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Abstract
Although laboratories have been conducting scientific evaluations of the abused drugs for many years, preclinical evaluations of the abuse potential of new drugs have been an integral component of new drug applications more recently. The development of a unified testing approach is crucial prior to initiating individual studies to address abuse potential. The core preclinical studies that will be required include a dependence/withdrawal study, an assessment of the discriminative cue produced by the new drug, and an assessment of whether the drug will be self-administered. This discussion is focused on the requirements for drug scheduling recommendations from the FDA and how to conduct the evaluations that will be used to make those recommendations and how to select parameter details such as preclinical species, test doses, test conditions, route of drug administration, comparator compounds, and behavioral test designs recommended.
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102
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Brudzynski SM. Pharmacology of Ultrasonic Vocalizations in adult Rats: Significance, Call Classification and Neural Substrate. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:180-92. [PMID: 26411761 PMCID: PMC4598430 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13999150210141444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological studies of emotional arousal and initiation of emotional states in rats measured by their ultrasonic vocalizations are reviewed. It is postulated that emission of vocalizations is an inseparable feature of emotional states and it evolved from mother-infant interaction. Positive emotional states are associated with emission of 50 kHz vocalizations that could be induced by rewarding situations and dopaminergic activation of the nucleus accumbens and are mediated by D1, D2, and partially D3 dopamine receptors. Three biologically significant subtypes of 50 kHz vocalizations have been identified, all expressing positive emotional states: (1) flat calls without frequency modulation that serve as contact calls during social interactions; (2) frequencymodulated calls without trills that signal rewarding and significantly motivated situation; and (3) frequency-modulated calls with trills or trills themselves that are emitted in highly emotional situations associated with intensive affective state. Negative emotional states are associated with emission of 22 kHz vocalizations that could be induced by aversive situations, muscarinic cholinergic activation of limbic areas of medial diencephalon and forebrain, and are mediated by M2 muscarinic receptors. Two biologically significant subtypes of 22 kHz vocalizations have been identified, both expressing negative emotional sates: (1) long calls that serve as alarm calls and signal external danger; and (2) short calls that express a state of discomfort without external danger. The positive and negative states with emission of vocalizations are initiated by two ascending reticular activating subsystems: the mesolimbic dopaminergic subsystem as a specific positive arousal system, and the mesolimbic cholinergic subsystem as a specific negative arousal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Brudzynski
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1 Canada.
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103
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Vega-Flores G, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM. Involvement of the GABAergic septo-hippocampal pathway in brain stimulation reward. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113787. [PMID: 25415445 PMCID: PMC4263242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a structure related to several cognitive processes, but not very much is known about its putative involvement in positive reinforcement. In its turn, the septum has been related to instrumental brain stimulation reward (BSR) by its electrical stimulation with trains of pulses. Although the anatomical relationships of the septo-hippocampal pathway are well established, the functional relationship between these structures during rewarding behaviors remains poorly understood. To explore hippocampal mechanisms involved in BSR, CA3-evoked field excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs, fIPSPs) were recorded in the CA1 area during BSR in alert behaving mice. The synaptic efficiency was determined from changes in fEPSP and fIPSP amplitudes across the learning of a BSR task. The successive BSR sessions evoked a progressive increase of the performance in inverse relationship with a decrease in the amplitude of fEPSPs, but not of fIPSPs. Additionally, we evaluated CA1 local field potentials (LFPs) during a preference task, comparing 8-, 20-, and 100-Hz trains of septal BSR. We corroborate a clear preference for BSR at 100 Hz (in comparison with BSR at 20 Hz or 8 Hz), in parallel with an increase in the spectral power of the low theta band, and a decrease in the gamma. These results were replicated by intrahippocampal injections of a GABAB antagonist. Thus, the GABAergic septo-hippocampal pathway seems to carry information involved in the encoding of reward properties, where GABAB receptors seem to play a key role. With regard to the dorsal hippocampus, fEPSPs evoked at the CA3-CA1 synapse seem to reflect the BSR learning process, while hippocampal rhythmic activities are more related to reward properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neurosciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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104
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Grenald SA, Largent-Milnes TM, Vanderah TW. Animal models for opioid addiction drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1345-54. [PMID: 25307021 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.966076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since ancient times, the opium poppy has been used in a variety of settings, including pain management. Natural and synthetic derivatives of opium are commonly used in medicine today and include drugs, such as morphine, codeine, hydromorphone and oxycodone. Although excellent at inhibiting pain, these narcotics often produce a state of euphoria leading to misuse and abuse by the general population, particularly in young adults. The misuse of prescription opiates has continually increased over the past 10 years despite associated negative outcomes, resulting in opiate psychological dependence, withdrawal and relapse. AREAS COVERED This paper briefly refers to the history of opiate use and the modern challenges associated with chronic exposure. The authors present the prevalence of addiction and misuse of prescription opiates and discuss some of the opiate-associated effects. This includes activation of reward circuitry and compensatory receptor mechanisms. Finally, the authors provide a review on neuroadaptive changes that manifest during opiate dependence, withdrawal and relapse in animal models. EXPERT OPINION In spite of the various methods available to treat opiate addiction, there is still a huge unmet need for its management, including the creative design of novel, non-addictive pain medications. The authors believe that multifunctional compounds or combinations of compounds that inhibit pain pathways, whereas not activating the reward pathways, will begin to subdue the opiate addiction endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaness A Grenald
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology , Tucson, AZ 85724-5050 , USA +1 520 626 7801 ; +1 520 626 2204 ;
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105
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Easton AC, Lourdusamy A, Havranek M, Mizuno K, Solati J, Golub Y, Clarke TK, Vallada H, Laranjeira R, Desrivières S, Moll GH, Mössner R, Kornhuber J, Schumann G, Giese KP, Fernandes C, Quednow BB, Müller CP. αCaMKII controls the establishment of cocaine's reinforcing effects in mice and humans. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e457. [PMID: 25290264 PMCID: PMC4350526 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although addiction develops in a considerable number of regular cocaine users, molecular risk factors for cocaine dependence are still unknown. It was proposed that establishing drug use and memory formation might share molecular and anatomical pathways. Alpha-Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (αCaMKII) is a key mediator of learning and memory also involved in drug-related plasticity. The autophosphorylation of αCaMKII was shown to accelerate learning. Thus, we investigated the role of αCaMKII autophosphorylation in the time course of establishing cocaine use-related behavior in mice. We found that αCaMKII autophosphorylation-deficient αCaMKII(T286A) mice show delayed establishment of conditioned place preference, but no changes in acute behavioral activation, sensitization or conditioned hyperlocomotion to cocaine (20 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneal). In vivo microdialysis revealed that αCaMKII(T286A) mice have blunted dopamine (DA) and blocked serotonin (5-HT) responses in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and prefrontal cortex after acute cocaine administration (20 mg kg(-1), intraperitoneal), whereas noradrenaline responses were preserved. Under cocaine, the attenuated DA and 5-HT activation in αCaMKII(T286A) mice was followed by impaired c-Fos activation in the NAcc. To translate the rodent findings to human conditions, several CAMK2A gene polymorphisms were tested regarding their risk for a fast establishment of cocaine dependence in two independent samples of regular cocaine users from Brazil (n=688) and Switzerland (n=141). A meta-analysis across both samples confirmed that CAMK2A rs3776823 TT-allele carriers display a faster transition to severe cocaine use than C-allele carriers. Together, these data suggest that αCaMKII controls the speed for the establishment of cocaine's reinforcing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Easton
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Lourdusamy
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M Havranek
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Mizuno
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behavior, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Solati
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Y Golub
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - T-K Clarke
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Vallada
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Laranjeira
- UNIAD, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Desrivières
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G H Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Mössner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Schumann
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K P Giese
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behavior, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Fernandes
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C P Müller
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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106
