101
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Weisberg E, Manley PW, Cowan-Jacob SW, Hochhaus A, Griffin JD. Second generation inhibitors of BCR-ABL for the treatment of imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:345-56. [PMID: 17457302 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib, a small-molecule ABL kinase inhibitor, is a highly effective therapy for early-phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), which has constitutively active ABL kinase activity owing to the expression of the BCR-ABL fusion protein. However, there is a high relapse rate among advanced- and blast-crisis-phase patients owing to the development of mutations in the ABL kinase domain that cause drug resistance. Several second-generation ABL kinase inhibitors have been or are being developed for the treatment of imatinib-resistant CML. Here, we describe the mechanism of action of imatinib in CML, the structural basis of imatinib resistance, and the potential of second-generation BCR-ABL inhibitors to circumvent resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Weisberg
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Mayer 540, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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102
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Tammer I, Brandt S, Hartig R, König W, Backert S. Activation of Abl by Helicobacter pylori: a novel kinase for CagA and crucial mediator of host cell scattering. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1309-19. [PMID: 17408661 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-associated diseases depends on a specialized type IV secretion system. This type IV secretion system injects the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) effector protein into target cells where CagA becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by Src. Src then is inactivated rapidly, suggesting the presence of another host tyrosine kinase to ensure constant CagA phosphorylation in sustained Hp infections. We aimed to identify this kinase. METHODS By using the AGS gastric epithelial cell model, we performed a detailed functional characterization of Abl tyrosine kinase in signaling during Hp infections. RESULTS We showed that Abl kinase is activated and a novel crucial mediator of Hp infections. First, Abl-specific inhibitors SKI-DV2-43 or STI571 (Gleevec, Novartis) and knockdown of c-Abl/Abl-related gene Arg by small hairpin and interfering RNAs efficiently inhibit CagA phosphorylation and cell scattering. Second, during infection, Abl is activated rapidly by autophosphorylation at Y-412. Third, both Abl and Src phosphorylated Y-899, Y-918, and Y-972 of CagA. Fourth, we found that the Abl substrate CrkII is phosphorylated at Y-221 in vivo. Fifth, overexpression of kinase-dead Abl (K290M) blocked Hp-induced actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. We further showed that sustained activity of Abl is required to maintain CagA in a phosphorylated state. Moreover, phosphorylated CagA forms a physical complex with Abl and activated CrkII in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We propose a model in which Hp has evolved a mechanism to use at least 2 tyrosine kinases, Abl and Src, for CagA phosphorylation and subsequent actin-cytoskeletal rearrangements leading to cell scattering and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Tammer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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103
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Vucetic S, Xie H, Iakoucheva LM, Oldfield CJ, Dunker AK, Obradovic Z, Uversky VN. Functional anthology of intrinsic disorder. 2. Cellular components, domains, technical terms, developmental processes, and coding sequence diversities correlated with long disordered regions. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1899-916. [PMID: 17391015 PMCID: PMC2588346 DOI: 10.1021/pr060393m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active proteins without stable ordered structure (i.e., intrinsically disordered proteins) are attracting increased attention. Functional repertoires of ordered and disordered proteins are very different, and the ability to differentiate whether a given function is associated with intrinsic disorder or with a well-folded protein is crucial for modern protein science. However, there is a large gap between the number of proteins experimentally confirmed to be disordered and their actual number in nature. As a result, studies of functional properties of confirmed disordered proteins, while helpful in revealing the functional diversity of protein disorder, provide only a limited view. To overcome this problem, a bioinformatics approach for comprehensive study of functional roles of protein disorder was proposed in the first paper of this series (Xie, H.; Vucetic, S.; Iakoucheva, L. M.; Oldfield, C. J.; Dunker, A. K.; Obradovic, Z.; Uversky, V. N. Functional anthology of intrinsic disorder. 1. Biological processes and functions of proteins with long disordered regions. J. Proteome Res. 2007, 5, 1882-1898). Applying this novel approach to Swiss-Prot sequences and functional keywords, we found over 238 and 302 keywords to be strongly positively or negatively correlated, respectively, with long intrinsically disordered regions. This paper describes approximately 90 Swiss-Prot keywords attributed to the cellular components, domains, technical terms, developmental processes, and coding sequence diversities possessing strong positive and negative correlation with long disordered regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Vucetic
- Center for Information Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Hongbo Xie
- Center for Information Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Lilia M. Iakoucheva
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Christopher J. Oldfield
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - A. Keith Dunker
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Zoran Obradovic
- Center for Information Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR FOOTNOTE: Correspondence should be addressed to: Vladimir N. Uversky, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS#4021, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Phone: 317-278-9194; Fax: 317-274-4686; E-mail:
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104
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O'Hare T, Eide CA, Deininger MW. Bcr-Abl Kinase Domain Mutations and the Unsettled Problem of Bcr-AblT315I: Looking into the Future of Controlling Drug Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 7 Suppl 3:S120-30. [PMID: 17382021 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2007.s.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2006, most newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) underwent first-line, molecular-targeted therapy with the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib. The expectation was that the vast majority of these patients would exhibit a complete cytogenetic response on imatinib alone. Studies of patients with acquired imatinib resistance revealed that Bcr-Abl signaling is reactivated at the time of resistance, predominantly because of mutations that interfere with drug binding in the kinase domain of Bcr-Abl. The knowledge that Bcr-Abl remains the optimal target for treating imatinib-refractory CML has driven an already highly successful search for alternative approaches to restore target inhibition. Here, we review the current state of affairs in the realm of controlling drug resistance in CML, including cutting-edge strategies to reign in Bcr-AblT315I, which is cross resistant to imatinib, as well as the "next generation" Bcr-Abl inhibitors, nilotinib and dasatinib. We also critically assess the role of combined Abl kinase inhibitor therapy in overcoming resistance and provide recommendations for monitoring patients for kinase domain mutations.
