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Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is largely a process of destruction and failure of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and symptomatic IVD degeneration is thought to be one of the leading causes of morbidity or life quality deterioration in the elderly. To date, however, the mechanism of IVD degeneration is still not fully understood. Cellular loss from cell death in the process of IVD degeneration has long been confirmed and considered to contribute to ECM degradation, but the causes and the manners of IVD cell death remain unclear. Programmed cell death (PCD) is executed by an active cellular process and is extensively involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic development and human degenerative diseases. Thus, the relationship between PCD and IVD degeneration has become a new research focus of interest in recent years. By reviewing the available literature concentrated on PCD in IVD and discussing the methodology of detecting PCD in IVD cells, its inducing factors, the relationship of cell death to ECM degradation, and the potential therapy for IVD degeneration by modulation of PCD, we conclude that IVD cells undergo PCD via different signal transduction pathways in response to different stimuli, that PCD may play a role in the process of IVD degeneration, and that modulation of PCD might be a potential therapeutic strategy for IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092, Shanghai, China
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102
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103
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Elankumaran S, Rockemann D, Samal SK. Newcastle disease virus exerts oncolysis by both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways of cell death. J Virol 2006; 80:7522-34. [PMID: 16840332 PMCID: PMC1563725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00241-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, is tumor selective and intrinsically oncolytic. Here, we present evidence that genetically modified, recombinant NDV strains are cytotoxic to human tumor cell lines of ecto-, endo-, and mesodermal origin. We show that cytotoxicity against tumor cells is due to multiple caspase-dependent pathways of apoptosis independent of interferon signaling competence. The signaling pathways of NDV-induced, cancer cell-selective apoptosis are not well understood. We demonstrate that NDV triggers apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial/intrinsic pathway and that it acts independently of the death receptor/extrinsic pathway. Caspase-8-methylated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells are as sensitive to NDV as other caspase-8-competent cells. This demonstrates that NDV is likely to act primarily through the mitochondrial death pathway. NDV infection results in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the subsequent release of the mitochondrial protein cytochrome c, but the second mitochondrion-derived activator of caspase (Smac/DIABLO) is not released. In addition, we describe early activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. In contrast, cleavage of caspase-8, which is predominantly activated by the death receptor pathway, is a TNF-related, apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced late event in NDV-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells. Our data, therefore, indicate that the death signal(s) generated by NDV in tumor cells ultimately converges at the mitochondria and that it acts independently of the death receptor pathway. Our cytotoxicity studies demonstrate that recombinant NDV could be developed as a cancer virotherapy agent, either alone or in combination with therapeutic transgenes. We have also shown that trackable oncolytic NDV could be developed without any reduction in oncolytic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbiah Elankumaran
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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104
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Klostergaard J, Leroux ME, Auzenne E, Khodadadian M, Spohn W, Wu JY, Donato NJ. Hyperthermia engages the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by enhancing upstream caspase activation to overcome apoptotic resistance in MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:356-69. [PMID: 16440323 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Febrile hyperthermia enhanced TNF-stimulated apoptosis of MCF-7 cells and overcame resistance in a TNF-resistant, MCF-7 variant (3E9), increasing their TNF-sensitivity by 10- and 100-fold, respectively. In either cell line, the hyperthermic potentiation was attributable to increased apoptosis that was totally quenched by caspase inhibition. In MCF-7 cells, hyperthermic potentiation of apoptosis was associated with sustained activation of upstream caspases in response to TNF and more prominent engagement of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Apoptotic enhancement by hyperthermia was primarily mediated by caspase-8 activation, as the specific inhibitor, Z-IETD, blocked cell death, whereas direct engagement of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway (with doxorubicin) was not affected. In 3E9 cells, hyperthermia alone induced activation of caspase-8, and was further enhanced by TNF. In 3E9 cells, hyperthermia caused TNF-dependent loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of capspase-9 that was initiated and dependent on upstream caspases. MCF-7 and 3E9 cells were equally sensitive to exogenous C(6)-ceramide, but mass spectroscopic analysis of ceramide species indicated that total ceramide content was not enhanced by TNF and/or hyperthermia treatment, and that the combination of TNF and hyperthermia caused only modest elevation of one species (dihydro-palmitoyl ceramide). We conclude that febrile hyperthermia potentiates apoptosis of MCF-7 cells and overcomes TNF-resistance by sustained activation of caspase-8 and engagement of the intrinsic pathway that is independent of ceramide flux. This report provides the first evidence for regulation of caspase-dependent apoptosis by febrile hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klostergaard
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA.
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105
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Wong HK, Tsokos GC. Fas (CD95) ligation inhibits activation of NF-kappa B by targeting p65-Rel A in a caspase-dependent manner. Clin Immunol 2006; 121:47-53. [PMID: 16765090 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.04.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important mechanism in T cell regulation. Initiation of apoptosis can be activated through two signaling pathways via proteins that bind the death domain, the MAPK-JNK pathway mediated by DAXX and the caspase pathway mediated by FADD. T cell proliferation is initiated by ligation of the T cell receptor (TCR) and activation of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor that has antiapoptotic functions. These pathways however are not isolated, and potential crosstalk between elements of the apoptotic pathway and growth pathway may be essential in determining cell survival. We studied the interaction between Fas- and the TCR-initiated pathways in Jurkat T cell as these pathways lead to opposing consequences. We show that Fas activation can inhibit TCR- and PMA/ionophore-initiated activation of NF-kappaB activity. The inhibition is caspase-dependent since an inhibitor of caspase activation, DEVD, can block the suppression of NF-kappaB activity following crosslinking of Fas. Analysis of the expression of the subunits of NF-kappaB revealed that the levels of p50 remained constant, whereas the levels of p65 were markedly decreased by crosslinking of Fas. These findings suggest that the Fas-ligation-mediated suppression preferentially targets p65 protein expression as a mechanism for suppression of antiapoptotic activities of NF-kappaB during apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry K Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, One Ford Place-4D Detroit, MI 40202, USA.
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106
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Tehranchi R. Impact of growth factors in the regulation of apoptosis in low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Med Oncol 2006; 23:37-49. [PMID: 16645228 DOI: 10.1385/mo:23:1:137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2005] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased apoptosis of hematopoietic progenitors is a hallmark of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and results in ineffective hematopoiesis. Erythroid apoptosis is thought to be the main mechanism underlying the severe anemia observed in the low-risk subgroups, refractory anemia (RA) and RA with ringed sideroblasts (RARS). Treatment with erythropoietin (Epo) alone or in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) may significantly improve anemia and reduce bone marrow apoptosis. A synergistic effect between Epo and G-CSF has been observed in the clinic, in particular in RARS. However, the molecular mechanisms beyond the anti-apoptotic effect of these growth factors have not been fully understood. This paper outlines the potential mechanisms underlying the augmented apoptosis during the erythroid differentiation in low-risk MDS as well as the anti-apoptotic effect of the growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tehranchi
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden.
