101
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Zhao Y, Wang C, Lu Y, Amer S, Xu P, Wang J, Lu J, Bao Y, Deng B, He H, Qin J. Prokaryotic expression and identification of 3-1E gene of merozoite surface antigen of Eimeria acervulina. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1361-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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102
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Zhao G, Yan R, Muleke CI, Sun Y, Xu L, Li X. Vaccination of goats with DNA vaccines encoding H11 and IL-2 induces partial protection against Haemonchus contortus infection. Vet J 2011; 191:94-100. [PMID: 21330170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines expressing Haemonchus contortus H11 antigen with or without interleukin (IL)-2 were tested for protection against H. contortus infection in goats. Sixteen goats (8-10 months of age) were allocated into four trial groups. On days 0 and 14, group 1 was immunised with a DNA vaccine expressing H11 and IL-2 and group 2 was immunised with a DNA vaccine expressing H11 only. Group 3 was an unvaccinated positive control group challenged with H. contortus third stage larvae (L3). Group 4 was an unvaccinated negative control group that was not challenged with L3. Animals in groups 1-3 were challenged with 5000 infective H. contortus L3 14 days after the second immunisation. Transcription of H11 and IL-2 was demonstrated in muscle by reverse transcriptase-PCR 10 days after primary immunisation and translation of H11 was detected by Western blot analysis 7 days after the second immunisation. Following immunisation with a DNA vaccine expressing H11 and IL-2, high levels of specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G, non-specific serum IgA, mucosal IgA, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, CD8(+) T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes were produced. Following challenge with L3, cumulative mean faecal worm egg counts and worm burdens in group 1 were reduced by 56.6% and 46.7%, respectively, while corresponding reductions in group 2 were 44.8% and 38.0%. There was a small but significant difference in abomasal worm burdens in goats in groups 1 (395.3±37.6) and 2 (459.5±101.6) compared to group 3 (741.5±241.5; P<0.05). Use of a DNA vaccine expressing H11 and IL-2 conferred partial protection against Haemonchus contortus infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuangWei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
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103
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Construction of DNA vaccines encoding Eimeria acervulina cSZ-2 with chicken IL-2 and IFN-γ and their efficacy against poultry coccidiosis. Res Vet Sci 2011; 90:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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104
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Toporovski R, Morrow MP, Weiner DB. Interferons as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 10:1489-500. [PMID: 20836750 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.521495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Vaccines are still one of the best approaches to manage infectious diseases. Despite the advances in drug therapies, prophylactic medicine is still more cost efficient and minimizes the burden in the heath system. Despite all the research in vaccine development, many infectious diseases are still without an effective vaccine. The use of adjuvants in vaccines has been one successful strategy to increase efficacy. IFNs are widely expressed cytokines that have potent antiviral effects. These cytokines are the first line of defense against viral infections and have important roles in immuno surveillance for malignant cells. One of the most promising uses of IFNs is as adjuvants that are co-applied with antigen in vaccines. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW In this review, a cumulative analysis of many of the studies that have used IFN-α, -β, -γ and -λ as adjuvants between 1987 and the present suggests that many do possess the capacity to serve as potent immunoadjuvants for vaccination. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review provides a very large collection of studies involving all types of IFNs used as adjuvants in vaccines using different vaccination strategies and various animal models. TAKE HOME MESSAGE It is clear that the use of IFNs not only improved the efficacy and safety of most vaccines, but also had important immunomodulatory effect directing T(H)1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Toporovski
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 422 Curie Blvd, 505 Stellar Chance Labs, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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105