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MESH Headings
- Benzamides
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O'Hare
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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105
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Chen S, Brier S, Smithgall TE, Engen JR. The Abl SH2-kinase linker naturally adopts a conformation competent for SH3 domain binding. Protein Sci 2007; 16:572-81. [PMID: 17327393 PMCID: PMC2203333 DOI: 10.1110/ps.062631007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The core of the Abelson tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) is structurally similar to Src-family kinases where SH3 and SH2 domains pack against the backside of the kinase domain in the down-regulated conformation. Both kinase families depend upon intramolecular association of SH3 with the linker joining the SH2 and kinase domains for suppression of kinase activity. Hydrogen deuterium exchange (HX) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to probe intramolecular interaction of the c-Abl SH3 domain with the linker in recombinant constructs lacking the kinase domain. Under physiological conditions, the c-Abl SH3 domain undergoes partial unfolding, which is stabilized by ligand binding, providing a unique assay for SH3:linker interaction in solution. Using this approach, we observed dynamic association of the SH3 domain with the linker in the absence of the kinase domain. Truncation of the linker before W254 completely prevented cis-interaction with SH3, while constructs containing amino acids past this point showed SH3:linker interactions. The observation that the Abl linker sequence exhibits SH3-binding activity in the absence of the kinase domain is unique to Abl and was not observed with Src-family kinases. These results suggest that SH3:linker interactions may have a more prominent role in Abl regulation than in Src kinases, where the down-regulated conformation is further stabilized by a second intramolecular interaction between the C-terminal tail and the SH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugui Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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106
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Buffa P, Manzella L, Consoli ML, Messina A, Vigneri P. Modelling of the ABL and ARG proteins predicts two functionally critical regions that are natively unfolded. Proteins 2007; 67:1-11. [PMID: 17211892 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ABL and ARG tyrosine kinases regulate many pivotal cellular processes and are implicated in the pathogenesis of several forms of leukemia. We have modelled the previously uncharacterized core domain (SH3-SH2-tyrosine kinase) and C-terminal actin-binding domain of ARG. We have also investigated the structural arrangement of the ABL and ARG Cap region and of the long multifunctional region located downstream of the tyrosine kinase domain. We report that the ARG core domain is homologous to the corresponding ABL region, therefore suggesting that ARG catalytic activity is likely regulated by the same SH3-SH2 clamp described for ABL. We also report that the Cap of both ABL and ARG is natively unfolded. Hence, biological events determining the folding of the Cap are critical to allow its interaction with the tyrosine kinase C-lobe. Furthermore, our results show that, with the exception of the C-terminal actin-binding domain, the entire region encoded by the ABL and ARG last exon is natively unfolded. Phosphorylation events or protein-protein interactions regulating the folding of this region will therefore modulate the activity of its numerous functional domains. Finally, our analyses show that the C-terminal actin-binding domain of ARG displays a four-helix bundle structure similar to the one reported for the corresponding ABL region. Our findings imply that many biological activities attributed to ABL, ARG, and their oncogenic counterparts are regulated by natively unfolded regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Buffa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of General Pathology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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107
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Chen J, Yu WM, Daino H, Broxmeyer HE, Druker BJ, Qu CK. SHP-2 phosphatase is required for hematopoietic cell transformation by Bcr-Abl. Blood 2006; 109:778-85. [PMID: 17003374 PMCID: PMC1785089 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-019141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SHP-2 phosphatase forms a stable protein complex with and is heavily tyrosine-phosphorylated by the oncogenic tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl. However, the role of SHP-2 in Bcr-Abl-mediated leukemogenesis is unclear. In the present report, we provide evidence that SHP-2 is required for hematopoietic cell transformation by Bcr-Abl. In vitro biological effects of Bcr-Abl transduction were diminished in SHP-2Delta/Delta hematopoietic cells, and the leukemic potential of Bcr-Abl-transduced SHP-2Delta/Delta cells in recipient animals was compromised. Further analyses showed that Bcr-Abl protein (p210) was degraded, and its oncogenic signaling was greatly decreased in SHP-2Delta/Delta cells. Treatment with proteasome inhibitors or reintroduction of SHP-2 restored p210 level in Bcr-Abl-transduced SHP-2Delta/Delta cells. Subsequent investigation revealed that SHP-2 interacted with heat shock protein 90, an important chaperone protein protecting p210 from proteasome-mediated degradation. The role of SHP-2 in the stability of p210 is independent of its catalytic activity. Blockade of SHP-2 expression in p210-expressing cells by antisense or small-interfering RNA approaches decreased p210 level, causing cell death. Inhibition of SHP-2 enzymatic activity by overexpression of catalytically inactive SHP-2 mutant did not destabilize p210 but enhanced serum starvation-induced apoptosis, suggesting that SHP-2 also plays an important role in downstream signaling of p210 kinase. These studies identified a novel function of SHP-2 and suggest that SHP-2 might be a useful target for controlling Bcr-Abl-positive leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Wen-Mei Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hanako Daino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hal E. Broxmeyer
- Walther Oncology Center and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Brian J. Druker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Correspondence: Cheng-Kui Qu,
Department of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106; e-mail:
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108
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Griswold IJ, MacPartlin M, Bumm T, Goss VL, O'Hare T, Lee KA, Corbin AS, Stoffregen EP, Smith C, Johnson K, Moseson EM, Wood LJ, Polakiewicz RD, Druker BJ, Deininger MW. Kinase domain mutants of Bcr-Abl exhibit altered transformation potency, kinase activity, and substrate utilization, irrespective of sensitivity to imatinib. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:6082-93. [PMID: 16880519 PMCID: PMC1592813 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02202-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase domain (KD) mutations of Bcr-Abl interfering with imatinib binding are the major mechanism of acquired imatinib resistance in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia. Mutations of the ATP binding loop (p-loop) have been associated with a poor prognosis. We compared the transformation potency of five common KD mutants in various biological assays. Relative to unmutated (native) Bcr-Abl, the ATP binding loop mutants Y253F and E255K exhibited increased transformation potency, M351T and H396P were less potent, and the performance of T315I was assay dependent. The transformation potency of Y253F and M351T correlated with intrinsic Bcr-Abl kinase activity, whereas the kinase activity of E255K, H396P, and T315I did not correlate with transforming capabilities, suggesting that additional factors influence transformation potency. Analysis of the phosphotyrosine proteome by mass spectroscopy showed differential phosphorylation among the mutants, a finding consistent with altered substrate specificity and pathway activation. Mutations in the KD of Bcr-Abl influence kinase activity and signaling in a complex fashion, leading to gain- or loss-of-function variants. The drug resistance and transformation potency of mutants may determine the outcome of patients on therapy with Abl kinase inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/chemistry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Myeloid Progenitor Cells/cytology
- Phosphotransferases/metabolism
- Phosphotyrosine/metabolism
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Griswold
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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109
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Buschbeck M. Strategies to overcome resistance to targeted protein kinase inhibitors in the treatment of cancer. Drugs R D 2006; 7:73-86. [PMID: 16542054 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200607020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of oncogenic protein kinases by small compound inhibitors has proven to be a valuable strategy for the directed and target-specific treatment of an ever-increasing number of cancer types. These include the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with the Bcr-Abl inhibitor imatinib and non-small-cell lung cancer with the epidermal growth factor inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib. Unfortunately, initially successful therapy is often hampered by relatively rapid onset of resistance to the drug and subsequent relapse, particularly in patients with advanced disease. In the majority of cases this is caused by expansion of clones containing mutated forms of the targeted kinases, which confer insensitivity to the drug of the cancer cell. In addition, multiple factors including pharmacokinetic issues such as suboptimal drug delivery further contribute to resistance formation. Loss of target dependence due to the activation of parallel signaling pathways has also been reported as cause for acquired drug insensitivity. Here, we discuss currently applied as well as potential future strategies that can be applied to overcome and avoid resistance to drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buschbeck
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Center for Genomic Regulation, Biomedical Research Parc Barcelona (PRBB), Barcelona, Spain.