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Nesic J, Duka T. Effects of stress and dietary tryptophan enhancement on craving for alcohol in binge and non-binge heavy drinkers. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25:503-17. [PMID: 25036731 PMCID: PMC4141218 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress is known to play an important role in alcohol abuse, whereas binge drinking may increase individuals' susceptibility to the development of alcohol dependence. We set out to investigate whether binge drinkers (BDs) or non-BDs (NBDs) are at a greater risk of an increase in their desire for alcohol following experimental stress induction (modified Trier Social Stress Test; Experiment 1) and to explore the biological mechanisms underlying such an effect (Experiment 2). Preclinical evidence suggests that serotonin may mediate stress-induced reinstatement of alcohol intake. We therefore tested whether dietary tryptophan (TRP) enhancement would modulate stress-induced desire for alcohol and whether it would affect the two populations (BD/NBD) differently. In Experiment 1 (14 NBDs, 10 BDs; mean weekly alcohol intake 50.64 U), stress induction selectively increased strong desire for alcohol compared with the nonstressful condition in BDs. Throughout the experiment, BDs reported greater negative reinforcement type of craving than NBDs, but also a higher expectancy of alcohol-induced negative effects. In Experiment 2, 41 participants (22 NBDs, 19 BDs; mean alcohol intake 38.81 U) were given either the TRP-rich (TRP+; 9 BDs, 11 NBD) or the control (CTR; 10 BD, 11 NBD) diet before undergoing stress induction. In BDs, the TRP+ diet prevented the stress-induced increase in strong desire that was observed in individuals receiving the CTR diet. In NBDs, the TRP+ diet appeared to facilitate an increase in strong desire. These findings suggest that BDs may indeed be at a greater risk than NBDs of an increase in their craving for alcohol when stressed. Furthermore, whereas enhancement of 5-hydroxytryptamine function may moderate the impact of stress on craving in BDs, it seems to facilitate stress-induced craving in NBDs, suggesting that the serotonergic system may be differentially involved depending on individual binge drinking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Nesic
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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107
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Schmidt AC, Dunaway LE, Roberts JG, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Multiple Scan Rate Voltammetry for Selective Quantification of Real-Time Enkephalin Dynamics. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7806-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501725u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lars E. Dunaway
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - James G. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gregory S. McCarty
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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108
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Hayes DJ, Duncan NW, Xu J, Northoff G. A comparison of neural responses to appetitive and aversive stimuli in humans and other mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:350-68. [PMID: 25010558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing potentially harmful or beneficial stimuli is necessary for the self-preservation and well-being of all organisms. This assessment requires the ongoing valuation of environmental stimuli. Despite much work on the processing of aversive- and appetitive-related brain signals, it is not clear to what degree these two processes interact across the brain. To help clarify this issue, this report used a cross-species comparative approach in humans (i.e. meta-analysis of imaging data) and other mammals (i.e. targeted review of functional neuroanatomy in rodents and non-human primates). Human meta-analysis results suggest network components that appear selective for appetitive (e.g. ventromedial prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area) or aversive (e.g. cingulate/supplementary motor cortex, periaqueductal grey) processing, or that reflect overlapping (e.g. anterior insula, amygdala) or asymmetrical, i.e. apparently lateralized, activity (e.g. orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum). However, a closer look at the known value-related mechanisms from the animal literature suggests that all of these macroanatomical regions are involved in the processing of both appetitive and aversive stimuli. Differential spatiotemporal network dynamics may help explain similarities and differences in appetitive- and aversion-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada; Toronto Western Research Institute, Brain, Imaging and Behaviour - Systems Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Division of Neurosurgery, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Niall W Duncan
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Carleton, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, 276 Lishui Lu, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiameng Xu
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, 276 Lishui Lu, Hangzhou, China; Taipei Medical University, Shuang Ho Hospital, Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; National Chengchi University, Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, Taipei, Taiwan
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109
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Overexpression of the steroidogenic enzyme cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage in the ventral tegmental area increases 3α,5α-THP and reduces long-term operant ethanol self-administration. J Neurosci 2014; 34:5824-34. [PMID: 24760842 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4733-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids are endogenous neuromodulators capable of altering neuronal activity and behavior. In rodents, systemic administration of endogenous or synthetic neuroactive steroids reduces ethanol self-administration. We hypothesized this effect arises from actions within mesolimbic brain regions that we targeted by viral gene delivery. Cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage (P450scc) converts cholesterol to pregnenolone, the rate-limiting enzymatic reaction in neurosteroidogenesis. Therefore, we constructed a recombinant adeno-associated serotype 2 viral vector (rAAV2), which drives P450scc expression and neuroactive steroid synthesis. The P450scc-expressing vector (rAAV2-P450scc) or control GFP-expressing vector (rAAV2-GFP) were injected bilaterally into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or nucleus accumbens (NAc) of alcohol preferring (P) rats trained to self-administer ethanol. P450scc overexpression in the VTA significantly reduced ethanol self-administration by 20% over the 3 week test period. P450scc overexpression in the NAc, however, did not alter ethanol self-administration. Locomotor activity was unaltered by vector administration to either region. P450scc overexpression produced a 36% increase in (3α,5α)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP, allopregnanolone)-positive cells in the VTA, but did not increase 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity in NAc. These results suggest that P450scc overexpression and the resultant increase of 3α,5α-THP-positive cells in the VTA reduces ethanol reinforcement. 3α,5α-THP is localized to neurons in the VTA, including tyrosine hydroxylase neurons, but not astrocytes. Overall, the results demonstrate that using gene delivery to modulate neuroactive steroids shows promise for examining the neuronal mechanisms of moderate ethanol drinking, which could be extended to other behavioral paradigms and neuropsychiatric pathology.
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110
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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111
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Mahler SV, Vazey EM, Beckley JT, Keistler CR, McGlinchey EM, Kaufling J, Wilson SP, Deisseroth K, Woodward JJ, Aston-Jones G. Designer receptors show role for ventral pallidum input to ventral tegmental area in cocaine seeking. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:577-85. [PMID: 24584054 PMCID: PMC3973180 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ventral pallidum (VP) is centrally positioned within mesocorticolimbic reward circuits, and its dense projection to ventral tegmental area (VTA) regulates neuronal activity there. However, VP is a heterogeneous structure, and how this complexity affects its role within wider reward circuits is unclear. Here we demonstrate that projections to VTA from rostral (RVP), but not caudal VP (CVP) are robustly Fos-activated during cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking—a rat model of relapse in addiction. Moreover, designer receptor-mediated transient inactivation of RVP neurons, their terminals in VTA, or functional connectivity between RVP and VTA dopamine neurons blocks the ability of drug-associated cues (but not a cocaine prime) to reinstate cocaine seeking. In contrast, CVP neuronal inhibition instead blocked cocaine-primed, but not cue-induced reinstatement. This novel double dissociation in VP sub-regional roles in drug seeking is likely important for understanding mesocorticolimbic circuits underlying reward seeking and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Elena M Vazey
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob T Beckley
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Colby R Keistler
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ellen M McGlinchey
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Kaufling
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Steven P Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John J Woodward
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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112
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García R, Simon MJ, Puerto A. Rewarding effects of the electrical stimulation of the parabrachial complex: taste or place preference? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 107:101-7. [PMID: 24291574 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The lateral parabrachial complex has been related to various emotional-affective processes. It has been shown that electrical stimulation of the external Lateral Parabrachial (LPBe) nucleus can induce reinforcing effects in place preference and taste discrimination tasks but does not appear to support self-stimulation. This study examined the relative relevance of place and taste stimuli after electrical stimulation of the LPBe nucleus. A learning discrimination task was conducted that simultaneously included both sensory indexes (taste and place) in order to determine the preference of animals for one or the other. After a taste stimulus reversal task, the rewarding effect of stimulation was found to be preferentially associated with place. These results are discussed in the context of the rewarding action and biological constraints induced by different natural and artificial reinforcing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain.
