101
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Yamazaki Y, Thongchankaew-Seo U, Yamazaki W. Very low likelihood that cultivated oysters are a vehicle for SARS-CoV-2: 2021-2022 seasonal survey at supermarkets in Kyoto, Japan. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10864. [PMID: 36217407 PMCID: PMC9535880 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a global threat. Wastewater surveillance in Japan and abroad has led to the detection of SARS-CoV-2, causing concern that SARS-CoV-2 in the feces of infected persons may contaminate the aquatic environment. Bivalves such as oysters cultivated in coastal areas are known to filter and concentrate viruses such as norovirus present in seawater in their bodies; however, whether they do so with SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. Therefore, we examined cultivated oysters sold in Japan for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 between October 2021 and April 2022 to clarify the extent of viral contamination and evaluate the risk of food-borne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), known as pig coronavirus, was used to spike midgut-gland samples as a whole process control. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 and PEDV was investigated using a modified polyethylene glycol precipitation method and RT-qPCR. While all samples spiked with the whole process control were positive, no SARS-CoV-2 was detected in any of the 145 raw oyster samples surveyed, despite a marked increase in infections caused by the Omicron variant from January to April 2022 in Japan. Therefore, our results suggest that with well-developed sewage treatment facilities, consumption of oysters cultivated in coastal areas may not be a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yamazaki
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachicho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Uraiwan Thongchankaew-Seo
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachicho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamazaki
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachicho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan,Kyoto University School of Public Health, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan,Corresponding author.
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102
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Ramezani Ziarani F, Tahamtan A, Safari H, Tabarraei A, Dadban Shahamat Y. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 genome in the air, surfaces, and wastewater of the referral hospitals, Gorgan, north of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 14:617-623. [PMID: 36531809 PMCID: PMC9723430 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v14i5.10954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic caused by the novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Knowing the virus's behavior and its persistence in different environments are crucial and will lead to the proper management of the disease. In this study, air, surface, and sewage samples were taken from different parts of referral hospitals for COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS Air samples were taken with impinger, surface samples with swabs, and sewage samples were taken from the hospital wastewater treatment plant. After viral genome extraction, a real-time RT-PCR test was applied to confirm the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the collected samples. RESULTS The virus genome could be traced in the wards and wastewater related to hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Overally, 29%, 16%, and 37.5% of air, surface, and sewage samples were positive for the SARS-CoV-2 genome, respectively. CONCLUSION Findings of such studies provide valuable results regarding the degree of contamination of hospital environments and the risk of virus transmission in different environments and among hospital staff and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Ramezani Ziarani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hasan Safari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Yousef Dadban Shahamat
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Environmental Health Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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103
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Guo Y, Li X, Luby S, Jiang G. Vertical outbreak of COVID-19 in high-rise buildings: The role of sewer stacks and prevention measures. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2022; 29:100379. [PMID: 35856009 PMCID: PMC9279164 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 outbreaks in high-rise buildings suggested the transmission route of fecal-aerosol-inhalation due to the involvement of viral aerosols in sewer stacks. The vertical transmission is likely due to the failure of water traps that allow viral aerosols to spread through sewer stacks. This process can be further facilitated by the chimney effect in vent stack, extract ventilation in bathrooms, or wind-induced air pressure fluctuations. To eliminate the risk of such vertical disease spread, the installation of protective devices is highly encouraged in high-rise buildings. Although the mechanism of vertical pathogen spread through drainage pipeline has been illustrated by tracer gas or microbial experiments and numerical modeling, more research is needed to support the update of regulatory and design standards for sewerage facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen Luby
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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104
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Oksanen LAH, Virtanen J, Sanmark E, Rantanen N, Venkat V, Sofieva S, Aaltonen K, Kivistö I, Svirskaite J, Pérez AD, Kuula J, Levanov L, Hyvärinen A, Maunula L, Atanasova NS, Laitinen S, Anttila V, Lehtonen L, Lappalainen M, Geneid A, Sironen T. SARS-CoV-2 indoor environment contamination with epidemiological and experimental investigations. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13118. [PMID: 36305066 PMCID: PMC9828560 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been detected both in air and on surfaces, but questions remain about the patient-specific and environmental factors affecting virus transmission. Additionally, more detailed information on viral sampling of the air is needed. This prospective cohort study (N = 56) presents results from 258 air and 252 surface samples from the surroundings of 23 hospitalized and eight home-treated COVID-19 index patients between July 2020 and March 2021 and compares the results between the measured environments and patient factors. Additionally, epidemiological and experimental investigations were performed. The proportions of qRT-PCR-positive air (10.7% hospital/17.6% homes) and surface samples (8.8%/12.9%) showed statistical similarity in hospital and homes. Significant SARS-CoV-2 air contamination was observed in a large (655.25 m3 ) mechanically ventilated (1.67 air changes per hour, 32.4-421 L/s/patient) patient hall even with only two patients present. All positive air samples were obtained in the absence of aerosol-generating procedures. In four cases, positive environmental samples were detected after the patients had developed a neutralizing IgG response. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the following particle sizes: 0.65-4.7 μm, 7.0-12.0 μm, >10 μm, and <100 μm. Appropriate infection control against airborne and surface transmission routes is needed in both environments, even after antibody production has begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta‐Maria A. H. Oksanen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jenni Virtanen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Enni Sanmark
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Noora Rantanen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Vinaya Venkat
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Svetlana Sofieva
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Kirsi Aaltonen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ilkka Kivistö
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Julija Svirskaite
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Joel Kuula
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lev Levanov
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Leena Maunula
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Nina S. Atanasova
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Veli‐Jukka Anttila
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- HUS Inflammation CenterHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Lasse Lehtonen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLABHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- HUS Diagnostic Center, HUSLABHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ahmed Geneid
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Phoniatrics – Head and Neck SurgeryHelsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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105
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Mercier E, D'Aoust PM, Thakali O, Hegazy N, Jia JJ, Zhang Z, Eid W, Plaza-Diaz J, Kabir MP, Fang W, Cowan A, Stephenson SE, Pisharody L, MacKenzie AE, Graber TE, Wan S, Delatolla R. Municipal and neighbourhood level wastewater surveillance and subtyping of an influenza virus outbreak. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15777. [PMID: 36138059 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.28.22276884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent influenza epidemics and pandemic potential are significant risks to global health. Public health authorities use clinical surveillance to locate and monitor influenza and influenza-like cases and outbreaks to mitigate hospitalizations and deaths. Currently, global integration of clinical surveillance is the only reliable method for reporting influenza types and subtypes to warn of emergent pandemic strains. The utility of wastewater surveillance (WWS) during the COVID-19 pandemic as a less resource intensive replacement or complement for clinical surveillance has been predicated on analyzing viral fragments in wastewater. We show here that influenza virus targets are stable in wastewater and partitions favorably to the solids fraction. By quantifying, typing, and subtyping the virus in municipal wastewater and primary sludge during a community outbreak, we forecasted a citywide flu outbreak with a 17-day lead time and provided population-level viral subtyping in near real-time to show the feasibility of influenza virus WWS at the municipal and neighbourhood levels in near real time using minimal resources and infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mercier
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Patrick M D'Aoust
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nada Hegazy
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jian-Jun Jia
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Walaa Eid
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Md Pervez Kabir
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Wanting Fang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Aaron Cowan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sean E Stephenson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Pisharody
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alex E MacKenzie
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tyson E Graber
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Shen Wan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Robert Delatolla
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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106
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Mercier E, D'Aoust PM, Thakali O, Hegazy N, Jia JJ, Zhang Z, Eid W, Plaza-Diaz J, Kabir MP, Fang W, Cowan A, Stephenson SE, Pisharody L, MacKenzie AE, Graber TE, Wan S, Delatolla R. Municipal and neighbourhood level wastewater surveillance and subtyping of an influenza virus outbreak. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15777. [PMID: 36138059 PMCID: PMC9493155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent influenza epidemics and pandemic potential are significant risks to global health. Public health authorities use clinical surveillance to locate and monitor influenza and influenza-like cases and outbreaks to mitigate hospitalizations and deaths. Currently, global integration of clinical surveillance is the only reliable method for reporting influenza types and subtypes to warn of emergent pandemic strains. The utility of wastewater surveillance (WWS) during the COVID-19 pandemic as a less resource intensive replacement or complement for clinical surveillance has been predicated on analyzing viral fragments in wastewater. We show here that influenza virus targets are stable in wastewater and partitions favorably to the solids fraction. By quantifying, typing, and subtyping the virus in municipal wastewater and primary sludge during a community outbreak, we forecasted a citywide flu outbreak with a 17-day lead time and provided population-level viral subtyping in near real-time to show the feasibility of influenza virus WWS at the municipal and neighbourhood levels in near real time using minimal resources and infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mercier
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Patrick M D'Aoust
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nada Hegazy
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jian-Jun Jia
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Walaa Eid
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Md Pervez Kabir
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Wanting Fang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Aaron Cowan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sean E Stephenson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Pisharody
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alex E MacKenzie
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tyson E Graber
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Shen Wan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Robert Delatolla
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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107
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Han J, He S, Shao W, Wang C, Qiao L, Zhang J, Yang L. Municipal solid waste, an overlooked route of transmission for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 21:81-95. [PMID: 36124224 PMCID: PMC9476438 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste could potentially transmit human pathogens during the collection, transport, handling, and disposal of waste. Workers and residents living in the vicinity of municipal solid waste collection or disposal sites are particularly susceptible, especially unprotected workers and waste pickers. Recent evidence suggests that municipal solid waste-mediated transmission can spread the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to humans. Such risks, however, have received little attention from public health authorities so far and may present an under-investigated transmission route for SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents during pandemics. In this review, we provide a retrospective analysis of the challenges, practices, and policies on municipal solid waste management during the current pandemic, and scrutinize the recent case reports on the municipal solid waste-mediated transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We found abrupt changes in quantity and composition of municipal solid wastes during the COVID-19. We detail pathways of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens carried on municipal solid wastes. We disclose evidence of pathogenic transmission by municipal solid waste to humans and animals. Assessments of current policies, gaps, and voluntary actions taken on municipal solid waste handling and disposal in the current pandemic are presented. We propose risk mitigation strategies and research priorities to alleviate the risk for humans and vectors exposed to municipal solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan He
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Shao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoqi Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Longkai Qiao
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
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108
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Assessing wastewater-based epidemiology for the prediction of SARS-CoV-2 incidence in Catalonia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15073. [PMID: 36064874 PMCID: PMC9443647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While wastewater-based epidemiology has proven a useful tool for epidemiological surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic, few quantitative models comparing virus concentrations in wastewater samples and cumulative incidence have been established. In this work, a simple mathematical model relating virus concentration and cumulative incidence for full contagion waves was developed. The model was then used for short-term forecasting and compared to a local linear model. Both scenarios were tested using a dataset composed of samples from 32 wastewater treatment plants and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) incidence data covering the corresponding geographical areas during a 7-month period, including two contagion waves. A population-averaged dataset was also developed to model and predict the incidence over the full geography. Overall, the mathematical model based on wastewater data showed a good correlation with cumulative cases and allowed us to anticipate SARS-CoV-2 incidence in one week, which is of special relevance in situations where the epidemiological monitoring system cannot be fully implemented.