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110
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di Bari MG, Ciuffini L, Mingardi M, Testi R, Soddu S, Barilà D. c-Abl acetylation by histone acetyltransferases regulates its nuclear-cytoplasmic localization. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:727-33. [PMID: 16648821 PMCID: PMC1500821 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Abl function is strictly dependent on its subcellular localization. Using an in vitro approach, we identify c-Abl as a new substrate for p300, CBP (CREB-binding protein) and PCAF (p300/CBP-associated factor) histone acetyltransferases. Remarkably, acetylation markedly alters its subcellular localization. Point mutagenesis indicated that Lys 730, located in the second nuclear localization signal, is the main target of p300 activity. It has previously been reported that c-Abl accumulates in the cytoplasm during myogenic differentiation. Here, we show that c-Abl protein is acetylated at early stages of myogenic differentiation. Indeed, acetylation on Lys 730 drives c-Abl accumulation in the cytoplasm and promotes differentiation. Thus, Lys 730 acetylation is a novel post-translational modification of c-Abl and a novel mechanism for modulating its subcellular localization that contributes to myogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna di Bari
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ciuffini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Mingardi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Testi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
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111
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Azam M, Nardi V, Shakespeare WC, Metcalf CA, Bohacek RS, Wang Y, Sundaramoorthi R, Sliz P, Veach DR, Bornmann WG, Clarkson B, Dalgarno DC, Sawyer TK, Daley GQ. Activity of dual SRC-ABL inhibitors highlights the role of BCR/ABL kinase dynamics in drug resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9244-9. [PMID: 16754879 PMCID: PMC1482597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation in the ABL kinase domain is the principal mechanism of imatinib resistance in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Many mutations favor active kinase conformations that preclude imatinib binding. Because the active forms of ABL and SRC resemble one another, we tested two dual SRC-ABL kinase inhibitors, AP23464 and PD166326, against 58 imatinib-resistant (IM(R)) BCR/ABL kinase variants. Both compounds potently inhibit most IM(R) variants, and in vitro drug selection demonstrates that active (AP23464) and open (PD166326) conformation-specific compounds are less susceptible to resistance than imatinib. Combinations of inhibitors suppressed essentially all resistance mutations, with the notable exception of T315I. Guided by mutagenesis studies and molecular modeling, we designed a series of AP23464 analogues to target T315I. The analogue AP23846 inhibited both native and T315I variants of BCR/ABL with submicromolar potency but showed nonspecific cellular toxicity. Our data illustrate how conformational dynamics of the ABL kinase accounts for the activity of dual SRC-ABL inhibitors against IM(R)-mutants and provides a rationale for combining conformation specific inhibitors to suppress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azam
- *Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Valentina Nardi
- *Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | | | | | - Yihan Wang
- Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139-4234
| | | | - Piotr Sliz
- *Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Darren R. Veach
- Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | - William G. Bornmann
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Bayard Clarkson
- Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021; and
| | | | | | - George Q. Daley
- *Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Children's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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112
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current status of resistance to imatinib mesylate (IM) in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, and the obstacles and opportunities presented by the development of this resistance. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION Review of selected studies obtained from a MEDLINE search encompassing the years 1950 to 2004. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS Relevant information from the selected studies was abstracted and summarized. CONCLUSIONS The identification of the Philadelphia chromosome and the subsequent discovery that it represents a translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22 producing an aberrant tyrosine kinase, known as BCR-ABL1, has catalyzed our understanding and treatment of this hematologic malignancy. An extensive search for molecules to block the aberrant BCR-ABL1 protein resulted in the development of IM as an orally bioavailable agent with remarkable efficacy in producing hematologic, cytogenetic, and molecular remissions. However, follow-up of patients treated with IM has demonstrated that some patients can develop resistance to IM with progression of their leukemia. Multiple mechanisms of resistance have been identified. The dominant mechanism appears to be mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL1, which result in altered affinity of IM for the BCR-ABL1 protein. Recently, small-molecule, combined SRC and ABL1 inhibitors have been developed and entered into clinical trials. These inhibitors appear effective in inhibiting most of the mutant BCR-ABL1 molecules that are resistant to IM. The rapid development of new therapies for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia brings the promise that this disorder can be cured or controlled in many patients with oral drugs that have a low toxicity profile.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mutation
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Litzow
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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113
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Schiller MR, Chakrabarti K, King GF, Schiller NI, Eipper BA, Maciejewski MW. Regulation of RhoGEF activity by intramolecular and intermolecular SH3 domain interactions. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:18774-86. [PMID: 16644733 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512482200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RhoGEFs are central controllers of small G-proteins in cells and are regulated by several mechanisms. There are at least 22 human RhoGEFs that contain SH3 domains, raising the possibility that, like several other enzymes, SH3 domains control the enzymatic activity of guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domains through intra- and/or intermolecular interactions. The structure of the N-terminal SH3 domain of Kalirin was solved using NMR spectroscopy, and it folds much like other SH3 domains. However, NMR chemical shift mapping experiments showed that this Kalirin SH3 domain is unique, containing novel cooperative binding site(s) for intramolecular PXXP ligands. Intramolecular Kalirin SH3 domain/ligand interactions, as well as binding of the Kalirin SH3 domain to the adaptor protein Crk, inhibit the GEF activity of Kalirin. This study establishes a novel molecular mechanism whereby intramolecular and intermolecular Kalirin SH3 domain/ligand interactions modulate GEF activity, a regulatory mechanism that is likely used by other RhoGEF family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Schiller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06019-4301, USA.
