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Morón-López J, Nieto-Reyes L, Aguado S, El-Shehawy R, Molina S. Recycling of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes for membrane biofilms reactors (MBfRs). Effect of chlorination on the membrane surface and gas permeability. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:103-112. [PMID: 31128344 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reducing human impacts on drinking water is one of the main challenges for the water treatment industry. This work provides new results to support the recycling of EoL desalination reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for Membranes Biofilm Reactors (MBfRs). We investigate if the controlled-removal of fouling and polyamide layer may favor the use of these membranes in MBfRs. It also would allow establishing a normalized methodology of membrane recycling, regardless of inherited fouling during its lifespan. For this purpose, we transform by chlorination discarded brackish (BWd) and seawater (SWd) membranes into nanofiltration (BWt-NF and SWt-NF) and ultrafiltration (BWt-UF and SWt-UF) membranes. Our results show that chlorine attacks allow the fouling cleaning while improves the hydrophilicity and maintains roughness only in BWt-NF. Therefore, the bacterial deposition in this membrane is greater than the other tested membranes. Besides, the microcystin (MC) degradation capacity of BWt-NF verifies the compatibility of the chemical modification for the biological activity of MC-degrading bacteria. Finally, our results also provide that polyamide thin-film composite (PA-TFC) membranes, originally manufactured for salt rejection during desalination processes, offer competitive gases diffusion at low pressures. Therefore, we conclude that the membrane recycling may provide alternative low cost and gas permeable membranes for MBfRs, according to circular economy principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Morón-López
- IMDEA Water Institute, Punto Com. nº 2. 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28871, Spain.
| | - Lucía Nieto-Reyes
- IMDEA Water Institute, Punto Com. nº 2. 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Aguado
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33,600, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28871, Spain
| | - Rehab El-Shehawy
- IMDEA Water Institute, Punto Com. nº 2. 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Serena Molina
- IMDEA Water Institute, Punto Com. nº 2. 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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102
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Protective effects of melatonin and N-acetyl cysteine against oxidative stress induced by microcystin-LR on cardiac muscle tissue. Toxicon 2019; 169:38-44. [PMID: 31465783 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin Leucine-Arginine (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. It is the most encountered and toxic type of cyanotoxins. Oxidative stress was shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of microcystin LR by the induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation that oxidize and damage cellular macromolecules. In the present study we examined the effect of acute MC-LR dose on the cardiac muscle of BALB/c mice. Afterwards, melatonin and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) were assayed and evaluated as potential protective and antioxidant agents against damages generated by MC-LR. For this purpose, thirty mice were assigned into six groups of five mice each. The effect of MC-LR was first compared to the control group supplied with distilled water, then compared to the other groups supplied with melatonin and NAC. The experiment lasted 10 days after which animals were euthanized. Biomarkers of toxicity such as alkaline phosphatase activity, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, reduced glutathione content, serum lactate dehydrogenase and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase were assayed. Results showed that toxin treated mice have experienced significant oxidative damage in their myocardial tissue as revealed by noticeable levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and by the reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity. Whereas, melatonin and NAC treated mice manifested lesser oxidative damages. Our findings suggest a potential therapeutic use of melatonin and N-acetyl cysteine as antioxidant protective agents against oxidative damage induced by MC-LR.
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103
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Carbon Transfer from Cyanobacteria to Pelagic and Benthic Consumers in a Subtropical Lake: Evidence from a 13C Labelling Experiment. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11081536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eutrophication of lakes often results in dominance of cyanobacteria, which may potentially lead to serious blooms and toxic water. However, cyanobacterial detritus may act as an important carbon source for aquatic organisms. Using stable isotope carbon (13C) as a tracer, we assessed the carbon transfer from cyanobacteria to pelagic and benthic consumers in a 28-day outdoor mesocosm (~130 L) labelling experiment established in Lake Taihu, China, during a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom. The different organisms were labelled differently after addition of the labelled Microcystis detritus to the water. δ13C of particulate organic matter and of cladoceran zooplankton peaked earlier than for larger invertebrate consumers. Among the pelagic species, Daphnia similis had the highest Δδ13C, while the two snail species Radix swinhoei and Bellamya aeruginosa had lower but similar Δδ13C. The bivalves showed relatively modest changes in δ13C. The δ13C of Anodonta woodiana and Unio douglasiae showed a marginal though not significant increase, while a marked increase occurred for Arconaia lanceolate peaking on day 20, and Corbicula fluminea a slight increase peaking on day 9. Our results suggest that carbon from cyanobacteria can be incorporated by pelagic and some benthic consumers and eventually be transferred to higher trophic levels. Cyanobacterial carbon may, therefore, be considered an important carbon source supporting the entire food web during blooms, even if the cyanobacteria are not consumed directly.
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104
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Accumulation of Microcystin-LR in Grains of Two Rice Varieties ( Oryza sativa L.) and a Leafy Vegetable, Ipomoea aquatica. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080432. [PMID: 31344839 PMCID: PMC6722703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential transfer of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) to humans via crop plants irrigated with MC-contaminated water is causing serious concern. In this study, two Oryza sativa variants, a hybrid (BG358), a traditional (Suwandel) variety, and a leafy green vegetable crop, Ipomoea aquatica, were exposed under laboratory conditions to natural blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa sampled from a hypereutrophic lake contaminated with MC-LR (3,197.37 ± 1.04 µg/L). Field samples of O. sativa and I. aquatica were collected from farmlands that had been irrigated from a reservoir, containing MC-LR (180 µg/L). MC-LR was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography followed by photodiode-array detection (HPLC-PDA). From the laboratory study, we calculated the potential human health exposure from BG358, Suwandel and I. aquatica as 2.84 ± 0.01, 0.22 ± 0.01, and 0.06 ± 0.01 µg/kg of body weight/day, respectively, whereas the potential health exposures from BG358, Suwandel and I. aquatica collected from the field were 0.10 ± 0.01, 0.009 ± 0.005, and 0.03 ± 0.01 µg/kg of body weight/day, respectively. In certain instances, the results exceeded the World Health Organization’s (WHO) tolerable daily intake of MC-LR, posing a potential health risk to humans. Thus, our results emphasize the importance of continuous screening programs for cyanotoxins in edible plants in the future to prevent the consumption of contaminated crops.
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105
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Wang Q, Wang X, Zhang S, Zong W. Molecular mechanism for the discrepant inhibition of microcystins on protein phosphatase 1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21774-21783. [PMID: 31134550 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to variable amino acid residues at positions 2 and 4, microcystins (MCs) had diversified variants with different toxicities. To evaluate the discrepant toxicity, the inhibition effects of five typical MC variants (with the changed amino acid residues at position 4) target to PP1 were evaluated. The inhibition sequence was verified as follows: MCLR (IC50 = 2.6 μg/L) > MCLF (IC50 = 4.4 μg/L) > MCLA (IC50 = 5.5 μg/L) > MCLY (IC50 = 7.9 μg/L) > MCLW (IC50 = 13.6 μg/L). To further clarify the inhibition mechanism for variant toxicity, the interactions between MCs and PP1 were evaluated with the assistance of MOE molecule simulation. Results show the hydrophobic interaction (Adda5 with PP1) and the hydrogen bonds (especially for Z4 → Glu275) were positively correlated with MC toxicity, while the hydrogen bonds (Leu2 ← Arg96, IsoAsp3 ← Arg96, and IsoAsp3 ← Tyr134) and the ion bonds (between Mn2+ and His173/Asn124/Asp92) were negatively correlated with toxicity. However, the hydrogen bonds (Ala1 → Glu275, Mdha7 ← Gly274, Z4 ← Arg221, and Adda5 ← His125), the covalent combination (between Mdha7 and Cys273), and the ion bonds (between Mn2+ and His248/Asp64/His66) were weakly correlated with toxicity. By further analysis, the steric hindrance and hydrophobicity introduced by different Z4 residues affected the changes for combination area and energy of MC-PP1 complexes, leading to the discrepancies in MC toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhan Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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106
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Sarkar S, Kimono D, Albadrani M, Seth RK, Busbee P, Alghetaa H, Porter DE, Scott GI, Brooks B, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Chatterjee S. Environmental microcystin targets the microbiome and increases the risk of intestinal inflammatory pathology via NOX2 in underlying murine model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8742. [PMID: 31217465 PMCID: PMC6584534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With increased climate change pressures likely to influence harmful algal blooms, exposure to microcystin, a known hepatotoxin and a byproduct of cyanobacterial blooms can be a risk factor for NAFLD associated comorbidities. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments we show that microcystin exposure in NAFLD mice cause rapid alteration of gut microbiome, rise in bacterial genus known for mediating gut inflammation and lactate production. Changes in the microbiome were strongly associated with inflammatory pathology in the intestine, gut leaching, tight junction protein alterations and increased oxidative tyrosyl radicals. Increased lactate producing bacteria from the altered microbiome was associated with increased NOX-2, an NADPH oxidase isoform. Activationof NOX2 caused inflammasome activation as shown by NLRP3/ASCII and NLRP3/Casp-1 colocalizations in these cells while use of mice lacking a crucial NOX2 component attenuated inflammatory pathology and redox changes. Mechanistically, NOX2 mediated peroxynitrite species were primary to inflammasome activation and release of inflammatory mediators. Thus, in conclusion, microcystin exposure in NAFLD could significantly alter intestinal pathology especially by the effects on microbiome and resultant redox status thus advancing our understanding of the co-existence of NAFLD-linked inflammatory bowel disease phenotypes in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Sarkar
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Diana Kimono
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Muayad Albadrani
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Ratanesh K Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Philip Busbee
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Hasan Alghetaa
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Dwayne E Porter
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Geoff I Scott
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Bryan Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.
- NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.
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107
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Akter S, Kustila T, Leivo J, Muralitharan G, Vehniäinen M, Lamminmäki U. Noncompetitive Chromogenic Lateral-Flow Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Microcystins and Nodularin. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E79. [PMID: 31216673 PMCID: PMC6627203 DOI: 10.3390/bios9020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms cause local and global health issues by contaminating surface waters. Microcystins and nodularins are cyclic cyanobacterial peptide toxins comprising numerous natural variants. Most of them are potent hepatotoxins, tumor promoters, and at least microcystin-LR is possibly carcinogenic. In drinking water, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the provisional guideline value of 1 µg/L for microcystin-LR. For water used for recreational activity, the guidance values for microcystin concentration varies mostly between 4-25 µg/L in different countries. Current immunoassays or lateral flow strips for microcystin/nodularin are based on indirect competitive method, which are generally more prone to sample interference and sometimes hard to interpret compared to two-site immunoassays. Simple, sensitive, and easy to interpret user-friendly methods for first line screening of microcystin/nodularin near water sources are needed for assessment of water quality and safety. We describe the development of a two-site sandwich format lateral-flow assay for the rapid detection of microcystins and nodularin-R. A unique antibody fragment capable of broadly recognizing immunocomplexes consisting of a capture antibody bound to microcystins/nodularin-R was used to develop the simple lateral flow immunoassay. The assay can visually detect the major hepatotoxins (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, -LY, -LF -LW, and nodularin-R) at and below the concentration of 4 µg/L. The signal is directly proportional to the concentration of the respective toxin, and the use of alkaline phosphatase activity offers a cost efficient alternative by eliminating the need of toxin conjugates or other labeling system. The easy to interpret assay has the potential to serve as a microcystins/nodularin screening tool for those involved in water quality monitoring such as municipal authorities, researchers, as well as general public concerned of bathing water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Akter
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Teemu Kustila
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Janne Leivo
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Gangatharan Muralitharan
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Palkalaiperur, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Markus Vehniäinen
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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108
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Abstract
Cyanobacteria, formerly called ”blue-green algae“, are simple, primitive photosynthetic microorganism wide occurrence in fresh, brackish and salt waters. Forty different genera ofCyanobacteriaare known and many of them are producers of potent toxins responsible for a wide array of human illnesses, aquatic mammal and bird morbidity and mortality, and extensive fish kills. These cyanotoxins act as neurotoxins or hepatotoxins and are structurally and functionally diverse, and many are derived from unique biosynthetic pathways. All known cyanotoxins and their chemical and toxicological characteristics are presented in this article.
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109
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Kim MS, Lee C. Ozonation of Microcystins: Kinetics and Toxicity Decrease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6427-6435. [PMID: 31059247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ozonation of six microcystins (MCs) (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA, MC-LF, MC-YR, and MC-LW) was investigated with a focus on the kinetics and decrease in toxicity. Second-order rate constants for the reactions of the six MCs with O3 and •OH ( kO3,MC and k•OH,MC) ranged from 7.1 × 105 to 6.1 × 106 M-1 s-1 ( kO3,MC) and from 1.2 × 1010 to 1.8 × 1010 M-1 s-1 ( k•OH,MC), at pH 7.2 and 20 °C. The activation energies were calculated to be 21.6-34.5 and 11.6-13.1 kJ mol-1 for kO3,MC and k•OH,MC, respectively. The rate constants did not show an important pH dependency, except for kO3,MC-YR, which increased at pH > 7. A kinetic model using the determined rate constants and the measured exposures of O3 and •OH was able to precisely predict the removal of MCs in natural water. The hepatotoxicities of MCs were decreased by ozonation; the toxicities of the four MCs (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA, and MC-LF) decreased nearly concurrently with decreases in their concentrations. However, MC-YR and MC-LW showed a gap between the concentration and toxicity as a result of the incomplete destruction of the Adda moiety (a key amino acid expressing the hepatotoxicity of MCs). A product study using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified a number of oxidation products with an intact Adda moiety produced by the ozonation of MC-YR and MC-LW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP) , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP) , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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110
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Redouane EM, El Amrani Zerrifi S, El Khalloufi F, Oufdou K, Oudra B, Lahrouni M, Campos A, Vasconcelos V. Mode of action and fate of microcystins in the complex soil-plant ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:270-281. [PMID: 30877921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, global warming has increasingly stimulated the expansion of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, in which toxic cyanobacteria produce various congeners of cyanotoxins, mainly dominated by microcystins (MCs). MCs introduced into agricultural soils have deleterious effects on the germination, growth and development of plants and their associated microbiota, leading to remarkable yield losses. Phytotoxicity of MCs may refer to the inhibition of phosphatases activity, generating deleterious reactive oxygen species, altering gene functioning and phytohormones translocation within the plant. It is also known that MCs can pass through the root membrane barrier, translocate within plant tissues and accumulate into different organs, including edible ones. Also, MCs impact the microbial activity in soil via altering plant-bacterial symbioses and decreasing bacterial growth rate of rhizospheric microbiota. Moreover, MCs can persist in agricultural soils through adsorption to clay-humic acid particles and results in a long-term contact with the plant-microflora complex. However, their bioavailability to plants and half-life in soil seem to be influenced by biodegradation process and soil physicochemical properties. This review reports the latest and most relevant information regarding MCs-phytotoxicity and impact on soil microbiota, the persistence in soil, the degradation by native microflora and the bioaccumulation within plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mahdi Redouane
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Soukaina El Amrani Zerrifi
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Khalloufi
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP. 145 Khouribga, 25000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Oufdou
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Majida Lahrouni
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques, BP. 509, 52000, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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111
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Li M, Paidi SK, Sakowski E, Preheim S, Barman I. Ultrasensitive Detection of Hepatotoxic Microcystin Production from Cyanobacteria Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Immunosensor. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1203-1210. [PMID: 30990314 PMCID: PMC6776237 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is considered the most common hazardous toxin produced during harmful algal blooms. In addition to potential risk of long-term exposure to low concentrations in drinking water, acute toxicity due to MC-LR resulting from algal blooms could result in fatalities in rare cases. Although several methods are currently available to detect MC-LR, development of a low-cost, ultrasensitive measurement method would help limit exposure by enabling early detection and continuous monitoring of MC-LR. Here, we develop a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopic immunosensor for detection and quantification of the hepatotoxic MC-LR toxin in aquatic settings with excellent robustness, selectivity, and sensitivity. We demonstrate that the developed SERS sensor can reach a limit of detection (0.014 μg/L) at least 1 order of magnitude lower and display a linear dynamic detection range (0.01 μg/L to 100 μg/L) 2 orders of magnitude wider in comparison to the commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. The superior analytical performance of this SERS immunosensor enables monitoring of the dynamic production of MC-LR from a Microcystis aeruginosa culture. We believe that the present method could serve as a useful tool for detection of hepatotoxic microcystin toxins in various aquatic settings such as drinking water, lakes, and reservoirs. Further development of this technique could result in single-cell microcystin resolution or real-time monitoring to mitigate the associated toxicity and economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Power Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Paidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Eric Sakowski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Sarah Preheim
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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112
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Júnior JJS, Soares TA, Pol-Fachin L, Machado DC, Rusu VH, Aguiar JP, Rodrigues CG. Alpha-hemolysin nanopore allows discrimination of the microcystins variants. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14683-14691. [PMID: 35516306 PMCID: PMC9064141 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10384d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a class of cyclic heptapeptides with more than 100 variants produced by cyanobacteria present in surface waters. MCs are potent hepatotoxic agents responsible for fatal poisoning in animals and humans. Several techniques are employed in the detection of MCs, however, there is a shortage of methods capable of discriminating variants of MCs. In this work we demonstrate that the α-hemolysin (αHL) nanopore can detect and discriminate the variants (LR, YR and RR) of MCs in aqueous solution. The discrimination process is based on the analysis of the residence times of each variant of MCs within the unitary nanopore, as well as, on the amplitudes of the blockages in the ionic current flowing through it. Simulations of molecular dynamics and calculation of the electrostatic potential revealed that the variants of MCs present different charge distribution and correlated with the three patterns on the amplitudes of the blockages in the ionic current. Additionally, molecular docking analysis indicates different patterns of interaction of the variants of MCs with two specific regions of the nanopore. We conclude that αHL nanopore can discriminate variants of microcystins by a mechanism based mainly on electrostatic interaction. Finally, we propose the use of nanopore-based technology as a promising method for analyzing microcystins in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janilson J S Júnior