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107
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Slot KA, de Boer-Brouwer M, Voorendt M, Sie-Go DMDS, Ghahremani M, Dorrington JH, Teerds KJ. Irregularly shaped inclusion cysts display increased expression of Ki67, Fas, Fas ligand, and procaspase-3 but relatively little active caspase-3. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:231-9. [PMID: 16445638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ovarian cancers are thought to arise from sequestered ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells that line the wall of inclusion cysts. Nevertheless, the early events toward neoplasia are not well understood. In this study, immunoreactivity for apoptotic proteins in human OSE of control and tumor ovarian sections was examined. Ki67, a marker for cell proliferation, was generally absent in the flat-to-cuboidal OSE cells on the ovarian surface and in regularly shaped inclusion cysts. Fas, Fas ligand, and caspase-3, components of the apoptotic pathway, were also largely absent. Ki67, Fas, Fas ligand, and procaspase-3 expression, though not active caspase-3 expression, was more frequently observed in epithelial cells lining irregularly shaped inclusion cysts, particularly in the columnar and Müllerian-like OSE cell types that resembled ovarian tumor OSE cells. Immunoreactivity for these factors as well as active caspase-3 was found frequently in ovarian tumors. We postulate that the appearance of the Fas system and its related proteins in sequestered columnar OSE cells of irregularly shaped inclusion cysts may contribute to balance cell growth with cell death, although little active caspase-3 expression was observed. Further studies are required to identify whether inhibition of apoptosis in inclusion cysts is an early event in ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Slot
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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108
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Faried LS, Faried A, Kanuma T, Nakazato T, Tamura T, Kuwano H, Minegishi T. Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by rapamycin increases chemosensitivity of CaSki cells to paclitaxel. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:934-47. [PMID: 16540312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 12/17/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel, a potent anti-neoplastic agent, has been found to be effective against several tumours, including cervical cancer. However, the exact mechanism underlying the cytotoxic effects of pacitaxel, especially in the survival-signalling pathway, is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular pathway of the cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel in human cervical cancer cell lines. Four human cervical cancer cell lines were treated for 24 h with various concentration of paclitaxel, and the sensitivity was analysed by an MTT assay. The cell cycle progression and sub-G1 population were analysed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis was further measured by DNA fragmentation and microscope examination. The protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Our results showed that HeLa cells demonstrated the highest sensitivity to paclitaxel, whereas CaSki cells showed the lowest. In cervical cancer cells, paclitaxel induced apoptosis through an intrinsic pathway with prior G2/M arrest. In addition, we showed that paclitaxel downregulated the phosphorylation of Akt in both HeLa and CaSki cells. Interestingly, in CaSki cells, which were more suggestive of a resistant phenotype, paclitaxel induced the activation of mTOR as a downstream target of Akt. Pre-treatment with rapamycin inhibited activation of mTOR signalling and significantly enhanced the sensitivity of CaSki cells to paclitaxel by increasing apoptotic cell death. This effect was mediated, at least partly, through caspase activation. Overall, paclitaxel exerts its anti-tumour effects on cervical cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through intrinsic pathway, and rapamycin targeted to mTOR can sensitise paclitaxel-resistant cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Faried
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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109
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Wiens M, Müller WE. Cell death in Porifera: molecular players in the game of apoptotic cell death in living fossils. CAN J ZOOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/z05-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis represents the morphological manifestation of programmed cell death and, paradoxically at first sight, it is a prerequisite for metazoan life. Thus, apoptosis is responsible for the demise of cells during many physiological processes. It is also accountable for the death of cells following exposure to countless stimuli. Therefore, it is obvious that apoptosis must be regulated by a complex network of various molecular signaling pathways. Research during the past 20 years has led to the identification of major functional groups of molecules involved in apoptotic pathways. These include members of the Bcl-2 superfamily, members of the TNF family, caspases, and their activators. Yet, the evolutionary conservation of those elements of the apoptotic machinery was only established from nematode to man. Sponges (phylum Porifera) are characterized by a remarkable regeneration capacity and longevity. Furthermore, they represent the phylogenetically oldest still extant metazoan taxon. Thus, research on these living fossils opens a window to the past, to the dawn of metazoan life. It allows us to trace the evolution of programmed cell death and its core components. This review summarizes the key findings and concepts which have emerged from studies of apoptosis in Porifera.
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110
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Lin JP, Yang JS, Lee JH, Hsieh WT, Chung JG. Berberine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma SNU-5 cell line. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:21-8. [PMID: 16440412 PMCID: PMC4077487 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationship between the inhibited growth (cytotoxic activity) of berberine and apoptotic pathway with its molecular mechanism of action. METHODS The in vitro cytotoxic techniques were complemented by cell cycle analysis and determination of sub-G1 for apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma SNU-5 cells. Percentage of viable cells, cell cycle, and sub-G1 group (apoptosis) were examined and determined by the flow cytometric methods. The associated proteins for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS For SNU-5 cell line, the IC50 was found to be 48 micromol/L of berberine. In SNU-5 cells treated with 25-200 micromol/L berberine, G2/M cell cycle arrest was observed which was associated with a marked increment of the expression of p53, Wee1 and CDk1 proteins and decreased cyclin B. A concentration-dependent decrease of cells in G0/G1 phase and an increase in G2/M phase were detected. In addition, apoptosis detected as sub-G0 cell population in cell cycle measurement was proved in 25-200 micromol/L berberine-treated cells by monitoring the apoptotic pathway. Apoptosis was identified by sub-G0 cell population, and upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl-2, release of Ca2+, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and then led to the release of mitochondrial cytochrome C into the cytoplasm and caused the activation of caspase-3, and finally led to the occurrence of apoptosis. CONCLUSION Berberine induces p53 expression and leads to the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential, Cytochrome C release and activation of caspase-3 for the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Pin Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan. China
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111
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Yin W, Cheepala S, Clifford JL. Identification of a novel splice variant of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:1148-54. [PMID: 16343440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
XAF1 (XIAP-associated factor 1) binds to XIAP and blocks its anti-apoptotic activity. It has been reported that XAF1 is mainly expressed in normal tissues but is missing or present at low levels in most cancer cell lines, which implies a tumor-suppressing function. In the present study we describe the identification of a novel splice variant of human XAF1, designated XAF1C, which contains a cryptic exon. Incorporation of this exon (exon 4b) into the mRNA introduces an in-frame stop codon, resulting in a shortened open-reading frame (ORF) of 495 nucleotides. This ORF is predicted to encode a 164 amino acid (AA) protein lacking the C-terminal domain of the previously described XAF1(A), but containing a unique 24 AA carboxy terminus. Like XAF1(A), XAF1C mRNA expression was detected in a variety of human cancer cell lines and also in normal human tissues. The ratio of XAF1(A) and XAF1C mRNA expression differs amongst the cell lines tested, suggesting differential mRNA stabilities and/or the existence of tissue- or cell type-specific splicing regulation. In transfected cells, xaf1c encodes a truncated protein of 18kDa, which is distributed primarily in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center School of Medicine in Shreveport and Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, 1501 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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112
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Nutku E, Hudson SA, Bochner BS. Mechanism of Siglec-8-induced human eosinophil apoptosis: role of caspases and mitochondrial injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:918-24. [PMID: 16157303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin like lectin (Siglec)-8 crosslinking with specific antibodies causes human eosinophil apoptosis. Mechanisms by which Siglec-8 crosslinking induces apoptosis are not known. Peripheral blood eosinophils were examined for caspase, mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS) involvement after incubating the cells with anti-Siglec-8 crosslinking Abs or control Abs, in the presence or absence of selective inhibitors. Siglec-8 crosslinking induced rapid cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 in eosinophils. Selective caspase-8 and/or caspase-9 inhibitors inhibited this apoptosis. Siglec-8 crosslinking on eosinophils increased dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential upstream of caspase activation. Rotenone and antimycin, inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain components, completely inhibited apoptosis. Additional experiments with an inhibitor of ROS, diphenyleneiodonium, demonstrated that ROS was also essential for Siglec-8-mediated apoptosis and preceded Siglec-8-mediated mitochondrial dissipation. These experiments show that Siglec-8-induced apoptosis occurs through the sequential production of ROS, followed by induction of mitochondrial injury and caspase cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Nutku
