beyond the Divide: Boundaries for Patterning and Stem Cell Regulation in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1052. [PMID: 26697027 PMCID: PMC4673312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of plant lateral organs from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is closely associated with the formation of specialized domains of restricted growth known as the boundaries. These zones are required in separating the meristem from the growing primordia or adjacent organs but play a much broader role in regulating stem cell activity and shoot patterning. Studies have revealed a network of genes and hormone pathways that establish and maintain boundaries between the SAM and leaves. Recruitment of these pathways is shown to underlie a variety of processes during the reproductive phase including axillary meristems production, flower patterning, fruit development, and organ abscission. This review summarizes the role of conserved gene modules in patterning boundaries throughout the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley R. Hepworth
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, OttawaON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Shelley R. Hepworth, ; Véronique A. Pautot,
| | - Véronique A. Pautot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-SaclayVersailles, France
- *Correspondence: Shelley R. Hepworth, ; Véronique A. Pautot,
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Estornell LH, Wildhagen M, Pérez-Amador MA, Talón M, Tadeo FR, Butenko MA. The IDA Peptide Controls Abscission in Arabidopsis and Citrus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1003. [PMID: 26635830 PMCID: PMC4652038 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organ abscission is an important process in plant development and reproduction. During abscission, changes in cellular adhesion of specialized abscission zone cells ensure the detachment of infected organs or those no longer serving a function to the plant. In addition, abscission also plays an important role in the release of ripe fruits. Different plant species display distinct patterns and timing of organ shedding, most likely adapted during evolution to their diverse life styles. However, it appears that key regulators of cell separation may have conserved function in different plant species. Here, we investigate the functional conservation of the citrus ortholog of the Arabidopsis peptide ligand INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (AtIDA), controlling floral organ abscission. We discuss the possible implications of modifying the citrus IDA ortholog for citrus fruit production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Wildhagen
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of OsloOslo, Norway
| | - Miguel A. Pérez-Amador
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValència, Spain
| | - Manuel Talón
- Centre de Genómica, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions AgràriesMontcada, Spain
| | - Francisco R. Tadeo
- Centre de Genómica, Institut Valencià d’Investigacions AgràriesMontcada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Franscisco R. Tadeo, ; Melinka A. Butenko,
| | - Melinka A. Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of OsloOslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Franscisco R. Tadeo, ; Melinka A. Butenko,
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Doust AN, Mauro-Herrera M, Francis AD, Shand LC. Morphological diversity and genetic regulation of inflorescence abscission zones in grasses. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:1759-69. [PMID: 25326618 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Variation in how seeds are dispersed in grasses is ecologically important, and selection for dispersal mechanisms has produced a great variety of dispersal structures (diaspores). Abscission ("shattering") is necessary in wild grasses, but its elimination by selection on nonshattering mutants was a key component of the domestication syndrome in cereal grasses. A key question is whether a common genetic pathway controls abscission in wild grasses, and, if so, what genes in that pathway may have been selected upon during domestication. We summarize morphological and genetic information on abscission zones and disarticulation patterns in grasses and identify hypotheses to test the likelihood of a common genetic pathway.• METHODS Morphological data on abscission zones for over 10000 species of grasses were tabulated and analyzed using a tribal phylogeny of the grasses. The genomic location of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and orthologs of genes controlling shattering were compared across species to ascertain whether the same loci might control shattering in different grass lineages.• RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The simple trait of nonshattering is derived from a great diversity of shattering phenotypes. Several sets of QTLs from multiple species are syntenic yet many are not. Genes known to be involved in shattering in several species were found to have orthologs that sometimes colocalized with QTLs in different species, adding support to the hypothesis of retention of a common genetic pathway. These results are used to suggest a research plan that could test the common genetic pathway model more thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Doust
- Botany Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA
| | | | - Amie D Francis
- Botany Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA
| | - Laura C Shand
- Botany Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078 USA
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Yoon J, Cho LH, Kim SL, Choi H, Koh HJ, An G. The BEL1-type homeobox gene SH5 induces seed shattering by enhancing abscission-zone development and inhibiting lignin biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:717-28. [PMID: 24923192 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seed shattering is an important trait that influences grain yield. A major controlling quantitative trait locus in rice is qSH1. Although the degree of shattering is correlated with the level of expression of qSH1, some qSH1-defective cultivars display moderate shattering while others show a non-shattering phenotype. Os05 g38120 (SH5) on chromosome 5 is highly homologous to qSH1. Although we detected SH5 transcripts in various organs, this gene was highly expressed at the abscission zone (AZ) in the pedicels. When expression of this gene was suppressed in easy-shattering 'Kasalath', development of the AZ was reduced and thereby so was seed loss. By contrast, the extent of shattering, as well as AZ development, was greatly enhanced in moderate-shattering 'Dongjin' rice when SH5 was overexpressed. Likewise, overexpression of SH5 in the non-shattering 'Ilpum' led to an increase in seed shattering because lignin levels were decreased in the basal region of spikelets in the absence of development of an AZ. We also determined that two shattering-related genes, SHAT1 and Sh4, which are necessary for proper formation of an AZ, were induced by SH5. Based on these observations, we propose that SH5 modulates seed shattering by enhancing AZ development and inhibiting lignin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Yoon
- Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Korea; Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
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Roppolo D, Boeckmann B, Pfister A, Boutet E, Rubio MC, Dénervaud-Tendon V, Vermeer JEM, Gheyselinck J, Xenarios I, Geldner N. Functional and Evolutionary Analysis of the CASPARIAN STRIP MEMBRANE DOMAIN PROTEIN Family. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1709-1722. [PMID: 24920445 PMCID: PMC4119050 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CASPARIAN STRIP MEMBRANE DOMAIN PROTEINS (CASPs) are four-membrane-span proteins that mediate the deposition of Casparian strips in the endodermis by recruiting the lignin polymerization machinery. CASPs show high stability in their membrane domain, which presents all the hallmarks of a membrane scaffold. Here, we characterized the large family of CASP-like (CASPL) proteins. CASPLs were found in all major divisions of land plants as well as in green algae; homologs outside of the plant kingdom were identified as members of the MARVEL protein family. When ectopically expressed in the endodermis, most CASPLs were able to integrate the CASP membrane domain, which suggests that CASPLs share with CASPs the propensity to form transmembrane scaffolds. Extracellular loops are not necessary for generating the scaffold, since CASP1 was still able to localize correctly when either one of the extracellular loops was deleted. The CASP first extracellular loop was found conserved in euphyllophytes but absent in plants lacking Casparian strips, an observation that may contribute to the study of Casparian strip and root evolution. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), CASPL showed specific expression in a variety of cell types, such as trichomes, abscission zone cells, peripheral root cap cells, and xylem pole pericycle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Roppolo
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
| | - Brigitte Boeckmann
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
| | - Alexandre Pfister
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
| | - Emmanuel Boutet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
| | - Maria C Rubio
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
| | - Valérie Dénervaud-Tendon
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
| | - Jacqueline Gheyselinck
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (D.R., A.P., M.C.R., V.D.-T., J.E.M.V., N.G.);Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (B.B., E.B., I.X.);Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (M.C.R.);Vital-IT Group and University of Lausanne, Quartier Sorge, Bâtiment Génopode, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland (I.X.); andInstitute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland (D.R., J.G.)
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Gubert CM, Christy ME, Ward DL, Groner WD, Liljegren SJ. ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 regulates abscission zone placement in Arabidopsis flowers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:195. [PMID: 25038814 PMCID: PMC4223632 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sepals, petals and stamens of Arabidopsis flowers detach via abscission zones formed at their boundaries with the underlying receptacle. The ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) MYB transcription factor plays a critical role in setting boundaries between newly formed leaf primordia and the shoot meristem. By repressing expression of a set of KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN (KNOX) genes from developing leaf primordia, AS1 and its partner ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 allow the patterning and differentiation of leaves to proceed. Here we show a unique role for AS1 in establishing the positions of the sepal and petal abscission zones in Arabidopsis flowers. RESULTS In as1 mutant flowers, the sepal abscission zones are displaced into inverted V-shaped positions, leaving behind triangular stubs of tissue when the organs abscise. Movement of the petal abscission zones is also apparent. Abscission of the medial sepals is delayed in as1 flowers; loss of chlorophyll in the senescing sepals contrasts with proximal zones that remain green. AS1 has previously been shown to restrict expression of the KNOX gene, BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP), from the sepals. We show here that loss of BP activity in as1 flowers is sufficient to restore the positions of the sepal and petal abscission zones, the sepal-receptacle boundary of the medial sepals and the timing of their abscission. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AS1 activity is critical for the proper placement of the floral organ abscission zones, and influences the timing of organ shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan E Christy
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford 38677, MS, USA
| | - Denise L Ward
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford 38677, MS, USA
| | - William D Groner
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford 38677, MS, USA
| | - Sarah J Liljegren
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford 38677, MS, USA
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129
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Tobias PA, Guest DI. Tree immunity: growing old without antibodies. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:367-70. [PMID: 24556378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Perennial plants need to cope with changing environments and pathogens over their lifespan. Infections are compartmentalised by localised physiological responses, and multiple apical meristems enable repair and regrowth, but genes are another crucial component in the perception and response to pathogens. In this opinion article we suggest that the mechanism for dynamic pathogen-specific recognition in long-lived plants could be explained by extending our current understanding of plant defence genes. We propose that, in addition to physiological responses, tree defence uses a three-pronged genomic approach involving: (i) gene numbers, (ii) genomic architecture, and (iii) mutation loads accumulated over long lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peri A Tobias
- Department of Plant and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Biomedical Building C81, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia.