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil +55 81 2126 8560 +55 81 2126 8535
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Terapêutica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Thereza A Soares
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Cidade Universitária 50740-560 Recife PE Brazil
| | - Laércio Pol-Fachin
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Cidade Universitária 50740-560 Recife PE Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Cidade Universitária 50740-465 Recife PE Brazil
| | - Dijanah C Machado
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil +55 81 2126 8560 +55 81 2126 8535
| | - Victor H Rusu
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Cidade Universitária 50740-560 Recife PE Brazil
| | - Juliana P Aguiar
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil +55 81 2126 8560 +55 81 2126 8535
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Terapêutica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Cláudio G Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária Recife Pernambuco 50670-901 Brazil +55 81 2126 8560 +55 81 2126 8535
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Inovação Terapêutica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
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113
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Calabro K, Genta-Jouve G, Thomas OP. Structure Revision of Microginins 674 and 690 from the Cultured Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:1040-1044. [PMID: 30892033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The structures of the commercially available microginins 674 and 690 isolated from a cultured strain of Microcystis aeruginosa and only recently characterized have been revisited. Using NMR and HRMS/MS data, an inversion of two amino acids, N-methylmethionine and tyrosine, in the structure of these metabolites is unambiguously demonstrated. These results highlight the importance of careful examination of spectroscopic data for the proposition of structures of natural products, especially when they are of commercial value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Calabro
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 Rue Albert Einstein , 06560 Valbonne , France
| | - Grégory Genta-Jouve
- C-TAC UMR-CNRS 8638 COMETE , Université Paris Descartes , 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire , 75270 Paris Cedex 06 , France
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur, 250 Rue Albert Einstein , 06560 Valbonne , France
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway) , University Road , H91 TK33 Galway , Ireland
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114
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Photocatalytic Degradation of Microcystins by TiO2 Using UV-LED Controlled Periodic Illumination. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic microcystins (MCs) produced by freshwater cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa are of concern because of their negative health and economic impacts globally. An advanced oxidation process using UV/TiO2 offers a promising treatment option for hazardous organic pollutants such as microcystins. The following work details the successful degradation of MC-LA, MC-LR, and MC-RR using a porous titanium–titanium dioxide (PTT) membrane under UV-LED light. Microcystin quantitation was achieved by sample concentration and subsequent LC–MS/MS analysis. The PTT membrane offers a treatment option that eliminates the need for the additional filtration or separation steps required for traditional catalysts. Controlled periodic illumination was successfully used to decrease the total light exposure time and improve the photonic efficiency for a more cost-effective treatment system. Individual degradation rates were influenced by electrostatic forces between the catalyst and differently charged microcystins, which can potentially be adjusted by modifying the solution pH and the catalyst’s isoelectric point.
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115
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Han J, Jeon BS, Mizuno K, Yoshida K, Park HD. Influences of small-scale oscillations on growth inhibition and ultrastructural changes of Microcystis cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 53:1161-1166. [PMID: 30623747 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1530329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of small-scale oscillation (SSO) on toxic Microcystis cells. The oscillating device was made of silicon with two axes that had a diameter of ∼40 mm, and a frequency of 2.5 Hz was observed at 150 rpm. The SSO was effective in inhibiting Microcystis growth. Microcystin release was not observed, whereas cell density barely increased in the oscillating group. Cell size and morphology of the oscillating group were no different from the control group. However, cell quotas of chl.a and microcystin in the oscillating group were half the level of the control group. Crucially, a number of large-sized holes were observed and layered long linear thylakoids were rarely observed in the oscillating group. Therefore, SSO was found to be very effective in Microcystis growth inhibition, and it caused ultrastructural changes without damage to the cell membrane and subsequent microcystin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Han
- a Department of Mountain and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Bong-Seok Jeon
- a Department of Mountain and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Katsunori Mizuno
- b Department of Environment Systems, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Japan
| | - Kenji Yoshida
- c Institute of Management and Information Technologies, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Ho-Dong Park
- a Department of Mountain and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan
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116
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Li J, Chen C, Zhang T, Liu W, Wang L, Chen Y, Wu L, Hegazy AM, El-Sayed AF, Zhang X. μEvaluation of microcystin-LR absorption using an in vivo intestine model and its effect on zebrafish intestine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:186-194. [PMID: 30496952 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is regarded as one of the most toxic microcystins (MCs) isoforms. Microcystins could cause multiple organs dysfunction, and more attention has been drawn to the toxic effects on the gastrointestinal disorder. By using ex vivo everted gut sac model in 6 fish (Carassius auratus, Megalobrama amblycephala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis, Ctenopharyngodon idellus and Cyprinus carpio) and determining the accumulation of MC-LR in zebrafish intestine, we found a dose-dependent manner in the absorption and accumulation of MC-LR. Until now, little studies have been reported concerning the gut microbiota composition caused by different MC-LR exposure. The present study is the first time characterized the phylogenetic composition and taxonomic of the bacterial communities growth in the intestines of zebrafish treated with MC-LR using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. After 30 days of treatment with 0, 1, 5 or 20 μg/L MC-LR, the alpha and beta diversity did not generate significant differences, indicating the existence of a core microbiota. However, db-RDA analysis showed that treatment with 20 μg/L MC-LR changed the characteristics of high abundances microbiota. The expression of Oatp2b1, stress related enzyme activities in gut and their associations with gut microbiota were also determined. The identified phylotypes including Actinobacteria, Lactobacillus and some opportunistic pathogens highlight the increasing risks of pathogen invasion and recovery tendency via potential probiotics resistance in zebrafish exposed to MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanyue Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tongzhou Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Abeer M Hegazy
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China; Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring "CLEQM" National Water Research Center "NWRC" Cairo, Egypt
| | - A F El-Sayed
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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117
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Cullen A, Pearson LA, Mazmouz R, Liu T, Soeriyadi AH, Ongley SE, Neilan BA. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterisation of cyanotoxin biosynthesis pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1117-1136. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses cyanotoxin biosynthetic pathways and highlights the heterologous expression and biochemical studies used to characterise them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alescia Cullen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Leanne A. Pearson
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Rabia Mazmouz
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Tianzhe Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Angela H. Soeriyadi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Sarah E. Ongley
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
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118
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Qin J, Sun X, Li D, Yan G. Phosphorescent immunosensor for simple and sensitive detection of microcystin-LR in water. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12747-12754. [PMID: 35515855 PMCID: PMC9063644 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and sensitive Mn–ZnS quantum dot room-temperature phosphorescent immunosensor for detecting microcystin-LR was developed. This sensor adopted antigens and antibodies as recognition units and used Mn–ZnS RTP QDs as sensing materials to specifically bind with MC-LR. The structurally specific binding between the microcystin-LR antibody and MC-LR led to the aggregation of antibody-crosslinked QDs, and then the electrons of QDs would be transferred to the complex, leading to the phosphorescence quenching of QDs. The microcystin-LR antigen–antibody specific binding site was first analyzed. This phosphorescent immunosensor rapidly and sensitively detected microcystin-LR, with linear ranges of 0.2–1.5 μg L−1 and 1.5–20 μg L−1 and a detection limit of up to 0.024 μg L−1. Meanwhile, coexisting pollutants of microcystin-LR in water did not significantly interfere with microcystin-LR detection. The new sensor was applied to detect real water samples and showed high sensitivity and selectivity. A simple and sensitive Mn–ZnS quantum dot room-temperature phosphorescent immunosensor for detecting microcystin-LR was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qin