| | - Maria J Simon
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Amadeo Puerto
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
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113
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Neutral antagonism at the cannabinoid 1 receptor: a safer treatment for obesity. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1294-301. [PMID: 23070073 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global problem with often strong neurobiological underpinnings. The cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) was put forward as a promising drug target for antiobesity medication. However, the first marketed CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant was discontinued, as its use was occasionally associated with negative affect and suicidality. In artificial cell systems, CB1Rs can become constitutively active in the absence of ligands. Here, we show that such constitutive CB1R activity also regulates GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area and basolateral amygdala, regions which regulate motivation and emotions. We show that CB1R inverse agonists like rimonabant suppress the constitutive CB1R activity in such regions, and cause anxiety and reduced motivation for reward. The neutral CB1R antagonist NESS0327 does not suppress constitutive activity and lacks these negative effects. Importantly, however, both rimonabant and NESS0327 equally reduce weight gain and food intake. Together, these findings suggest that neutral CB1R antagonists can treat obesity efficiently and more safely than inverse agonists.
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114
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Morphine-Induced Apoptosis in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Hippocampus After the Development but not Extinction of Reward-Related Behaviors in Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:235-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-0007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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115
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Bahi A. Viral-mediated knockdown of mGluR7 in the nucleus accumbens mediates excessive alcohol drinking and increased ethanol-elicited conditioned place preference in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2109-19. [PMID: 22781839 PMCID: PMC3773660 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Whether metabotropic glutamate 7 (mGluR7) -activation enhances or diminishes the reinforcing properties of psychostimulants remains unclear. We have previously shown that systemic mGluR7 activation reduced alcohol consumption and preference as well as locomotor-stimulating and rewarding properties of ethanol. In this study, we further examined the contribution of mGluR7 on the effect of ethanol within the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), a neural target for many drugs of abuse. Using short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-expressing lentiviral vectors (LV) to alter locally the activity of mGluR7 in male rats, we have shown that blocking mGluR7 expression increased ethanol consumption and preference in a two-bottle choice drinking paradigm with no effect either on saccharin or on quinine used for taste discrimination. In addition, mGluR7 knockdown increases preference for environments previously paired with low doses of ethanol in the conditioned place preference (CPP) test, as it shifted the dose-response curve for ethanol CPP to the left, indicating alterations in the rewarding effects of alcohol. More importantly, mGluR7 blockade in the dorsal striatum (DS) neither affected ethanol consumption nor ethanol-elicited CPP. These results show that levels of mGluR7 in the NAcc regulate responsiveness to alcohol. Taken together, these findings clearly demonstrate that mGluR7 signaling within the NAcc is a key modulator of functional responses to ethanol and offer an important target for regulating the addictive effects of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Bahi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Tawam Medical Campus, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE, Tel: +971 3 7137 516, Fax: +971 3 7672 033, E-mail:
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Janak PH, Chaudhri N. The Potent Effect of Environmental Context on Relapse to Alcohol-Seeking After Extinction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:76-87. [PMID: 21132088 DOI: 10.2174/1874941001003010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Environments in which the pharmacological effects of alcohol have been experienced become potent triggers for relapse in abstinent humans. Animal models developed to study the effect of environmental contexts on relapse to alcohol-seeking behavior demonstrate that alcohol-seeking is renewed by exposure to an alcohol-associated context, following the extinction of alcohol-seeking in a different context. Hence, contexts in which alcohol conditioning and extinction learning occur can be critical determinants for whether or not alcohol-seeking behavior is observed. This review summarizes preclinical research to date examining the role of alcohol contexts on the reinstatement of extinguished responding for alcohol. Behavioral studies have elucidated factors that are important for eliciting context-dependent relapse, and have uncovered novel interactions between alcohol-seeking driven by discrete alcohol cues in different contexts. Neuropharmacological studies provide substantial evidence for a role of dopaminergic systems in context-dependent reinstatement, and growing support for opioidergic mechanisms as well. Several key limbic brain regions have been identified in the modulation of alcohol-seeking by context, supporting a proposed neural circuit that includes the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, basolateral amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, and the paraventricular thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia H Janak
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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117
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Mei YY, Li JS. Involvements of stress hormones in the restraint-induced conditioned place preference. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:662-8. [PMID: 24055356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm is widely used when examining the reinforcing effects of drugs. Some previous studies have shown that an acute stressor, such as restraint could also induce CPP. Although the modulating effects of stress hormones on various forms of learning are well known, the finding that a stressor has a potentially direct role in the reinforcement mechanism is novel. This study focused on the function of stress hormones in restraint-induced CPP in Wistar rats administered agonist or antagonist of 2 critical stress hormones prior to conditioning. Results showed that peripheral applications of corticosterone (CORT, 1, 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) failed to induce CPP. Furthermore, a glucocorticoid (GC) antagonist (mifepristone, 10, 40, or 100 mg/kg, sc) failed to block the restraint-induced CPP. Intracerebroventricular injection of a selective corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) antagonist antalarmin (1 μg/5 μl), on the contrary, completely blocked the restraint-induced CPP. We concluded that CRFR1 plays an essential role in the neural mechanism of restraint-induced CPP. Negative feedback of CORT from peripheral sources may not be involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Mei
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, ROC
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118
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Kim DH, Yang CH, Hwang M. Sauchinone blocks methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and place preference in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1071-1075. [PMID: 23809251 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sauchinone is a phytochemical known as a nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor. NO is a kind of neurotransmitter and involved in psychotic effect of abuse drug. In present, we carried out a study on the effect of sauchinone on methamphetamine-induced alteration of behavior in mice. Locomotory activity and conditioned place preference (CPP) were used to evaluate behavioral changes. As a result, sauchinone inhibited the methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in dose-dependent manner, whereas sauchinone had no effect on normal locomotory activity. The inhibitory effect of sauchinone on methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion was reversed by treatment of molsidomine, a NO donor. Sauchinone also significantly blocked the acquisition and expression of CPP induced by methamphetamine in mouse. However, it did not produce place preference or place aversion, when it was treated alone in animals. Taken together, sauchinone blocked drug reward-related behavior as well as acute hyperlocomotion induced by methamphetamine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahn Hyo Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, South Korea
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119
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Easton AC, Lucchesi W, Lourdusamy A, Lenz B, Solati J, Golub Y, Lewczuk P, Fernandes C, Desrivieres S, Dawirs RR, Moll GH, Kornhuber J, Frank J, Hoffmann P, Soyka M, Kiefer F, Schumann G, Peter Giese K, Müller CP, Treutlein J, Cichon S, Ridinger M, Mattheisen P, Herms S, Wodarz N, Zill P, Maier W, Mössner R, Gaebel W, Dahmen N, Scherbaum N, Schmäl C, Steffens M, Lucae S, Ising M, Müller-Myhsok B, Nöthen MM, Mann K, Rietschel M. αCaMKII autophosphorylation controls the establishment of alcohol drinking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1636-47. [PMID: 23459588 PMCID: PMC3717547 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The α-Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (αCaMKII) is a crucial enzyme controlling plasticity in the brain. The autophosphorylation of αCaMKII works as a 'molecular memory' for a transient calcium activation, thereby accelerating learning. We investigated the role of αCaMKII autophosphorylation in the establishment of alcohol drinking as an addiction-related behavior in mice. We found that alcohol drinking was initially diminished in αCaMKII autophosphorylation-deficient αCaMKII(T286A) mice, but could be established at wild-type level after repeated withdrawals. The locomotor activating effects of a low-dose alcohol (2 g/kg) were absent in αCaMKII(T286A) mice, whereas the sedating effects of high-dose (3.5 g/kg) were preserved after acute and subchronic administration. The in vivo microdialysis revealed that αCaMKII(T286A) mice showed no dopamine (DA) response in the nucleus accumbens to acute or subchronic alcohol administration, but enhanced serotonin (5-HT) responses in the prefrontal cortex. The attenuated DA response in αCaMKII(T286A) mice was in line with altered c-Fos activation in the ventral tegmental area after acute and subchronic alcohol administration. In order to compare findings in mice with the human condition, we tested 23 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CAMK2A gene for their association with alcohol dependence in a population of 1333 male patients with severe alcohol dependence and 939 controls. We found seven significant associations between CAMK2A SNPs and alcohol dependence, one of which in an autophosphorylation-related area of the gene. Together, our data suggest αCaMKII autophosphorylation as a facilitating mechanism in the establishment of alcohol drinking behavior with changing the DA-5-HT balance as a putative mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna C Easton
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Walter Lucchesi
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behavior, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, James Black Centre, London, UK