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114
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Nagar B, Hantschel O, Seeliger M, Davies JM, Weis WI, Superti-Furga G, Kuriyan J. Organization of the SH3-SH2 unit in active and inactive forms of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase. Mol Cell 2006; 21:787-98. [PMID: 16543148 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase c-Abl is inactivated by interactions made by its SH3 and SH2 domains with the distal surface of the kinase domain. We present a crystal structure of a fragment of c-Abl which reveals that a critical N-terminal cap segment, not visualized in previous structures, buttresses the SH3-SH2 substructure in the autoinhibited state and locks it onto the distal surface of the kinase domain. Surprisingly, the N-terminal cap is phosphorylated on a serine residue that interacts with the connector between the SH3 and SH2 domains. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis shows that a mutated form of c-Abl, in which the N-terminal cap and two other key contacts in the autoinhibited state are deleted, exists in an extended array of the SH3, SH2, and kinase domains. This alternative conformation of Abl is likely to prolong the active state of the kinase by preventing it from returning to the autoinhibited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Nagar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
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115
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Yi W, Lee TH, Tompkins JD, Zhu F, Wu X, Her C. Physical and functional interaction between hMSH5 and c-Abl. Cancer Res 2006; 66:151-8. [PMID: 16397227 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite being a member of the mismatch repair family of proteins, the biological functions of hMSH5 in human cells are presently elusive. Here, we report a novel physical and functional interaction between hMSH5 and c-Abl; the latter is a critical non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in many critical cellular functions including DNA damage response, in which the kinase activity is normally suppressed in the absence of biological challenges. Our data indicate that hMSH5 associates with c-Abl in vivo, which is mediated by a direct physical interaction between the NH2 terminus (residues 1-109) of hMSH5 and the c-Abl SH3 domain. This physical interaction facilitates the activation of c-Abl tyrosine kinase and the phosphorylation of hMSH5 in response to ionizing radiation. Our data also indicate that the hMSH5 P29S variant overactivates the c-Abl tyrosine kinase activity. Furthermore, it seems that the tyrosine phosphorylation of hMSH5 promotes the dissociation of hMSH4-hMSH5 heterocomplex. Together, the revealed physical and functional interaction of hMSH5 with c-Abl implies that the interplay between hMSH5 and c-Abl could manipulate cellular responses to ionizing radiation-induced DNA damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yi
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660, USA
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116
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Arlinghaus
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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117
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118
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119
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Hu H, Bliss JM, Wang Y, Colicelli J. RIN1 is an ABL tyrosine kinase activator and a regulator of epithelial-cell adhesion and migration. Curr Biol 2005; 15:815-23. [PMID: 15886098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABL tyrosine kinases control actin remodeling in development and in response to environmental stimuli. These changes affect cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell-cell contact. Little is known, however, about upstream mechanisms regulating ABL protein activation. RESULTS We report that the RAS effector RIN1 is an activator of ABL tyrosine kinases. RIN1 expression in fibroblasts promotes the formation of membrane spikes; similar effects have been reported for ABL overexpression. RIN1 binds to the ABL SH3 and SH2 domains, and these interactions stimulate ABL2 catalytic activity. This leads to increased phosphorylation of CRK and CRKL, inhibiting these cytoskeletal regulators by promoting intramolecular over intermolecular associations. Activated RAS participates in a stable RAS-RIN1-ABL2 complex and stimulates the tyrosine kinase-activation function of RIN1. Deletion of the RAS binding domain (RBD) strongly stimulated the ABL2 activation function of RIN1, suggesting that RAS activation results from the relief of RIN1 autoinhibition. The ABL binding domain of RIN1 (RIN1-ABD) increased the activity of ABL2 immune complexes and purified RIN1-ABD-stimulated ABL2 kinase activity toward CRK. Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) from Rin1-/- mice showed accelerated cell adhesion and increased motility in comparison to wild-type cells. Knockdown of RIN1 in epithelial-cell lines blocked the induction of CRKL phosphorylation, confirming that RIN1 normally functions as an inhibitor of cell motility. CONCLUSIONS RIN1 is a directly binding ABL tyrosine kinase activator in cells as well as in a defined-component assay. In response to environmental changes, this novel signal pathway mediates actin remodeling associated with adhesion and migration of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Hu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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120
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Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes are regulated by receptors localized on the cell surface. Engagement of these receptors induces the activation of intracellular signaling proteins that transmit the receptor signals to distinct targets and control the cellular responses. The first signaling proteins to be discovered in higher organisms were the products of oncogenes. For example, the kinases Src and Abelson (Abl) were originally identified as oncogenes and were later characterized as important proteins for signal transduction in various cell types, including lymphocytes. Now, as many cellular signaling molecules have been discovered and ordered into certain pathways, we can better understand why particular signaling proteins are associated with tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss recent progress in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of signaling pathways that control the proliferation and differentiation of early B cells. We point out the concepts of auto-inhibition and subcellular localization as crucial aspects in the regulation of B cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Jumaa
- Institute for Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg and Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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121
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Reeves PM, Bommarius B, Lebeis S, McNulty S, Christensen J, Swimm A, Chahroudi A, Chavan R, Feinberg MB, Veach D, Bornmann W, Sherman M, Kalman D. Disabling poxvirus pathogenesis by inhibition of Abl-family tyrosine kinases. Nat Med 2005; 11:731-9. [PMID: 15980865 DOI: 10.1038/nm1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Poxviridae family members vaccinia and variola virus enter mammalian cells, replicate outside the nucleus and produce virions that travel to the cell surface along microtubules, fuse with the plasma membrane and egress from infected cells toward apposing cells on actin-filled membranous protrusions. We show that cell-associated enveloped virions (CEV) use Abl- and Src-family tyrosine kinases for actin motility, and that these kinases act in a redundant fashion, perhaps permitting motility in a greater range of cell types. Additionally, release of CEV from the cell requires Abl- but not Src-family tyrosine kinases, and is blocked by STI-571 (Gleevec), an Abl-family kinase inhibitor used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia in humans. Finally, we show that STI-571 reduces viral dissemination by five orders of magnitude and promotes survival in infected mice, suggesting possible use for this drug in treating smallpox or complications associated with vaccination. This therapeutic approach may prove generally efficacious in treating microbial infections that rely on host tyrosine kinases, and, because the drug targets host but not viral molecules, this strategy is much less likely to engender resistance compared to conventional antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Reeves
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Graduate Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Whitehead Research Building #144, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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122
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Appel S, Rupf A, Weck MM, Schoor O, Brümmendorf TH, Weinschenk T, Grünebach F, Brossart P. Effects of imatinib on monocyte-derived dendritic cells are mediated by inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB and Akt signaling pathways. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:1928-40. [PMID: 15756019 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the most powerful antigen-presenting cells playing a decisive role for the initiation and maintenance of primary immune responses. However, signaling pathways involved in the differentiation of these cells have not been fully determined. Imatinib is a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor effective against Abl kinases, c-Kit, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Using this compound, we show that human monocyte-derived dendritic cells generated in the presence of therapeutic concentrations of imatinib show a reduced expression of CD1a, MHC class I and II, and costimulatory molecules as well as decreased secretion of chemokines and cytokines resulting in an impaired capacity of dendritic cells to elicit primary T-cell responses. Using Western blot analyses, we found that these effects are mediated by inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways and a pronounced down-regulation of nuclear localized protein levels of nuclear factor-kappaB family members. Importantly, using blocking antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, we show that the inhibitory effects of imatinib on dendritic cell differentiation are not mediated via platelet-derived growth factor receptor and c-Kit. Taken together, our study reveals that imatinib inhibits dendritic cell differentiation and function via Akt and nuclear factor-kappaB signal transduction. Importantly, we show that imatinib can inhibit the function of normal, nonmalignant cells that may result in immunosuppression of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Appel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Muller Strasse 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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123