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen
- China
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119
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Liu Y, Ji J, Cui F, Sun J, Wu H, Pi F, Zhang Y, Sun X. Development of a two-step immunochromatographic assay for microcystin-LR based on fluorescent microspheres. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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120
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Swingle MR, Honkanen RE. Inhibitors of Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatases: Biochemical and Structural Studies Provide Insight for Further Development. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2634-2660. [PMID: 29737249 PMCID: PMC10013172 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180508095242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reversible phosphorylation of proteins regulates many key functions in eukaryotic cells. Phosphorylation is catalyzed by protein kinases, with the majority of phosphorylation occurring on side chains of serine and threonine residues. The phosphomonoesters generated by protein kinases are hydrolyzed by protein phosphatases. In the absence of a phosphatase, the half-time for the hydrolysis of alkyl phosphate dianions at 25º C is over 1 trillion years; knon ~2 x 10-20 sec-1. Therefore, ser/thr phosphatases are critical for processes controlled by reversible phosphorylation. METHODS This review is based on the literature searched in available databases. We compare the catalytic mechanism of PPP-family phosphatases (PPPases) and the interactions of inhibitors that target these enzymes. RESULTS PPPases are metal-dependent hydrolases that enhance the rate of hydrolysis ([kcat/kM]/knon ) by a factor of ~1021, placing them among the most powerful known catalysts on earth. Biochemical and structural studies indicate that the remarkable catalytic proficiencies of PPPases are achieved by 10 conserved amino acids, DXH(X)~26DXXDR(X)~20- 26NH(X)~50H(X)~25-45R(X)~30-40H. Six act as metal-coordinating residues. Four position and orient the substrate phosphate. Together, two metal ions and the 10 catalytic residues position the phosphoryl group and an activated bridging water/hydroxide nucleophile for an inline attack upon the substrate phosphorous atom. The PPPases are conserved among species, and many structurally diverse natural toxins co-evolved to target these enzymes. CONCLUSION Although the catalytic site is conserved, opportunities for the development of selective inhibitors of this important group of metalloenzymes exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Swingle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile AL 36688, United States
| | - Richard E Honkanen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile AL 36688, United States
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121
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Duffy F, Maheshwari N, Buchete NV, Shields D. Computational Opportunities and Challenges in Finding Cyclic Peptide Modulators of Protein-Protein Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2001:73-95. [PMID: 31134568 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9504-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptide cyclization can improve stability, conformational constraint, and compactness. However, apart from beta-turn structures, which are well incorporated into cyclic peptides (CPs), many primary peptide structures and functions are markedly altered by cyclization. Accordingly, to mimic linear peptide interfaces with cyclic peptides, it can be beneficial to screen combinatorial cyclic peptide libraries. Computational methods have been developed to screen CPs, but face a number of challenges. Here, we review methods to develop in silico computational libraries, and the potential for screening naturally occurring libraries of CPs. The simplest and most rapid computational pharmacophore methods that estimate peptide three-dimensional structures to be screened versus targets are relatively easy to implement, and while the constraint on structure imposed by cyclization makes them more effective than the same approaches with linear peptides, there are a large number of limiting assumptions. In contrast, full molecular dynamics simulations of cyclic peptide structures not only are costly to implement, but also require careful attention to interpretation, so that not only is the computation time rate limiting, but the interpretation time is also rate limiting due to the analysis of the typically complex underlying conformational space of CPs. A challenge for the field of computational cyclic peptide screening is to bridge this gap effectively. Natural compound libraries of short cyclic peptides, and short cyclized regions of proteins, encoded in the genomes of many organisms present a potential treasure trove of novel functionality which may be screened via combined computational and experimental screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal Duffy
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nikunj Maheshwari
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Denis Shields
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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122
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Díez-Quijada L, Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Jos A, Cameán AM. Occurrence and toxicity of microcystin congeners other than MC-LR and MC-RR: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 125:106-132. [PMID: 30597222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins is being increasingly reported. This is a reason for concern as they can induce toxic effects both in humans and in the environment. Among them, microcystins (MCs) are the best described and most diverse group of cyanobacterial toxins, and MC-LR and MC-RR are the congeners most widely investigated. However, the number of MC variants has also increased in recent years. Some of these minority variants have been shown to have a different toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic profile, but research focused on them is still limited. Moreover, in some water bodies these minority variants can be the predominant toxins. Nonetheless, MC-LR is the only one used for risk evaluation purposes at present. In order to contribute to more realistic risk assessments in the future, the aim of this review was to compile the available information in the scientific literature regarding the occurrence and concentration of minority MCs in water and food samples, and their toxic effects. The data retrieved demonstrate the congener-specific toxicity of MCs, as well as many data gaps in relation to analytical or mechanistic aspects, among others. Therefore, further research is needed to improve the toxicological characterization of these toxins and the exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
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123
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Christophoridis C, Zervou SK, Manolidi K, Katsiapi M, Moustaka-Gouni M, Kaloudis T, Triantis TM, Hiskia A. Occurrence and diversity of cyanotoxins in Greek lakes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17877. [PMID: 30552354 PMCID: PMC6294760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria occur in Greek surface water bodies. However, studies on the occurrence of cyanotoxins (CTs) are often limited to mainly microcystins (MCs), with use of screening methods, such as ELISA, that are not conclusive of the chemical structure of the CT variants and can be subject to false positive results. A multi-lake survey in Greece (14 lakes) was conducted in water and biomass, targeted to a wide range of multi-class CTs including MCs, nodularin-R (NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin-a (ANA-a) and saxitoxins (STXs), using multi-class/variant LC-MS/MS analytical workflows, achieving sensitive detection, definitive identification and accurate quantitation. A wide variety of CTs (CYN, ANA-a, STX, neoSTX, dmMC-RR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-HtyR, dm3MC-LR, MC-LR, MC-HilR, MC-WR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-LF), were detected, with MCs being the most commonly occurring. In biomass, MC-RR was the most abundant toxin, reaching 754 ng mg−1 dw, followed by MC-LR (458 ng mg−1 dw). CYN and ANA-a were detected for the first time in the biomass of Greek lakes at low concentrations and STXs in lakes Trichonis, Vistonis and Petron. The abundance and diversity of CTs were also evaluated in relation to recreational health risks, in a case study with a proven history of MCs (Lake Kastoria).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophoros Christophoridis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Korina Manolidi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Katsiapi
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Moustaka-Gouni
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.,Water Quality Control Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company - EYDAP SA, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.
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124
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Hellenic Karst Aquifers Vulnerability Approach Using Factor Analysis: The Example of the Louros Karst Aquifers. GEOSCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences8110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The karst aquifers of the Hellenic territory display high vulnerability that is related to the existence of the epikarst zone. If present, the epikarst zone regulates the vertical movement of the groundwater, which results in the chemical pollutants staying longer within it, thus facilitating the inactivation of the microbial loads. The Hellenic karst is well developed; it displays high hydraulic conductivity, relatively large storage, and the characteristics of an important water reservoir. Although its porosity was calculated to be between 0.005–8%, the statistical processing of the springs’ discharge time series points to an increased storage. The increased storage was attributed to the presence of the epikarst zone, which regulates the water movement to the underlying formations, and finally to its discharge from the karst system through springs. In these areas, the influence of nitrogen compounds on the water quality is evident. The presence of cyanobacteria and toxic substances at concentrations that are too high for fresh, flowing waters whose temperature does not exceed 17 °C advocates the role of nutrients, even at concentrations that do not exceed the maximum permissible limits of drinking water. In mountainous areas, where agriculture is limited, the presence of these compounds is attributed to heavily polluting land uses. The impact of such uses became apparent from the application of factor analysis, which not only highlighted their contribution to the overall groundwater quality, but also determined their geographical distribution and origin. From the above, it becomes evident that there is a need for protection of the karst aquifers, and investigation of their vulnerability mechanisms. The Hellenic karst, which is expected to cover the drinking water needs in the near future, proves to be very vulnerable to any kind of pollution.