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109
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Colombo VC, Sluydts V, Mariën J, Vanden Broecke B, Van Houtte N, Leirs W, Jacobs L, Iserbyt A, Hubert M, Heyndrickx L, Goris H, Delputte P, De Roeck N, Elst J, Ariën KK, Leirs H, Gryseels S. SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Antwerp sewer system, Belgium. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3016-3021. [PMID: 34224205 PMCID: PMC8447303 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 human-to-animal transmission can lead to the establishment of novel reservoirs and the evolution of new variants with the potential to start new outbreaks in humans. We tested Norway rats inhabiting the sewer system of Antwerp, Belgium, for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 following a local COVID-19 epidemic peak. In addition, we discuss the use and interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests on non-human samples. Between November and December 2020, Norway rat oral swabs, faeces and tissues from the sewer system of Antwerp were collected to be tested by RT-qPCR for the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Serum samples were screened for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using a Luminex microsphere immunoassay (MIA). Samples considered positive were then checked for neutralizing antibodies using a conventional viral neutralization test (cVNT). The serum of 35 rats was tested by MIA showing three potentially positive sera that were later negative by cVNT. All tissue samples of 39 rats analysed tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This is the first study that evaluates SARS-CoV-2 infection in urban rats. We can conclude that the sample of rats analysed had never been infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, monitoring activities should continue due to the emergence of new variants prone to infect Muridae rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Carolina Colombo
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Virology UnitDepartment of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - Bram Vanden Broecke
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Natalie Van Houtte
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Wannes Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Lotte Jacobs
- Laboratory for MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Arne Iserbyt
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Marine Hubert
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Virology UnitDepartment of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - Hanne Goris
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Naomi De Roeck
- Laboratory for MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Joris Elst
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Virology UnitDepartment of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Sophie Gryseels
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- OD Taxonomy and PhylogenyRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
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110
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Robins K, Leonard AFC, Farkas K, Graham DW, Jones DL, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Bunce JT, Grimsley JMS, Wade MJ, Zealand AM, McIntyre-Nolan S. Research needs for optimising wastewater-based epidemiology monitoring for public health protection. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1284-1313. [PMID: 36170187 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an unobtrusive method used to observe patterns in illicit drug use, poliovirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The pandemic and need for surveillance measures have led to the rapid acceleration of WBE research and development globally. With the infrastructure available to monitor SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater in 58 countries globally, there is potential to expand targets and applications for public health protection, such as other viral pathogens, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), pharmaceutical consumption, or exposure to chemical pollutants. Some applications have been explored in academic research but are not used to inform public health decision-making. We reflect on the current knowledge of WBE for these applications and identify barriers and opportunities for expanding beyond SARS-CoV-2. This paper critically reviews the applications of WBE for public health and identifies the important research gaps for WBE to be a useful tool in public health. It considers possible uses for pathogenic viruses, AMR, and chemicals. It summarises the current evidence on the following: (1) the presence of markers in stool and urine; (2) environmental factors influencing persistence of markers in wastewater; (3) methods for sample collection and storage; (4) prospective methods for detection and quantification; (5) reducing uncertainties; and (6) further considerations for public health use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Robins
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anne F C Leonard
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - David W Graham
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - David L Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia
| | | | - Joshua T Bunce
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jasmine M S Grimsley
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail:
| | - Matthew J Wade
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Andrew M Zealand
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail:
| | - Shannon McIntyre-Nolan
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London SW1P 3HX, UK E-mail: ; Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service, Ministry of Justice, London, SW1H 9AJ, UK
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Mac Mahon J, Criado Monleon AJ, Gill LW, O'Sullivan JJ, Meijer WG. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for SARS-CoV-2 - A review focussing on the significance of the sewer network using a Dublin city catchment case study. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:1402-1425. [PMID: 36178814 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been employed by many countries globally since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to assess the benefits of this surveillance tool in the context of informing public health measures. WBE has been successfully employed to detect SARS-CoV-2 at wastewater treatment plants for community-wide surveillance, as well as in smaller catchments and institutions for targeted surveillance of COVID-19. In addition, WBE has been successfully used to detect new variants, identify areas of high infection levels, as well as to detect new infection outbreaks. However, due to to the large number of inherent uncertainties in the WBE process, including the inherent intricacies of the sewer network, decay of the virus en route to a monitoring point, levels of recovery from sampling and quantification methods, levels of faecal shedding among the infected population, as well as population normalisation methods, the usefulness of wastewater samples as a means of accurately quantifying SARS-CoV-2 infection levels among a population remains less clear. The current WBE programmes in place globally will help to identify new areas of research aimed at reducing the levels of uncertainty in the WBE process, thus improving WBE as a public health monitoring tool for future pandemics. In the meantime, such programmes can provide valuable comparisons to clinical testing data and other public health metrics, as well being an effective early warning tool for new variants and new infection outbreaks. This review includes a case study of sampled wastewater from the sewer network in Dublin, Ireland, during a peak infection period of COVID-19 in the city, which evaluates the different uncertainties in the WBE process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John J O'Sullivan
- UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin
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112
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Robins PE, Dickson N, Kevill JL, Malham SK, Singer AC, Quilliam RS, Jones DL. Predicting the dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the wastewater treatment plant to the coast. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10547. [PMID: 36091966 PMCID: PMC9448708 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 RNA have been detected in wastewater treatment effluent, and untreated sewage overflows, that pose an exposure hazard to humans. We assessed whether SARS-CoV-2 RNA was likely to have been present in detectable quantities in UK rivers and estuaries during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic. We simulated realistic viral concentrations parameterised on the Camel and Conwy catchments (UK) and their populations, showing detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations for untreated but not for treated loading, but also being contingent on viral decay, hydrology, catchment type/shape, and location. Under mean or low river flow conditions, viral RNA concentrated within the estuaries allowing for viral build-up and caused a lag by up to several weeks between the peak in community infections and the viral peak in the environment. There was an increased hazard posed by SARS-CoV-2 RNA with a T90 decay rate >24 h, as the estuarine build-up effect increased. High discharge events transported the viral RNA downstream and offshore, increasing the exposure risk to coastal bathing waters and shellfisheries – although dilution in this case reduced viral concentrations well below detectable levels. Our results highlight the sensitivity of exposure to viral pathogens downstream of wastewater treatment, across a range of viral loadings and catchment characteristics – with implications to environmental surveillance. SARS-CoV-2 RNA from treated sewage unlikely to be detectable in estuaries. SARS-CoV-2 RNA from untreated sewage can be detectable in estuaries. Peak RNA concentration in estuaries can be delayed from peak community infection. RNA concentration is sensitive to viral loading, decay, hydrology, and estuary shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E. Robins
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Neil Dickson
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Jessica L. Kevill
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K. Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | | | - Richard S. Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Davey L. Jones
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia
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113
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Zahmatkesh S, Amesho KT, Sillanpaa M, Wang C. Integration of renewable energy in wastewater treatment during COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges, opportunities, and progressive research trends. CLEANER CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [PMCID: PMC9176107 DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2022.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has aroused drastic effects on the global economy and public health. In response to this, personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, and social distancing have been considered the most important ways to prevent the direct spread of the virus. SARS-CoV-2 would be possible survive in wastewater for a few days, leading to secondary transmission via contact with water and wastewater. Thus, the most economical and practical approaches for decentralized wastewater treatment are renewable energies such as the solar energy disinfestation process. However, as freshwater requirements increase and fossil fuels become unsustainable, renewable energy becomes more attractive for desalination applications. Solar photovoltaic, membrane-based, and electricity desalination technologies are becoming increasingly popular due to their lower energy requirements. Several aquatic environments could be benefitted from solar energy wastewater disinfection. Besides, utilizing solar energy during the day can inactivate SARS-CoV-2 to nearly 90%. However, conventional membrane-based desalination practices have also been integrated, including reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED). Several exciting membrane processes have been developed recently, including membrane distillation (MD), pressure-reduced osmosis (PRO), and reverse electrodialysis (RED). Such operations can produce clean and sustainable electricity from brine and impaired water, generally considered hazardous to the environment. As a result, neither PRO nor RED can produce electricity without mixing a high salinity solution (such as seawater or brine and wastewater, respectively) with a low salinity solution. Herein, we critically review the progress in applying renewable energy such as solar energy and geothermal energy for generating electricity from wastewater treatment and uniquely discuss the effects of these two types of renewable energy on SARS-CoV-2 in air and wastewater treatment. We also highlight the significant process made on the membrane processes utilizing renewable energy and research gaps from the standpoint of producing clean and sustainable energy. The significant points of this review are: (1) among various types of renewable energy, solar energy and geothermal energy have been predominantly studied for wastewater treatment, (2) effects of these two types of renewable energy on SARS-CoV-2 in air and wastewater treatment are critically analyzed, and (3) the knowledge gaps and anticipated future research outlook have been consequently proposed thereof.
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114
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Hyllestad S, Myrmel M, Lomba JAB, Jordhøy F, Schipper SK, Amato E. Effectiveness of environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 as an early warning system during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1223-1242. [PMID: 36044191 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since infected persons shed SARS-CoV-2 in faeces before symptoms appear, environmental surveillance (ES) may serve as an early warning system (EWS) for COVID-19 and new variants of concern. The ES of SARS-CoV-2 has been widely reviewed; however, its effectiveness as an EWS for SARS-CoV-2 in terms of timeliness, sensitivity and specificity has not been systematically assessed. We conducted a systematic review to identify and synthesise evidence on the ES of SARS-CoV-2 as an EWS to evaluate the added value for public health. Of 1,014 studies identified, we considered 29 for a qualitative synthesis of the timeliness of ES as an EWS for COVID-19, while six studies were assessed for the ability to detect new variants and two for both aims. The synthesis indicates ES may serve as an EWS of 1-2 weeks. ES could complement clinical surveillance for SARS-CoV-2; however, its cost-benefit value for public health decisions needs to be assessed based on the stage of the pandemic and resources available. Studies focusing methodological knowledge gaps as well as how to use and interpret ES signals for public health actions are needed, as is the sharing of knowledge within countries/areas with long experience of such surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hyllestad
- Department for Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway E-mail:
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Unit, Norwegian University of Life Science (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose Antonio Baz Lomba
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Fredrik Jordhøy
- Department for Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway E-mail:
| | - Svanhild Kjørsvik Schipper
- Department for Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway E-mail:
| | - Ettore Amato
- Department for Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway E-mail:
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115
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Espeseth AS, Yuan M, Citron M, Reiserova L, Morrow G, Wilson A, Horton M, Rukhman M, Kinek K, Hou F, Li SL, Li F, Choi Y, Heidecker G, Luo B, Wu G, Zhang L, Strable E, DeStefano J, Secore S, Mukhopadhyay TK, Richardson DD, Sayeed E, Welch LS, Bett AJ, Feinberg MB, Gupta SB, Cooper CL, Parks CL. Preclinical immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate COVID-19 vaccine based on a vesicular stomatitis virus-SARS-CoV-2 chimera. EBioMedicine 2022; 82:104203. [PMID: 35915046 PMCID: PMC9338221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate a vaccine technology with potential to protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with a single vaccine dose, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine using the live vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) chimeric virus approach previously used to develop a licensed Ebola virus vaccine. Methods We generated a replication-competent chimeric VSV-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate by replacing the VSV glycoprotein (G) gene with coding sequence for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein (S). Immunogenicity of the lead vaccine candidate (VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2) was evaluated in cotton rats and golden Syrian hamsters, and protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection also was assessed in hamsters. Findings VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 delivered with a single intramuscular (IM) injection was immunogenic in cotton rats and hamsters and protected hamsters from weight loss following SARS-CoV-2 challenge. When mucosal vaccination was evaluated, cotton rats did not respond to the vaccine, whereas mucosal administration of VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 was found to be more immunogenic than IM injection in hamsters and induced immunity that significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 challenge virus loads in both lung and nasal tissues. Interpretation VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 delivered by IM injection or mucosal administration was immunogenic in golden Syrian hamsters, and both vaccination methods effectively protected the lung from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hamsters vaccinated by mucosal application of VSV∆G-SARS-CoV-2 also developed immunity that controlled SARS-CoV-2 replication in nasal tissue. Funding The study was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme, Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA. Parts of this research was supported by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) of the US Department of Defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maoli Yuan
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Lucia Reiserova
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Gavin Morrow
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Aaron Wilson
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Mark Rukhman
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Fuxiang Hou
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Shui L Li
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Yesle Choi
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | - Bin Luo
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lan Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Joanne DeStefano
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eddy Sayeed
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA
| | - Lisa S Welch
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA; Currently at Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mark B Feinberg
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA
| | - Swati B Gupta
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), New York, USA
| | - Christopher L Cooper
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA
| | - Christopher L Parks
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Inc. (IAVI), Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, New York, USA.