| | - Anbarasu Lourdusamy
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bernd Lenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jalal Solati
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yulia Golub
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piotr Lewczuk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvane Desrivieres
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ralph R Dawirs
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunther H Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Soyka
- Psychiatric Hospital, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Gunter Schumann
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Peter Giese
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behavior, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, James Black Centre, London, UK
| | - Christian P Müller
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany,Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, Erlangen 91054, Germany, Tel: +49 9131 85 36896, Fax: +49 9131 85 36002, E-mail:
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Kuramashi A, Abe H, Koganemaru G, Matsuo H, Ikeda T, Ebihara K, Funahashi H, Takeda R, Nishimori T, Ishida Y. Effect of blonanserin on methamphetamine-induced disruption of latent inhibition and c-Fos expression in rats. Neurosci Lett 2013; 549:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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121
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Kingsbury MA, Miller KM, Goodson JL. VPAC receptor signaling modulates grouping behavior and social responses to contextual novelty in a gregarious finch: a role for a putative prefrontal cortex homologue. Horm Behav 2013; 64:511-8. [PMID: 23899763 PMCID: PMC3864561 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In both mammals and birds, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) neurons and fibers are present in virtually every brain area that is important for social behavior. VIP influences aggression in birds, social recognition in rodents, and prolactin secretion in both taxa, but other possible functions in social modulation remain little explored. VIP effects are mediated by VPAC receptors, which bind both VIP and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide. Within the lateral septum and medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, VPAC receptors are found at higher densities in gregarious finch species relative to territorial species, suggesting that VPAC receptor activation promotes social contact and/or preference for larger groups. Here we here test this hypothesis in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and also examine the relevance of VPAC receptors to anxiety-like processes. Intraventricular infusions of the VPAC receptor antagonist, neurotensin6-11 mouseVIP7-28, strongly reduce social contact when animals are tested in a novel environment, and exert sex-specific effects on grouping behavior. Specifically, VPAC receptor antagonism reduces gregariousness in females but increases gregariousness in males. Interestingly, VPAC antagonism in the medial pallium (putative prefrontal cortex homologue) significantly reduces gregariousness in both sexes, suggesting site-specific effects of VIP signaling. However, VPAC antagonism does not modulate novel-familiar social preferences in a familiar environment or general anxiety-like behaviors. The current results suggest that endogenous activation of VPAC receptors promotes social contact under novel environmental conditions, a function that may be accentuated in gregarious species. Moreover, endogenous VIP modulates gregariousness in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy A Kingsbury
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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122
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McBride WJ, Kimpel MW, McClintick JN, Ding ZM, Hauser SR, Edenberg HJ, Bell RL, Rodd ZA. Changes in gene expression within the ventral tegmental area following repeated excessive binge-like alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol 2013; 47:367-80. [PMID: 23714385 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to detect changes in gene expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) following repeated excessive binge-like ('loss-of-control') alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Adult female P rats (n = 7) were given concurrent access to 10, 20, and 30% EtOH for 4 1-h sessions daily for 10 weeks followed by 2 cycles of 2 weeks of abstinence and 2 weeks of EtOH access. Rats were sacrificed by decapitation 3 h after the 4th daily EtOH-access session at the end of the second 2-week relapse period. A water-control group of female P rats (n = 8) was also sacrificed. RNA was prepared from micro-punch samples of the VTA from individual rats; analyses were conducted with Affymetrix Rat 230.2 GeneChips. Ethanol intakes were 1.2-1.7 g/kg per session, resulting in blood levels >200 mg% at the end of the 4th session. There were 211 unique named genes that significantly differed (FDR = 0.1) between the water and EtOH groups. Bioinformatics analyses indicated alterations in a) transcription factors that reduced excitation-coupled transcription and promoted excitotoxic neuronal damage involving clusters of genes associated with Nfkbia, Fos, and Srebf1, b) genes that reduced cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, and increased protein degradation, and c) genes involved in cell-to-cell interactions and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Among the named genes, there were 62 genes that showed differences between alcohol-naïve P and non-preferring (NP) rats, with 43 of the genes changing toward NP-like expression levels following excessive binge-like drinking in the P rats. These genes are involved in a pro-inflammatory response, and enhanced response to glucocorticoids and steroid hormones. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the repeated excessive binge-like alcohol drinking can change the expression of genes that may alter neuronal function in several ways, some of which may be deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J McBride
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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123
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Varlinskaya EI, Vetter-O'Hagen CS, Spear LP. Puberty and gonadal hormones: role in adolescent-typical behavioral alterations. Horm Behav 2013; 64:343-9. [PMID: 23998677 PMCID: PMC3761212 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Puberty and Adolescence". Adolescence is characterized by a variety of behavioral alterations, including elevations in novelty-seeking and experimentation with alcohol and other drugs of abuse. Some adolescent-typical neurobehavioral alterations may depend upon pubertal rises in gonadal hormones, whereas others may be unrelated to puberty. Using a variety of approaches, studies in laboratory animals have not revealed clear relationships between pubertal-related changes and adolescent- or adult-typical behaviors that are not strongly sexually dimorphic. Data reviewed suggest surprisingly modest influences of gonadal hormones on alcohol intake, alcohol preference and novelty-directed behaviors. Gonadectomy in males (but not females) increased ethanol intake in adulthood following surgery either pre-pubertally or in adulthood, with these increases in intake largely reversed by testosterone replacement in adulthood, supporting an activational role of androgens in moderating ethanol intake in males. In contrast, neither pre-pubertal nor adult gonadectomy influenced sensitivity to the social inhibitory or aversive effects of ethanol when indexed via conditioned taste aversions, although gonadectomy at either age altered the microstructure of social behavior of both males and females. Unexpectedly, the pre-pubertal surgical manipulation process itself was found to increase later ethanol intake, decrease sensitivity to ethanol's social inhibitory effects, attenuate novelty-directed behavior and lower social motivation, with gonadal hormones being necessary for these long-lasting effects of early surgical perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena I Varlinskaya
- Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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124
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Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR. Why is neuroimmunopharmacology crucial for the future of addiction research? Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:218-27. [PMID: 23764149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major development in drug addiction research in recent years has been the discovery that immune signaling within the central nervous system contributes significantly to mesolimbic dopamine reward signaling induced by drugs of abuse, and hence is involved in the presentation of reward behaviors. Additionally, in the case of opioids, these hypotheses have advanced through to the discovery of the novel site of opioid action at the innate immune pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 as the necessary triggering event that engages this reward facilitating central immune signaling. Thus, the hypothesis of major proinflammatory contributions to drug abuse was born. This review will examine these key discoveries, but also address several key lingering questions of how central immune signaling is able to contribute in this fashion to the pharmacodynamics of drugs of abuse. It is hoped that by combining the collective wisdom of neuroscience, immunology and pharmacology, into Neuroimmunopharmacology, we may more fully understanding the neuronal and immune complexities of how drugs of abuse, such as opioids, create their rewarding and addiction states. Such discoveries will point us in the direction such that one day soon we might successfully intervene to successfully treat drug addiction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 5, Medical School South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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125
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Levetiracetam has opposite effects on alcohol- and cocaine-related behaviors in C57BL/6J mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1322-33. [PMID: 23353709 PMCID: PMC3656375 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) is a potential treatment for alcohol use disorders, yet few preclinical studies exist on its effects in animal models relevant to drug or alcohol abuse. We investigated the effects of LEV on locomotor stimulation following acute and repeated administration of alcohol or cocaine and on alcohol- and cocaine-mediated changes in responding for brain stimulation reward (BSR) in C57BL/6J mice. LEV alone (10.0-100.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally) had no significant effect on locomotor activity or intracranial self-stimulation. Pretreatment with LEV reduced acute locomotor stimulation by 2.0 g/kg alcohol, attenuated the development of locomotor sensitization to alcohol with repeated exposure, and produced a shift in the dose-response curve for alcohol on BSR threshold without affecting maximum operant response rate (MAX). Conversely, LEV pretreatment enhanced both acute locomotor stimulation by 15 mg/kg cocaine and development of locomotor sensitization following repeated exposure and produced a leftward shift in the dose-response curve for cocaine on BSR threshold without affecting MAX. Electrophysiological recordings in vitro showed that LEV reduced excitatory currents in both ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons and nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons, consistent with a presynaptic effect. The opposite effects of LEV pretreatment on alcohol- and cocaine-related behaviors may predict its clinical utility in the treatment of patients with alcohol, but not psychostimulant abuse disorders.