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Chen HY, Zhang HY, Li XS, Cui BA, Wang SJ, Geng JW, Li K. Interleukin-18-mediated enhancement of the protective effect of an infectious laryngotracheitis virus glycoprotein B plasmid DNA vaccine in chickens. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:110-116. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.024109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) glycoprotein B (gB) plasmid DNA vaccine and the immunoregulatory activity of chicken interleukin-18 (IL-18) were investigated in a challenge model. Two recombinant plasmids, pcDNA3.1/gB (pgB) and pcDNA3.1/IL-18 (pIL-18), containing gB and IL-18 were constructed. Chickens were intramuscularly administered two immunizations 2 weeks apart, and challenged with the virulent CG strain of ILTV 2 weeks later. All animals vaccinated with pgB alone or with a combination of pgB plus pIL-18 developed a specific anti-ILTV ELISA antibody and splenocyte proliferation response. The ratios of CD4+ to CD8+ T lymphocytes in chickens immunized with pgB plus pIL-18 were significantly higher than in those immunized with pgB alone. Co-injection of pIL-18 significantly increased the production of gamma interferon and IL-2, indicating that IL-18 enhances the T helper 1-dominant immune response. Challenge experiments showed that the morbidity rate in the pgB group (25 %) was significantly higher than that in the pgB plus pIL-18 group (10 %). The mortality rates in the pgB and pgB plus pIL-18 groups were 10 and 0 %, respectively, and the corresponding protection rates were 60 and 80 %. These results indicate that IL-18 may be an effective adjuvant for an ILTV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road 95, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road 95, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Xin-Sheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road 95, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Bao-An Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road 95, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Shu-Juan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road 95, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jing-Wei Geng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road 95, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Wenhua Road 95, 450002 Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
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106
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Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Jang SI, Hong YH, Min W, Lillehoj EP, Yancey RJ, Dominowski P. Embryo vaccination of chickens using a novel adjuvant formulation stimulates protective immunity against Eimeria maxima infection. Vaccine 2010; 28:7774-8. [PMID: 20956029 PMCID: PMC7127098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that chickens immunized subcutaneously with an Eimeria recombinant profilin protein vaccine emulsified in a Quil A/cholesterol/DDA/Carbopol (QCDC) adjuvant developed partial protection against experimental avian coccidiosis compared with animals immunized with profilin alone. Because in ovo vaccination is presently used in commercial applications worldwide throughout the poultry industry, the current study was undertaken to investigate chicken embryo vaccination with profilin plus QCDC adjuvant. Eighteen day-old embryos were immunized with isotonic saline (control), profilin alone, QCDC alone, or profilin plus QCDC, and orally challenged with live Eimeria maxima at 7 days post-hatch. Body weight gain, fecal oocyst output, and intestinal cytokine transcript levels were assessed as measures of protective immunity. While immunization with profilin alone or QCDC alone did not alter body weight gain of infected chickens compared with the saline control group, vaccination with profilin plus QCDC increased body weight gain such that it was equal to the uninfected controls. Immunization with profilin plus QCDC also reduced fecal oocyst shedding compared with unimmunized controls, although in this case QCDC failed to provide an adjuvant effect since no difference was observed between the profilin-only and profilin/QCDC groups. Finally, increased levels of transcripts encoding IL-1β, IL-15, and IFN-γ were seen in the intestinal tissues of animals given profilin plus QCDC compared with the profilin-only or QCDC-only groups. In summary, this study demonstrates an adjuvant effect of QCDC on body weight gain and intestinal cytokine responses following in ovo vaccination of chickens with an Eimeria profilin vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyen Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service-U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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107
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Castaldello A, Sgarbanti M, Marsili G, Brocca-Cofano E, Remoli AL, Caputo A, Battistini A. Interferon regulatory factor-1 acts as a powerful adjuvant in tat DNA based vaccination. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:702-9. [PMID: 20432465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic vaccines are safe cost-effective approaches to immunization but DNA immunization is an inefficient process. There is, therefore, a pressing need for adjuvants capable of enhancing the immunogenicity and effectiveness of these vaccines. This is particularly important for diseases for which successful vaccines are still lacking, such as cancer and infectious diseases including HIV-1/AIDS. Here we report an approach to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines involving the use of transcription factors of the Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, specifically IRF-1, IRF-3, and IRF-7 using the tat gene as model antigen. Balb/c mice were immunized by three intramuscular inoculations, using a DNA prime-protein boost protocol, with a DNA encoding tat of HIV-1 and the indicated IRFs and immune responses were compared to those induced by vaccination with tat DNA alone. In vivo administration of plasmid DNA encoding IRF-1, or a mutated version of IRF-1 deleted of the DNA-binding domain, enhanced Tat-specific immune responses and shifted them towards a predominant T helper 1-type immune response with increased IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic T lymphocytes responses. Conversely, the use of IRF-3 or IRF-7 did not affect the tat-induced responses. These findings define IRF-1 and its mutated form as efficacious T helper 1-inducing adjuvants in the context of tat-based vaccination and also providing a new promising candidate for genetic vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Castaldello
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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108
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Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Jang SI, Lee KW, Yancey RJ, Dominowski P. The effects of a novel adjuvant complex/Eimeria profilin vaccine on the intestinal host immune response against live E. acervulina challenge infection. Vaccine 2010; 28:6498-504. [PMID: 20637765 PMCID: PMC7127425 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a novel adjuvant composed of Quil A, cholesterol, dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide, and Carbopol (QCDC) on protective immunity against avian coccidiosis following immunization with an Eimeria recombinant protein were determined. Broiler chickens were subcutaneously immunized with isotonic saline (control), Eimeria recombinant profilin alone, or profilin emulsified with QCDC at 1 and 7 days post-hatch, and orally challenged with live Eimeria acervulina at 7 days following the last immunization. Body weight gains, gut lesion scores, fecal oocyst outputs, profilin serum antibody titers, lymphocyte proliferation, and intestinal cytokine transcript levels were assessed as measures of protective immunity. Chickens immunized with profilin plus QCDC showed increased body weight gains and decreased intestinal lesion scores compared with the profilin only or control groups. However, no differences were found in fecal oocyst shedding among the three groups. Profilin serum antibody titers and antigen-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation in the profilin/QCDC group were higher compared with the profilin only and control groups. Finally, while immunization with profilin alone or profilin plus QCDC uniformly increased the levels of intestinal transcripts encoding all cytokines examined (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17F, and IFN-γ) compared with the control group, transcripts for IL-10 and IL-17F were further increased in the profilin/QCDC group compared with the profilin only group. In summary, this study provides the first evidence of the immunoenhancing activities of QCDC adjuvant in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyen Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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109
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Changes of cytokines and IgG antibody in chickens vaccinated with DNA vaccines encoding Eimeria acervulina lactate dehydrogenase. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:219-27. [PMID: 20650568 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of cytokines and specific serum IgG in chickens following vaccination with DNA vaccines encoding either Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) antigen or LDH and chicken IL-2 or IFN-γ. Two-week-old chickens were randomly divided into five groups. Experimental group of chickens were immunized with DNA vaccines while control group of chickens were injected with pVAX1 plasmid alone or sterile water. All immunizations were boosted 2 weeks later. The LDH-specific IgG antibody response was measured at weeks 1-6 post-second immunization. The result showed that the antibody titers in chickens vaccinated with DNA vaccines were significantly different from those of the control groups 1 week after the second immunization (P<0.05) and reached the maximum values 3 weeks post-second immunization. The systemic and local cytokine mRNA expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR 7 days post-second immunization. The specific IgG antibody levels against LDH of all chickens vaccinated with vaccines were increased compared to those of sterile water (H(2)O) and plasmid (pVAX1) control chickens 1-6 weeks post-second immunization (P<0.05). The mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNFSF15, IL-17D as well as TGF-β4 in both spleen and cecal tonsil were also increased in experimental chickens. In contrast, the only significant change of IL-4 mRNA level was observed in spleen of chickens immunized with pVAX-LDH-IL-2 compared with pVAX-LDH and control groups (P<0.05). These results suggested that DNA vaccines could increase the IgG antibody level and induce the expressions of cytokines.