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116
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Kumar M, Jiang G, Kumar Thakur A, Chatterjee S, Bhattacharya T, Mohapatra S, Chaminda T, Kumar Tyagi V, Vithanage M, Bhattacharya P, Nghiem LD, Sarkar D, Sonne C, Mahlknecht J. Lead time of early warning by wastewater surveillance for COVID-19: Geographical variations and impacting factors. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2022; 441:135936. [PMID: 35345777 PMCID: PMC8942437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The global data on the temporal tracking of the COVID-19 through wastewater surveillance needs to be comparatively evaluated to generate a proper and precise understanding of the robustness, advantages, and sensitivity of the wastewater-based epidemiological (WBE) approach. We reviewed the current state of knowledge based on several scientific articles pertaining to temporal variations in COVID-19 cases captured via viral RNA predictions in wastewater. This paper primarily focuses on analyzing the WBE-based temporal variation reported globally to check if the reported early warning lead-time generated through environmental surveillance is pragmatic or latent. We have compiled the geographical variations reported as lead time in various WBE reports to strike a precise correlation between COVID-19 cases and genome copies detected through wastewater surveillance, with respect to the sampling dates, separately for WASH and non-WASH countries. We highlighted sampling methods, climatic and weather conditions that significantly affected the concentration of viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in wastewater, and thus the lead time reported from the various climatic zones with diverse WASH situations were different. Our major findings are: i) WBE reports around the world are not comparable, especially in terms of gene copies detected, lag-time gained between monitored RNA peak and outbreak/peak of reported case, as well as per capita RNA concentrations; ii) Varying sanitation facility and climatic conditions that impact virus degradation rate are two major interfering features limiting the comparability of WBE results, and iii) WBE is better applicable to WASH countries having well-connected sewerage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Alok Kumar Thakur
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Shreya Chatterjee
- Encore Insoltech Pvt Ltd, Randesan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 307, India
| | - Tanushree Bhattacharya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 835215, India
| | - Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tushara Chaminda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
| | - Vinay Kumar Tyagi
- Environmental BioTechnology Group (EBiTG), Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- COVID-19 Research@KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology,SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Long D Nghiem
- Centre for Technology in Water & Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Christian Sonne
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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117
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Phan T, Brozak S, Pell B, Gitter A, Mena KD, Kuang Y, Wu F. A simple SEIR-V model to estimate COVID-19 prevalence and predict SARS-CoV-2 transmission using wastewater-based surveillance data. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.07.17.22277721. [PMID: 35898336 PMCID: PMC9327624 DOI: 10.1101/2022.07.17.22277721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has been widely used as a public health tool to monitor SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, epidemiological inference from WBS data remains understudied and limits its application. In this study, we have established a quantitative framework to estimate COVID-19 prevalence and predict SARS-CoV-2 transmission through integrating WBS data into an SEIR-V model. We conceptually divide the individual-level viral shedding course into exposed, infectious, and recovery phases as an analogy to the compartments in population-level SEIR model. We demonstrated that the temperature effect on viral losses in the sewer can be straightforwardly incorporated in our framework. Using WBS data from the second wave of the pandemic (Oct 02, 2020 â€" Jan 25, 2021) in the Great Boston area, we showed that the SEIR-V model successfully recapitulates the temporal dynamics of viral load in wastewater and predicts the true number of cases peaked earlier and higher than the number of reported cases by 16 days and 8.6 folds ( R = 0.93), respectively. This work showcases a simple, yet effective method to bridge WBS and quantitative epidemiological modeling to estimate the prevalence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the sewershed, which could facilitate the application of wastewater surveillance of infectious diseases for epidemiological inference and inform public health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Phan
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA
| | - Samantha Brozak
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona, USA
| | - Bruce Pell
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Lawrence Technological University, MI, USA
| | - Anna Gitter
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Kristina D. Mena
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Yang Kuang
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Arizona, USA
| | - Fuqing Wu
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
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118
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Acosta N, Bautista MA, Waddell BJ, McCalder J, Beaudet AB, Man L, Pradhan P, Sedaghat N, Papparis C, Bacanu A, Hollman J, Krusina A, Southern DA, Williamson T, Li C, Bhatnagar S, Murphy S, Chen J, Kuzma D, Clark R, Meddings J, Hu J, Cabaj JL, Conly JM, Dai X, Lu X, Chekouo T, Ruecker NJ, Achari G, Ryan MC, Frankowski K, Hubert CRJ, Parkins MD. Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 RNA wastewater monitoring across a range of scales correlates with total and regional COVID-19 burden in a well-defined urban population. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118611. [PMID: 35661506 PMCID: PMC9107283 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an emerging surveillance tool that has been used to monitor the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic by tracking SARS-CoV-2 RNA shed into wastewater. WBE was performed to monitor the occurrence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and six neighborhoods in the city of Calgary, Canada (population 1.44 million). A total of 222 WWTP and 192 neighborhood samples were collected from June 2020 to May 2021, encompassing the end of the first-wave (June 2020), the second-wave (November end to December 2020) and the third-wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (mid-April to May 2021). Flow-weighted 24-hour composite samples were processed to extract RNA that was then analyzed for two SARS-CoV-2-specific regions of the nucleocapsid gene, N1 and N2, using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Using this approach SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 98.06% (406/414) of wastewater samples. SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance was compared to clinically diagnosed COVID-19 cases organized by the three-digit postal code of affected individuals' primary residences, enabling correlation analysis at neighborhood, WWTP and city-wide scales. Strong correlations were observed between N1 & N2 gene signals in wastewater and new daily cases for WWTPs and neighborhoods. Similarly, when flow rates at Calgary's three WWTPs were used to normalize observed concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and combine them into a city-wide signal, this was strongly correlated with regionally diagnosed COVID-19 cases and clinical test percent positivity rate. Linked census data demonstrated disproportionate SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater from areas of the city with lower socioeconomic status and more racialized communities. WBE across a range of urban scales was demonstrated to be an effective mechanism of COVID-19 surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Acosta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - María A Bautista
- Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Barbara J Waddell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Janine McCalder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alexander Buchner Beaudet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lawrence Man
- Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Puja Pradhan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Navid Sedaghat
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chloe Papparis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andra Bacanu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jordan Hollman
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Geosciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alexander Krusina
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Danielle A Southern
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tyler Williamson
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Carmen Li
- Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Srijak Bhatnagar
- Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sean Murphy
- Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Darina Kuzma
- Advancing Canadian Water Assets, University of Calgary, 3131 210 Ave SE, Calgary, Alberta, T0L 0×0, Canada
| | - Rhonda Clark
- Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Advancing Canadian Water Assets, University of Calgary, 3131 210 Ave SE, Calgary, Alberta, T0L 0×0, Canada
| | - Jon Meddings
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jia Hu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada; Provincial Population & Public Health, Alberta Health Services, 3030 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4W4, Canada
| | - Jason L Cabaj
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada; Provincial Population & Public Health, Alberta Health Services, 3030 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4W4, Canada
| | - John M Conly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada; Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 2T9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xiaotian Dai
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, 2500 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Xuewen Lu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, 2500 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thierry Chekouo
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, 2500 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Norma J Ruecker
- Water Quality Services, City of Calgary, 625 25 Ave SE, Calgary, Alberta, T2G 4k8, Canada
| | - Gopal Achari
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - M Cathryn Ryan
- Department of Geosciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kevin Frankowski
- Advancing Canadian Water Assets, University of Calgary, 3131 210 Ave SE, Calgary, Alberta, T0L 0×0, Canada
| | - Casey R J Hubert
- Geomicrobiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael D Parkins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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119
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Guo Y, Li J, O'Brien J, Sivakumar M, Jiang G. Back-estimation of norovirus infections through wastewater-based epidemiology: A systematic review and parameter sensitivity. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 219:118610. [PMID: 35598472 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The amount of norovirus RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) in raw wastewater, collected from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), can provide an indication of disease prevalence within the sampled catchment. However, an accurate back-estimation might be impeded by the uncertainties from in-sewer/in-sample degradation of viral RNA, variable shedding magnitude, and difficulties in measurement within raw wastewater. The current study reviewed the published literature regarding the factors of norovirus shedding, viral RNA decay in wastewater, and the occurrence of norovirus RNA in raw wastewater based on molecular detection. Sensitivity analysis for WBE back-estimation was conducted using the reported data of the factors mentioned above considering different viral loads in wastewater samples. It was found that the back-estimation is more sensitive to analytical detection uncertainty than shedding variability for norovirus. Although seasonal temperature change can lead to variation of decay rates and may influence the sensitivity of this pathogen-specific parameter, decay rates of norovirus RNA contribute negligibly to the variance in estimating disease prevalence, based on the available data from decay experiments in bulk wastewater under different temperatures. However, the effects of in-sewer transportation on viral RNA decay and retardation by sewer biofilms on pipe surfaces are largely unknown. Given the highest uncertainty from analytical measurement by molecular methods and complexity of in-sewer processes that norovirus experienced during the transportation to WWTP, future investigations are encouraged to improve the accuracy of viral RNA detection in wastewater and delineate viral retardation/interactions with wastewater biofilms in real sewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Muttucumaru Sivakumar
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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120
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Jiang G, Wu J, Weidhaas J, Li X, Chen Y, Mueller J, Li J, Kumar M, Zhou X, Arora S, Haramoto E, Sherchan S, Orive G, Lertxundi U, Honda R, Kitajima M, Jackson G. Artificial neural network-based estimation of COVID-19 case numbers and effective reproduction rate using wastewater-based epidemiology. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 218:118451. [PMID: 35447417 PMCID: PMC9006161 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a cost-effective and objective population-wide surveillance tool, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been widely implemented worldwide to monitor the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA concentration in wastewater. However, viral concentrations or loads in wastewater often correlate poorly with clinical case numbers. To date, there is no reliable method to back-estimate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case numbers from SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater. This greatly limits WBE in achieving its full potential in monitoring the unfolding pandemic. The exponentially growing SARS-CoV-2 WBE dataset, on the other hand, offers an opportunity to develop data-driven models for the estimation of COVID-19 case numbers (both incidence and prevalence) and transmission dynamics (effective reproduction rate). This study developed artificial neural network (ANN) models by innovatively expanding a conventional WBE dataset to include catchment, weather, clinical testing coverage and vaccination rate. The ANN models were trained and evaluated with a comprehensive state-wide wastewater monitoring dataset from Utah, USA during May 2020 to December 2021. In diverse sewer catchments, ANN models were found to accurately estimate the COVID-19 prevalence and incidence rates, with excellent precision for prevalence rates. Also, an ANN model was developed to estimate the effective reproduction number from both wastewater data and other pertinent factors affecting viral transmission and pandemic dynamics. The established ANN model was successfully validated for its transferability to other states or countries using the WBE dataset from Wisconsin, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Jiangping Wu