| | - David I Guest
- Department of Plant and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Biomedical Building C81, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
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130
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Marmiroli N, Maestri E. Plant peptides in defense and signaling. Peptides 2014; 56:30-44. [PMID: 24681437 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on plant peptides involved in defense against pathogen infection and those involved in the regulation of growth and development. Defense peptides, defensins, cyclotides and anti-microbial peptides are compared and contrasted. Signaling peptides are classified according to their major sites of activity. Finally, a network approach to creating an interactomic peptide map is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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131
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Celton JM, Kelner JJ, Martinez S, Bechti A, Khelifi Touhami A, James MJ, Durel CE, Laurens F, Costes E. Fruit self-thinning: a trait to consider for genetic improvement of apple tree. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91016. [PMID: 24625529 PMCID: PMC3953208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In apple (Malus×domestica Borkh), as in many fruiting crops, fruit maintenance vs abscission is a major criteria for production profitability. Growers routinely make use of chemical thinning agents to control total fruit load. However, serious threats for the environment lead to the demand for new apple cultivars with self-thinning properties. In this project, we studied the genetic determinism of this trait using a F1 progeny derived from the cross between the hybrid INRA X3263, assumed to possess the self-thinning trait, and the cultivar 'Belrène'. Both counting and percentage variables were considered to capture the fruiting behaviour on different shoot types and over three consecutive years. Besides low to moderate but significant genetic effects, mixed models showed considerable effects of the year and the shoot type, as well as an interaction effect. Year effect resulted mainly from biennial fruiting. Eight Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) were detected on several linkage groups (LG), either independent or specific of the year of observation or the shoot type. The QTL with highest LOD value was located on the top third of LG10. The screening of three QTL zones for candidate genes revealed a list of transcription factors and genes involved in fruit nutrition, xylem differentiation, plant responses to starvation and organ abscission that open new avenues for further molecular investigations. The detailed phenotyping performed revealed the dependency between the self-thinning trait and the fruiting status of the trees. Despite a moderate genetic control of the self-thinning trait, QTL and candidate genes were identified which will need further analyses involving other progenies and molecular investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Celton
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), AgroCampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Kelner
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Martinez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
| | - Abdel Bechti
- Pépinières et Roseraies G. Delbard, Commentry, France
| | - Amina Khelifi Touhami
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
| | | | - Charles-Eric Durel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), AgroCampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - François Laurens
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS), AgroCampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Evelyne Costes
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1334, AGAP CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro Team «Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières», Montpellier, France
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132
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Cohen MF, Gurung S, Fukuto JM, Yamasaki H. Controlled free radical attack in the apoplast: a hypothesis for roles of O, N and S species in regulatory and polysaccharide cleavage events during rapid abscission by Azolla. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 217-218:120-6. [PMID: 24467903 PMCID: PMC3929055 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Shedding of organs by abscission is a key terminal step in plant development and stress responses. Cell wall (CW) loosening at the abscission zone can occur through a combination chain breakage of apoplastic polysaccharides and tension release of cellulose microfibrils. Two distinctly regulated abscission cleavage events are amenable to study in small water ferns of the genus Azolla; one is a rapid abscission induced by environmental stimuli such as heat or chemicals, and the other is an ethylene-induced process occurring more slowly through the action of hydrolytic enzymes. Although free radicals are suggested to be involved in the induction of rapid root abscission, its mechanism is not fully understood. The apoplast contains peroxidases, metal-binding proteins and phenolic compounds that potentially generate free radicals from H2O2 to cleave polysaccharides in the CW and middle lamella. Effects of various thiol-reactive agents implicate the action of apoplastic peroxidases having accessible cysteine thiols in rapid abscission. The Ca(2+) dependency of rapid abscission may reflect the stabilization Ca(2+) confers to peroxidase structure and binding to pectin. To spur further investigation, we present a hypothetical model for small signaling molecules H2O2 and NO and their derivatives in regulating, via modification of putative protein thiols, free radical attack of apoplastic polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Cohen
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
| | - Sushma Gurung
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Japan
| | - Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, 1801 East Cotati Avenue, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
| | - Hideo Yamasaki
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0213, Japan.
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133
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Coyne S, Litomska A, Chizzali C, Khalil MNA, Richter K, Beerhues L, Hertweck C. Control of Plant Defense Mechanisms and Fire Blight Pathogenesis through the Regulation of 6-Thioguanine Biosynthesis inErwinia amylovora. Chembiochem 2014; 15:373-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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134
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Gubert CM, Liljegren SJ. HAESA and HAESA-LIKE2 activate organ abscission downstream of NEVERSHED and EVERSHED in Arabidopsis flowers. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e29115. [PMID: 25763490 PMCID: PMC4203531 DOI: 10.4161/psb.29115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A ligand-receptor module comprised of the peptide inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA) and the receptor-like kinases HAESA (HAE) and HAESA-LIKE2 (HSL2) activates organ abscission in Arabidopsis flowers. Another set of receptor-like kinases, including EVERSHED (EVR), restricts the extent of cell separation in abscission zones by potentially altering HAE/HSL2 localization or activity. The NEVERSHED (NEV) ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein facilitates the intracellular movement of molecules required for organ abscission and fruit growth. Here we report further analysis of the relationship between NEV-mediated intracellular traffic, EVR activity and IDA-HAE/HSL2 signaling during flower development. Our results support a model in which cell separation is mediated by HAE/HSL2 signaling downstream of NEV and EVR. We discuss the possibility that conserved circuits control organ abscission and modulate fruit growth.
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