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Zhang L, Lyu K, Wang N, Gu L, Sun Y, Zhu X, Wang J, Huang Y, Yang Z. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Pathways Associated with Resisting and Degrading Microcystin in Ochromonas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11102-11113. [PMID: 30176726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxic Microcystis bloom is a tough environment problem worldwide. Microcystin is highly toxic and is an easily accumulated secondary metabolite of toxic Microcystis that threatens water safety. Biodegradation of microcystin by protozoan grazing is a promising and efficient biological method, but the mechanism in this process is still unclear. The present study aimed to identify potential pathways involved in resisting and degrading microcystin in flagellates through transcriptomic analyses. A total of 999 unigenes were significantly differentially expressed between treatments with flagellates Ochromonas fed on microcystin-producing Microcystis and microcystin-free Microcystis. These dysregulated genes were strongly associated with translation, carbohydrate metabolism, phagosome, and energy metabolism. Upregulated genes encoding peroxiredoxin, serine/threonine-protein phosphatase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), HSP70, and O-GlcNAc transferase were involved in resisting microcystin. In addition, genes encoding cathepsin and GST and genes related to inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) were all upregulated, which highly probably linked with degrading microcystin in flagellates. The results of this study provided a better understanding of transcriptomic responses of flagellates to toxic Microcystis as well as highlighted a potential mechanism of biodegrading microcystin by flagellate Ochromonas, which served as a strong theoretical support for control of toxic microalgae by protozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Kai Lyu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Na Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Xuexia Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
- Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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Shin EJ, Hwang YG, Pham DT, Lee JW, Lee YJ, Pyo D, Jeong JH, Lei XG, Kim HC. Glutathione peroxidase-1 overexpressing transgenic mice are protected from neurotoxicity induced by microcystin-leucine-arginine. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:1019-1028. [PMID: 30076769 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been well-recognized that microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCLR), the most common form of microcystins, induces neurotoxicity, little is currently known about the underlying mechanism for this neurotoxicity. Here, we found that MCLR (10 ng/μL/mouse, i.c.v.) induces significant neuronal loss in the hippocampus of mice. MCLR-induced neurotoxicity was accompanied by oxidative stress, as shown by a significant increase in the level of 4-hydroxynonenal, protein carbonyl, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) activity was significantly increased, but glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level was significantly decreased following MCLR insult. In addition, MCLR significantly inhibited GSH/GSSG ratio, and significantly induced NFκB DNA binding activity. Because reduced activity of GPx appeared to be critical for the imbalance between activities of SODs and GPx, we utilized GPx-1 overexpressing transgenic mice to ascertain the role of GPx-1 in this neurotoxicity. Genetic overexpression of GPx-1 or NFκB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) significantly attenuated MCLR-induced hippocampal neuronal loss in mice. However, PDTC did not exert any additive effect on neuroprotection mediated by GPx-1 overexpression, indicating that NFκB is a neurotoxic target of MCLR. Combined, these results suggest that MCLR-induced neurotoxicity requires oxidative stress associated with failure in compensatory induction of GPx, possibly through activation of the transcription factor NFκB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Gwang Hwang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc Toan Pham
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeung Lee
- Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Pyo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, New York
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
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127
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Herrera N, Herrera C, Ortíz I, Orozco L, Robledo S, Agudelo D, Echeverri F. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of three microcystin-LR containing cyanobacterial samples from Antioquia, Colombia. Toxicon 2018; 154:50-59. [PMID: 30273704 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins in water presents a global problem due to the deterioration of ecosystems and the possibility of poisoning in human and animals. Microcystin LR is the most widely distributed cyanotoxin and liver cells are its main target. In the present study, HepG2 cells were used to determine DNA damage of three crude extracts of cyanobacterial blooms containing MC-LR, through comet assay. The results show that all extracts at a concentration of 500 μg mL-1 caused low damage in hepatocytes exposed for 24 h, but produced total mortality even at low concentrations at 48 h. Moreover, balloons corresponding to cell apoptosis were found. Through HPLC/MS, MC-LR was detected in all samples of cyanobacterial blooms at concentrations of (5,65 μg ml-1) in sample 1, (1,24 μg ml-1) in sample 2 and (57,29 μg ml-1) in sample 3. In addition, in all samples high molecular weights peaks were detected, that may correspond to other microcystins. Besides, the cytotoxic effect of a cyanobacterial bloom and some of its chromatographic fractions from the crude extracts were evaluated in U-937, J774, Hela and Vero cell lines, using the enzymatic micromethod (MTT). The highest toxicity was detected in U-937 cells (LC50 = 29.7 μg mL-1) and Vero cells (LC50 = 39.7 μg mL-1). Based on these results, it is important to remark that genotoxic and cytotoxicity assays are valuable methods to predict potential biological risks in waters contaminated with blooms of cyanobacteria, since chemical analysis can only describe the presence of cyanotoxins, but not their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Herrera
- Grupo de Química Organica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 No. 53-10, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Grupo de Química Organica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 No. 53-10, Medellín, 050010, Colombia
| | - Isabel Ortíz
- Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luz Orozco
- Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sara Robledo
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Agudelo
- Grupo de investigación en Gestión y Modelación Ambiental (GAIA), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Fernando Echeverri
- Grupo de Química Organica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 No. 53-10, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
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128
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Hou J, Su Y, Lin W, Guo H, Li L, Anderson DM, Li D, Tang R, Chi W, Zhang X. Estrogenic potency of MC-LR is induced via stimulating steroidogenesis: In vitro and in vivo evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:615-622. [PMID: 29772511 PMCID: PMC6859840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne microcystin-LR (MC-LR) has been reported to disrupt sex hormones, while its estrogenic potency remains controversial. We hypothesized that MC-LR could induce estrogenic effects via disrupting sex hormone synthesis, and verified this hypothesis by in vitro and in vivo assays. Effects of MC-LR (1, 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 μg/L) on steroidogenesis were assessed in the H295R cells after 48 h. The contents of 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) increased in a non-dose-dependent manner, which showed positive correlations with the expression of steroidogenic genes. In the in vivo assay, adult male zebrafish were exposed to 0.3, 1, 3, 10 and 30 μg/L MC-LR for 30 d. Similarly, E2 and T contents in the testis were increased, accompanied by extensive up-regulation of steroidogenic genes, especially cyp19a. Meanwhile, the percentage of spermatid in the testis declined. In the liver, the vtg1 gene was significantly up-regulated while both the transcriptional and protein levels of the estrogenic receptor (ER) declined. These results indicate that MC-LR induced non-dose-dependent estrogenic effects at environmental concentrations, which may result from steroidogenesis stimulation via a non-ER-mediated pathway. Our findings support a paradigm shift in the risk assessment of MC-LR from traditional toxicity to estrogenic risk, particularly at low concentrations, and emphasize the potential threat to the male reproductive capacity of wildlife in bloom areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yujing Su
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wang Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Honghui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Rong Tang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wei Chi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan 430070, PR China
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129
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Pereira AL, Santos C, Azevedo J, Martins TP, Castelo-Branco R, Ramos V, Vasconcelos V, Campos A. Effects of two toxic cyanobacterial crude extracts containing microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin on the growth and photosynthetic capacity of the microalga Parachlorella kessleri. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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130
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Wharton RE, Ojeda-Torres G, Cunningham B, Feyereisen MC, Hill KL, Abbott NL, Seymour C, Hill D, Lang J, Hamelin EI, Johnson RC. Quantification of Microcystin-LR in Human Urine by Immunocapture Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:898-903. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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131
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Patočka J, Středa L. Protein Biotoxins of Military Significance. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2018. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a spectrum of several threat agents, ranging from nerve agents and mustard agents to natural substances, such as biotoxins and new, synthetic, bioactive molecules produced by the chemical industry, to the classical biological warfare agents. The new, emerging threat agents are biotoxins produced by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Many types of organisms produce substances that are toxic to humans. Examples of such biotoxins are botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, and ricin. Several bioactive molecules produced by the pharmaceutical industry can be even more toxic than are the classical chemical warfare agents. Such new agents, like the biotoxins and bioregulators, often are called mid-spectrum agents. The threat to humans from agents developed by modern chemical synthesis and by genetic engineering also must be considered, since such agents may be more toxic or more effective in causing death or incapacitation than classical warfare agents. By developing effective medical protection and treatment against the most likely chemical and mid-spectrum threat agents, the effects of such agents in a war scenario or following a terrorist attack can be reduced. Toxin-mediated diseases have made humans ill for millennia. Unfortunately, the use of biological agents as weapons of terror has now been realized, and separating naturally occurring disease from bioterroristic events has become an important public health goal. The key to timely identification of such attacks relies on education of primary care physicians, first responders, and public health officials.