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Abstract
c-Abl has been implicated in many cellular processes including differentiation, division, adhesion, death, and stress response. c-Abl is a latent tyrosine kinase that becomes activated in response to numerous extra- and intra-cellular stimuli. Here we briefly review the current knowledge about c-Abl involvement in the DNA-damage stress response and its implication on cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shaul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Scienc, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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124
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Cowan-Jacob SW, Fendrich G, Manley PW, Jahnke W, Fabbro D, Liebetanz J, Meyer T. The Crystal Structure of a c-Src Complex in an Active Conformation Suggests Possible Steps in c-Src Activation. Structure 2005; 13:861-71. [PMID: 15939018 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of the activity of Abl and Src family tyrosine kinases is mediated by intramolecular interactions between the SH3, SH2, and kinase (SH1) domains. We have determined the crystal structure of an unphosphorylated form of c-Src in which the SH2 domain is not bound to the C-terminal tail. This results in an open structure where the kinase domain adopts an active conformation and the C terminus binds within a hydrophobic pocket in the C-terminal lobe. NMR binding studies support the hypothesis that an N-terminal myristate could bind in this pocket, as observed for Abl, suggesting that c-Src may also be regulated by myristate binding. In addition, the structure contains a des-methyl analog of the antileukemia drug imatinib (STI571; Gleevec). This structure reveals why the drug shows a low affinity for active kinase conformations, contributing to its excellent kinase selectivity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra W Cowan-Jacob
- Discovery Technologies, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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125
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Maruoka M, Suzuki J, Kawata S, Yoshida K, Hirao N, Sato S, Goff SP, Takeya T, Tani K, Shishido T. Identification of B cell adaptor for PI3-kinase (BCAP) as an Abl interactor 1-regulated substrate of Abl kinases. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:2986-90. [PMID: 15893754 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In previous work we showed that Abl interactor 1 (Abi-1), by linking enzyme and substrate, promotes the phosphorylation of Mammalian Enabled (Mena) by c-Abl. To determine whether this mechanism extends to other c-Abl substrates, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to search for proteins that interact with Abi-1. By screening a human leukocyte cDNA library, we identified BCAP (B-cell adaptor for phosphoinositide 3-kinase) as another Abi-1-interacting protein. Binding experiments revealed that the SH3 domain of Abi-1 and the C-terminal polyproline structure of BCAP are involved in interactions between the two. In cultured cells, Abi-1 promoted phosphorylation of BCAP not only by c-Abl but also by v-Abl. The phosphorylation sites of BCAP by c-Abl were mapped to five tyrosine residues in the C-terminal region that are well conserved in mammals. These results show that Abi-1 promotes Abl-mediated BCAP phosphorylation and suggest that Abi-1 in general coordinates kinase-substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Maruoka
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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126
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Cao C, Li Y, Leng Y, Li P, Ma Q, Kufe D. Ubiquitination and degradation of the Arg tyrosine kinase is regulated by oxidative stress. Oncogene 2005; 24:2433-40. [PMID: 15735735 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The c-Abl and Arg nonreceptor tyrosine kinases are activated in the response of cells to oxidative stress. The present studies demonstrate that treatment of cells with 0.1 mM H2O2 is associated with increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Arg and little effect on Arg levels. By contrast, exposure to 1.0 mM H2O2 decreased Arg phosphorylation. Treatment with 1.0 mM H2O2 was also associated with ubiquitination and degradation of Arg. The results show that Arg is stabilized in response to 0.1 mM H2O2 by autophosphorylation of Y-261, consistent with involvement of the Arg kinase function in regulating Arg levels. The results further demonstrate that c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation of Arg on Y-261 similarly confers Arg stabilization. In concert with these results, phosphorylation of Arg on Y-261 blocked H2O2-induced ubiquitination and thereby Arg degradation and inactivation. These findings demonstrate that Arg phosphorylation and degradation are differentially regulated by the degree of oxidative stress, and that Arg stability is conferred by phosphorylation of Y-261.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
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127
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Zhang Z, Li M, Rayburn ER, Hill DL, Zhang R, Wang H. Oncogenes as Novel Targets for Cancer Therapy (Part I). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:173-90. [PMID: 15952871 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200505030-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past 10 years, progress made in cancer biology, genetics, and biotechnology has led to a major transition in cancer drug design and development. There has been a change from an emphasis on non-specific, cytotoxic agents to specific, molecular-based therapeutics. Mechanism-based therapy is designed to act on cellular and molecular targets that are causally involved in the formation, growth, and progression of human cancers. These agents, which may have greater selectivity for cancer versus normal cells, and which may produce better anti-tumor efficacy and lower host toxicity, can be small molecules, natural or engineered peptides, proteins, antibodies, or synthetic nucleic acids (e.g. antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, and siRNAs). Novel targets are identified and validated by state-of-the-art approaches, including high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, and gene expression arrays, which increase the speed and efficiency of drug discovery and development. Examples of oncogene-based, molecular therapeutics that show promising clinical activity include trastuzumab (Herceptin), imatinib (Gleevec), and gefitinib (Iressa). However, the full potential of oncogenes as novel targets for cancer therapy has not been realized and many challenges remain, from the validation of novel targets, to the design of specific agents, to the evaluation of these agents in both preclinical and clinical settings. In maximizing the benefits of molecular therapeutics in monotherapy or combination therapy of cancer, it is necessary to have an understanding of the underlying molecular abnormalities and mechanisms involved. This is the first part of a four-part review in which we discuss progress made in the last decade as it relates to the discovery of novel oncogenes and signal transduction pathways, in the context of their potential as targets for cancer therapy. This part delineates the latest discoveries about the potential use of growth factors and protein tyrosine kinases as targets for therapy. Later parts focus on intermediate signaling pathways, transcription factors, and proteins involved in cell cycle, DNA damage, and apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
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128
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Buschbeck M, Ullrich A. The unique C-terminal tail of the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK5 regulates its activation and nuclear shuttling. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:2659-67. [PMID: 15548525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412599200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK5 is unique among mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in that it contains a large C-terminal tail. We addressed the question of how this tail could affect the signaling capacity of ERK5. Gradual deletion of the C-terminal domains resulted in a drastic increase of ERK5 kinase activity, which was dependent on the up-stream MAPK cascade, thus indicating a possible auto-inhibitory function of the tail. It is interesting that ERK5 was able to autophosphorylate its own tail. Moreover, ERK5, which was found to be expressed in virtually all kinds of cell lines, localized to nuclear as well as cytoplasmic compartments. The localization of ERK5 was determined by its C-terminal domains, which were also required for appropriate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. Taken together, these results indicate that ERK5 signaling is directed by the presence of its unique C-terminal tail, which might be the key to understanding the key role of ERK5 in MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buschbeck
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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129
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Alvarez AR, Sandoval PC, Leal NR, Castro PU, Kosik KS. Activation of the neuronal c-Abl tyrosine kinase by amyloid-β-peptide and reactive oxygen species. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 17:326-36. [PMID: 15474370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition and accumulation of amyloid-beta-peptide (Abeta) in the brain are considered a sine qua non for Alzheimer's disease. The experimental delivery of fibrilized Abeta serves as a cellular model for several facets of the disease including the induction of synaptic dysfunction and apoptosis. c-Abl kinase is involved in the regulation of apoptosis and its pro-apoptotic function is in part mediated by its interaction with p73, a p53 homologue. We found that c-Abl activation is involved in cell signals that regulate neuronal death response to Abeta fibrils. Abeta peptide fibrils induced an increase of the c-Abl activity in rat hippocampal neurons as well as an increase in nuclear p73 protein levels and the p73-c-Abl complex. The neuronal cell death induced by Abeta fibrils was prevented by the inhibition of c-Abl with imatinib mesylate (Gleevec or STI571) and by the inhibition c-Abl expression by RNAi. These results directly point to a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra R Alvarez
- FONDAP Center for Cell and Molecular Biology Joaquin V. Luco, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 114-D, Chile.