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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113
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Quesada AJ, Nelius T, Yap R, Zaichuk TA, Alfranca A, Filleur S, Volpert OV, Redondo JM. In vivo upregulation of CD95 and CD95L causes synergistic inhibition of angiogenesis by TSP1 peptide and metronomic doxorubicin treatment. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:649-58. [PMID: 15818399 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiangiogenic thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) induces endothelial cell death via a CD95-mediated cascade. We used this signaling pathway, where CD95/Fas is a rate-limiting intermediate, as a target to optimize the efficacy of TSP1 active peptide, DI-TSP. Like TSP1, DI-TSP upregulated endothelial CD95L in vivo. To modulate CD95 levels, we chose chemotherapy agent doxorubicin (DXR). DXR caused sustained upregulation of CD95 in the activated endothelium at 1/100 of the maximal tolerated dose. DI-TSP and DXR synergistically induced endothelial apoptosis in vitro, and in vivo, in developing murine vessels. Fas decoy, TSP1 receptor antibody and Pifithrin, a p53 inhibitor, severely decreased apoptosis and restored angiogenesis by DXR-DI-TSP combination, evidencing critical roles of CD95 and TSP1. Combined therapy synergistically blocked neovascularization and progression of the bladder and prostate carcinoma. Such informed design of a complex antiangiogenic therapy based on the rate-limiting molecular targets is a novel concept, which may yield new approaches to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Quesada
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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114
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Greaney P, Nahimana A, Lagopoulos L, Etter AL, Aubry D, Attinger A, Beltraminelli N, Huni B, Bassi I, Sordat B, Demotz S, Dupuis M, Duchosal MA. A Fas agonist induces high levels of apoptosis in haematological malignancies. Leuk Res 2005; 30:415-26. [PMID: 16181674 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed and tested a potent hexameric Fas agonist, termed MegaFasL, for its cytotoxic effects on a panel of human haematopoietic malignant cells and healthy human haematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34+CD38low). Results demonstrated that MegaFasL induced apoptosis in cell lines and primary cells representing multiple myeloma (MM), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and Burkitt's lymphoma. Cells from a chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) line and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were resistant. Furthermore, CD34+CD38low progenitor cells were also resistant to MegaFasL. The data indicate that MegaFasL could be a highly efficient therapeutic agent ex vivo or potentially in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Greaney
- Apoxis S.A., 18-20 Avenue de Sévelin, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
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115
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Enokimura N, Shiraki K, Kawakita T, Saitou Y, Inoue H, Okano H, Yamamoto N, Sugimoto K, Carr BI, Nakano T. Vitamin K analog (compound 5) induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma independent of the caspase pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:837-44. [PMID: 16096431 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000175583.78574.d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A systemic vitamin K analog, compound 5 (Cpd 5), possesses the ability to inhibit cell growth of tumor cells. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Cpd 5 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines and evaluated its role in apoptosis. Human HCC cell lines were cultured and treated with Cpd 5. Apoptosis was assessed using DAPI staining and Annexin-V membrane staining. The expression of caspases, XIAP and Bcl-xL was also investigated. Cpd 5 decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in two HCC cells (HLE and SK-Hep1) containing mutant p53, but not in the HepG2 cell line, which contained wild-type p53. Cpd 5-treated HLE and SK-Hep1 cells showed typical apoptotic features, nuclear condensation and nuclear fragmentation upon DAPI staining. Positive membranous staining for Annexin-V was also seen in these cells. Both caspase-8 and caspase-3 activities were up-regulated slightly. Pro-caspase-8 protein levels decreased slightly in both cells. Although the expression of Bcl-xL was not influenced by Cpd 5, that of XIAP decreased in HLE cells. However, the pan-caspase inhibitor, zVAD, could not significantly prevent Cpd 5-induced apoptosis and Cpd 5 could not augment TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate that Cpd 5 induced apoptosis in human HCC cell lines, mainly independently of caspase activities. This may contribute to its highly potent cytotoxicity toward HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Enokimura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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116
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Fumarola C, La Monica S, Alfieri RR, Borra E, Guidotti GG. Cell size reduction induced by inhibition of the mTOR/S6K-signaling pathway protects Jurkat cells from apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1344-57. [PMID: 15905878 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Jurkat cells, the decreased cell growth rate associated with a long-lasting deactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K)-signaling pathway generates a cell population of progressively reduced cellular mass and size. When promoted by rapamycin as prototype inhibitor, the mTOR deactivation-dependent cell size reduction was associated with slowed, but not suppressed, proliferation. Small-size cells were significantly protected from apoptosis induced by Fas/Apo-1 death-receptor activation (as shown by reduced procaspase cleavage and decreased catalytic activity of relevant caspases) or by stress signals-dependent mitochondrial perturbation (as shown by reduced cleavage of caspase-2, lower dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased release of cytochorome c and apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria). Protection faded when reactivation of the mTOR/S6K pathway promoted the cell recovery to normal size. These results suggest that cells induced to reduce their mass by the mTOR deactivation-dependent inhibition of cell growth become more resilient to lethal assaults by curbing the cell's suicidal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fumarola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Molecular Pathology and Immunology. University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy.
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117
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Cruise MW, Melief HM, Lukens J, Soguero C, Hahn YS. Increased Fas ligand expression of CD4+ T cells by HCV core induces T cell-dependent hepatic inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:412-25. [PMID: 15894587 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a high rate of viral persistence and the development of chronic liver disease. The expression of HCV core protein in T cells has previously been reported to alter T cell activation and has been linked to the development of liver inflammation. However, the molecular and cellular basis for the role of HCV core-expressing T cells in liver inflammation is not understood. Here, using double-transgenic mice of CD2/HCV-core transgenic mice and ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice, we demonstrated that in vivo antigenic stimulation (OVA peptide administration) triggers a marked influx of core-expressing, antigen-specific, transgenic CD4+ T cells into the liver of these mice. Phenotypic analysis of the liver-infiltrating T cells revealed high expression levels of CD44 and Fas ligand (FasL). Adoptive transfer of liver-infiltrating, core-expressing CD4+ T cells into severe combined immunodeficiency mice directly demonstrated the capacity of these activated T cells to induce liver inflammation. It is important that anti-FasL antibody treatment of the mice at the time of cell transfer abrogated the liver inflammation induced by core-expressing CD4+ T cells. These findings suggest that activated T lymphocytes expressing elevated levels of FasL may be involved in the bystander killing of hepatocyte, as well as the induction of chronic liver inflammation, by promoting recruitment of proinflammatory cells to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Cruise
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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118
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Linkermann A, Qian J, Lettau M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Considering Fas ligand as a target for therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9:119-34. [PMID: 15757486 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
About a decade ago, the death factor Fas ligand (FasL) was identified as the natural trigger of Fas/CD95-dependent apoptosis and as an inducer of Fas-dependent activation-induced cell death. Meanwhile, it is known that this molecule not only contributes to target cell lysis in the immune system but also to the establishment of immune privilege and tumour survival. Because delivering a specific antiproliferative signal to T lymphocytes is of major biomedical interest, the FasL/Fas system has gained much attention over the last few years. However, only recently it became evident that the biology of FasL is more complex than initially anticipated. FasL displays a complex pattern of inducible and constitutive expression associated with a number of different functions as a death factor or a co-stimulatory/accessory molecule in lymphocyte activation. Thus, side effects are likely to occur following systemic administration of, for example, anti-FasL medication, not only because of the constitutive FasL expression on cells within immune privileged tissues and vascular endothelium. In addition, FasL comes in different forms: as a surface molecule, as a protease-shed soluble variant or secreted in vesicles. Because increased levels of soluble FasL (sFasL) have been determined in various immunological and non-immunological diseases, it has been suggested that sFasL might serve as a prognostic or diagnostic marker even though the pathophysiological cause for its enhanced production is hardly known in most cases. This review summarises the current facts and ideas about the clinical and pharmacological potential of FasL and sFasL as targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Linkermann
- Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Institute of Immunology, Michaelisstr. 5, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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119