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126
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Müller CP. Episodic memories and their relevance for psychoactive drug use and addiction. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:34. [PMID: 23734106 PMCID: PMC3661997 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of adult people in western societies regularly consume psychoactive drugs. While this consumption is integrated in everyday life activities and controlled in most consumers, it may escalate and result in drug addiction. Non-addicted drug use requires the systematic establishment of highly organized behaviors, such as drug-seeking and -taking. While a significant role for classical and instrumental learning processes is well established in drug use and abuse, declarative drug memories have largely been neglected in research. Episodic memories are an important part of the declarative memories. Here a role of episodic drug memories in the establishment of non-addicted drug use and its transition to addiction is suggested. In relation to psychoactive drug consumption, episodic drug memories are formed when a person prepares for consumption, when the drug is consumed and, most important, when acute effects, withdrawal, craving, and relapse are experienced. Episodic drug memories are one-trial memories with emotional components that can be much stronger than "normal" episodic memories. Their establishment coincides with drug-induced neuronal activation and plasticity. These memories may be highly extinction resistant and influence psychoactive drug consumption, in particular during initial establishment and at the transition to "drug instrumentalization." In that, understanding how addictive drugs interact with episodic memory circuits in the brain may provide crucial information for how drug use and addiction are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P. Müller
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany
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127
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Bazyan AS, van Luijtelaar G. Neurochemical and behavioral features in genetic absence epilepsy and in acutely induced absence seizures. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2013; 2013:875834. [PMID: 23738145 PMCID: PMC3664506 DOI: 10.1155/2013/875834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The absence epilepsy typical electroencephalographic pattern of sharp spikes and slow waves (SWDs) is considered to be due to an interaction of an initiation site in the cortex and a resonant circuit in the thalamus. The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cationic I h pacemaker channels (HCN) play an important role in the enhanced cortical excitability. The role of thalamic HCN in SWD occurrence is less clear. Absence epilepsy in the WAG/Rij strain is accompanied by deficiency of the activity of dopaminergic system, which weakens the formation of an emotional positive state, causes depression-like symptoms, and counteracts learning and memory processes. It also enhances GABAA receptor activity in the striatum, globus pallidus, and reticular thalamic nucleus, causing a rise of SWD activity in the cortico-thalamo-cortical networks. One of the reasons for the occurrence of absences is that several genes coding of GABAA receptors are mutated. The question arises: what the role of DA receptors is. Two mechanisms that cause an infringement of the function of DA receptors in this genetic absence epilepsy model are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Bazyan
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Science, Russian Federation, 5A Butlerov Street, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - G. van Luijtelaar
- Biological Psychology, Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Orzeł-Gryglewska J, Kuśmierczak M, Matulewicz P, Jurkowlaniec E. Dopaminergic transmission in the midbrain ventral tegmental area in the induction of hippocampal theta rhythm. Brain Res 2013; 1510:63-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sweetened-fat intake sensitizes gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated feeding responses elicited from the nucleus accumbens shell. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:843-50. [PMID: 23312563 PMCID: PMC3885159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is much interest in exploring whether reward-driven feeding can produce druglike plasticity in the brain. The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) shell, which modulates hypothalamic feeding systems, is well placed to "usurp" homeostatic control of feeding. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether feeding-induced neuroadaptations occur in this system. METHODS Separate groups of ad libitum-maintained rats were exposed to daily bouts of sweetened-fat intake, predator stress, or intra-Acb shell infusions of either d-amphetamine (2 or 10 μg) or the μ-opioid agonist D-[Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO, 2.5 μg), then challenged with intra-Acb shell infusion of the GABAA agonist, muscimol (10 ng). RESULTS Exposure to sweetened fat robustly sensitized muscimol-induced feeding. Sensitization was present 1 week after cessation of the palatable feeding regimen but had abated by 2 weeks. Rats exposed to sweetened fat did not show an altered feeding response to food deprivation. Repeated intra-Acb shell infusions of DAMGO (2.5 μg) also sensitized intra-Acb shell muscimol-driven feeding. However, neither repeated intra-Acb shell d-amphetamine infusions (2 or 10 μg) nor intermittent exposure to an aversive stimulus (predator stress) altered sensitivity to muscimol. CONCLUSIONS Palatable feeding engenders hypersensitivity of Acb shell GABA responses; this effect may involve feeding-induced release of opioid peptides. Heightened arousal, aversive experiences, or increased catecholamine transmission alone are insufficient to produce the effect, and a hunger-induced feeding drive is insufficient to reveal the effect. These findings reveal a novel type of food-induced neuroadaptation within the Acb; possible implications for understanding crossover effects between food reward and drug reward are discussed.