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132
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Rajić Z, Beus M, Michnová H, Vlainić J, Persoons L, Kosalec I, Jampílek J, Schols D, Keser T, Zorc B. Asymmetric Primaquine and Halogenaniline Fumardiamides as Novel Biologically Active Michael Acceptors. Molecules 2018; 23:E1724. [PMID: 30011922 PMCID: PMC6100582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel primaquine (PQ) and halogenaniline asymmetric fumardiamides 4a⁻f, potential Michael acceptors, and their reduced analogues succindiamides 5a⁻f were prepared by simple three-step reactions: coupling reaction between PQ and mono-ethyl fumarate (1a) or mono-methyl succinate (1b), hydrolysis of PQ-dicarboxylic acid mono-ester conjugates 2a,b to corresponding acids 3a,b, and a coupling reaction with halogenanilines. 1-[bis(Dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (HATU) was used as a coupling reagent along with Hünig's base. Compounds 4 and 5 were evaluated against a panel of bacteria, several Mycobacterium strains, fungi, a set of viruses, and nine different human tumor cell lines. p-Chlorofumardiamide 4d showed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, but also against Candida albicans (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 6.1⁻12.5 µg/mL). Together with p-fluoro and p-CF₃ fumardiamides 4b,f, compound 4d showed activity against Mycobacterium marinum and 4b,f against M. tuberculosis. In biofilm eradication assay, most of the bacteria, particularly S. aureus, showed susceptibility to fumardiamides. m-CF₃ and m-chloroaniline fumardiamides 4e and 4c showed significant antiviral activity against reovirus-1, sindbis virus and Punta Toro virus (EC50 = 3.1⁻5.5 µM), while 4e was active against coxsackie virus B4 (EC50 = 3.1 µM). m-Fluoro derivative 4a exerted significant cytostatic activity (IC50 = 5.7⁻31.2 μM). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells were highly susceptible towards m-substituted derivatives 4a,c,e (IC50 = 6.7⁻8.9 μM). Biological evaluations revealed that fumardiamides 4 were more active than succindiamides 5 indicating importance of Michael conjugated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Rajić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Maja Beus
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hana Michnová
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Josipa Vlainić
- Laboratory for Advanced Genomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Leentje Persoons
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ivan Kosalec
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josef Jampílek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Toma Keser
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Branka Zorc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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133
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Adsorptive removal of harmful algal species Microcystis aeruginosa directly from aqueous solution using polyethylenimine coated polysulfone-biomass composite fiber. Biodegradation 2018; 29:349-358. [PMID: 29943215 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-018-9840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, the treatment of harmful algal blooms (HABs) became an important environmental issue to preserve and remediate water resources globally. In the present study, the adsorptive removal of harmful algal species Microcystis aeruginosa directly from an aqueous medium was attempted. Waste biomass (Escherichia coli) was immobilized using polysulfone and coated using the cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) to generate PEI-coated polysulfone-biomass composite fiber (PEI-PSBF). The density of M. aeruginosa in an aqueous medium (BG11) was significantly decreased by treatment with PEI-PSBF. additionally, analysis using FE-SEM, confirmed that the removal of M. aeruginosa algal cells by PEI-PSBF was caused by the adsorption mechanism. According to the profiles of phosphorus for the algal cell growth in M. aeruginosa cultivating samples, we found that the adsorbed M. aeruginosa onto the PEI-PSBF lost their biological activity compared to the non-treated M. aeruginosa cells.
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134
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Genetic overexpression of glutathione peroxidase-1 attenuates microcystin-leucine-arginine-induced memory impairment in mice. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:152-165. [PMID: 29908255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCLR) is the most common form of microcystins, which are environmental toxins produced by cyanobacteria, and its hepatotoxicity has been well-documented. However, the neurotoxic potential of MCLR remains to be further elucidated. In the present study, we investigated whether intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of MCLR induces mortality and neuronal loss in the hippocampus of mice. Because we found that MCLR impairs memory function in the hippocampus at a low dose (4 ng/μl/mouse, i.c.v.) without a significant neuronal loss, we focused on this dose for further analyses. Results showed that MCLR (4 ng/μl/mouse, i.c.v.) significantly increased oxidative stress (i.e., malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and synaptosomal ROS) in the hippocampus. In addition, MCLR significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity without corresponding induction of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and thus led to significant decrease in the ratio of GPx/SODs activity. The GSH/GSSG ratio was also significantly reduced after MCLR treatment. GPx-1 overexpressing transgenic mice (GPx-1 Tg) were significantly protected from MCLR-induced memory impairment and oxidative stress. The DNA binding activity of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in these mice was significantly enhanced, and the ratios of GPx/SODs activity and GSH/GSSG returned to near control levels in the hippocampus. Importantly, memory function exhibited a significant positive correlation with the ratios of GPx/SODs activity and GSH/GSSG in the hippocampus of MCLR-treated non-transgenic (non-Tg)- and GPx-1 Tg-mice. Combined, our results suggest that MCLR induces oxidative stress and memory impairment without significant neuronal loss, and that GPx-1 gene constitutes an important protectant against MCLR-induced memory impairment and oxidative stress via maintaining antioxidant defense system homeostasis, possibly through the induction of Nrf2 transcription factor.
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135
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Nitrogen limitation, toxin synthesis potential, and toxicity of cyanobacterial populations in Lake Okeechobee and the St. Lucie River Estuary, Florida, during the 2016 state of emergency event. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196278. [PMID: 29791446 PMCID: PMC5965861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake Okeechobee, FL, USA, has been subjected to intensifying cyanobacterial blooms that can spread to the adjacent St. Lucie River and Estuary via natural and anthropogenically-induced flooding events. In July 2016, a large, toxic cyanobacterial bloom occurred in Lake Okeechobee and throughout the St. Lucie River and Estuary, leading Florida to declare a state of emergency. This study reports on measurements and nutrient amendment experiments performed in this freshwater-estuarine ecosystem (salinity 0–25 PSU) during and after the bloom. In July, all sites along the bloom exhibited dissolved inorganic nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios < 6, while Microcystis dominated (> 95%) phytoplankton inventories from the lake to the central part of the estuary. Chlorophyll a and microcystin concentrations peaked (100 and 34 μg L-1, respectively) within Lake Okeechobee and decreased eastwards. Metagenomic analyses indicated that genes associated with the production of microcystin (mcyE) and the algal neurotoxin saxitoxin (sxtA) originated from Microcystis and multiple diazotrophic genera, respectively. There were highly significant correlations between levels of total nitrogen, microcystin, and microcystin synthesis gene abundance across all surveyed sites (p < 0.001), suggesting high levels of nitrogen supported the production of microcystin during this event. Consistent with this, experiments performed with low salinity water from the St. Lucie River during the event indicated that algal biomass was nitrogen-limited. In the fall, densities of Microcystis and concentrations of microcystin were significantly lower, green algae co-dominated with cyanobacteria, and multiple algal groups displayed nitrogen-limitation. These results indicate that monitoring and regulatory strategies in Lake Okeechobee and the St. Lucie River and Estuary should consider managing loads of nitrogen to control future algal and microcystin-producing cyanobacterial blooms.
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136
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Using agro-industrial wastes for the cultivation of microalgae and duckweeds: Contamination risks and biomass safety concerns. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1238-1254. [PMID: 29673973 PMCID: PMC7125918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms, such as microalgae (Chlorella, Arthrospira (Spirulina), Tetrasselmis, Dunalliela etc.) and duckweed (Lemna spp., Wolffia spp. etc.) are a potential source for the production of protein-rich biomass and for numerous other high-value compounds (fatty acids, pigments, vitamins etc.). Their cultivation using agro-industrial wastes and wastewater (WaW) is of particular interest in the context of a circular economy, not only for recycling valuable nutrients but also for reducing the requirements for fresh water for the production of biomass. Recovery and recycling of nutrients is an unavoidable long-term approach for securing future food and feed production. Agro-industrial WaW are rich in nutrients and have been widely considered as a potential nutrient source for the cultivation of microalgae/duckweed. However, they commonly contain various hazardous contaminants, which could potentially taint the produced biomass, raising various concerns about the safety of their consumption. Herein, an overview of the most important contaminants, including heavy metals and metalloids, pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites etc.), and xenobiotics (hormones, antibiotics, parasiticides etc.) is given. It is concluded that pretreatment and processing of WaW is a requisite step for the removal of several contaminants. Among the various technologies, anaerobic digestion (AD) is widely used in practice and offers a technologically mature approach for WaW treatment. During AD, various organic and biological contaminants are significantly removed. Further removal of contaminants could be achieved by post-treatment and processing of digestates (solid/liquid separation, dilution etc.) to further decrease the concentration of contaminants. Moreover, during cultivation an additional removal may occur through various mechanisms, such as precipitation, degradation, and biotransformation. Since many jurisdictions regulate the presence of various contaminants in feed or food setting strict safety monitoring processes, it would be of particular interest to initiate a multi-disciplinary discussion whether agro-industrial WaW ought to be used to cultivate microalgae/duckweed for feed or food production and identify most feasible options for doing this safely. Based on the current body of knowledge it is estimated that AD and post-treatment of WaW can lower significantly the risks associated with heavy metals and pathogens, but it is yet unclear to what extent this is the case for certain persistent xenobiotics.