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Wesche DE, Lomas-Neira JL, Perl M, Chung CS, Ayala A. Leukocyte apoptosis and its significance in sepsis and shock. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:325-37. [PMID: 15817707 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and multiple organ failure continue to be significant problems among trauma, burn, and the critically ill patient population. Thus, a number of laboratories have focused on understanding the role of altered apoptotic cell death in contributing to immune and organ dysfunction seen in sepsis and shock. Immune cells that undergo altered apoptotic changes include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, as well as various lymphocyte populations. Evidence of epithelial as well as endothelial cell apoptotic changes has also been reported. Although mediators such as steroids, tumor necrosis factor, nitric oxide, C5a, and Fas ligand (FasL) appear to contribute to the apoptotic changes, their effects are tissue- and cell population-selective. As inhibiting Fas-FasL signaling (e.g., gene deficiency, Fas fusion protein, or Fas short interfering RNA administration), caspase inhibition (caspase mimetic peptides), and/or the overexpression of downstream antiapoptotic molecules (e.g., Bcl-2, Akt) improve survival of septic mice, it not only demonstrates the pathological significance of this process but points to novel targets for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen E Wesche
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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120
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Mezzanzanica D, Balladore E, Turatti F, Luison E, Alberti P, Bagnoli M, Figini M, Mazzoni A, Raspagliesi F, Oggionni M, Pilotti S, Canevari S. CD95-mediated apoptosis is impaired at receptor level by cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (long form) in wild-type p53 human ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:5202-14. [PMID: 15297424 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian carcinoma is a highly lethal malignancy that often becomes resistant to chemotherapy. Alterations in apoptotic signals and p53 status contribute to drug resistance, and CD95-mediated apoptosis is also deficient in resistant cells. We analyzed the mechanism of resistance to CD95-mediated apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cell lines differing in p53 status. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CD95-mediated apoptosis was induced by agonistic anti-CD95 antibody, and the apoptotic cascade was monitored with biochemical and functional assays. RESULTS CD95-mediated apoptosis was blocked in human ovarian cancer cells. In cell lines with wild-type p53, treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) together with anti-CD95 overcame the resistance, suggesting the presence of a labile inhibiting protein. Indeed, the labile protein cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein long form (c-FLIP(L)) was found to block caspase-8 recruitment to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), and sensitization of cells by CHX was due to c-FLIP(L) down-modulation at the DISC level. Down-regulation of c-FLIP(L) with antisense oligonucleotides increased CD95-mediated apoptosis as in cells sensitized by CHX, demonstrating the direct involvement of c-FLIP(L) in apoptosis resistance. Removal of c-FLIP(L) block at DISC level allowed full activation of the mitochondrial pathway and, eventually, apoptosis in wild-type p53 cells, whereas in cells with mutated p53, c-FLIP(L) involvement in CD95-mediated apoptosis resistance appeared to be irrelevant. Immunohistochemical analysis of an ovarian tumor tissue array revealed c-FLIP(L) expression in samples with no p53 accumulation (P = 0.034), and a significant (P = 0.037) inverse relationship between c-FLIP(L) and p53 expression levels was also observed in 27 epithelial ovarian cancer specimens with known p53 status. CONCLUSION The inhibitory protein c-FLIP(L) is involved in resistance to CD95-mediated apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells with wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Mezzanzanica
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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121
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Clemons NJ, Buzzard K, Steel R, Anderson RL. Hsp72 Inhibits Fas-mediated Apoptosis Upstream of the Mitochondria in Type II Cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:9005-12. [PMID: 15632129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414165200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) inhibits apoptosis induced by some stresses that trigger the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. However, with the exception of TNFalpha-induced apoptosis, a role for Hsp72 in modulating the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis has not been clearly established. In this study, it was demonstrated that Hsp72 could inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis of type II CCRF-CEM cells, but not type I SW480 or CH1 cells. Similar results were obtained when Fas ligand or an agonistic Fas antibody initiated the Fas apoptosis pathway. In CCRF-CEM cells, Hsp72 inhibited mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cytochrome c release but did not alter surface Fas expression or processing of caspase-8 and Bid, indicating that Hsp72 acts upstream of the mitochondria to inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis. Thus, the ability of Hsp72 to inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis is limited to type II cells where involvement of the intrinsic pathway is required for efficient effector caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Clemons
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
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Cooperative Disengagement of Fas and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Function in Neoplastic Cells Confers Enhanced Colonization Efficiency. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.1045.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of tumor progression is crucial toward the development of therapeutic interventions. Although the loss of sensitivity to cell death is a hallmark of neoplastic progression, it is likely one of several essential features that underlie a malignantly proficient or aggressive tumorigenic phenotype. Here, we identified intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as a molecule with expression coordinately regulated with Fas and inversely correlated with malignant phenotype between matched pairs of differentially aggressive malignant subpopulations in three mouse models. To determine whether coordinate expression of Fas and ICAM-1 regulated malignant behavior, tumor sublines were produced that expressed either lower levels of both Fas and ICAM-1, lower levels of Fas, or lower levels of ICAM-1 and then assessed for metastatic lung tumor growth. Tumor sublines rendered both Fas incompetent and ICAM-1 incompetent displayed significantly higher numbers of tumor nodules compared with tumor sublines separately expressing low levels of Fas or ICAM-1. However, all tumor sublines regardless of their Fas and ICAM-1 levels comparably infiltrated the lung, suggesting that Fas- and ICAM-1–based interactions ultimately influenced lung colonization efficiency. Overall, these data suggested that both Fas and ICAM-1 pathways cooperated to regulate tumor progression and that the coordinate down-regulation of Fas and ICAM-1 intensified malignant progression at the level of colonization. Thus, a FasloICAM-1lo phenotype may be characteristic of at least certain advancing, immune-resistant neoplastic subpopulations.
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123
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Abstract
In cancer, apoptotic processes occur both spontaneously and induced by antitumor therapies. Qualitative and quantitative changes in cancer cell death along with proliferative alterations are essential determinants in the pathogenesis and progression of malignant disease and its responsiveness to therapy. Besides detecting apoptosis by invasive means in tumor tissue, apoptotic products can be quantified in the circulation. Although circulating apoptotic products usually lack organ and tumor specificity, they contribute in the assessment of disease extent or aggressiveness. The ease of drawing blood facilitates the serial measurement of circulating apoptotic markers to monitor antitumor treatment and predict early response to therapy. This review describes the features of apoptotic and necrotic cell death along with the role the balance between the rates of cell death and cell proliferation plays in the progression of malignancy. The intracellular pathways mediating apoptosis are next summarized. The focus then shifts to the apoptotic markers found in the circulation and their diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and management utility in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holdenrieder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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124
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Zelinskyy G, Balkow S, Schimmer S, Schepers K, Simon MM, Dittmer U. Independent roles of perforin, granzymes, and Fas in the control of Friend retrovirus infection. Virology 2005; 330:365-74. [PMID: 15567431 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-cells (CTL) play a central role in the recovery of mammalian hosts from retroviral infections. However, the molecular pathways that mediate the antiretroviral activity of CTL are still elusive. Here we explore the protective role of the two main cytolytic pathways of CTL, that is, granule exocytosis and Fas/Fas ligand (FasL), in acute and persistent Friend retrovirus (FV) infection of mice. For this purpose, we have used mutant mouse strains with targeted gene defects in one or more components of the two cytolytic pathways including perforin, granzyme A, granzyme B, Fas, and FasL. The important function of CTL in resistance of C57BL/6 (B6) mice to FV is emphasized by the finding that depletion of CD8+ T-cells prior to virus infection resulted in severe splenomegaly and high viral loads in blood and spleen tissue. Analysis of primary FV infection in knockout mice revealed that acute infection was readily controlled in the absence of functional Fas. Most notably in the presence of Fas/FasL each of the three effector molecules of the exocytosis pathway (i.e., perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme B) was capable on its own to mediate suppression of virus replication and protection from leukemia. However, triple knockout mice lacking perforin and the two granzymes were fully susceptible to FV-induced leukemia. In contrast to acute infection the Fas/FasL pathway was mandatory for effective control of FV replication during persistent infection. These findings suggest novel pathways of CTL-mediated viral defense and contribute towards a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CTL activity in retroviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennadiy Zelinskyy
- Institut für Virologie des Universitätsklinikums Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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125