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jennifer Weidhaas
- University of Utah, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 110 Central Campus Drive, Suite 2000, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xuan Li
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Xu Zhou
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Sudipti Arora
- Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Samendra Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Unax Lertxundi
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Greg Jackson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
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121
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A Review on SARS-CoV-2 Genome in the Aquatic Environment of Africa: Prevalence, Persistence and the Future Prospects. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic (Coronavirus disease 2019) remains problematic in all its manifestations on the global stage where countless events of human-to-human exposure have led to fatal cases; thus, the aftermath being an unprecedented public health concern, with inaccessible health care and the instability of economies and financial institutions. These pose massive obstacles that can insatiably devour existing human resources causing negative impacts, especially in developing countries. Tracking the origin, dissemination and mutating strains of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on population-wide scales is a somewhat overwhelming task, with the urgent need to map the dissemination and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 in near real-time. This review paper focuses on the poor sanitation of some waterbodies and wastewater management policies in low-income African countries, highlighting how these contribute to the COVID-19 pandemic on the continent. Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pandemic, there has been an upsurge in scientific literature and studies concerning SARS-CoV-2 with different opinions and findings. The current paper highlights the challenges and also summarizes the environmental aspects related to the monitoring and fate of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes in the aquatic milieu of Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Castro-Gutierrez V, Hassard F, Vu M, Leitao R, Burczynska B, Wildeboer D, Stanton I, Rahimzadeh S, Baio G, Garelick H, Hofman J, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kwiatkowska R, Majeed A, Priest S, Grimsley J, Lundy L, Singer AC, Di Cesare M. Monitoring occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in school populations: A wastewater-based approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270168. [PMID: 35714109 PMCID: PMC9205509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical testing of children in schools is challenging, with economic implications limiting its frequent use as a monitoring tool of the risks assumed by children and staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, a wastewater-based epidemiology approach has been used to monitor 16 schools (10 primary, 5 secondary and 1 post-16 and further education) in England. A total of 296 samples over 9 weeks have been analysed for N1 and E genes using qPCR methods. Of the samples returned, 47.3% were positive for one or both genes with a detection frequency in line with the respective local community. WBE offers a low cost, non-invasive approach for supplementing clinical testing and can provide longitudinal insights that are impractical with traditional clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Castro-Gutierrez
- Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
- Environmental Pollution Research Center (CICA), University of Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | | | - Milan Vu
- Department of Natural Science, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Leitao
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beata Burczynska
- Department of Natural Science, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Wildeboer
- Department of Natural Science, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel Stanton
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
| | - Shadi Rahimzadeh
- Department of Natural Science, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Baio
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hemda Garelick
- Department of Natural Science, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Hofman
- Water Innovation & Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Water Innovation & Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Kwiatkowska
- School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Field Services, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Priest
- Department of Natural Science, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmine Grimsley
- Joint Biosecurity Centre, Department for Health and Social Care, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Lundy
- Department of Natural Science, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Singer
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariachiara Di Cesare
- Institute of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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123
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Xie Y, Mirzaei M, Kahrizi MS, Shabestari AM, Riahi SM, Farsimadan M, Roviello G. SARS-CoV-2 effects on sperm parameters: a meta-analysis study. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:1555-1563. [PMID: 35716338 PMCID: PMC9206101 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The rapid outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed challenges across different medical fields, especially reproductive health, and gave rise to concerns regarding the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on male infertility, owing to the fact that the male reproductive system indicated to be extremely vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Only a small number of studies have investigated the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on male reproduction, but the results are not consistent. So, we performed this meta-analysis to draw a clearer picture and evaluate the impacts of COVID-19 on male reproductive system. Method We searched Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases to identify the potentially relevant studies. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to assess the relationship. Heterogeneity testing, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias testing were also performed. Results A total of twelve studies including 7 case control investigations and 5 retrospective cohort studies were found relevant and chosen for our research. Our result showed that different sperm parameters including semen volume [SMD = − 0.27 (− 0.46, − 1.48) (p = 0.00)], sperm concentration [SMD = − 0.41 (− 0.67, − 0.15) (p = 0.002)], sperm count [SMD = − 0.30 (− 0.44, − 0.17) (p = 0.00)], sperm motility [SMD = − 0.66 (− 0.98, − 0.33) (p = 0.00)], and progressive motility [SMD = − 0.35 (− 0.61, − 0.08) (p = 0.01)] were negatively influenced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, sperm concentration (p = 0.07) and progressive motility (p = 0.61) were not found to be significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in case control studies. No publication bias was detected. Conclusion The present study revealed the vulnerability of semen quality to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data showed a strong association of different sperm parameters with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The results suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients may negatively influence their fertility potential in a short-term period, but more studies are needed to decide about the long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xie
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mina Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
| | | | | | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Marziye Farsimadan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
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124
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Yanaç K, Adegoke A, Wang L, Uyaguari M, Yuan Q. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA throughout wastewater treatment plants and a modeling approach to understand COVID-19 infection dynamics in Winnipeg, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153906. [PMID: 35218826 PMCID: PMC8864809 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and attempted to find correlations between the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the number of cases, no consensus has been reached on sample collection and processing, and data analysis. Moreover, the fate of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants is another issue, specifically regarding the discharge of the virus into environmental settings and the water cycle. The current study monitored SARS-CoV-2 RNA in influent and effluent wastewater samples with three different concentration methods and sludge samples over six months (July to December 2020) to compare different virus concentration methods, assess the fate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater treatment plants, and describe the potential relationship between SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in influent and infection dynamics. Skimmed milk flocculation (SMF) resulted in 15.27 ± 3.32% recovery of an internal positive control, Armored RNA, and a high positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stored wastewater samples compared to ultrafiltration methods employing a prefiltration step to eliminate solids in fresh wastewater samples. Our results suggested that SARS-CoV-2 RNA may predominate in solids, and therefore, concentration methods focusing on both supernatant and solid fractions may result in better recovery. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in influent and primary sludge samples but not in secondary and final effluent samples, indicating a significant reduction during primary and secondary treatments. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was first detected in influent on September 30th, 2020. A decay-rate formula was applied to estimate initial concentrations of late-processed samples with SMF. A model based on shedding rate and new cases was applied to estimate SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations and the number of active shedders. Inferred sensitivity of observed and modeled concentrations to the fluctuations in new cases and test-positivity rates indicated a potential contribution of newly infected individuals to SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Yanaç
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Adeola Adegoke
- Department of Statistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Liqun Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Miguel Uyaguari
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Qiuyan Yuan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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125
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Li X, Kulandaivelu J, Guo Y, Zhang S, Shi J, O'Brien J, Arora S, Kumar M, Sherchan SP, Honda R, Jackson G, Luby SP, Jiang G. SARS-CoV-2 shedding sources in wastewater and implications for wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128667. [PMID: 35339834 PMCID: PMC8908579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach for COVID-19 surveillance is largely based on the assumption of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding into sewers by infected individuals. Recent studies found that SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration in wastewater (CRNA) could not be accounted by the fecal shedding alone. This study aimed to determine potential major shedding sources based on literature data of CRNA, along with the COVID-19 prevalence in the catchment area through a systematic literature review. Theoretical CRNA under a certain prevalence was estimated using Monte Carlo simulations, with eight scenarios accommodating feces alone, and both feces and sputum as shedding sources. With feces alone, none of the WBE data was in the confidence interval of theoretical CRNA estimated with the mean feces shedding magnitude and probability, and 63% of CRNA in WBE reports were higher than the maximum theoretical concentration. With both sputum and feces, 91% of the WBE data were below the simulated maximum CRNA in wastewater. The inclusion of sputum as a major shedding source led to more comparable theoretical CRNA to the literature WBE data. Sputum discharging behavior of patients also resulted in great fluctuations of CRNA under a certain prevalence. Thus, sputum is a potential critical shedding source for COVID-19 WBE surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Ying Guo
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jiahua Shi
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jake O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woollongabba, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sudipti Arora
- Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, 6E, Malviya Industrial Area, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Samendra P Sherchan
- Department of Environmental health sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Bioenvironmental Science Program, Morgan Staate University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Greg Jackson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woollongabba, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen P Luby
- Stanford Center for Innovation in Global Health, and Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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126
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Multicompartmental Mathematical Model of SARS-CoV-2 Distribution in Human Organs and Their Treatment. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 can develop pneumonia, severe symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ failure. Nevertheless, the variety of forms of this disease requires further research on the pathogenesis of this disease. Based on the analysis of published data and original experiments on the concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in biological fluids of the nasopharynx, lungs, and intestines and using a developed modular model of the virus distribution in human tissue and organs, an assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 reproduction in various compartments of the body is presented. Most of the viral particles can transport to the esophagus from the nasopharynx. The viral particles entering the gastrointestinal tract will obviously be accompanied by the infection of the intestinal epithelium and accumulation of the virus in the intestinal lumen in an amount proportional to their secretory and protein-synthetic activities. The relatively low concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in tissues implies an essential role of transport processes and redistribution of the virus from the nasopharynx and intestines to the lungs. The model simulations also suppose that sanitation of the nasopharynx mucosa at the initial stage of the infectious process has prospects for the use in medical practice.