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137
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Xu X, Zhang YN, Peng S, Wu J, Deng D, Zhou Z. Effects of Microcystis aeruginosa on the expression of nuclear receptor genes in Daphnia similoides sinensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:344-352. [PMID: 29306189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) genes form a conserved superfamily, which is involved in organism metabolism, reproduction, development, homeostasis, and resource allocation. Microcystis aeruginosa can inhibit the growth and reproduction of Daphnia. However, whether M. aeruginosa can affect the expression of Daphnia NR genes is unknown. In total, 18 NRs were identified in this study based on previous Daphnia similoides sinensis transcriptome data. In treatments containing M. aeruginosa, the gene expression of the NR1 subfamily (E75a, E75b, HR3, HR96, NHR-1, HR97a, HR97g, and NHR97) and the NR2 subfamily (RXR, TLL, PNR, and SVP) were down-regulated 59% and 79%, respectively. In treatments containing M. aeruginosa, although the expression of 78% of the genes showed a similar trend in clones 1 and 2, the expression of 42% of the genes in clone 3 showed the opposite trend compared to clones 1 and 2, suggesting that the adaptability and molecular mechanism differ in individuals with different Microcystis tolerance genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China; School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuixiu Peng
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianxun Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Daogui Deng
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, 235000 Huaibei, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhongze Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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138
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Cougnoux A, Movassaghi M, Picache JA, Iben JR, Navid F, Salman A, Martin K, Farhat NY, Cluzeau C, Tseng WC, Burkert K, Sojka C, Wassif CA, Cawley NX, Bonnet R, Porter FD. Gastrointestinal Tract Pathology in a BALB/c Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1 Null Mouse Model. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:870-880. [PMID: 29357083 PMCID: PMC6292218 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-4914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and early death. NPC is caused by mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. Impaired NPC function leads to defective intracellular transport of unesterified cholesterol and its accumulation in late endosomes and lysosomes. A high frequency of Crohn disease has been reported in NPC1 patients, suggesting that gastrointestinal tract pathology may become a more prominent clinical issue if effective therapies are developed to slow the neurodegeneration. The Npc1 nih mouse model on a BALB/c background replicates the hepatic and neurological disease observed in NPC1 patients. Thus, we sought to characterize the gastrointestinal tract pathology in this model to determine whether it can serve as a model of Crohn disease in NPC1. METHODS We analyzed the gastrointestinal tract and isolated macrophages of BALB/cJ cNctr-Npc1m1N/J (Npc1-/-) mouse model to determine whether there was any Crohn-like pathology or inflammatory cell activation. We also evaluated temporal changes in the microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples to determine whether there were changes consistent with Crohn disease. RESULTS Relative to controls, Npc1 mutant mice demonstrate increased inflammation and crypt abscesses in the gastrointestinal tract; however, the observed pathological changes are significantly less than those observed in other Crohn disease mouse models. Analysis of Npc1 mutant macrophages demonstrated an increased response to lipopolysaccharides and delayed bactericidal activity; both of which are pathological features of Crohn disease. Analysis of the bacterial microbiota does not mimic what is reported in Crohn disease in either human or mouse models. We did observe significant increases in cyanobacteria and epsilon-proteobacteria. The increase in epsilon-proteobacteria may be related to altered cholesterol homeostasis since cholesterol is known to promote growth of this bacterial subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage dysfunction in the BALB/c Npc1-/- mouse is similar to that observed in other Crohn disease models. However, neither the degree of pathology nor the microbiota changes are typical of Crohn disease. Thus, this mouse model is not a good model system for Crohn disease pathology reported in NPC1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Cougnoux
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Miyad Movassaghi
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jaqueline A Picache
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James R Iben
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fatemeh Navid
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Salman
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kyle Martin
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nicole Y Farhat
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Celine Cluzeau
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wei-Chia Tseng
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kathryn Burkert
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Caitlin Sojka
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Niamh X Cawley
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard Bonnet
- Microbes, Inflammation, Intestin et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Inserm U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Center Hospitalier Universitaire, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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139
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Wilson AE, Chislock MF, Yang Z, Barros MUG, Roberts JF. Pond bank access as an approach for managing toxic cyanobacteria in beef cattle pasture drinking water ponds. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:247. [PMID: 29574498 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forty-one livestock drinking water ponds in Alabama beef cattle pastures during were surveyed during the late summer to generally understand water quality patterns in these important water resources. Since livestock drinking water ponds are prone to excess nutrients that typically lead to eutrophication, which can promote blooms of toxigenic phytoplankton such as cyanobacteria, we also assessed the threat of exposure to the hepatotoxin, microcystin. Eighty percent of the ponds studied contained measurable microcystin, while three of these ponds had concentrations above human drinking water thresholds set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (i.e., 0.3 μg/L). Water quality patterns in the livestock drinking water ponds contrasted sharply with patterns typically observed for temperate freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Namely, we found several non-linear relationships between phytoplankton abundance (measured as chlorophyll) and nutrients or total suspended solids. Livestock had direct access to all the study ponds. Consequently, the proportion of inorganic suspended solids (e.g., sediment) increased with higher concentrations of total suspended solids, which underlies these patterns. Unimodal relationships were also observed between microcystin and phytoplankton abundance or nutrients. Euglenoids were abundant in the four ponds with chlorophyll concentrations > 250 μg/L (and dominated three of these ponds), which could explain why ponds with high chlorophyll concentrations would have low microcystin concentrations. Based on observations made during sampling events and available water quality data, livestock-mediated bioturbation is causing elevated total suspended solids that lead to reduced phytoplankton abundance and microcystin despite high concentrations of nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen. Thus, livestock could be used to manage algal blooms, including toxic secondary metabolites, in their drinking water ponds by allowing them to walk in the ponds to increase turbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Wilson
- Auburn University, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Michael F Chislock
- Auburn University, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, The College at Brockport - State University of New York, Brockport, New York, 14559, USA
| | - Zhen Yang
- Auburn University, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Mário U G Barros
- Auburn University, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - John F Roberts
- Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Thompson Bishop Sparks State Diagnostic Laboratory, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA
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140
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Jain MS, Kalamdhad AS. A review on management of Hydrilla verticillata and its utilization as potential nitrogen-rich biomass for compost or biogas production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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141
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Microcystins: Synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies toward PP1 and PP2A. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1118-1126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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142
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Cuadrat RRC, Ionescu D, Dávila AMR, Grossart HP. Recovering Genomics Clusters of Secondary Metabolites from Lakes Using Genome-Resolved Metagenomics. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515540 PMCID: PMC5826242 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomic approaches became increasingly popular in the past decades due to decreasing costs of DNA sequencing and bioinformatics development. So far, however, the recovery of long genes coding for secondary metabolites still represents a big challenge. Often, the quality of metagenome assemblies is poor, especially in environments with a high microbial diversity where sequence coverage is low and complexity of natural communities high. Recently, new and improved algorithms for binning environmental reads and contigs have been developed to overcome such limitations. Some of these algorithms use a similarity detection approach to classify the obtained reads into taxonomical units and to assemble draft genomes. This approach, however, is quite limited since it can classify exclusively sequences similar to those available (and well classified) in the databases. In this work, we used draft genomes from Lake Stechlin, north-eastern Germany, recovered by MetaBat, an efficient binning tool that integrates empirical probabilistic distances of genome abundance, and tetranucleotide frequency for accurate metagenome binning. These genomes were screened for secondary metabolism genes, such as polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS), using the Anti-SMASH and NAPDOS workflows. With this approach we were able to identify 243 secondary metabolite clusters from 121 genomes recovered from our lake samples. A total of 18 NRPS, 19 PKS, and 3 hybrid PKS/NRPS clusters were found. In addition, it was possible to predict the partial structure of several secondary metabolite clusters allowing for taxonomical classifications and phylogenetic inferences. Our approach revealed a high potential to recover and study secondary metabolites genes from any aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R C Cuadrat
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Max Plank Institute for Biology of Ageing, Köln, Germany.,Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Danny Ionescu
- Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Alberto M R Dávila
- Computational and Systems Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
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143
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Wang X, Wang X, Wei Z, Zhang S. Potent removal of cyanobacteria with controlled release of toxic secondary metabolites by a titanium xerogel coagulant. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 128:341-349. [PMID: 29117587 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooming is a serious environmental issue throughout the world. Removal of cyanobacterial cells from surface water with controlled release of cyanobacterial organic matter (COM), especially toxic microcystins (MCs), would potentially reduce the processing burden in follow-up water treatment. Coagulation is a key technique in water treatment. Herein, the potential application of a novel titanium xerogel coagulant (TXC) was evaluated for the treatment of cyanobacteria-laden water in terms of cyanobacteria removal efficiency, variation of cell viability, the release and evolution of COM in the floc accumulation and storage process. Under acidic to neutral conditions, TXC showed a higher removal efficiency of approximately 99% for cyanobacteria and a lower residual Ti concentration than the widely-used commercial polyferric sulfate (PFS) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC). Another advantage of TXC was the reduced MCs concentration caused by the released acetylacetone (AcAc) from the hydrolysis of TXC. Under solar irradiation, AcAc degraded the extracellular MCs from an initial concentration of 40 μg/L to a residual concentration of 7 μg/L during a 16-day floc storage process. The low residual Ti concentration (< 0.04 mg/L) and the efficient removal of COM/MCs following TXC coagulation reduced the toxicity to photobacteria. The results demonstrate that TXC is a promising dual-effect coagulant for treatment of cyanobacteria-laden water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023, PR China
| | - Zhongbo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023, PR China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 210023, PR China.