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130
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Riters LV, Ellis JMS, Angyal CS, Borkowski VJ, Cordes MA, Stevenson SA. Links between breeding readiness, opioid immunolabeling, and the affective state induced by hearing male courtship song in female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:117-24. [PMID: 23473880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Male courtship vocalizations represent a potent signal designed to attract females; however, not all females find male signals equally attractive. We explored the possibility that the affective state induced by hearing courtship vocalizations depends on the motivational state of a receiver. We used a conditioned place preference test of reward to determine the extent to which the rewarding properties of hearing male courtship song differed in female European starlings categorized as nest box owners (a sign of breeding readiness) or non-owners. Nest box owners developed a preference for a chamber in which they previously heard male courtship song. Non-owners displayed no preference for a chamber in which they previously heard song. Positive correlations were identified between the preference a female developed for the song-paired chamber and female nesting and dominance behaviors observed prior to conditioning (indices of the motivation to breed). Immunolabeling for met-enkephalin (an opioid neuropeptide involved in reward) in the medial preoptic nucleus, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, and periaqueductal gray was higher in females with compared to those without nest boxes. Both nest box entries and song-induced place preference also correlated positively with met-enkephalin labeling in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These findings indicate that the reward value of vocal signals is linked to individual differences in motivational state; and that differences in enkephalin activity may play a role in modifying an individual's motivational state and/or the reward value of song.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Riters
- Department of Zoology, 428 Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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131
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Huston JP, Silva MADS, Topic B, Müller CP. What's conditioned in conditioned place preference? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:162-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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132
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Keck TM, Suchland KL, Jimenez CC, Grandy DK. Dopamine D4 receptor deficiency in mice alters behavioral responses to anxiogenic stimuli and the psychostimulant methylphenidate. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 103:831-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rose EJ, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Lee M, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA, Stein EA. Acute nicotine differentially impacts anticipatory valence- and magnitude-related striatal activity. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:280-8. [PMID: 22939991 PMCID: PMC9361221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopaminergic activity plays a role in mediating the rewarding aspects of abused drugs, including nicotine. Nicotine modulates the reinforcing properties of other motivational stimuli, yet the mechanisms of this interaction are poorly understood. This study aimed to ascertain the impact of nicotine exposure on neuronal activity associated with reinforcing outcomes in dependent smokers. METHODS Smokers (n = 28) and control subjects (n = 28) underwent functional imaging during performance of a monetary incentive delay task. Using a randomized, counterbalanced design, smokers completed scanning after placement of a nicotine or placebo patch; nonsmokers were scanned twice without nicotine manipulation. In regions along dopaminergic pathway trajectories, we considered event-related activity for valence (reward/gain vs. punishment/loss), magnitude (small, medium, large), and outcome (successful vs. unsuccessful). RESULTS Both nicotine and placebo patch conditions were associated with reduced activity in regions supporting anticipatory valence, including ventral striatum. In contrast, relative to controls, acute nicotine increased activity in dorsal striatum for anticipated magnitude. Across conditions, anticipatory valence-related activity in the striatum was negatively associated with plasma nicotine concentration, whereas the number of cigarettes daily correlated negatively with loss anticipation activity in the medial prefrontal cortex only during abstinence. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a partial dissociation in the state- and trait-specific effects of smoking and nicotine exposure on magnitude- and valence-dependent anticipatory activity within discrete reward processing brain regions. Such variability may help explain, in part, nicotine's impact on the reinforcing properties of nondrug stimuli and speak to the continued motivation to smoke and cessation difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jane Rose
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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Vazquez-DeRose J, Stauber G, Khroyan TV, Xie X(S, Zaveri NT, Toll L. Retrodialysis of N/OFQ into the nucleus accumbens shell blocks cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine and locomotor activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 699:200-6. [PMID: 23219985 PMCID: PMC3570659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptin (N/OFQ) has been implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, most notably in reward processes and drug abuse. N/OFQ suppresses extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after intracerebroventricular injection. This study sought to examine the effects of retrodialyzed N/OFQ on the cocaine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine levels in the NAc, as well as locomotor activity, in freely moving rats. 1.0μM, 10μM, and 1mM N/OFQ, in the NAc shell, significantly suppressed the cocaine-induced dopamine increase in the NAc, while N/OFQ alone had no significant effect on dopamine levels. Co-delivery of the selective NOP receptor antagonist SB612111 ([(-)-cis-1-Methyl-7-[[4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl]methyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-ol] reversed the N/OFQ suppression of cocaine-induced dopamine in the NAc, suggesting that this is an NOP receptor-mediated effect. Using a novel system to assess locomotion, we measured various motor activities of the animals with simultaneous microdialysis from the home cage. Cocaine produced an expected increase in total activity, including horizontal movement and rearing behavior. Retrodialysis of N/OFQ with cocaine administration affected all motor activities, initially showing no effect on behavior, but over time inhibiting cocaine-induced motor behaviors. These results suggest that N/OFQ can act directly in the NAc shell to block cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine levels. Extracellular dopamine and locomotor activity can be dissociated within the NAc and may reflect motor output differences in shell versus core regions of the NAc. These studies confirm the widespread involvement of NOP receptors in drug addiction and further validate the utility of an NOP receptor agonist as a medication for treatment of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence Toll
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987 USA
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Sugaya N, Kobayashi T, Ikeda K. Role of GIRK Channels in Addictive Substance Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4303/jdar/235823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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136
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Rising Taurine and Ethanol Concentrations in Nucleus Accumbens Interact to Produce the Dopamine-Activating Effects of Alcohol. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 775:215-23. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6130-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Boules M, Li Z, Smith K, Fredrickson P, Richelson E. Diverse roles of neurotensin agonists in the central nervous system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:36. [PMID: 23526754 PMCID: PMC3605594 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide that is found in the central nervous system (CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract. NT behaves as a neurotransmitter in the brain and as a hormone in the gut. Additionally, NT acts as a neuromodulator to several neurotransmitter systems including dopaminergic, sertonergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic systems. Due to its association with such a wide variety of neurotransmitters, NT has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several CNS disorders such as schizophrenia, drug abuse, Parkinson's disease (PD), pain, central control of blood pressure, eating disorders, as well as, cancer and inflammation. The present review will focus on the role that NT and its analogs play in schizophrenia, endocrine function, pain, psychostimulant abuse, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Boules
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic FloridaJacksonville, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Mona Boules, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. e-mail:
| | - Zhimin Li
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic FloridaJacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kristin Smith
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic FloridaJacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Paul Fredrickson
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic FloridaJacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Elliott Richelson
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic FloridaJacksonville, FL, USA
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Deehan GA, Engleman EA, Ding ZM, McBride WJ, Rodd ZA. Microinjections of acetaldehyde or salsolinol into the posterior ventral tegmental area increase dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37:722-9. [PMID: 23278868 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Published findings indicate that acetaldehyde (ACD; the first metabolite of ethanol [EtOH]) and salsolinol (SAL; formed through the nonenzymatic condensation of ACD and dopamine [DA]) can be formed following EtOH consumption. Both ACD and SAL exhibit reinforcing properties within the posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) and both exhibit an inverted "U-shaped" dose-response curve. The current study was undertaken to examine the dose-response effects of microinjections of ACD or SAL into the pVTA on DA efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh). METHODS For the first experiment, separate groups of male Wistar rats received pulse microinjections of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or 12-, 23-, or 90-μM ACD into the pVTA, while extracellular DA levels were concurrently measured in the AcbSh. The second experiment was similarly conducted, except rats were given microinjections of aCSF or 0.03-, 0.3-, 1.0-, or 3.0-μM SAL, while extracellular levels of DA were measured in the AcbSh. RESULTS Both ACD and SAL produced a dose-dependent inverted "U-shaped" response on DA release in the AcbSh, with 23-μM ACD (200% baseline) and 0.3-μM SAL (300% baseline) producing maximal peak responses with higher concentrations of ACD (90 μM) and SAL (3.0 μM) producing significantly lower DA efflux. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the current study indicate that local application of intermediate concentrations of ACD and SAL stimulated DA neurons in the pVTA, whereas higher concentrations may be having secondary effects within the pVTA that inhibit DA neuronal activity. The present results parallel the studies on the reinforcing effects of ACD and SAL in the pVTA and support the idea that the reinforcing effects of ACD and SAL within the pVTA are mediated by activating DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Deehan