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127
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Layton BA, Kaya D, Kelly C, Williamson KJ, Alegre D, Bachhuber SM, Banwarth PG, Bethel JW, Carter K, Dalziel BD, Dasenko M, Geniza M, George A, Girard AM, Haggerty R, Higley KA, Hynes DM, Lubchenco J, McLaughlin KR, Nieto FJ, Noakes A, Peterson M, Piemonti AD, Sanders JL, Tyler BM, Radniecki TS. Evaluation of a Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Approach to Estimate the Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and the Detection of Viral Variants in Disparate Oregon Communities at City and Neighborhood Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:67010. [PMID: 35767012 PMCID: PMC9241984 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive correlations have been reported between wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations and a community's burden of infection, disease or both. However, previous studies mostly compared wastewater to clinical case counts or nonrepresentative convenience samples, limiting their quantitative potential. OBJECTIVES This study examined whether wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations could provide better estimations for SARS-CoV-2 community prevalence than reported cases of COVID-19. In addition, this study tested whether wastewater-based epidemiology methods could identify neighborhood-level COVID-19 hotspots and SARS-CoV-2 variants. METHODS Community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was estimated from eight randomized door-to-door nasal swab sampling events in six Oregon communities of disparate size, location, and demography over a 10-month period. Simultaneously, wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were quantified at each community's wastewater treatment plant and from 22 Newport, Oregon, neighborhoods. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was sequenced from all positive wastewater and nasal swab samples. Clinically reported case counts were obtained from the Oregon Health Authority. RESULTS Estimated community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence ranged from 8 to 1,687/10,000 persons. Community wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 5.1 log10 gene copies per liter. Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were more highly correlated (Pearson's r=0.96; R2=0.91) with community prevalence than were clinically reported cases of COVID-19 (Pearson's r=0.85; R2=0.73). Monte Carlo simulations indicated that wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were significantly better than clinically reported cases at estimating prevalence (p<0.05). In addition, wastewater analyses determined neighborhood-level COVID-19 hot spots and identified SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1 and B.1.399) at the neighborhood and city scales. DISCUSSION The greater reliability of wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations over clinically reported case counts was likely due to systematic biases that affect reported case counts, including variations in access to testing and underreporting of asymptomatic cases. With these advantages, combined with scalability and low costs, wastewater-based epidemiology can be a key component in public health surveillance of COVID-19 and other communicable infections. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10289.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe A. Layton
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Research and Innovation, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Devrim Kaya
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Christine Kelly
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Dana Alegre
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W. Bethel
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine Carter
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Dalziel
- Department of Integrative Biology, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Mathematics, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark Dasenko
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew Geniza
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea George
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Research and Innovation, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn A. Higley
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Denise M. Hynes
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Portland, Oregon, USA
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jane Lubchenco
- Department of Integrative Biology, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - F. Javier Nieto
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Matthew Peterson
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Adriana D. Piemonti
- Department of Research and Innovation, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Brett M. Tyler
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Departmehnt of Botany and Plant Pathology, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Tyler S. Radniecki
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Vigil-Vázquez S, Carrasco-García I, Hernanz-Lobo A, Manzanares Á, Pérez-Pérez A, Toledano-Revenga J, Muñoz-Chapuli M, Mesones-Guerra L, Martínez-Lozano A, Pérez-Seoane B, Márquez-Isidro E, Sanz-Asín O, Caro-Chinchilla G, Sardá-Sánchez M, Solaz-García Á, López-Carnero J, Pareja-León M, Riaza-Gómez M, Ortiz-Barquero MC, León-Luis JA, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Catalán-Alonso P, Muñoz-García P, Sánchez-Luna M, Navarro-Gómez ML. Impact of Gestational COVID-19 on Neonatal Outcomes: Is Vertical Infection Possible? Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:466-472. [PMID: 35363644 PMCID: PMC9083309 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains highly debated. Here, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2-transmission in newborns with intrauterine conditions. METHODS This was a prospective, observational and multicentric study involving 13 Spanish hospitals included in the GEStational and NEOnatal-COVID cohort. Pregnant women with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during any trimester of pregnancy or delivery and their newborns were included from March to November 2020. Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were also obtained. Viral loads were analyzed in different maternal and newborn biological samples (placenta, breast milk and maternal blood; urine, meconium and newborn blood). RESULTS A total of 177 newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2 were included. Newborns were tested by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using nasopharyngeal swabs within the first 24-48 hours of life and at 14 days of life. In total 5.1% were considered to have SARS-CoV-2 infection in the neonatal period, with 1.7% considered intrauterine and 3.4% intrapartum or early postnatal transmission cases. There were no differences in the demographic and clinical characteristics of the pregnant women and their newborns' susceptibility to infections in their perinatal history or background. CONCLUSIONS Intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is possible, although rare, with early postnatal transmission occurring more frequently. Most infected newborns remained asymptomatic or had mild symptoms that evolved well during follow-up. We did not find any maternal characteristics predisposing infants to neonatal infection. All infected newborn mothers had acute infection at delivery.Although there was no presence of SARS-CoV2 in cord blood or breast milk samples, SARS-CoV-2 viral load was detected in urine and meconium samples from infected newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vigil-Vázquez
- From the Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Carrasco-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Infectología Pediátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Hernanz-Lobo
- Grupo de Investigación en Infectología Pediátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Manzanares
- Grupo de Investigación en Infectología Pediátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Pérez
- From the Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mar Muñoz-Chapuli
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Mesones-Guerra
- Departamento de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Martínez-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Olga Sanz-Asín
- Hospital Reina Sofía, Tudela, Spain
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan Antonio León-Luis
- Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Pilar Catalán-Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Muñoz-García
- Departamento de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Luna
- From the Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Navarro-Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación en Infectología Pediátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Nourbakhsh S, Fazil A, Li M, Mangat CS, Peterson SW, Daigle J, Langner S, Shurgold J, D’Aoust P, Delatolla R, Mercier E, Pang X, Lee BE, Stuart R, Wijayasri S, Champredon D. A wastewater-based epidemic model for SARS-CoV-2 with application to three Canadian cities. Epidemics 2022; 39:100560. [PMID: 35462206 PMCID: PMC8993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has stimulated wastewater-based surveillance, allowing public health to track the epidemic by monitoring the concentration of the genetic fingerprints of SARS-CoV-2 shed in wastewater by infected individuals. Wastewater-based surveillance for COVID-19 is still in its infancy. In particular, the quantitative link between clinical cases observed through traditional surveillance and the signals from viral concentrations in wastewater is still developing and hampers interpretation of the data and actionable public-health decisions. We present a modelling framework that includes both SARS-CoV-2 transmission at the population level and the fate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA particles in the sewage system after faecal shedding by infected persons in the population. Using our mechanistic representation of the combined clinical/wastewater system, we perform exploratory simulations to quantify the effect of surveillance effectiveness, public-health interventions and vaccination on the discordance between clinical and wastewater signals. We also apply our model to surveillance data from three Canadian cities to provide wastewater-informed estimates for the actual prevalence, the effective reproduction number and incidence forecasts. We find that wastewater-based surveillance, paired with this model, can complement clinical surveillance by supporting the estimation of key epidemiological metrics and hence better triangulate the state of an epidemic using this alternative data source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokoofeh Nourbakhsh
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Aamir Fazil
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Li
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Chand S. Mangat
- One Health Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shelley W. Peterson
- One Health Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jade Daigle
- One Health Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stacie Langner
- One Health Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jayson Shurgold
- Antimicrobial Resistance Division, Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick D’Aoust
- University of Ottawa, Department of Civil Engineering, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Delatolla
- University of Ottawa, Department of Civil Engineering, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Mercier
- University of Ottawa, Department of Civil Engineering, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaoli Pang
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratory, Edmonton, AB, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bonita E. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Shinthuja Wijayasri
- Toronto Public Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Canadian Field Epidemiology Program, Emergency Management, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canada
| | - David Champredon
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada,Corresponding author
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130
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Esseili MA, Mann A, Narwankar R, Kassem II, Diez-Gonzalez F, Hogan RJ. SARS-CoV-2 remains infectious for at least a month on artificially-contaminated frozen berries. Food Microbiol 2022; 107:104084. [PMID: 35953178 PMCID: PMC9214230 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via food has been controversial since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. To investigate these concerns, reliable detection methods and data on virus die-off rates in various foods are needed. Here, an FDA-standard method for the detection of enteric viruses’ RNA from soft fruits was modified for the recovery of infectious SARS-CoV-2. Then, the survival of SARS-CoV-2 on berries was investigated as well as the effectiveness of washing virus-contaminated berries with water. The modified method did not significantly reduced log infectivity titers of recovered viruses, but berries did. The detection limit of the method for infectious SARS-CoV-2 was ∼2.97 log TCID50/g of berries. On SARS-CoV-2-inoculated berries that were stored at 4 °C for 7 days, significant reductions in SARS-CoV-2 infectivity were observed over time. In contrast, on frozen berries, infectious SARS-CoV-2 was recovered for 28 days without significant reductions. Washing SARS-CoV-2-inoculated berries with water removed >90% of infectious viruses within 10 min; however, infectious viruses were detected in wash water. Therefore, on fresh berries infectious viruses are markedly inactivated over time and can be largely removed by washing with water. However, the prolonged survival of SARS-CoV-2 on frozen berries suggests that the virus can potentially spread through frozen fruits.
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131
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Mechanisms involved in controlling RNA virus-induced intestinal inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:313. [PMID: 35604464 PMCID: PMC9125963 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the lining of stomach and intestines and causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many viruses, especially RNA viruses are the most common cause of enteritis. Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against enteric RNA viruses and virus-induced intestinal inflammation. The first layer of defense against enteric RNA viruses in the intestinal tract is intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), dendritic cells and macrophages under the intestinal epithelium. These innate immune cells express pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) for recognizing enteric RNA viruses through sensing viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). As a result of this recognition type I interferon (IFN), type III IFN and inflammasome activation occurs, which function cooperatively to clear infection and reduce viral-induced intestinal inflammation. In this review, we summarize recent findings about mechanisms involved in enteric RNA virus-induced intestinal inflammation. We will provide an overview of the enteric RNA viruses, their RNA sensing mechanisms by host PRRs, and signaling pathways triggered by host PRRs, which shape the intestinal immune response to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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132
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Carey TR, Kozminsky M, Hall J, Vargas-Zapata V, Geiger K, Coscoy L, Sohn LL. Detecting Intact Virus Using Exogenous Oligonucleotide Labels. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7619-7627. [PMID: 35584293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed how an emerging pathogen can cause a sudden and dramatic increase in demand for viral testing. Testing pooled samples could meet this demand; however, the sensitivity of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the gold standard, significantly decreases with an increasing number of samples pooled. Here, we introduce detection of intact virus by exogenous-nucleotide reaction (DIVER), a method that quantifies intact virus and is robust to sample dilution. As demonstrated using two models of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, DIVER first tags membraned particles with exogenous oligonucleotides, then captures the tagged particles on beads functionalized with a virus-specific capture agent (in this instance, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), and finally quantifies the oligonucleotide tags using qPCR. Using spike-presenting liposomes and spike-pseudotyped lentivirus, we show that DIVER can detect 1 × 105 liposomes and 100 plaque-forming units of lentivirus and can successfully identify positive samples in pooling experiments. Overall, DIVER is well positioned for efficient sample pooling and clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Carey
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, 306 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Molly Kozminsky
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, 174 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer Hall
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3200 Weill Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Valerie Vargas-Zapata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3200 Weill Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristina Geiger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3200 Weill Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Laurent Coscoy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3200 Weill Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lydia L Sohn
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, 306 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 5118 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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133
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Islam G, Gedge A, Lara-Jacobo L, Kirkwood A, Simmons D, Desaulniers JP. Pasteurization, storage conditions and viral concentration methods influence RT-qPCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153228. [PMID: 35090920 PMCID: PMC8788100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents many public health challenges including the tracking of infected individuals from local to regional scales. Wastewater surveillance of viral RNA has emerged as a complementary approach to track and monitor the presence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus in a variety of communities of different land use and population size. In the present study, we investigate how five different parameters (pasteurization, storage temperature, storage time, polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration, and pellet mass) affect the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 N gene and fecal abundance indicator pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) gene. Pre-treatment of 24-h composite wastewater samples (n = 14) by pasteurization at 60 °C resulted in a significant reduction of total RNA concentration and copies of the SARS-CoV-2 N gene copies/L (paired Student's t-test, P < 0.05). Comparing the wastewater samples collected from 6 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for a storage period of 7 and 14 days at 4 °C, -20 °C and -80 °C, demonstrated a decrease in SARS-CoV-2 N gene copies/L when samples were stored for 14 days at -20 °C. Polyethylene glycol-NaCl for purification and concentration of viral particles from the wastewater samples demonstrated that a short PEG incubation of 2 h during centrifugation at 4 °C was sufficient for the consistent detection of the SARS-CoV-2 N gene from a 30 mL sample volume. Combined, this paper presents method recommendations for developing a reliable, accurate, sensitive, and reproducible estimation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in diverse domestic wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Islam
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada.