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130
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Abstract
Src family kinases are prototypical modular signaling proteins. Their conserved domain organization includes a myristoylated N-terminal segment followed by SH3, SH2, and tyrosine kinase domains, and a short C-terminal tail. Structural dissection of Src kinases has elucidated the canonical mechanisms of phosphotyrosine recognition by the SH2 domain and proline-motif recognition by the SH3 domain. Crystallographic analysis of nearly intact Src kinases in the autoinhibited state has shown that these protein interaction motifs turn inward and lock the kinase in an inactive conformation via intramolecular interactions. The autoinhibited Src kinase structures reveal a mode of domain assembly used by other tyrosine kinases outside the Src family, including Abl and likely Tec family kinases. Furthermore, they illustrate the underlying regulatory principles that have proven to be general among diverse modular signaling proteins. Although there is considerable structural information available for the autoinhibited conformation of Src kinases, how they may assemble into active signaling complexes with substrates and regulators remains largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus J Boggon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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131
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Melo JV, Deininger MWN. Biology of chronic myelogenous leukemia--signaling pathways of initiation and transformation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2004; 18:545-68, vii-viii. [PMID: 15271392 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein,the product of the t(9;22) chromosomal translocation that generates the Philadelphia chromosome. Different disease phenotypes are associated with each of the three Bcr-Abl isoforms: p190Bcr-Abl, p210Bcr-Abl, and p230Bcr-Abl all of which have a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase. Mechanisms associated with malignant transformation include altered cellular adhesion, activation of mitogenic signaling pathways, inhibition of apoptosis, and proteasomal degradation of physiologically important cellular proteins.CML is subject to an inexorable progression from an "indolent" chronic phase to a terminal blast crisis. Disease progression is presumed to be associated with the phenomenon of genomic instability.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Junia V Melo
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College, London & Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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132
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Swimm A, Bommarius B, Li Y, Cheng D, Reeves P, Sherman M, Veach D, Bornmann W, Kalman D. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli use redundant tyrosine kinases to form actin pedestals. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:3520-9. [PMID: 15155808 PMCID: PMC491815 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-02-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are deadly contaminants in water and food and induce protrusion of actin-rich membrane pedestals beneath themselves upon attachment to intestinal epithelia. EPEC then causes intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, and, among children, death. Here, we show that EPEC uses multiple tyrosine kinases for formation of pedestals, each of which is sufficient but not necessary. In particular, we show that Abl and Arg, members of the Abl family of tyrosine kinases, localize and are activated in pedestals. We also show that pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (PD) compounds, which inhibit Abl, Arg, and related kinases, block pedestal formation. Finally, we show that Abl and Arg are sufficient for pedestal formation in the absence of other tyrosine kinase activity, but they are not necessary. Our results suggest that additional kinases that are sensitive to inhibition by PD also can suffice. Together, these results suggest that EPEC has evolved a mechanism to use any of several functionally redundant tyrosine kinases during pathogenesis, perhaps facilitating its capacity to infect different cell types. Moreover, PD compounds are being developed to treat cancers caused by dysregulated Abl. Our results raise the possibility that PD may be useful in treating EPEC infections, and because PD affects host and not bacterium, selecting resistant strains may be far less likely than with conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Swimm
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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133
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Van Etten RA. Mechanisms of transformation by the BCR-ABL oncogene: new perspectives in the post-imatinib era. Leuk Res 2004; 28 Suppl 1:S21-8. [PMID: 15036938 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction less than 3 years ago, imatinib mesylate (STI571) has altered the entire approach to the therapy of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In addition to its impact on clinical practice, imatinib has also increased the focus of basic and translational CML research on enhancing the cellular effects of imatinib and preventing and overcoming resistance to the drug. Here, I summarize some recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory and signaling mechanisms of Bcr-Abl, with an emphasis on therapeutic implications.
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MESH Headings
- Benzamides
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Genes, abl/physiology
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Van Etten
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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134
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Sini P, Cannas A, Koleske AJ, Di Fiore PP, Scita G. Abl-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Sos-1 mediates growth-factor-induced Rac activation. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:268-74. [PMID: 15039778 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Abl participates in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-induced actin cytoskeleton remodelling, a signalling pathway in which the function of Rac is pivotal. More importantly, the activity of Rac is indispensable for the leukaemogenic ability of the BCR-Abl oncoprotein. Thus, Rac might function downstream of Abl and be activated by it. Here, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which Abl signals to Rac in RTK-activated pathways. We show that Sos-1, a dual guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF), is phosphorylated on tyrosine, after activation of RTKs, in an Abl-dependent manner. Sos-1 and Abl interact in vivo, and Abl-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Sos-1 is sufficient to elicit its Rac-GEF activity in vitro. Genetic or pharmacological interference with Abl (and the related kinase Arg) resulted in a marked decrease in Rac activation induced by physiological doses of growth factors. Thus, our data identify the molecular connections of a pathway RTKs-Abl-Sos-1-Rac that is involved in signal transduction and actin remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Sini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti, 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
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135
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aside from bone marrow transplantation, a definitive cure for Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has yet to be developed. Although Imatinib, the first molecularly targeted drug developed for CML has achieved a remarkable success, the emergence of resistance to this agent mitigates the prospect of a cure for this leukemia. Though a variety of resistance mechanisms can arise, in the majority of patients resistance coincides with reactivation of the tyrosine kinase activity of the BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein. This can result from gene amplification and, more importantly, point mutations that disrupt the bind of imatinib to BCR-ABL itself. In this review, we aim to define and illuminate mechanisms of resistance and describe how drug resistance is shedding new light on kinase domain regulation. RECENT FINDINGS In light of recent studies and publications, it is now clear that Imatinib exerts its inhibitory action by stabilizing the inactive non ATP-binding conformation of BCR-ABL and that mutations even outside the kinase domain can lead to enhanced autophosphorylation of the kinase, thereby stabilizing the active conformation that resists imatinib binding. So far, 25 different substitutions of 21 amino acid residues of BCR-ABL have been detected in CML patients. In addition, it has been recently illustrated that mutations preexist the onset of treatment and that some confer a more aggressive disease phenotype. Finally it has been shown that molecular remission is almost never reached through Imatinib therapy. SUMMARY The most common mechanism of relapse for CML patients treated with Imatinib is the appearance of point mutations in the BCR-ABL oncogene that confer resistance to this drug. Insights into the emerging problem of resistance should promote the rational development of alternative, synergistic, and potentially curative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nardi
- Whitehead Institute, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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136
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Abstract
Auto-inhibition describes the capacity of proteins to adopt a self-imposed latent conformation. Recently, a crystal structure of the Abl tyrosine kinase has revealed its ability to auto-inhibit. However, a separate body of work suggests that other cellular proteins also inhibit Abl. To reconcile the crystal structure with Abl inhibitors, I propose that Abl is controlled by cellular 'co-inhibitors' that bind Abl, stabilizing the auto-inhibited conformation. The implication of co-inhibition on Abl function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Y J Wang
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences and the Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA.