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110
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Shah MAA, Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Song H, Ruirui Z, Chengyu L, Li X. The DNA-induced protective immunity with chicken interferon gamma against poultry coccidiosis. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:747-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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111
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Song H, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Shah MAA, Zhu H, Li X. Efficacy of DNA vaccines carrying Eimeria acervulina lactate dehydrogenase antigen gene against coccidiosis. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:224-31. [PMID: 20566413 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficacies of DNA vaccines encoding either Eimeria acervulina lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) antigen or a combination of LDH antigen and chicken IL-2 or IFN-gamma were evaluated against chicken coccidiosis. Three vaccine plasmids pVAX-LDH, pVAX-LDH-IFN-gamma and pVAX-LDH-IL-2 were constructed using the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1. Expressions of proteins encoded by plasmids DNA in vivo were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot assay. Average body weight gain, oocyst output, survival rate and lesion scores were measured to evaluate the protective effects of vaccination on challenge infection. The results showed that DNA vaccines could obviously alleviate body weight loss, duodenal lesions, oocyst output and enhance oocyst decrease ratio. Anti-coccidial indexes (ACIs) of pVAX-LDH-IFN-gamma and pVAX-LDH-IL-2 groups were higher than that of other groups. Flow cytometric analysis of T lymphocytes in spleen and cecal tonsil demonstrated that DNA vaccines had significantly increased percentages of CD3(+) T cells compared with pVAX1 alone or TE buffer. The results provided the first proof that DNA vaccine carrying E. acervulina LDH antigen gene induced protective immunity against homologous infection and its effect could be enhanced by co-expression of chicken IL-2 or IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
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112
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Emadi M, Jahanshiri F, Kaveh K, Hair-Bejo M, Ideris A, Alimon R. Tryptophan Stimulates Immune Response in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.610.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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113
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Yamanaka H, Hoyt T, Yang X, Bowen R, Golden S, Crist K, Becker T, Maddaloni M, Pascual DW. A parenteral DNA vaccine protects against pneumonic plague. Vaccine 2010; 28:3219-30. [PMID: 20197132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine, lymphotactin (LTN), was tested as a molecular adjuvant using bicistronic DNA vaccines encoding the protective Yersinia capsular (F1) antigen and virulence antigen (V-Ag) as a F1-V fusion protein. The LTN-encoding F1-V or V-Ag vaccines were given by the intranasal (i.n.) or intramuscular (i.m.) routes, and although serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies (Abs) were induced, F1-Ag boosts were required for robust anti-F1-Ag Abs. Optimal efficacy against pneumonic plague was obtained in mice i.m.-, not i.n.-immunized with these DNA vaccines. These vaccines stimulated elevated Ag-specific Ab-forming cells and mixed Th cell responses, with Th17 cells markedly enhanced by i.m. immunization. These results show that LTN can be used as a molecular adjuvant to enhance protective immunity against plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoki Yamanaka
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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114
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Kim CH, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Keeler CL, Lillehoj EP. Comparison of global transcriptional responses to primary and secondary Eimeria acervulina infections in chickens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:344-351. [PMID: 19941894 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we compared chicken gene transcriptional profiles following primary and secondary infections with Eimeria acervulina using a 9.6K avian intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte cDNA microarray (AVIELA). Gene Ontology analysis showed that primary infection significantly modulated the levels of mRNAs for genes involved in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates as well as those for innate immune-related genes. By contrast, secondary infection increased the levels of transcripts encoded by genes related to humoral immunity and reduced the levels of transcripts for the innate immune-related genes. Because the observed modulation in transcript levels for gene related to energy metabolism and immunity occurred concurrent with the clinical signs of coccidiosis, these results suggest that altered expression of a specific set of host genes induced by Eimeria infection may be responsible, in part, for the observed reduction in body weight gain and inflammatory gut damage that characterizes avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hong Kim
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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115
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Emadi M, Jahanshiri F, Jalalian FA, Kaveh K, Bejo M, Ideris A, Assumaidae A, Alimon R. Immunostimulatory Effects of Arginine in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Vaccine Strain of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.594.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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116