| | - Ashley Gedge
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Linda Lara-Jacobo
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Andrea Kirkwood
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Denina Simmons
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Desaulniers
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada
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Wang Y, Liu P, Zhang H, Ibaraki M, VanTassell J, Geith K, Cavallo M, Kann R, Saber L, Kraft CS, Lane M, Shartar S, Moe C. Early warning of a COVID-19 surge on a university campus based on wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 at residence halls. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 821:153291. [PMID: 35090922 PMCID: PMC8788089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As COVID-19 continues to spread globally, monitoring the disease at different scales is critical to support public health decision making. Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater can supplement surveillance based on diagnostic testing. In this paper, we report the results of wastewater-based COVID-19 surveillance on Emory University campus that included routine sampling of sewage from a hospital building, an isolation/quarantine building, and 21 student residence halls between July 13th, 2020 and March 14th, 2021. We examined the sensitivity of wastewater surveillance for detecting COVID-19 cases at building level and the relation between Ct values from RT-qPCR results of wastewater samples and the number of COVID-19 patients residing in the building. Our results show that weekly wastewater surveillance using Moore swab samples was not sensitive enough (6 of 63 times) to reliably detect one or two sporadic cases in a residence building. The Ct values of the wastewater samples over time from the same sampling location reflected the temporal trend in the number of COVID-19 patients in the isolation/quarantine building and hospital (Pearson's r < -0.8), but there is too much uncertainty to directly estimate the number of COVID-19 cases using Ct values. After students returned for the spring 2021 semester, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the wastewater samples from most of the student residence hall monitoring sites one to two weeks before COVID-19 cases surged on campus. This finding suggests that wastewater-based surveillance can be used to provide early warning of COVID-19 outbreaks at institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Wang
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Pengbo Liu
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haisu Zhang
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Makoto Ibaraki
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jamie VanTassell
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Geith
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew Cavallo
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Kann
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay Saber
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen S Kraft
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Morgan Lane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel Shartar
- Emory University Office of Critical Event Preparedness and Response, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christine Moe
- Center for Global Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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135
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Mashaqi S, Kallamadi R, Matta A, Quan SF, Patel SI, Combs D, Estep L, Lee-Iannotti J, Smith C, Parthasarathy S, Gozal D. Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Severity-The Gut Microbiome as a Common Player Mediating Systemic Inflammation via Gut Barrier Dysfunction. Cells 2022; 11:1569. [PMID: 35563874 PMCID: PMC9101605 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel corona virus that is now known as (SARS-CoV-2) has killed more than six million people worldwide. The disease presentation varies from mild respiratory symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome and ultimately death. Several risk factors have been shown to worsen the severity of COVID-19 outcomes (such as age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity). Since many of these risk factors are known to be influenced by obstructive sleep apnea, this raises the possibility that OSA might be an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity. A shift in the gut microbiota has been proposed to contribute to outcomes in both COVID-19 and OSA. To further evaluate the potential triangular interrelationships between these three elements, we conducted a thorough literature review attempting to elucidate these interactions. From this review, it is concluded that OSA may be a risk factor for worse COVID-19 clinical outcomes, and the shifts in gut microbiota associated with both COVID-19 and OSA may mediate processes leading to bacterial translocation via a defective gut barrier which can then foster systemic inflammation. Thus, targeting biomarkers of intestinal tight junction dysfunction in conjunction with restoring gut dysbiosis may provide novel avenues for both risk detection and adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Mashaqi
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.F.Q.); (S.I.P.); (D.C.); (L.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Rekha Kallamadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA; (R.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Abhishek Matta
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA; (R.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Stuart F. Quan
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.F.Q.); (S.I.P.); (D.C.); (L.E.); (S.P.)
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salma I. Patel
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.F.Q.); (S.I.P.); (D.C.); (L.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Daniel Combs
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.F.Q.); (S.I.P.); (D.C.); (L.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Lauren Estep
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.F.Q.); (S.I.P.); (D.C.); (L.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Joyce Lee-Iannotti
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA;
| | - Charles Smith
- The Intermountain Healthcare, Merrill Gappmayer Family Medicine Center, Provo, UT 84604, USA;
| | - Sairam Parthasarathy
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.F.Q.); (S.I.P.); (D.C.); (L.E.); (S.P.)
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA;
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136
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Peinado B, Martínez-García L, Martínez F, Nozal L, Sánchez MB. Improved methods for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7201. [PMID: 35504966 PMCID: PMC9063616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, different methods have been used to detect the presence of genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. The use of wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and quantification showed different problems, associated to the complexity of the matrix and the lack of standard methods used to analyze the presence of an enveloped virus, such as coronavirus. Different strategies for the concentration process were selected to carry out the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater: (a) aluminum hydroxide adsorption-precipitation, (b) pre-treatment with glycine buffer and precipitation with polyethylene-glycol (PEG) and (c) ultrafiltration (Centricon). Our results showed that the reduction of organic matter, using the pre-treatment with glycine buffer before the concentration with Centricon or aluminum hydroxide adsorption-precipitation, improved the recovery percentage of the control virus, Mengovirus (MgV) (8.37% ± 5.88 n = 43; 6.97% ± 6.51 n = 20, respectively), and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with the same methodology without a pre-treatment. For the concentration with Centricon, the use of 100 mL of wastewater, instead of 200 mL, increased the MgV recovery, and allowed a positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 with N1 and N2 targets. The quantity of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in wastewater did not show a direct correlation with the number of confirmed cases, but the study of its upwards or downwards trend over time enabled the detection of an increase of epidemiological data produced in September 2020, January 2021 and April 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Peinado
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Lorena Martínez-García
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Leonor Nozal
- Center of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology (CQAB), University of Alcala and General Foundation of Alcala University (FGUA), A-II km 33.600, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Blanca Sánchez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
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137
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Cao X, Hao G, Li YY, Wang M, Wang JX. On male urination and related environmental disease transmission in restrooms: From the perspectives of fluid dynamics. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2022; 80:103753. [PMID: 35136716 PMCID: PMC8812150 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoor transmission of COVID-19 is highly probable. Multiple sources have verified that the SARS-CoV-2 can be detected within toilets, and people can be infected in restrooms. There is a huge gap in the coronavirus transmission mechanism in restrooms. Understanding it can help to flatten the curve of the infected cases as well as prevent other viruses transmitted through the sewage or human body fluid. Previous studies have shown how simple actions in daily life (coughing, sneezing, or toilet flushing) contribute to virus transmission. This paper visually and quantitatively demonstrates that male urination, which is also a daily action, can agitate virus particles within the toilet and raise them, which may be the main promoter of cross-infection of COVID-19 in restrooms. Adopting numerical and experimental methods, we demonstrate that male urination can cause strong turbulent flow with an averaged urine impinging velocity of 2.3 m/s, which can act as an agitator to raise the virus particles. The climbing velocity of the airflow can be 0.75-1.05 m/s. The observed upwards flow will disturb and spread any lurking virus particles (not limited to SARS-CoV-2). Experiments demonstrated that the concentration of the airborne particle could be tripled during male urination. Corresponding precautions are offered as well to prepare the public to act properly when and after using facilities in restrooms for preventing emerging and re-emerging pandemics not limited to the current COVID-19, contributing to the sustainability of human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cao
- College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Guanqiu Hao
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yun-Yun Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Mengxiao Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ji-Xiang Wang
- College of Electrical, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon Hong Kong, China
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138
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Yu L, Wang A, Li T, Jin W, Tian G, Yun C, Gao F, Fan X, Wang H, Zhang H, Sun D. A Retrospective and Multicenter Study on COVID-19 in Inner Mongolia: Evaluating the Influence of Sampling Locations on Nucleic Acid Test and the Dynamics of Clinical and Prognostic Indexes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:830484. [PMID: 35433742 PMCID: PMC9007405 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.830484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is spreading widely, and the pandemic is seriously threatening public health throughout the world. A comprehensive study on the optimal sampling types and timing for an efficient SARS-CoV-2 test has not been reported. We collected clinical information and the values of 55 biochemical indices for 237 COVID-19 patients, with 37 matched non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients and 131 healthy people in Inner Mongolia as control. In addition, the results of dynamic detection of SARS-CoV-2 using oropharynx swab, pharynx swab, and feces were collected from 197 COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive in feces specimen was present in approximately one-third of COVID-19 patients. The positive detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces was significantly higher than both in the oropharynx and nasopharynx swab (P < 0.05) in the late period of the disease, which is not the case in the early period of the disease. There were statistically significant differences in the levels of blood LDH, CRP, platelet count, neutrophilic granulocyte count, white blood cell number, and lymphocyte count between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients. Finally, we developed and compared five machine-learning models to predict the prognosis of COVID-19 patients based on biochemical indices at disease onset and demographic characteristics. The best model achieved an area under the curve of 0.853 in the 10-fold cross-validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation of the Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Center, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China.,Endocrinology Department, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Ailan Wang
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.,Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianbao Li
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.,Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation of the Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Center, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Geneis (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.,Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunmei Yun
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiuzhen Fan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xilin Gol League Central Hospital, Xilinhot, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission for the Diagnosis and Treatment of COPD, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, China
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139
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Li L, Mazurowski L, Dewan A, Carine M, Haak L, Guarin TC, Dastjerdi NG, Gerrity D, Mentzer C, Pagilla KR. Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater using viral genetic markers and the estimation of unconfirmed COVID-19 cases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152958. [PMID: 35016937 PMCID: PMC8743272 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, wastewater-based surveillance was carried out to establish the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA concentrations in wastewater and the incidence of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from clinical testing. The influent wastewater of three major water reclamation facilities (WRFs) in Northern Nevada, serving a population of 390,750, was monitored for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA gene markers, N1 and N2, from June 2020 through September 2021. A total of 614 samples were collected and analyzed. The SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater were observed to peak twice during the study period. A moderate correlation trend between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence data from clinical testing and SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA concentrations in wastewater was observed (Spearman r = 0.533). This correlation improved when using weekly average SARS-CoV-2 marker concentrations of wastewater and clinical case data (Spearman r = 0.790), presumably by mitigating the inherent variability of the environmental dataset and the effects of clinical testing artifacts (e.g., reporting lags). The research also demonstrated the value of wastewater-based surveillance as an early warning signal for early detection of trends in COVID-19 incidence. This was accomplished by identifying that the reported clinical cases had a stronger correlation to SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring data when they were estimated to lag 7-days behind the wastewater data. The results aided local decision makers in developing strategies to manage COVID-19 in the region and provide a framework for how wastewater-based surveillance can be applied across localities to enhance the public health monitoring of the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Lauren Mazurowski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Aimee Dewan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Madeline Carine
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Laura Haak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tatiana C Guarin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | - Daniel Gerrity
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, USA
| | - Casey Mentzer
- Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility, Sparks, NV 89502, USA
| | - Krishna R Pagilla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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140
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Ferrate (VI), Fenton Reaction and Its Modification: An Effective Method of Removing SARS-CoV-2 RNA from Hospital Wastewater. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040450. [PMID: 35456125 PMCID: PMC9027194 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) raises questions about the effective inactivation of its causative agent, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in medical wastewater by disinfectants. For this reason, our study of wastewater from a selected hospital evaluated several different advanced oxidation methods (Fenton reaction and Fenton-like reaction and ferrate (VI)) capable of effectively removing SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The obtained results of all investigated oxidation processes, such as ferrates, Fenton reaction and its modifications achieved above 90% efficiency in degradation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in model water. The efficiency of degradation of real SARS-CoV-2 from hospital wastewater declines in following order ferrate (VI) > Fenton reaction > Fenton-like reaction. Similarly, the decrease of chemical oxygen demand compared to effluent was observed. Therefore, all of these methods can be used as a replacement of chlorination at the wastewater effluent, which appeared to be insufficient in SARS-CoV-2 removal (60%), whereas using of ferrates showed efficiency of up to 99%.