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137
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Hantschel O, Superti-Furga G. Regulation of the c-Abl and Bcr–Abl tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2004; 5:33-44. [PMID: 14708008 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prototypic non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is implicated in various cellular processes. Its oncogenic counterpart, the Bcr-Abl fusion protein, causes certain human leukaemias. Recent insights into the structure and regulation of the c-Abl and Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinases have changed the way we look at these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hantschel
- Developmental Biology Programme, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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138
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Machuy N, Rajalingam K, Rudel T. Requirement of caspase-mediated cleavage of c-Abl during stress-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2003; 11:290-300. [PMID: 14657961 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase plays an important role in cell cycle control and apoptosis. Furthermore, induction of apoptosis correlates with the activation of c-Abl. Here, we demonstrate the cleavage of c-Abl by caspases during apoptosis. Caspases separate c-Abl into functional domains including a Src-kinase, a fragment containing nuclear import sequences, a fragment with an actin-binding domain and nuclear export sequence. Caspase cleavage increases the kinase activity of c-Abl as demonstrated by in vitro kinase assays as well as by auto- and substrate phosphorylation. Cells in which c-Abl expression was knocked down by RNA interference resisted cisplatin- but not TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. A similar selective resistance against cisplatin-induced apoptosis was observed when cleavage resistant c-Abl was overexpressed in treated cells. Our data suggest the selective requirement of c-Abl cleavage by caspases for stress-induced, but not for TNFalpha-induced apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Caspases/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme Activation
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Kinases/analysis
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Stress, Physiological
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- N Machuy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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139
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Roose JP, Diehn M, Tomlinson MG, Lin J, Alizadeh AA, Botstein D, Brown PO, Weiss A. T cell receptor-independent basal signaling via Erk and Abl kinases suppresses RAG gene expression. PLoS Biol 2003; 1:E53. [PMID: 14624253 PMCID: PMC261890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways guided by cellular receptors commonly exhibit low-level constitutive signaling in a continuous, ligand-independent manner. The dynamic equilibrium of positive and negative regulators establishes such a tonic signal. Ligand-independent signaling by the precursors of mature antigen receptors regulates development of B and T lymphocytes. Here we describe a basal signal that controls gene expression profiles in the Jurkat T cell line and mouse thymocytes. Using DNA microarrays and Northern blots to analyze unstimulated cells, we demonstrate that expression of a cluster of genes, including RAG-1 and RAG-2, is repressed by constitutive signals requiring the adapter molecules LAT and SLP-76. This TCR-like pathway results in constitutive low-level activity of Erk and Abl kinases. Inhibition of Abl by the drug STI-571 or inhibition of signaling events upstream of Erk increases RAG-1 expression. Our data suggest that physiologic gene expression programs depend upon tonic activity of signaling pathways independent of receptor ligation. In the absence of basal signaling, RAG activity is high at a time during T cell development when it is otherwise normally suppressed
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen P Roose
- 1Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Maximilian Diehn
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Michael G Tomlinson
- 1Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Joseph Lin
- 1Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Ash A Alizadeh
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - David Botstein
- 4Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Patrick O Brown
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- 5Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Arthur Weiss
- 1Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- 6Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
- 7Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
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140
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/chemistry
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Genes, abl/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Goldman
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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141
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Kain KH, Gooch S, Klemke RL. Cytoplasmic c-Abl provides a molecular 'Rheostat' controlling carcinoma cell survival and invasion. Oncogene 2003; 22:6071-80. [PMID: 12955086 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell metastasis involves the coordinated activation of migration and survival mechanisms necessary for cell invasion of foreign tissues. Here, we report that cytoplasmic c-Abl tyrosine kinase determines whether a cell invades the ECM or commits suicide. c-Abl phosphorylates the cytoskeleton-associated adaptor protein, Crk, at tyrosine 221, causing disassociation of Crk from the Crk-associated substrate (CAS) and disassembly of Crk/CAS complexes. c-Abl-induced disruption of Crk/CAS complexes inhibits cell migration and promotes apoptosis in normal cells, and is deregulated in highly invasive carcinoma cells. c-Abl-mediated disassembly of Crk/CAS complexes and induction of death occur via disruption of the cytoskeleton, which is distinct from nuclear c-Abl-induced apoptosis in response to DNA-damaging agents. Inhibition of c-Abl kinase activity or Crk binding to Abl's polyproline region prevents Crk phosphorylation and apoptosis, leading to increased cell survival and invasion of the extracellular matrix. Together, these data illustrate that c-Abl prevents aberrant motility and survival through Crk 221 phosphorylation and modulation of Crk/CAS complexes, and that deregulation of this pathway contributes to cell metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin H Kain
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP 231, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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142
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Sarnago S, Roca R, de Blasi A, Valencia A, Mayor F, Murga C. Involvement of intramolecular interactions in the regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 64:629-39. [PMID: 12920199 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.3.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase GRK2 phosphorylates G protein-coupled receptors in an agonist-dependent manner. GRK2 activity is modulated through interactions of diverse domains of the kinase with G protein betagamma subunits, several lipids, anchoring proteins, and activated receptors. We report that kinase activity toward either GPCR (rhodopsin) or a synthetic peptide substrate is enhanced in the presence of GST-GRK2 fusion proteins or peptides corresponding to either N- or C-terminal sequences of GRK2. This direct stimulatory action of intrinsic domains on GRK2 activity does not add to the effect of other regulators, such as Gbetagamma subunits, and strongly suggests the existence of some mode of autoregulation. The existence of regulatory intramolecular interactions in GRK2 is supported by the facts that a C-terminal peptide protects the N-terminal region from proteolytic cleavage and that two domains of GRK2 independently coexpressed in cells associate as assessed by immunoprecipitation. Molecular modeling suggests that intramolecular interactions among the N-terminal, C-terminal and kinase domains would keep GRK2 in a constrained conformation characteristic of an inactive, basal state. Our model proposes that disruption of such intramolecular contacts by intermolecular interactions with regulatory proteins (mimicked by exogenously added kinase fragments in vitro) would promote the conformational changes required to bring about GRK2 translocation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Sarnago
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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143
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Cheng WH, von Kobbe C, Opresko PL, Fields KM, Ren J, Kufe D, Bohr VA. Werner syndrome protein phosphorylation by abl tyrosine kinase regulates its activity and distribution. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:6385-95. [PMID: 12944467 PMCID: PMC193690 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.18.6385-6395.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Werner syndrome protein (WRN) is a caretaker of the human genome, and the Abl kinase is a regulator of the DNA damage response. Aberrant DNA repair has been linked to the development of cancer. Here, we have identified a direct binding between WRN and c-Abl in vitro via the N-terminal and central regions of WRN and the Src homology domain 3 of c-Abl. After bleomycin treatment in culture, WRN and c-Abl are dissociated and followed by an Abl kinase-dependent WRN relocalization to the nucleoplasm. WRN is a substrate of c-Abl in vitro and in vivo. WRN is tyrosine phosphorylated either transiently by treatment of HeLa cells with bleomycin or constitutively in cells from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, and these phosphorylations are prevented by treatment with the Abl kinase inhibitor STI-571. Tyrosine phosphorylation of WRN results in inhibition of both WRN exonuclease and helicase activities. Furthermore, anti-WRN immunoprecipitates from CML cells treated with STI-571 show increased 3'-->5' exonuclease activity. These findings suggest a novel signaling pathway by which c-Abl mediates WRN nuclear localization and catalytic activities in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsing Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging/NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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144