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144
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Kim S, Yun YS, Choi YE. Development of waste biomass based sorbent for removal of cyanotoxin microcystin-LR from aqueous phases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:690-696. [PMID: 30060401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish the strategy to remove the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) from aqueous solution with the use of biosorption strategy. Specifically, we focused on use of industrial waste biomass, Escherichia coli, to make efficient biosorbents for MC-LR through immobilization of the biomass with polysulfone (PS), coating the polysulfone-biomass composite with polyethylenimine (PEI), and decarboxylation of the PEI-coated composite to remove the inhibitory sites. The resulting sorbent is named in this study as decarboxylated PEI-coated polysulfone-biomass composite fiber (DC-PEI-PSBF). Various sorption experiments including isotherm, kinetics and pH effect on sorption capacity were conducted to evaluate the MC-LR adsorption performance of sorbents. As a result, the DC-PEI-PSBF could be suggested as a highly efficient sorbent able to be directly applied for MC-LR removal from aquatic natures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung-Sang Yun
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-E Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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145
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Morón-López J, Nieto-Reyes L, El-Shehawy R. Assessment of the influence of key abiotic factors on the alternative microcystin degradation pathway(s) (mlr -): A detailed comparison with the mlr route (mlr +). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1945-1953. [PMID: 28549370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial proliferation and toxin production in water bodies around the world have led to global concern about the control of these issues. Indigenous bacteria have been shown to degrade the cyanotoxin microcystin (MC) in natural environments. The mlr cluster has been widely used as a marker for microcystin biodegradation; however, recent studies have shown that alternative pathway(s) also contribute to the natural removal of MCs in the ecosystem. The main objective of this study is to provide initial insights concerning how key abiotic factors affect the rate of MC biodegradation via alternative pathway(s) and to provide a detailed comparison with the mlr+ pathway. Our results show that nutrient inputs and previous exposure to MCs trigger changes in the rate of MC degradation via alternative pathway(s), while temperature does not produce any significant change. Our results further indicate that the alternative pathway(s) may be less efficient at degrading MCs than the mlr+ pathway, suggesting the importance of microbial diversity in determining the half-life of MCs in the water column.
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146
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Zanato N, Talamini L, Silva TR, Vieira IC. Microcystin-LR label-free immunosensor based on exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets and silver nanoparticles. Talanta 2017; 175:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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147
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Oliveira VR, Carvalho GMC, Casquilho NV, Moreira-Gomes MD, Soares RM, Azevedo SMFO, Lima LM, Barreiro EJ, Takiya CM, Zin WA. Lung and liver responses to 1- and 7-day treatments with LASSBio-596 in mice subchronically intoxicated by microcystin-LR. Toxicon 2017; 141:1-8. [PMID: 29097245 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) can cause serious injuries upon short- and long-term exposures that can be prevented by LASSBio-596 (LB-596), an anti-inflammatory compound. We aimed to test LB-596 following subchronic exposure to MC-LR. Swiss mice received 10 intraperitoneal injections of distilled water (DW) or MC-LR (20 μg/kg bw) every 2 days. On the 10th injection animals receiving DW were gavaged with DW or 50 mg/kg bw of LB-596 for 1 or 7 days (C1D, C7D, CL1D and CL7D groups), whereas those exposed to MC-LR received either DW or 50 mg/kg of LB-596 for 1 or 7 days (T1D, T7D, TL1D and TL7D groups). Twelve hours after the last gavage we assessed respiratory mechanics, and extracted lung and liver for histology, apoptosis, inflammatory biomarkers and MC-LR content. C1D, C7D, CL1D and CL7D were all similar. Mechanical parameters were significantly higher in T1D and T7D compared to the other groups. LB-596 reversed these changes on day 1 of administration. LB-596 reduced inflammatory mediators in lung and liver on day 1 of treatment. On day 7 apoptosis in liver and lung fell even more. Briefly, 7-day administration completely reversed lung and liver changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Rosa Oliveira
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Vasconcelos Casquilho
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Diana Moreira-Gomes
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Raquel Moraes Soares
- NUMPEX-BIO - Multidisciplinar Center of Biological Research, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Polo Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria F O Azevedo
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidia Moreira Lima
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Jesus Barreiro
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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148
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Wu S, Lv J, Wang F, Duan N, Li Q, Wang Z. Photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR with a nanostructured photocatalyst based on upconversion nanoparticles@TiO 2 composite under simulated solar lights. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14435. [PMID: 29089572 PMCID: PMC5663843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we prepared advanced upconversion nanoparticle coated with TiO2 photocatalysts (NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2) to utilize not only UV energy but also the large portion of NIR energy in order to improve the utilization efficiency of solar lights. The MC-LR (10 μg/mL) degradation rate can be approached 100% within 30 min at the concentration of NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 0.4 mg/mL and initial pH value 4, while 61%, using pure TiO2 (P25) under simulated solar lights. The reaction processes were studied and fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were found to be the major reactive species. Meanwhile, seven degradation intermediates of MC-LR were examined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the degradation mechanism was analyzed. The main degradation pathways were proposed based on the molecular weight of the intermediates and the reaction mechanism are hydroxylation on the diene bonds and the aromatic ring of Adda. The products were evaluated to be nontoxic based on the construction of the intermediates. This study demonstrated that the NIR energy can be used as the driving source for photocatalysis besides the UV and the NIR-responsed photocatalysis had a high-efficiency and potential for MC-LR degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jiajia Lv
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Nuo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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149
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A Novel and Native Microcystin-Degrading Bacterium of Sphingopyxis sp. Isolated from Lake Taihu. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101187. [PMID: 28984840 PMCID: PMC5664688 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A native, highly efficient microcystin-LR (MC-LR)-degrading bacterium named a7 was isolated from Lake Taihu and identified as Sphingopyxis sp. by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The strain a7 could totally degrade MC-LR at a rate of 3.33 mg/(L·h), as detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mlrA, mlrC, and mlrD genes were detected in the strain a7 by sequence analysis. Tetrapeptide and Adda—which are the middle metabolites of MC-LR—were analyzed via liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) during degradation. These metabolites were degraded completely, which suggested that the native Sphingopyxis sp. a7 was highly efficient in MC-LR degradation under bench conditions. Thus, strain a7 exhibited a significant potential application for bioremediation in water bodies contaminated by MC-LR produced by harmful cyanobacterial blooms.
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150
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Moon BR, Kim TK, Kim MK, Choi J, Zoh KD. Degradation mechanisms of Microcystin-LR during UV-B photolysis and UV/H 2O 2 processes: Byproducts and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:1039-1047. [PMID: 28764099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The removal and degradation pathways of microcystin-LR (MC-LR, [M+H]+ = 995.6) in UV-B photolysis and UV-B/H2O2 processes were examined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The UV/H2O2 process was more efficient than UV-B photolysis for MC-LR removal. Eight by-products were newly identified in the UV-B photolysis ([M+H]+ = 414.3, 417.3, 709.6, 428.9, 608.6, 847.5, 807.4, and 823.6), and eleven by-products were identified in the UV-B/H2O2 process ([M+H]+ = 707.4, 414.7, 429.3, 445.3, 608.6, 1052.0, 313.4, 823.6, 357.3, 245.2, and 805.7). Most of the MC-LR by-products had lower [M+H]+ values than the MC-LR itself during both processes, except for the [M+H]+ value of 1052.0 during UV-B photolysis. Based on identified by-products and peak area patterns, we proposed potential degradation pathways during the two processes. Bond cleavage and intramolecular electron rearrangement by electron pair in the nitrogen atom were the major reactions during UV-B photolysis and UV-B/H2O2 processes, and hydroxylation by OH radical and the adduct formation reaction between the produced by-products were identified as additional pathways during the UV-B/H2O2 process. Meanwhile, the degradation by-products identified from MC-LR during UV-B/H2O2 process can be further degraded by increasing H2O2 dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ram Moon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Tae-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Moon-Kyung Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Water Quality Research Center, K-water, Daejeon 34350, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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