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141
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Malafaia G, Ahmed MAI, Souza SSD, Rezende FNE, Freitas ÍN, da Luz TM, da Silva AM, Charlie-Silva I, Braz HLB, Jorge RJB, Sanches PRS, Mendonça-Gomes JM, Cilli EM, Araújo APDC. Toxicological impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the health of the neotropical fish, Poecilia reticulata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 245:106104. [PMID: 35176694 PMCID: PMC8830931 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There have been significant impacts of the current COVID-19 pandemic on society including high health and economic costs. However, little is known about the potential ecological risks of this virus despite its presence in freshwater systems. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the exposure of Poecilia reticulata juveniles to two peptides derived from Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which was synthesized in the laboratory (named PSPD-2002 and PSPD-2003). For this, the animals were exposed for 35 days to the peptides at a concentration of 40 µg/L and different toxicity biomarkers were assessed. Our data indicated that the peptides were able to induce anxiety-like behavior in the open field test and increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The biometric evaluation also revealed that the animals exposed to the peptides displayed alterations in the pattern of growth/development. Furthermore, the increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes were accompanied by increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which suggests a redox imbalance induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein peptides. Moreover, molecular docking analysis suggested a strong interaction of the peptides with the enzymes AChE, SOD and CAT, allowing us to infer that the observed effects are related to the direct action of the peptides on the functionality of these enzymes. Consequently, our study provided evidence that the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in the freshwater ecosystems offer a health risk to fish and other aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5km, Zona Rural CEP, Urutaí, GO 75790-000, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institution and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology and Conservation of Natural Resources, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Sindoval Silva de Souza
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5km, Zona Rural CEP, Urutaí, GO 75790-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Neves Estrela Rezende
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institution and Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Nascimento Freitas
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5km, Zona Rural CEP, Urutaí, GO 75790-000, Brazil
| | - Thiarlen Marinho da Luz
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5km, Zona Rural CEP, Urutaí, GO 75790-000, Brazil
| | - Abner Marcelino da Silva
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5km, Zona Rural CEP, Urutaí, GO 75790-000, Brazil
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helyson Lucas Bezerra Braz
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberta Jeane Bezerra Jorge
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, CE, Brazil
| | - Paulo R S Sanches
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo M Cilli
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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142
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Ventura Fernandes BH, Feitosa NM, Barbosa AP, Bomfim CG, Garnique AMB, Rosa IF, Rodrigues MS, Doretto LB, Costa DF, Camargo-Dos-Santos B, Franco GA, Neto JF, Lunardi JS, Bellot MS, Alves NPC, Costa CC, Aracati MF, Rodrigues LF, Costa CC, Cirilo RH, Colagrande RM, Gomes FIF, Nakajima RT, Belo MAA, Giaquinto PC, de Oliveira SL, Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Manrique WG, Conde G, Rosales RRC, Todeschini I, Rivero I, Llontop E, Sgro GG, Oka GU, Bueno NF, Ferraris FK, de Magalhães MTQ, Medeiros RJ, Mendonça-Gomes JM, Junqueira MS, Conceição K, Pontes LGD, Condino-Neto A, Perez AC, Barcellos LJG, Júnior JDC, Dorlass EG, Camara NOS, Durigon EL, Cunha FQ, Nóbrega RH, Machado-Santelli GM, Farah CS, Veras FP, Galindo-Villegas J, Costa-Lotufo LV, Cunha TM, Chammas R, Carvalho LR, Guzzo CR, Malafaia G, Charlie-Silva I. Toxicity of spike fragments SARS-CoV-2 S protein for zebrafish: A tool to study its hazardous for human health? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152345. [PMID: 34942250 PMCID: PMC8688160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant increase in the generation of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated domestic and hospital wastewater, little is known about the ecotoxicological effects of the virus or its structural components in freshwater vertebrates. In this context, this study evaluated the deleterious effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the health of Danio rerio, zebrafish. We demonstrated, for the first time, that zebrafish injected with fragment 16 to 165 (rSpike), which corresponds to the N-terminal portion of the protein, presented mortalities and adverse effects on liver, kidney, ovary and brain tissues. The conserved genetic homology between zebrafish and humans might be one of the reasons for the intense toxic effects followed inflammatory reaction from the immune system of zebrafish to rSpike which provoked damage to organs in a similar pattern as happen in severe cases of COVID-19 in humans, and, resulted in 78,6% of survival rate in female adults during the first seven days. The application of spike protein in zebrafish was highly toxic that is suitable for future studies to gather valuable information about ecotoxicological impacts, as well as vaccine responses and therapeutic approaches in human medicine. Therefore, besides representing an important tool to assess the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the aquatic environment, we present the zebrafish as an animal model for translational COVID-19 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca H Ventura Fernandes
- Laboratório de Controle Genético e Sanitário, Diretoria Técnica de Apoio ao Ensino e Pesquisa, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Martins Feitosa
- Laboratório Integrado de Biociências Translacionais (LIBT), Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Gasque Bomfim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anali M B Garnique
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivana F Rosa
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maira S Rodrigues
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Doretto
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel F Costa
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Camargo-Dos-Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabrielli A Franco
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - João Favero Neto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sartori Lunardi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Sanson Bellot
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Nina Pacheco Capelini Alves
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila C Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Mayumi F Aracati
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Rodrigues
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Camila C Costa
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Hemily Cirilo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Raul Marcelino Colagrande
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco I F Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael T Nakajima
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Percília Cardoso Giaquinto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Biociências - Departamento de Fisiologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silas Fernandes Eto
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson G Manrique
- Aquaculture Health Research and Extension Group, GRUPESA, Aquaculture Health Laboratory, LABSA, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rondônia, Rolim de Moura campus, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Conde
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Roberta R C Rosales
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Iris Todeschini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilo Rivero
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edgar Llontop
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Germán G Sgro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Umaji Oka
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fausto K Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana T Q de Magalhães
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renata J Medeiros
- Laboratory of Physiology, INCQS/Fiocruz Zebrafish Facility, Departament of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Brasil
| | - Juliana M Mendonça-Gomes
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara Souza Junqueira
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of Sao Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia Conceição
- Laboratory of Peptide Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Gomes de Pontes
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department Immunology, Institute Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department Immunology, Institute Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea C Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J G Barcellos
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil; Laboratory of Fish Physiology, Graduate Program of Bioexperimentation and of Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - José Dias Correa Júnior
- Laboratório do Estudo da Interação Químico Biológica e da Reprodução Animal, LIQBRA, Bloco O3,174, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erick Gustavo Dorlass
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Camara
- Transplantation Immunobiology Lab, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael H Nóbrega
- Reproductive and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucia M Machado-Santelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chuck S Farah
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio P Veras
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia V Costa-Lotufo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciani R Carvalho
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia do Departamento de Clinica Medica e Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM 42, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R Guzzo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Brazil.
| | - Ives Charlie-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Evaluating the Use of Alternative Normalization Approaches on SARS-CoV-2 Concentrations in Wastewater: Experiences from Two Catchments in Northern Sweden. ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments in feces has paved the way for wastewater-based epidemiology to contribute to COVID-19 mitigation measures, with its use in a public health context still under development. As a way to facilitate data comparison, this paper explores the impact of using alternative normalization approaches (wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) flow, population size estimates (derived using total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and census data) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)) on the relationship between viral wastewater data and clinical case numbers. Influent wastewater samples were collected at two WWTPs in Luleå, northern Sweden, between January and March 2021. TN and TP were determined upon sample collection, with RNA analysis undertaken on samples after one freeze–thaw cycle. The strength of the correlation between normalization approaches and clinical cases differed between WWTPs (r ≤ 0.73 or r ≥ 0.78 at the larger WWTP and r ≤ 0.23 or r ≥ 0.43 at the smaller WWTP), indicating that the use of wastewater as an epidemiological tool is context-dependent. Depending on the normalization approach utilized, time-shifted analyses imply that wastewater data on SARS-CoV-2 RNA pre-dated a rise in clinical cases by 0–2 and 5–8 days, for the lager and smaller WWTPs, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 viral loads normalized to the population or PMMoV better reflect the number of clinical cases when comparing wastewater data between sewer catchments.