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Abstract
The myristoylated N-terminal latching to the C-terminal lobe of c-Abl was recently demonstrated to be an important regulatory element for the kinase, playing a role similar to that of the tyrosine-phosphorylated C-terminal tail of c-Src. A potential mechanism for activating c-Abl is the dissociation of the myristoylated N-terminal latch. How often does this latch spontaneously come off? A recent theoretical model along with the experimental results of Superti-Furga, Kuriyan, and co-workers suggests that the equilibrium fraction of c-Abl in which the myristoylated N-terminal is unlatched is approximately 0.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Physics and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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145
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Abstract
c-Abl is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase whose activity is tightly controlled in vivo through unknown mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that c-Abl may be regulated in different cellular contexts by distinct lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Van Etten
- The Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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146
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Nguyen Khac F, Bernard OA. [Chromosomal translocations in human malignant hematopoiesis. Structural and functional consequences]. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2003; 51:382-9. [PMID: 12927896 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(03)00113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The improvement of molecular biology techniques and human genome mapping and sequencing boosted the molecular analysis of chromosomal abnormalities observed in human hematological malignancies. The characterization of structural abnormalities (translocation, deletion) has proven particularly seminal. A better understanding of the pathology itself and of its generation arose from the identification of the genes involved in the chromosomal translocations of human leukemia. This work summaries some of the present knowledge regarding human leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nguyen Khac
- E210 Inserm, Tour Pasteur, hôpital Necker-Enfants-malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris 15, France
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147
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Woodring PJ, Hunter T, Wang JYJ. Regulation of F-actin-dependent processes by the Abl family of tyrosine kinases. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:2613-26. [PMID: 12775773 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The F-actin cytoskeleton is a fundamental component of all eukaryotic cells. It provides force and stability and plays an integral role in a diverse array of cellular processes. The spatiotemporal regulation of F-actin dynamics is essential for proper biological output. The basic molecular machinery underlying the assembly and disassembly of filamentous actin is conserved in all eukaryotic cells. Additionally, protein tyrosine kinases, found only in multicellular eukaryotes, provide links between extracellular signals and F-actin-dependent cellular processes. Among the tyrosine kinases, c-Abl and its relative Arg are unique in binding directly to F-actin. Recent results have demonstrated a role for c-Abl in membrane ruffling, cell spreading, cell migration, and neurite extension in response to growth factor and extracellular matrix signals. c-Abl appears to regulate the assembly of F-actin polymers into different structures, depending on the extracellular signal. Interestingly, c-Abl contains nuclear import and export signals, and the nuclear c-Abl inhibits differentiation and promotes apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. The modular structure and the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of c-Abl suggest that it integrates multiple signals to coordinate F-actin dynamics with the cellular decision to differentiate or to die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Woodring
- The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037-1099, USA.
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148
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Abstract
Bcr-Abl is a dysregulated tyrosine kinase whose mechanism of activation is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that, like c-Abl, Bcr-Abl is negatively regulated through its SH3 domain. Kinase activity, transformation, and leukemogenesis by Bcr-Abl are greatly impaired by mutations of the Bcr coiled-coil domain that disrupt oligomerization, but restored by an SH3 point mutation that blocks ligand binding or a complementary mutation at the intramolecular SH3 binding site defined in c-Abl. Phosphorylation of tyrosines in the activation loop of the catalytic domain and the linker between the SH2 and catalytic domains (SH2-CD linker) is dependent on oligomerization and required for leukemogenesis. These results suggest that Bcr-Abl has a monomeric, unphosphorylated state with the SH3 domain engaged intramolecularly to Pro1124 in the SH2-CD linker, the form that is sensitive to the inhibitor imatinib (STI-571). The sole function of the coiled-coil domain is to disrupt the autoinhibited conformation through oligomerization and intermolecular autophosphorylation.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Alanine/genetics
- Alanine/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Animals
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Catalytic Domain/drug effects
- Catalytic Domain/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Eukaryotic Cells/enzymology
- Feedback, Physiological/drug effects
- Feedback, Physiological/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation/drug effects
- Mutation/genetics
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Proline/genetics
- Proline/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/drug effects
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Tyrosine/metabolism
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149
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Tani K, Sato S, Sukezane T, Kojima H, Hirose H, Hanafusa H, Shishido T. Abl interactor 1 promotes tyrosine 296 phosphorylation of mammalian enabled (Mena) by c-Abl kinase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:21685-92. [PMID: 12672821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301447200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Enabled (Mena) is a mammalian homologue of Drosophila Enabled (Ena), which genetically interacts with Drosophila Abl tyrosine kinase. The signaling pathway involving c-Abl and Mena (Ena) is not fully understood. To find molecules that participate in the c-Abl/Mena pathway, we searched for Mena-binding proteins using a yeast two-hybrid system. We identified Abl interactor 1 (Abi-1), which is known to interact with c-Abl, as a binding protein for Mena. Binding analysis revealed that the Ena/Vasp homology 1 domain of Mena and the polyproline structure of Abi-1 are necessary for the interaction. The interaction between Mena and Abi-1 was also observed in a mammalian expression system. Importantly, Abi-1 dramatically promoted c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of Mena but not other substrates such as c-Cbl. Mutational analysis demonstrated that the phosphorylation site of Mena is Tyr-296. Our results suggest that Abi-1 regulates c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation of Mena by interacting with both proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuko Tani
- School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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150
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Tanis KQ, Veach D, Duewel HS, Bornmann WG, Koleske AJ. Two distinct phosphorylation pathways have additive effects on Abl family kinase activation. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:3884-96. [PMID: 12748290 PMCID: PMC155218 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.11.3884-3896.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of the related Abl and Arg nonreceptor tyrosine kinases are kept under tight control in cells, but exposure to several different stimuli results in a two- to fivefold stimulation of kinase activity. Following the breakdown of inhibitory intramolecular interactions, Abl activation requires phosphorylation on several tyrosine residues, including a tyrosine in its activation loop. These activating phosphorylations have been proposed to occur either through autophosphorylation by Abl in trans or through phosphorylation of Abl by the Src nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. We show here that these two pathways mediate phosphorylation at distinct sites in Abl and Arg and have additive effects on Abl and Arg kinase activation. Abl and Arg autophosphorylate at several sites outside the activation loop, leading to 5.2- and 6.2-fold increases in kinase activity, respectively. We also find that the Src family kinase Hck phosphorylates the Abl and Arg activation loops, leading to an additional twofold stimulation of kinase activity. The autoactivation pathway may allow Abl family kinases to integrate or amplify cues relayed by Src family kinases from cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Q Tanis
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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