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Bailey K, Cook HW, McMaster CR. The phospholipid scramblase PLSCR1 increases UV induced apoptosis primarily through the augmentation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and independent of direct phosphorylation by protein kinase C delta. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1733:199-209. [PMID: 15863367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 12/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell death by apoptosis can be caused by the DNA mutagen UV light whose exposure causes the direct activation of both the caspase 9 regulated cell damage intrinsic pathway and the caspase 8 regulated plasma membrane extrinsic pathway. We determined that increased activity of the plasma membrane phospholipid scramblase, PLSCR1, amplified UV mediated apoptosis primarily through the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The caspase 8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk was not as effective an inhibitor of PLSCR1 augmented UV induced apoptosis compared to treatment with caspase 3, caspase 9, or pan-caspase inhibitors. The inability of the caspase 8 inhibitor to decrease UV induced apoptosis was dependent on PLSCR1, as UV induced apoptosis was decreased by a similar amount in the control cells in the presence of inhibitors of caspase 8, caspase 9, caspase 3, or the pan-caspase inhibitor. PKC-delta directly phosphorylates human PLSCR1 resulting in increased PLSCR1 scramblase activity. PKC-delta can also be activated by caspase mediated cleavage resulting in the release of a constitutively active kinase domain. We observed that replacing the PKC-delta phosphorylation site of PLSCR1 with an alanine did not affect the ability of PLSCR1 to enhance UV induced apoptosis implying that PKC-delta does not directly phosphorylate PLSCR1 to increase plasma membrane scramblase activity during apoptosis. Cells transfected with a PLSCR1 mutant that contained an alanine substitution at its known PKC-delta phosphorylation site underwent UV induced apoptosis at a level similar to those transfected with wild type PLSCR1. The combined results indicate that UV exposure in cells possessing PLSCR1 increases apoptosis primarily by enhancement of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and also imply that the increased apoptosis observed upon exposure to UV light is not through direct phosphorylation of PLSCR1 by PKC-delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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126
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Vendrame F, Santangelo C, Misasi R, Dionisi S, Gizzi C, Realacci M, Grassetti D, Di Mario U, Dotta F. Defective lymphocyte caspase-3 expression in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152:119-25. [PMID: 15762195 DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation-induced cell death (AICD) is a major mechanism in the regulation of peripheral tolerance and its impairment can determine the development of autoimmunity. In the present study, in order to evaluate the role of caspase-3 in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) AICD, caspase-3 expression was analyzed in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 37 new onset T1DM patients and from 36 normal control subjects (NC) in resting conditions and after anti-Fas-triggered apoptosis. METHODS Caspase-3 expression was determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot. Apoptosis was induced in activated lymphocytes by anti-Fas monoclonal antibody and quantified by flow cytometry and morphological analysis. RESULTS Caspase-3 mRNA expression was reduced in resting lymphocytes in 18/37 T1DM patients and in 1/36 NC (P < 0.01). Patients studied for both Fas-mediated AICD and caspase-3 mRNA expression revealed that a reduced caspase-3 mRNA expression in resting lymphocytes occurred in all patients showing resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis (T1DM vs NC, P < 0.02) with the exception of 3 patients who exhibited normal caspase-3 expression levels. Caspase-3 protein analysis confirmed mRNA data and showed an impaired expression of caspase-3 active form in T1DM subjects compared with NC. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that defective expression and function of caspase-3 in peripheral lymphocytes of T1DM patients may contribute to the development of AICD resistance in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vendrame
- Department of Clinical Sciences-Endocrinology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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127
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Sandra F, Hendarmin L, Nakao Y, Nakamura N, Nakamura S. TRAIL Cleaves Caspase-8, -9 and -3 of AM-1 Cells: A Possible Pathway for TRAIL to Induce Apoptosis in Ameloblastoma. Tumour Biol 2005; 26:258-64. [PMID: 16110259 DOI: 10.1159/000087564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2L), a potent ligand in inducing apoptosis, has recently emerged as a novel anticancer agent based on its ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells, while exhibiting no toxicity in most normal cells. Since no potent apoptosis-inducing factor has been found yet in ameloblastoma, the present study was conducted. In the present study, expressions of TRAIL receptors, death receptor 4 (DR4) and DR5, were detected in all ameloblastoma tissues by immunohistochemistry as well as in AM-1 cells by immunofluorescence. By applying TRAIL in AM-1 cells, ameloblastoma cell line, for 24 h, we found that TRAIL cleaved caspase-8, -9 and -3, and lowered mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim), and markedly induced apoptosis in AM-1 cells (46%). These results suggested that TRAIL is a potent apoptosis-inducing ligand in ameloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferry Sandra
- Laboratory of Oral Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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128
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Pardo J, Bosque A, Brehm R, Wallich R, Naval J, Müllbacher A, Anel A, Simon MM. Apoptotic pathways are selectively activated by granzyme A and/or granzyme B in CTL-mediated target cell lysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 167:457-68. [PMID: 15534000 PMCID: PMC2172484 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200406115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purified cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) proteases granzyme (gzm)A and gzmB with sublytic dose of perforin (perf) initiate distinct proapoptotic pathways. Their physiological relevance in CTL-mediated target cell apoptosis is elusive. Using ex vivo virus-immune CD8(+) T cells from mice deficient in perf, gzmA and/or gzmB, and the Fas-resistant EL4.F15 tumor target cell, we show that (a) CTL from gzmA(-/-) or gzmB(-/-) mice similarly induced early proapoptotic features, such as phosphatidyl serine (PS) exposure on plasma membrane, Delta Psi(m) loss, and reactive oxygen radical generation, though with distinct kinetics; (b) CTL from gzmA(-/-) but not from gzmB(-/-) mice activate caspase 3 and 9; (c) PS exposure induced by CTL from gzmA(-/-) or gzmB(-/-) mice is prevented, respectively, by caspase inhibitors or by reactive oxygen scavengers without interfering with target cell death; and (d) all gzm-induced apoptotic features analyzed depend critically on perf. Thus, perf is the principal regulator in CTL-mediated and gzm-facilitated intracellular processes. The ability of gzmA and gzmB to induce multiple independent cell death pathways may be the hosts response to circumvent evasion strategies of pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Pardo
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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129
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Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Enhancement of therapeutic potential of TRAIL by cancer chemotherapy and irradiation: mechanisms and clinical implications. Drug Resist Updat 2004; 7:139-56. [PMID: 15158769 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cell surface death receptors by their cognate ligands triggers apoptosis. Several human death receptors (Fas, TNF-R1, TRAMP, DR4, DR5, DR6, EDA-R and NGF-R) have been identified. The most promising cytokine for anticancer therapy is TRAIL/APO-2L, which induces apoptosis in cancer cells by binding to death receptors TRAIL-R1/DR4 and TRAIL-R2/DR5. The cytotoxic activity of TRAIL is relatively selective to cancer cells compared to normal cells. Signaling by TRAIL and its receptors is tightly regulated process essential for key physiological functions in a variety of organs, as well as the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Despite early promising results, recent studies have identified several TRAIL-resistant cancer cells of various origins. Based on molecular analysis of death-receptor signaling pathways several new approaches have been developed to increase the efficacy of TRAIL. Resistance of cancer cells to TRAIL appears to occur through the modulation of various molecular targets. They may include differential expression of death receptors, constitutively active Akt and NFkappaB, overexpression of cFLIP and IAPs, mutations in Bax and Bak genes, and defects in the release of mitochondrial proteins in resistant cells. Conventional chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive drugs, and irradiation can sensitize TRAIL-resistant cells to undergo apoptosis. Thus, these agents enhance the therapeutic potential of TRAIL in TRAIL-sensitive cells and sensitize TRAIL-resistant cells. TRAIL and TRAIL-receptor antibodies may prove to be useful for cancer therapy, either alone or in association with conventional approaches such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. This review discusses intracellular mechanisms of TRAIL resistance and various approaches that can be taken to sensitize TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Shankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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130
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Abstract
This review focuses on wear debris-mediated osteolysis, a major factor compromising the long-term success of total joint arthroplasty. Studies on retrieved implants and animal models, as well as in vitro studies on particle bioreactivity, suggest that wear-mediated periprosthetic osteolysis is unlikely to be caused solely by 1 particular cell type or particulate species, but is rather the cumulative consequence of a number of biological reactions. Our recent findings suggest 3 novel mechanisms of particle bioreactivity that may contribute to osteolysis: 1) exacerbated inflammation caused by elevated reactive oxygen species production by activated macrophages and osteoclasts, (2) impaired periprosthetic bone formation secondary to disrupted osteogenesis, and (3) compromised bone regeneration resulting from increased cytotoxic response of mesenchymal osteoprogenitor cells. Understanding the pathogenesis of wear-mediated osteolysis is needed to improve orthopedic implant biocompatibility and wear reduction, and to develop effective pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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131