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144
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Landstrom M, Braun E, Larson E, Miller M, Holm GH. Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance for detection of COVID-19 at a residential private college. FEMS MICROBES 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many colleges and universities utilized wastewater surveillance testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA as a tool to help monitor and mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic on campuses across the United States during the 2020-2021 academic year. We sought to assess the efficacy of one such program by analyzing data on relative wastewater RNA levels from residential buildings in relation to SARS-CoV-2 cases identified through individual surveillance testing, conducted largely independent of wastewater results. Almost 80% of the cases on campus were associated with positive wastewater tests, resulting in an overall positive predictive value of 79% (Chi square 48.1, Df = 1, p < 0.001). However, half of the positive wastewater samples occurred in the two weeks following the return of a student to the residence hall following the 10-day isolation period, and therefore were not useful in predicting new infections. When these samples were excluded, the positive predictive value of a positive wastewater sample was 54%. Overall, we conclude that the continued shedding of viral RNA by patients past the time of potential transmission confounds the identification of new cases using wastewater surveillance, and decreases its effectiveness in managing SARS-CoV-2 infections on a residential college campus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ellen Larson
- Student Health Services, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY, USA13346
| | - Merrill Miller
- Student Health Services, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, NY, USA13346
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145
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Caduff L, Dreifuss D, Schindler T, Devaux AJ, Ganesanandamoorthy P, Kull A, Stachler E, Fernandez-Cassi X, Beerenwinkel N, Kohn T, Ort C, Julian TR. Inferring transmission fitness advantage of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern from wastewater samples using digital PCR, Switzerland, December 2020 through March 2021. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2100806. [PMID: 35272748 PMCID: PMC8915404 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.10.2100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThroughout the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants of concern (VOCs) have repeatedly and independently arisen. VOCs are characterised by increased transmissibility, increased virulence or reduced neutralisation by antibodies obtained from prior infection or vaccination. Tracking the introduction and transmission of VOCs relies on sequencing, typically whole genome sequencing of clinical samples. Wastewater surveillance is increasingly used to track the introduction and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants through sequencing approaches.AimHere, we adapt and apply a rapid, high-throughput method for detection and quantification of the relative frequency of two deletions characteristic of the Alpha, Beta, and Gamma VOCs in wastewater.MethodsWe developed drop-off RT-dPCR assays and an associated statistical approach implemented in the R package WWdPCR to analyse temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 signature mutations (spike Δ69-70 and ORF1a Δ3675-3677) in wastewater and quantify transmission fitness advantage of the Alpha VOC.ResultsBased on analysis of Zurich wastewater samples, the estimated transmission fitness advantage of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha based on the spike Δ69-70 was 0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.30-0.39) and based on ORF1a Δ3675-3677 was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.49-0.57), aligning with the transmission fitness advantage of Alpha estimated by clinical sample sequencing in the surrounding canton of 0.49 (95% CI: 0.38-0.61).ConclusionDigital PCR assays targeting signature mutations in wastewater offer near real-time monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and potentially earlier detection and inference on transmission fitness advantage than clinical sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Caduff
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - David Dreifuss
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander J Devaux
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Anina Kull
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Elyse Stachler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Timothy R Julian
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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146
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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147
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Rahimi P, Islam MS, Duarte PM, Tazerji SS, Sobur MA, El Zowalaty ME, Ashour HM, Rahman MT. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food production and animal health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022; 121:105-113. [PMID: 34898853 PMCID: PMC8647343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory coronavirus syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in Wuhan, China and spread to other countries and continents causing a variety of respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms which led to death in severe cases. SCOPE AND APPROACH In this review, we discuss and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on animal production systems and food production of meat, dairy, eggs, and processed food, in addition to assessing the impact of the pandemic on animal healthcare systems, animal healthcare quality, animal welfare, food chain sustainability, and the global economy. We also provide effective recommendations to animal producers, veterinary healthcare professionals, workers in animal products industries, and governments to alleviate the effects of the pandemic on livestock farming and production systems. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Port restrictions, border restrictions, curfews, and social distancing limitations led to reduced quality, productivity, and competitiveness of key productive sectors. The restrictions have hit the livestock sector hard by disrupting the animal feed supply chain, reducing animal farming services, limiting animal health services including delays in diagnosis and treatment of diseases, limiting access to markets and consumers, and reducing labor-force participation. The inhumane culling of animals jeopardized animal welfare. Egg smashing, milk dumping, and other animal product disruptions negatively impacted food production, consumption, and access to food originating from animals. In summary, COVID-19 triggered lockdowns and limitations on local and international trade have taken their toll on food production, animal production, and animal health and welfare. COVID-19 reverberations could exacerbate food insecurity, hunger, and global poverty. The effects could be massive on the most vulnerable populations and the poorest nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Rahimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Phelipe Magalhães Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Bioscience, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Md Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hossam M Ashour
- Department of Integrative Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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148
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Sangsanont J, Rattanakul S, Kongprajug A, Chyerochana N, Sresung M, Sriporatana N, Wanlapakorn N, Poovorawan Y, Mongkolsuk S, Sirikanchana K. SARS-CoV-2 RNA surveillance in large to small centralized wastewater treatment plants preceding the third COVID-19 resurgence in Bangkok, Thailand. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151169. [PMID: 34699826 PMCID: PMC8540006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been a successful indicator of COVID-19 outbreaks in populations prior to clinical testing. However, this has been mostly conducted in high-income countries, which means there is a dearth of performance investigations in low- and middle-income countries with different socio-economic settings. This study evaluated the applicability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA monitoring in wastewater (n = 132) to inform COVID-19 infection in the city of Bangkok, Thailand using CDC N1 and N2 RT-qPCR assays. Wastewater influents (n = 112) and effluents (n = 20) were collected from 19 centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) comprising four large, four medium, and 11 small WWTPs during seven sampling events from January to April 2021 prior to the third COVID-19 resurgence that was officially declared in April 2021. The CDC N1 assay showed higher detection rates and mostly lower Ct values than the CDC N2. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was first detected at the first event when new reported cases were low. Increased positive detection rates preceded an increase in the number of newly reported cases and increased over time with the reported infection incidence. Wastewater surveillance (both positive rates and viral loads) showed strongest correlation with daily new COVID-19 cases at 22-24 days lag (Spearman's Rho = 0.85-1.00). Large WWTPs (serving 432,000-580,000 of the population) exhibited similar trends of viral loads and new cases to those from all 19 WWTPs, emphasizing that routine monitoring of the four large WWTPs could provide sufficient information for the city-scale dynamics. Higher sampling frequency at fewer sites, i.e., at the four representative WWTPs, is therefore suggested especially during the subsiding period of the outbreak to indicate the prevalence of COVID-19 infection, acting as an early warning of COVID-19 resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatuwat Sangsanont
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environmental Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Akechai Kongprajug
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Natcha Chyerochana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Montakarn Sresung
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Nonnarit Sriporatana
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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149
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Wade MJ, Lo Jacomo A, Armenise E, Brown MR, Bunce JT, Cameron GJ, Fang Z, Farkas K, Gilpin DF, Graham DW, Grimsley JMS, Hart A, Hoffmann T, Jackson KJ, Jones DL, Lilley CJ, McGrath JW, McKinley JM, McSparron C, Nejad BF, Morvan M, Quintela-Baluja M, Roberts AMI, Singer AC, Souque C, Speight VL, Sweetapple C, Walker D, Watts G, Weightman A, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Understanding and managing uncertainty and variability for wastewater monitoring beyond the pandemic: Lessons learned from the United Kingdom national COVID-19 surveillance programmes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127456. [PMID: 34655869 PMCID: PMC8498793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has put unprecedented pressure on public health resources around the world. From adversity, opportunities have arisen to measure the state and dynamics of human disease at a scale not seen before. In the United Kingdom, the evidence that wastewater could be used to monitor the SARS-CoV-2 virus prompted the development of National wastewater surveillance programmes. The scale and pace of this work has proven to be unique in monitoring of virus dynamics at a national level, demonstrating the importance of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for public health protection. Beyond COVID-19, it can provide additional value for monitoring and informing on a range of biological and chemical markers of human health. A discussion of measurement uncertainty associated with surveillance of wastewater, focusing on lessons-learned from the UK programmes monitoring COVID-19 is presented, showing that sources of uncertainty impacting measurement quality and interpretation of data for public health decision-making, are varied and complex. While some factors remain poorly understood, we present approaches taken by the UK programmes to manage and mitigate the more tractable sources of uncertainty. This work provides a platform to integrate uncertainty management into WBE activities as part of global One Health initiatives beyond the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Wade
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK; Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Anna Lo Jacomo
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK; Bristol University, Department of Engineering Mathematics, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Elena Armenise
- Environment Agency, Research, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK
| | - Mathew R Brown
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK; Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Joshua T Bunce
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK; Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Seacole Building, 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF, UK
| | - Graeme J Cameron
- Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Strathallan House, Stirling FK9 4TZ, UK
| | - Zhou Fang
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- Bangor University, School of Natural Sciences, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Deidre F Gilpin
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - David W Graham
- Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jasmine M S Grimsley
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK
| | - Alwyn Hart
- Environment Agency, Research, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK
| | - Till Hoffmann
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK; Imperial College London, Department of Mathematics, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katherine J Jackson
- Environment Agency, Research, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK
| | - David L Jones
- Bangor University, School of Natural Sciences, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK; The University of Western Australia, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Chris J Lilley
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK
| | - John W McGrath
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Jennifer M McKinley
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Natural and Built Environment, Stranmills Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Cormac McSparron
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Natural and Built Environment, Stranmills Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Behnam F Nejad
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Natural and Built Environment, Stranmills Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Mario Morvan
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK; University College London, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- Newcastle University, School of Engineering, Cassie Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Adrian M I Roberts
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Andrew C Singer
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Célia Souque
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK; University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Vanessa L Speight
- University of Sheffield, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Chris Sweetapple
- UK Health Security Agency, Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Windsor House, Victoria Street, London SW1H 0TL, UK; University of Exeter, Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - David Walker
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Glenn Watts
- Environment Agency, Research, Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol BS1 5AH, UK
| | - Andrew Weightman
- Cardiff University, Cardiff School of Biosciences, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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150
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Vlaskin MS. Review of air disinfection approaches and proposal for thermal inactivation of airborne viruses as a life-style and an instrument to fight pandemics. APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 2022; 202:117855. [PMID: 34867067 PMCID: PMC8628600 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic highlighted the importance of air biosecurity because SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted from person to person via airborne droplets. Preventing infectious droplets from entering the body is one of the best ways to protect against infection. This paper reviews the transmission patterns of airborne pathogens and air disinfection methods. A particular emphasis is put on studies devoted to the thermal inactivation of viruses. These reviews reveal that air heat treatment has not been seriously considered as a possible air disinfection approach. Simple calculations show that the energy input required for thermal disinfection of human's air daily consumption is almost the same as for daily water consumption (by heat treatment from room temperature to 100 °C). Moreover, it is possible to organize a continuous heat recovery from the air already heated during disinfection to the inlet air, thus significantly increasing the energy efficiency. Therefore, I propose a solution for the thermal inactivation of airborne pathogens based on air heating and its subsequent cooling in a heat exchanger with heat recovery. Such a solution could be used to create mobile personal and stationary indoor air disinfectors, as well as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Thermal disinfection of air to breathe might one day be part of people's daily life like thermal disinfection of drinking water. Aside from limiting infectious disease transmission, thermal inactivation might be the basis for developing inhaled vaccines using thermally inactivated whole pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Vlaskin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13/2 Izhorskaya St, Moscow 125412, Russia
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