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Hassan Z, Muzaimi M, Navaratnam V, Yusoff NHM, Suhaimi FW, Vadivelu R, Vicknasingam BK, Amato D, von Hörsten S, Ismail NIW, Jayabalan N, Hazim AI, Mansor SM, Müller CP. From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012. [PMID: 23206666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kratom (or Ketum) is a psychoactive plant preparation used in Southeast Asia. It is derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Kratom as well as its main alkaloid, mitragynine, currently spreads around the world. Thus, addiction potential and adverse health consequences are becoming an important issue for health authorities. Here we reviewed the available evidence and identified future research needs. It was found that mitragynine and M. speciosa preparations are systematically consumed with rather well defined instrumentalization goals, e.g. to enhance tolerance for hard work or as a substitute in the self-treatment of opiate addiction. There is also evidence from experimental animal models supporting analgesic, muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory as well as strong anorectic effects. In humans, regular consumption may escalate, lead to tolerance and may yield aversive withdrawal effects. Mitragynine and its derivatives actions in the central nervous system involve μ-opioid receptors, neuronal Ca²⁺ channels and descending monoaminergic projections. Altogether, available data currently suggest both, a therapeutic as well as an abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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140
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Webb SM, Vollrath-Smith FR, Shin R, Jhou TC, Xu S, Ikemoto S. Rewarding and incentive motivational effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists into the median raphe and adjacent regions of the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:401-12. [PMID: 22752328 PMCID: PMC3498528 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The motivational process that regulates approach behavior toward salient distal stimuli (i.e., incentive motivation) plays a key role in voluntary behavior and motivational disorders such as addiction. This process may be mediated by many neurotransmitter systems and a network of many brain structures, including the median and dorsal raphe regions (MR and DR, respectively). OBJECTIVE We sought to examine whether the blockade of excitatory amino acid receptors in the MR and DR is rewarding, using intracranial self-administration, and whether the self-administration effect can be explained by drug's effectiveness to enhance incentive motivation, using a visual sensation seeking procedure. RESULTS Rats learned to self-administer the AMPA receptor antagonist ZK 200775 into the vicinity of the MR, DR, or medial oral pontine reticular regions, but not the ventral tegmental area. The NMDA receptor antagonist AP5 was also self-administered into the MR, while it was not readily self-administered into other regions. When ZK 200775 was noncontingently administered into the MR, rats markedly increased approach responses rewarded by brief illumination of a light stimulus. In addition, contingent administration of ZK 200775 into the MR induced a conditioning effect on approach responses. CONCLUSIONS Rats self-administer excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists into the MR and adjacent regions. Self-administration effect of AMPA receptor antagonists into the MR can be largely explained by the manipulation's properties to invigorate ongoing approach behavior and induces conditioned approach. Glutamatergic afferents to the median raphe and adjacent regions appear to tonically suppress incentive-motivational processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra M. Webb
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Fiori R. Vollrath-Smith
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rick Shin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Thomas C. Jhou
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shengping Xu
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Satoshi Ikemoto
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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141
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Romeo C, Raveendran AT, Sobha NM, Paulose CS. Cholinergic receptor alterations in the brain stem of spinal cord injured rats. Neurochem Res 2012. [PMID: 23184186 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic receptors in upper motor neurons of brain stem control locomotion and coordination. Present study unravels cholinergic alterations in brain stem during spinal cord injury to understand signalling pathway changes which may be associated with spinal cord injury mediated motor deficits. We evaluated cholinergic function in brain stem by studying the expression of choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine esterase. We quantified metabotropic muscarinic cholinergic receptors by receptor assays for total muscarinic, muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor subunits, gene expression studies using Real Time PCR and confocal imaging using FITC tagged secondary antibodies. The gene expression of ionotropic nicotinic cholinergic receptors and confocal imaging were also studied. The results from our study showed metabolic disturbance in cholinergic pathway as choline acetyl transferase is down regulated and acetylcholine esterase is up regulated in spinal cord injury group. The significant decrease in muscarinic receptors showed by decreased receptor number along with down regulated gene expression and confocal imaging accounts for dysfunction of metabotropic acetylcholine receptors in spinal cord injury group. Ionotropic acetylcholine receptor alterations were evident from the decreased gene expression of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and confocal imaging. The motor coordination was analysed by Grid walk test which showed an increased foot slips in spinal cord injured rats. The significant reduction in brain stem cholinergic function might have intensified the motor dysfunction and locomotor disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinthu Romeo
- Molecular Neurobiology and Cell Biology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682 022, Kerala, India
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142
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Ting-A-Kee R, van der Kooy D. The neurobiology of opiate motivation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:2/10/a012096. [PMID: 23028134 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Opiates are a highly addictive class of drugs that have been reported to possess both dopamine-dependent and dopamine-independent rewarding properties. The search for how, if at all, these distinct mechanisms of motivation are related is of great interest in drug addiction research. Recent electrophysiological, molecular, and behavioral work has greatly improved our understanding of this process. In particular, the signaling properties of GABA(A) receptors located on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) appear to be crucial to understanding the interplay between dopamine-dependent and dopamine-independent mechanisms of opiate motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ting-A-Kee
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.
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Le Merrer J, Faget L, Matifas A, Kieffer BL. Cues predicting drug or food reward restore morphine-induced place conditioning in mice lacking delta opioid receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:99-106. [PMID: 22526530 PMCID: PMC5632531 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The exact role of delta opioid receptors in drug-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) remains debated. Under classical experimental conditions, morphine-induced CPP is decreased in mice lacking delta opioid receptors (Oprd1 (-/-)). Morphine self-administration, however, is maintained, suggesting that drug-context association rather than drug reward is deficient in these animals. OBJECTIVES This study further examined the role of delta opioid receptors in mediating drug-cue associations, which are necessary for the expression of morphine-induced CPP. METHODS We first identified experimental conditions under which Oprd1 (-/-) mice are able to express CPP to morphine (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) in a drug-free state and observed that, in this paradigm, CPP was dependent on circadian time conditions. We then took advantage of this particularity to assess the ability of various cues (internal or discrete), predicting either drug or food reward, to restore CPP induced by morphine (10 mg/kg) in Oprd1 (-/-) mice in conditions under which they normally fail to express CPP. RESULTS We found that presentation of circadian, drug or auditory cues, predicting morphine or food reward, restored morphine CPP in Oprd1 (-/-) mice, which then performed as well as control mice. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that, in contrast to spatial cues, internal or discrete morphine-predicting stimuli permit full expression of morphine CPP in Oprd1 (-/-) mice. Delta receptors, therefore, appear to play a crucial role in modulating spatial contextual cue-related responses. This activity may be critical when context gains control over behavior, as is the case for context-induced relapse in drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Merrer
- Département de Médecine Translationnelle et Neurogénétique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67 404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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McBride WJ, Kimpel MW, McClintick JN, Ding ZM, Hyytia P, Colombo G, Edenberg HJ, Lumeng L, Bell RL. Gene expression in the ventral tegmental area of 5 pairs of rat lines selectively bred for high or low ethanol consumption. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:275-85. [PMID: 22579914 PMCID: PMC3383357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if there are common innate differences in gene expression or gene pathways in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) among 5 different pairs of rat lines selectively bred for high (HEC) or low (LEC) ethanol consumption: (a) alcohol-preferring (P) vs. alcohol-non-preferring (NP) rats; (b) high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) vs. low-alcohol-drinking (LAD) rats (replicate line pairs 1 and 2); (c) ALKO alcohol (AA) vs. nonalcohol (ANA) rats; and (d) Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) vs. alcohol-nonpreferring (sNP) rats. Microarray analysis revealed between 370 and 1340 unique named genes that significantly differed in expression between the individual line-pairs. Analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) and Ingenuity Pathways information indicated significant categories and networks in common for up to 3 line-pairs, but not for all 5 line-pairs; moreover, there were few genes in common in these categories and networks. ANOVA of the combined data for the 5 line-pairs indicated 1295 significant (p<0.01) differences in expression of named genes. Although no individual named gene was significant across all 5 line-pairs, there were 22 genes that overlapped in the same direction in 3 or 4 of the line-pairs. Overall, the findings suggest that (a) some biological categories or networks may be in common for subsets of line-pairs; and (b) regulation of different genes and/or combinations of multiple biological systems (e.g., transcription, synaptic function, intracellular signaling and protection against oxidative stress) within the VTA (possibly involving dopamine and glutamate) may be contributing to the disparate alcohol drinking behaviors of these line-pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J McBride
- Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-4887, USA.