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a programmed mechanism of cell death recognized by its characteristic morphological and biochemical changes. Over the last decade, our understanding of the biochemistry of apoptosis has flourished. However, the physiological relevance of apoptosis remains elusive. Here, I propose that the process of programmed cell death plays an essential role in structural development. From pioneering studies almost a century ago to recent findings using modern technology, similar conclusions have emerged that highlight the fundamental role of apoptosis in vascular development. This review will recount these classic and modern studies as I survey evidence that implicates apoptosis in other aspects of development and ask how cell death can possibly contribute to homeostasis and development of the immune system. I briefly consider the mechanisms that may determine the fate of cells within the vasculature and propose new roles for the contribution of apoptosis to development and differentiation. More provocatively, I explore the possibilities that arise from this growing field of study, including prevention of developmental defects and even abnormal development after birth, such as neoplastic development. To realize these end points, the biochemical bases of apoptosis must be thoroughly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Doseff
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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132
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Hao Z, Hampel B, Yagita H, Rajewsky K. T cell-specific ablation of Fas leads to Fas ligand-mediated lymphocyte depletion and inflammatory pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:1355-65. [PMID: 15148335 PMCID: PMC2211818 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20032196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of Fas–Fas ligand (FasL) interaction-mediated apoptosis in lymphocyte homeostasis, we generated a mutant fas allele allowing conditional inactivation of the fas gene through Cre-mediated recombination. Experiments in which Fas was ablated in T cells, B cells, T and B cells, or in a more generalized manner demonstrated that the development of lymphoproliferative disease as seen in Fas-deficient mice requires Fas ablation in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Selective inactivation of Fas in T cells led to a severe lymphopenia over time, accompanied by up-regulation of FasL on activated T cells and apoptosis of peripheral lymphocytes. In addition, the mutant animals developed a fatal wasting syndrome caused by massive leukocyte infiltration in the lungs together with increased inflammatory cytokine production and pulmonary fibrosis. Inhibition of Fas–FasL interaction in vivo completely prevented the loss of lymphocytes and initial lymphocyte infiltration in the lungs. Thus, FasL-mediated interaction of activated, Fas-deficient T cells with Fas-expressing cells in their environment leads to break down of lymphocyte homeostasis and development of a lung disease strikingly resembling idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in humans, a common and severe disease for which the mutant mice may serve as a first animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyue Hao
- 620 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada.
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133
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Kokkonen TS, Augustin MT, Mäkinen JM, Kokkonen J, Karttunen TJ. High endothelial venules of the lymph nodes express Fas ligand. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:693-9. [PMID: 15100246 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas (CD95, APO-1) is widely expressed on lymphatic cells, and by interacting with its natural ligand (Fas-L), Fas induces apoptosis through a complex caspase cascade. In this study we sought to survey Fas-L expression in vascular and sinusoidal structures of human reactive lymph nodes. Immunohistochemical Fas-L expression was present in all paracortical high endothelial venules (HEVs), in cells lining the marginal sinus wall, and in a few lymphocytes, but only occasionally in non-HEV vascular endothelium. In the paracortical zone over 60% of all vessels and all paracortical HEVs showed Fas-L expression, whereas in the medullary zone less than 10% of the blood vessels were stained with Fas-L. Normal vessels outside lymph nodes mostly showed no Fas-L expression. We show that in human reactive lymph nodes Fas-L expression is predominantly present in HEVs. Because the circulating lymphocytes gain entry to nodal parenchyma by transendothelial migration through HEVs, the suggested physiological importance of Fas-L expression in these vessels lies in the regulation of lymphocyte access to lymph node parenchyma by possibly inducing Fas/Fas-L mediated apoptosis of activated Fas-expressing lymphoid cells. The Fas-L expressing cells in the marginal sinus might have a similar function for cells accessing the node in afferent lymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo S Kokkonen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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134
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Abstract
Activation of Fas receptor by Fas ligand causes caspase 8 activation and apoptosis in cells and is an important mechanism by which normal tissue homeostasis and function are maintained. Activation of caspase 8 is preceded by the formation of a death-inducing signalling complex (DISC), and a number of redundant mechanisms regulate DISC formation in vivo. Fas receptor is widely expressed in tissues, and dysfunction of the regulatory mechanisms in Fas receptor signalling has been reported in several diseases including autoimmune disease and cancer. This review aims to identify and discuss the various mechanisms employed by cells to alter their sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis by regulating DISC formation. We also discuss a number of defects identified with Fas receptor signalling and the associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Curtin
- Tumour Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Research Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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135
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Domhan S, Stremmel W, Rudi J. Role of apoptosis and CD95-receptor/ligand system in aspirin- and Helicobacter pylori-induced cell death. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:422-8. [PMID: 15200494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori and aspirin both induce gastric epithelial apoptosis. However, the apoptosis-inducing mechanism of aspirin is still unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS Apoptosis induction was measured in several gastric epithelial cell lines after incubation with either aspirin or H. pylori supernatant or with a combination of both. CD95 expression was assessed by FACS analysis and CD95L mRNA was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS It could be demonstrated that aspirin- and H. pylori supernatant-induced apoptosis involves increased CD95 expression in three different gastric epithelial cell lines. The combined exposure of H. pylori supernatant and aspirin had synergistic effects on both apoptotic cell death and CD95 expression. Blockade of CD95 signalling with an antagonistic antibody was partially prevented from H. pylori- but not from aspirin-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, CD95L expression was detected after treatment with H. pylori only. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that although aspirin-mediated CD95 up-regulation is not relevant for its direct apoptotic effect it may sensitize gastric epithelial cells for H. pylori-induced apoptosis. Collectively our data demonstrate the relation of aspirin- and H. pylori-induced apoptosis from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Domhan
- Department of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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136
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Eichhorst ST, Krueger A, Müerköster S, Fas SC, Golks A, Gruetzner U, Schubert L, Opelz C, Bilzer M, Gerbes AL, Krammer PH. Suramin inhibits death receptor–induced apoptosis in vitro and fulminant apoptotic liver damage in mice. Nat Med 2004; 10:602-9. [PMID: 15146177 DOI: 10.1038/nm1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Suramin is a polysulfonated derivative of urea and has been widely used both to treat infections and as a chemotherapeutic drug. Suramin has been shown to inhibit growth factor signaling pathways; however, its effect on apoptosis is unknown. Here we show that suramin inhibits apoptosis induced through death receptors in hepatoma and lymphoma cells. It also inhibits the proapoptotic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs. The antiapoptotic mechanism is specific to cell type and is caused by reduced activation, but not altered composition, of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), and by inhibition of the initiator caspases 8, 9 and 10. Suramin also shows similar effects in in vivo models: apoptotic liver damage induced by CD95 stimulation and endotoxic shock mediated by tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) are inhibited in mice, but necrotic liver damage is not inhibited in a rat model of liver transplantation. Thus, the antiapoptotic property of suramin in the liver may be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören T Eichhorst
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Department of Internal Medicine II, Marchioninistrasse 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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137
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Benoit V, Chariot A, Delacroix L, Deregowski V, Jacobs N, Merville MP, Bours V. Caspase-8-Dependent HER-2 Cleavage in Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor α Stimulation Is Counteracted by Nuclear Factor κB through c-FLIP-L Expression. Cancer Res 2004; 64:2684-91. [PMID: 15087380 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oncoprotein HER-2/neu is a prosurvival factor, and its overexpression has been correlated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. We report that HER-2 is a new substrate for caspase-8 and that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulation leads to an early caspase-8-dependent HER-2 cleavage in MCF7 A/Z breast adenocarcinoma cells defective for nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activation. We show that the antiapoptotic transcription factor NFkappaB counteracts this cleavage through induction of the caspase-8 inhibitor c-FLIP. Our results also demonstrate that this HER-2 cleavage contributes to the TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis pathway because ectopic expression of an uncleavable HER-2 protects NFkappaB-defective cells against TNF-alpha-mediated cell death. Therefore, we propose an original model in which NFkappaB exerts a new antiapoptotic function by counteracting TNF-alpha-triggered cleavage of the HER-2 survival factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Benoit
- Laboratory of Medical Chemistry and Human Genetics, Center for Molecular and Cellular Therapy and Center for Research in Experimental Cancerology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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138
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Hasegawa A, Cheng X, Kajino K, Berezov A, Murata K, Nakayama T, Yagita H, Murali R, Greene MI. Fas-disabling small exocyclic peptide mimetics limit apoptosis by an unexpected mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6599-604. [PMID: 15084739 PMCID: PMC404091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401597101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fas ligand- (FasL) mediated apoptosis is an important element of tissue-specific organ damage. We have developed biologically active small exocyclic peptide mimetics that disable apoptotic functions of Fas. The most effective mimetic binds to both its receptor and FasL with comparable affinity. In vitro, the most effective antagonist blocked FasL-induced cytotoxicity completely and specifically. In vivo, the antagonistic mimetic also prevented Concanavilin A (Con A) induced hepatitis, a CD4(+) T cell-mediated animal model of liver injury. Although current approaches prevent Fas receptor signaling by excluding FasL binding to Fas, the small molecule mimetics reported here disable Fas by promoting a defective Fas-FasL receptor complex. This event desensitizes FasL-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting extracellular signal regulated kinase activity and up-regulating NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 252 John Morgan Building, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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139
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Mathas S, Lietz A, Anagnostopoulos I, Hummel F, Wiesner B, Janz M, Jundt F, Hirsch B, Jöhrens-Leder K, Vornlocher HP, Bommert K, Stein H, Dörken B. c-FLIP mediates resistance of Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:1041-52. [PMID: 15078899 PMCID: PMC2211891 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to death receptor–mediated apoptosis is supposed to be important for the deregulated growth of B cell lymphoma. Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, the malignant cells of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL), resist CD95-induced apoptosis. Therefore, we analyzed death receptor signaling, in particular the CD95 pathway, in these cells. High level CD95 expression allowed a rapid formation of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) containing Fas-associated death domain–containing protein (FADD), caspase-8, caspase-10, and most importantly, cellular FADD-like interleukin 1β–converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). The immunohistochemical analysis of the DISC members revealed a strong expression of CD95 and c-FLIP overexpression in 55 out of 59 cases of cHL. FADD overexpression was detectable in several cases. Triggering of the CD95 pathway in HRS cells is indicated by the presence of CD95L in cells surrounding them as well as confocal microscopy showing c-FLIP predominantly localized at the cell membrane. Elevated c-FLIP expression in HRS cells depends on nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Despite expression of other NF-κB–dependent antiapoptotic proteins, the selective down-regulation of c-FLIP by small interfering RNA oligoribonucleotides was sufficient to sensitize HRS cells to CD95 and tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand–induced apoptosis. Therefore, c-FLIP is a key regulator of death receptor resistance in HRS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Mathas
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, FG Dörken, D-13125 Berlin, Germany.
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140
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Abstract
Resistance towards apoptosis is a key factor for the survival of a malignant cell. Cancer results if there is too little apoptosis and cells grow faster and live longer than normal cells. In addition, defects in apoptosis signaling contribute to drug resistance of tumor cells. Thus, one of the main goals for oncologic treatment is to overcome resistance of tumor cells towards apoptosis. The exciting challenge in oncology is to translate the growing knowledge of apoptotic pathways into clinical applications. In this review we address the role of apoptosis signaling in tumorigenesis and drug resistance of tumor cells and discuss therapeutic approaches interfering with apoptosis pathways.
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141
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Okouoyo S, Herzer K, Ucur E, Mattern J, Krammer PH, Debatin KM, Herr I. Rescue of death receptor and mitochondrial apoptosis signaling in resistant human NSCLC in vivo. Int J Cancer 2004; 108:580-7. [PMID: 14696123 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a highly lethal malignancy that often becomes resistant to chemotherapy. To determine whether alterations in apoptotic signaling might contribute to such resistance, we established in vitro and in vivo models for sensitive and resistant human NSCLC. We found that resistance is due to multiple defects found in expression of CD95-L, CD95 and members of the Bcl-2 and IAP family, as well as caspase-8, -9 and -3 as examined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, gene array analysis and functional assays. Failure to activate death receptor, as well as mitochondrial apoptosis signaling, points to a central role of caspases. To restore apoptosis signaling we transfected NSCLC xenografts on nude mice with caspase-8 and -9. This treatment strongly induced apoptosis per se and sensitized the tumors to cisplatin-induced cell death. Thus, these findings indicate that re-expression of caspases might be an effective strategy to restore sensitivity for chemotherapy in NSCLC in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Okouoyo
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Oncology/Pediatrics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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142
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Trauzold A, Schmiedel S, Sipos B, Wermann H, Westphal S, Röder C, Klapper W, Arlt A, Lehnert L, Ungefroren H, Johannes FJ, Kalthoff H. PKCmu prevents CD95-mediated apoptosis and enhances proliferation in pancreatic tumour cells. Oncogene 2004; 22:8939-47. [PMID: 14654790 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Loss of growth control and a marked resistance to apoptosis are considered major mechanisms driving tumour progression. Protein kinases C (PKC) have been shown to be important in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. In this report, we investigated the role of the PKC-like kinase PKCmu in the control of these processes in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. We demonstrate that in these cells, PKCmu expression strongly correlates with resistance to CD95-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of PKCmu with Goe6983 sensitized resistant cells to CD95-induced apoptosis. In CD95-sensitive Colo357 cells, forced overexpression of PKCmu strongly reduced CD95-mediated apoptosis, an effect that could be reversed by pretreatment with Goe6983. In addition, PKCmu overexpression led to a strongly enhanced cell growth and to a significant increase of telomerase activity. In an attempt to identify the signalling pathways affected by PKCmu, we identified the antiapoptotic proteins c-FLIPL and survivin to be strongly upregulated in PKCmu overexpressing cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of pancreatic tumour tissue of 48 patients and 10 normal pancreatic tissues revealed marked overexpression of PKCmu in tumours. In conclusion, we showed that PKCmu controls proliferative, as well as anti-apoptotic, signalling pathways and therefore plays an important role in acquiring the malignant phenotype of pancreatic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trauzold
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery, Christian-Albrechts-University, Arnold-Heller-Str7, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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143
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Meyers M, Hwang A, Wagner MW, Boothman DA. Role of DNA mismatch repair in apoptotic responses to therapeutic agents. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2004; 44:249-264. [PMID: 15468331 DOI: 10.1002/em.20056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Deficiencies in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) have been found in both hereditary cancer (i.e., hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) and sporadic cancers of various tissues. In addition to its primary roles in the correction of DNA replication errors and suppression of recombination, research in the last 10 years has shown that MMR is involved in many other processes, such as interaction with other DNA repair pathways, cell cycle checkpoint regulation, and apoptosis. Indeed, a cell's MMR status can influence its response to a wide variety of chemotherapeutic agents, such as temozolomide (and many other methylating agents), 6-thioguanine, cisplatin, ionizing radiation, etoposide, and 5-fluorouracil. For this reason, identification of a tumor's MMR deficiency (as indicated by the presence of microsatellite instability) is being utilized more and more as a prognostic indicator in the clinic. Here, we describe the basic mechanisms of MMR and apoptosis and investigate the literature examining the influence of MMR status on the apoptotic response following treatment with various therapeutic agents. Furthermore, using isogenic MMR-deficient (HCT116) and MMR-proficient (HCT116 3-6) cells, we demonstrate that there is no enhanced apoptosis in MMR-proficient cells following treatment with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. In fact, apoptosis accounts for only a small portion of the induced cell death response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Meyers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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144
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Marceau N, Gilbert S, Loranger A. Uncovering the Roles of Intermediate Filaments in Apoptosis. Methods Cell Biol 2004; 78:95-129. [PMID: 15646617 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(04)78005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Normand Marceau
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie et Département de médecine, Université Laval, G1R 2J6 QC, Canada
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145