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Dichter GS, Damiano CA, Allen JA. Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings. J Neurodev Disord 2012; 4:19. [PMID: 22958744 PMCID: PMC3464940 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the contribution of identifying a core mechanistic process across disparate disorders to disease classification is discussed, followed by a review of the neurobiology of reward circuitry. We next consider preclinical animal models and clinical evidence of reward-pathway dysfunction in a range of disorders, including psychiatric disorders (i.e., substance-use disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders), neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, Tourette's syndrome, conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder), and genetic syndromes (i.e., Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Rett syndrome). We also provide brief overviews of effective psychopharmacologic agents that have an effect on the dopamine system in these disorders. This review concludes with methodological considerations for future research designed to more clearly probe reward-circuitry dysfunction, with the ultimate goal of improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Dichter
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB# 7255, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 275997255, USA
| | - Cara A Damiano
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John A Allen
- Neuroscience Research Unit Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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146
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Involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 receptors in ethanol drinking, ethanol-induced conditioned place preference, and ethanol-induced psychomotor sensitization in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 222:141-53. [PMID: 22222864 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) signaling has been associated to ethanol consumption and reward in laboratory animals. OBJECTIVES Here, we hypothesize that this receptor, which is located within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons, modulates alcohol reward mechanisms. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we measured alcohol consumption and ethanol-induced psychomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice that received bilateral microinjections of small interference RNA (siRNA)-expressing lentiviral vectors (LV-siD1R) producing D1R knock-down. The other group received control (LV-Mock) viral vectors into the NAc. RESULTS There were no differences in the total fluid consumed and also no differences in the amount of ethanol consumed between groups prior to surgery. However, after surgery, the LV-siD1R group consumed less ethanol than the control group. This difference was not associated to taste neophobia. In addition, results have shown that down-regulation of endogenous D1R using viral-mediated siRNA in the NAc significantly decreased ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization as well as acquisition, but not expression, of ethanol-induced place preference. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that decreased D1R expression into the NAc led to reduced ethanol rewarding properties, thereby leading to lower voluntary ethanol consumption. Together, these findings demonstrate that the D1 receptor pathway within the NAc controls ethanol reward and intake.
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147
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Kingsbury MA, Gleason ED, Ophir AG, Phelps SM, Young LJ, Marler CA. Monogamous and promiscuous rodent species exhibit discrete variation in the size of the medial prefrontal cortex. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2012; 80:4-14. [PMID: 22759599 DOI: 10.1159/000339247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Limbic-associated cortical areas, such as the medial prefrontal and retrosplenial cortex (mPFC and RS, respectively), are involved in the processing of emotion, motivation, and various aspects of working memory and have been implicated in mating behavior. To determine whether the independent evolution of mating systems is associated with a convergence in cortical mechanisms, we compared the size of mPFC and RS between the monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) and the promiscuous meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), and between the monogamous California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) and the promiscuous white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). For both promiscuous mice and voles, the mPFC occupied a significantly larger percentage of total cortex than in the monogamous species. No significant differences were observed for the RS or overall cortex size with respect to mating system, supporting the convergent evolution of mPFC size, specifically. Individual differences in the mating behavior of male prairie voles (wandering versus pair-bonding), presumably facultative tactics, were not reflected in the relative size of the mPFC, which is likely a heritable trait. Given the importance of the mPFC for complex working memory, particularly object-place and temporal order memory, we hypothesize that the relatively greater size of the mPFC in promiscuous species reflects a greater need to remember multiple individuals and the times and locations in which they have been encountered in the home range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy A Kingsbury
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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148
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Rotter A, Biermann T, Amato D, Schumann G, Desrivieres S, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism blocks ethanol-induced place preference learning in mice and attenuates dopamine D2 receptor adaptation in the frontal cortex. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:519-24. [PMID: 22609622 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays an important role in alcohol (EtOH) self-administration behaviour by its interaction with the dopaminergic (DA) system in the brain. Here we asked whether the GR is also involved in the establishment of EtOH-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) by an interaction with the DA systems in terminal projection areas. We found that the establishment of an EtOH (2 g/kg, i.p.)-induced CPP was paralleled by a decrease in frontal cortex DA D2 receptor mRNA expression, but not in local D2 gene promoter methylation rate. No effect in other brain areas, nor on DA transporter or DA receptor regulating factor mRNA was found. The GR antagonist, RU486 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the establishment of EtOH CPP and prevented DA D2 receptor adaptations. These data may suggest a role of glucocorticoid receptor mediated D2 adaptations in the establishment of the reinforcing effects of EtOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rotter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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149
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Morgan MM, Christie MJ. Analysis of opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence from cell culture to human. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1322-34. [PMID: 21434879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid agonists are the most effective treatment for pain, but their use is limited by side effects, tolerance and fears of addiction and dependence. A major goal of opioid research is to develop agonists that have high analgesic efficacy and a low profile for side effects, tolerance, addiction and dependence. Unfortunately, there is a serious lack of experimental data comparing the degree to which different opioids produce these effects in humans. In contrast, a wide range of experimental techniques from heterologous expression systems to behaviour assessment in whole animals have been developed to study these problems. The objective of this review is to describe and evaluate these techniques as they are used to study opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Morgan
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA
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150
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The long-lasting effects of JDTic, a kappa opioid receptor antagonist, on the expression of ethanol-seeking behavior and the relapse drinking of female alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:581-7. [PMID: 22429993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study assessed the effects of the selective kappa opioid antagonist JDTic on alcohol (EtOH)-seeking behavior, EtOH relapse, and maintenance responding for EtOH. Adult alcohol-preferring (P) rats were trained in 2-lever operant chambers to self-administer 15% EtOH (v/v) on a fixed-ratio 5 (FR-5) and water on a FR-1 schedule of reinforcement during 1-hr sessions. After 10 weeks, rats underwent extinction training for seven sessions. Rats were then maintained in their home cages for 3 weeks without EtOH access. All rats received an injection (s.c.) of 0, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg JDTic (n=11-14/group) after the first week of the home cage period. Rats were then tested using the Pavlovian Spontaneous Recovery paradigm (PSR; an animal model of alcohol-seeking) for four sessions during which, responses on the EtOH and water levers were recorded but did not produce their respective reinforcer. Following PSR testing rats were returned to their home cages without access to EtOH for one week prior to the start of EtOH relapse testing. To examine EtOH relapse responding, rats were returned to the operant chambers and the EtOH (FR5) and water (FR1) levers were active. Finally, rats were then tested over 17 operant sessions to assess the effects of JDTic on maintenance responding for EtOH. Rats received 0, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg JDTic (counterbalanced from the initial experiment) 30 minutes prior to the initial maintenance session. JDTic administered 14 and 25 days prior to testing dose-dependently reduced the expression of an EtOH PSR and relapse responding. In contrast, JDTic did not alter EtOH responding under maintenance conditions. Overall, the results of this study indicate that different mechanisms mediate EtOH self-administration under relapse and maintenance conditions and kappa opioid receptors are involved in mediating EtOH-seeking behavior and relapse responding but not on-going EtOH self-administration.
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