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Trauzold A, Schmiedel S, Röder C, Tams C, Christgen M, Oestern S, Arlt A, Westphal S, Kapischke M, Ungefroren H, Kalthoff H. Multiple and synergistic deregulations of apoptosis-controlling genes in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1714-21. [PMID: 14583775 PMCID: PMC2394395 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inability to die by apoptosis is one of the reasons for the deregulated growth of tumour cells and the frequently observed failure of chemotherapy. In this study we thought to identify the common and functionally important characteristics responsible for the apoptosis resistance of pancreatic tumour cells. We analysed cell surface expression level of death receptors CD95 and TRAIL-R1-4 as well as the expression profile of sixteen apoptosis-relevant proteins in five pancreatic carcinoma cell lines Capan1, Colo357, PancTuI, Panc89 and Panc1. These data were evaluated in the context of sensitivity towards anti-CD95 and TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Here we report that except for resistant Panc1 cells, which only marginally expressed CD95, all other cell lines showed comparable levels of CD95 and TRAIL receptors irrespectively of their apoptotic phenotype. Interestingly, we found that the elevated expression of FLIP, Bcl-xL and IAP in parallel with a downregulation of FADD and Bid was common for the resistant cell lines. Consequently, stable overexpression of XIAP, Bcl-xL or dominant negative FADD in sensitive cells significantly reduced the death receptor mediated apoptosis while the overexpression of Bid rendered the resistant cells sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trauzold
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery
| | - S Schmiedel
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery
| | - C Röder
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery
| | - C Tams
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery
| | - M Christgen
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery
| | - S Oestern
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery
| | - A Arlt
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, 1st Dept. of Medicine, UK S-H, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - S Westphal
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery
| | - M Kapischke
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery
| | | | - H Kalthoff
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery
- Molecular Oncology, Clinic for General Surgery. E-mail:
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146
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Houston A, Bennett MW, O'Sullivan GC, Shanahan F, O'Connell J. Fas ligand mediates immune privilege and not inflammation in human colon cancer, irrespective of TGF-beta expression. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1345-51. [PMID: 14520470 PMCID: PMC2394303 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancers express Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) in vivo, and can kill lymphoid cells by Fas-mediated apoptosis in vitro. However, overexpression of recombinant FasL in murine tumour allografts revealed a potential antitumour effect of FasL, via recruitment of neutrophils. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) could inhibit these neutrophil-stimulatory effects of FasL. In the present study, we sought to determine directly whether FasL contributes to immune privilege or tumour rejection in human colon cancers in vivo, and whether TGF-β1 regulates FasL function. Serial tumour sections were immunostained for FasL and TGF-β1. Neutrophils and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were detected by immunohistochemistry for lactoferrin and CD45, respectively. Apoptotic TIL were identified by dual staining for TUNEL/CD45. FasL expression by nests of tumour cells was associated with a mean four-fold depletion of TILs (range 1.8–33-fold, n=16, P<0.001), together with a two-fold increase in TIL apoptosis (range 1.6–2.5-fold, n=14, P<0.001), relative to FasL-negative nests within the same tumours. The overall level of neutrophils present in all tumours examined was low (mean 0.3%, n=16), with FasL expression by tumour nests associated with a mean two-fold decrease in neutrophils, irrespective of TGF-β1 expression. Together, our results suggest that tumour-expressed FasL is inhibitory rather than stimulatory towards antitumour immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Houston
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - M W Bennett
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - G C O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Mercy Hospital, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - F Shanahan
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - J O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland. E-mail:
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147
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Abstract
The CD95 ligand is involved as a death factor in the regulation of activation-induced cell death, establishment of immune privilege and tumor cell survival. In addition, CD95L may serve as a costimulatory molecule for T-cell activation. Alterations in expression or shedding of membrane and soluble CD95L are associated with numerous diseases, and underscore the pathophysiological relevance of the CD95/CD95L system. In most cases, the causal link between altered CD95L expression and pathophysiology is unknown. Given the potency of the molecule to regulate death and survival of many different cell types, the control of CD95L production, transport, storage, shedding and inactivation is of tremendous biological and clinical interest. This review summarizes the current knowledge, hypotheses and controversies about CD95L as a multifunctional ligand and receptor. It considers the different roles of membrane and soluble forms of CD95L and the complex networks of intracellular dynamics of protein trafficking, as well as the potential bidirectional signal transduction capacity of CD95L, with a focus on molecular interactions that have been worked out over the past years.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Janssen
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Michaelisstrasse 5, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
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148
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Fraser M, Leung B, Jahani-Asl A, Yan X, Thompson WE, Tsang BK. Chemoresistance in human ovarian cancer: the role of apoptotic regulators. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:66. [PMID: 14609433 PMCID: PMC270001 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2003] [Accepted: 10/07/2003] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is among the most lethal of all malignancies in women. While chemotherapy is the preferred treatment modality, chemoresistance severely limits treatment success. Recent evidence suggests that deregulation of key pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways is a key factor in the onset and maintenance of chemoresistance. Furthermore, the discovery of novel interactions between these pathways suggests that chemoresistance may be multi-factorial. Ultimately, the decision of the cancer cell to live or die in response to a chemotherapeutic agent is a consequence of the overall apoptotic capacity of that cell. In this review, we discuss the biochemical pathways believed to promote cell survival and how they modulate chemosensitivity. We then conclude with some new research directions by which the fundamental mechanisms of chemoresistance can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Brendan Leung
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Arezu Jahani-Asl
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Xiaojuan Yan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Winston E Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Cooperative Reproductive Science Research Center, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Benjamin K Tsang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada K1Y 4E9, Canada
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149
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Abstract
Since the ligand for the death factor CD95 (CD95L) was identified almost a decade ago, it has been established that this molecule (CD95L, FasL, Apo-1L, CD178, TNFSF6, APT1LG1) has multiple immunoregulatory and pathophysiologically relevant functions. CD95L does not only act as a death factor when externalized with secretory lysosomes on cytotoxic T and NK cells or when expressed on CD4(+) T cells in the course of activation-induced cell death, it is also a key molecule for the establishment of immune privilege or tumor cell survival and may serve as a costimulatory molecule during T cell activation. Moreover, alterations of expression or shedding of different forms of CD95L are associated with many diseases including various malignancies, HIV infection, autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematodes, rheumatoid arthritis), acute myocardial infarction, traumatic injury and many others. In most cases, however, the physiological link between altered CD95L expression and pathophysiology is unknown. Given the potency of the molecule to regulate death and survival of many different cell types, the control of CD95L production, transport, storage, shedding and release is of tremendous biological and clinical interest. This commentary aims at briefly summarizing the current knowledge, hypotheses and controversies about CD95L as a multifunctional ligand and receptor. It touches upon the complex networks of intracellular dynamics of protein transport and trafficking and the potential bidirectional signal transduction capacity of CD95L with a focus on molecular interactions that have been worked out over the past years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Linkermann
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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150
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Rajesh D, Stenzel RA, Howard SP. Perillyl alcohol as a radio-/chemosensitizer in malignant glioma. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:35968-78. [PMID: 12805388 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303280200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with malignant glioma has not significantly changed in two decades, despite advances in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, emphasizing the growing need for novel approaches to glioma therapy. Perillyl alcohol (POH) is a naturally occurring monoterpene that has been shown to possess chemotherapeutic as well as chemopreventive activity in animal tumor models and is currently in Phase I and Phase II clinical trials. In the present study, we have demonstrated that POH is an effective radiosensitizer at clinically relevant doses of radiation using established glioma cell lines. POH caused a transient arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and induced apoptosis in glioma cells. POH treatment sensitized glioma cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis, which was further augmented in the presence of ionizing radiation and abrogated in the presence of antagonistic antibody. POH-induced radiosensitization was partially inhibited in glioma cells expressing dominant negative Fas-associated death domain and completely inhibited in glioma cells overexpressing the cytokine response modifier A. In addition, POH treatment resulted in a dose-dependent sensitization to cisplatin and doxorubicin induced cytotoxicity in glioma cells, highlighting its usefulness as a potent radio/chemosensitizer in the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Rajesh
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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