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Jang SI, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Lee KW, Park MS, Cha SR, Lillehoj EP, Subramanian BM, Sriraman R, Srinivasan VA. Eimeria maxima recombinant Gam82 gametocyte antigen vaccine protects against coccidiosis and augments humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Vaccine 2010; 28:2980-5. [PMID: 20178868 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal infection with Eimeria, the etiologic agent of avian coccidiosis, stimulates protective immunity to subsequent colonization by the homologous parasite, while cross-protection against heterologous species is poor. As a first step toward the development of a broad specificity Eimeria vaccine, this study was designed to assess a purified recombinant protein from Eimeria maxima gametocytes (Gam82) in stimulating immunity against experimental infection with live parasites. Following Gam82 intramuscular immunization and oral parasite challenge, body weight gain, fecal oocyst output, lesion scores, serum antibody response, and cytokine production were assessed to evaluate vaccination efficacy. Animals vaccinated with Gam82 and challenged with E. maxima showed lower oocyst shedding and reduced intestinal pathology compared with non-vaccinated and parasite-challenged animals. Gam82 vaccination also stimulated the production of antigen-specific serum antibodies and induced greater levels of IL-2 and IL-15 mRNAs compared with non-vaccinated controls. These results demonstrate that the Gam82 recombinant protein protects against E. maxima and augments humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung I Jang
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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117
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Yang X, Sun WK, Chen WL, Chen JL, Wan XP, Zhang H, Yang X, Cai L, Wang ZZ, Lv XB, Wang HN, Li JL, Gao R. Promotion of the immunity of piglets to Hog cholera vaccine induced by shuffled pig interleukin-2 gene and CpG immunostimulatory sequences encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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118
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Effect of Dietary Curcuma, Capsicum, and Lentinus, on Enhancing Local Immunity against Eimeria acervulina Infection. J Poult Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.009025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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119
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Abstract
The activity of several potent adjuvants, including incomplete Freund's adjuvant, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, and alum, has been shown to be due at least in part to the induction of cytokines, including type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-gamma, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and IL-12, that play key roles in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The relatively short half-life of recombinant homologues of cytokines has limited their use as vaccine adjuvants. These difficulties have been overcome by encapsulation into liposomes and the use of cytokine expression vectors co-administered with DNA vaccines. Although a number of cytokines including IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, GM-CSF, and Flt-3 ligand have been shown to potentiate the immune response to vaccination in various experimental models, the full potential of cytokines as vaccine adjuvants remains to be established.
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120
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Shah MAA, Xu L, Yan R, Song X, Li X. Cross immunity of DNA vaccine pVAX1-cSZ2-IL-2 to Eimeria tenella, E. necatrix and E. maxima. Exp Parasitol 2009; 124:330-3. [PMID: 19944687 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study describes cross protection experiments with chimeric DNA vaccine pVAX1-cSZ2-IL-2 to determine its efficacy against four important Eimeria species. Seven-day-old chickens were randomly divided into nine groups; group 1 negative control, groups 2, 3, 4, 5 positive controls; and groups 6, 7, 8 and 9 experimental groups. On days 7 and 14, groups 1-5 were injected with TE buffer, and groups 6-9 with the vaccine. At 21 days of age, all chickens were inoculated with 5 x 10(4) sporulated oocysts except for the negative control. Groups 2 and 6 were inoculated with Eimeria tenella, groups 3 and 7 with Eimerianecatrix, groups 4 and 8 with Eimeria acervulina and groups 5 and 9 with Eimeria maxima. Seven days later, all chickens were weighed and slaughtered to obtain intestinal samples. Efficacy of immunization was evaluated on the basis of oocyst decrease ratio, lesion score, body-weight gain and anti-coccidial index. The results indicated that the recombinant plasmid can induce host immune responses by alleviating intestinal lesions, body weight loss and oocyst ratio and imparting good protection against E. tenella and E.acervulina, medium protection against E. necatrix but little effect against E. maxima. It is concluded that the conserved antigen can provide cross protection and should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali A Shah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
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121
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Park JH, Sung HW, Yoon BI, Kwon HM. Protection of chicken against very virulent IBDV provided by in ovo priming with DNA vaccine and boosting with killed vaccine and the adjuvant effects of plasmid-encoded chicken interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. J Vet Sci 2009; 10:131-9. [PMID: 19461208 PMCID: PMC2801112 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2009.10.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of in ovo prime-boost vaccination against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) using a DNA vaccine to prime in ovo followed by a killed-vaccine boost post hatching. In addition, the adjuvant effects of plasmid-encoded chicken interleukin-2 and chicken interferon-γ were tested in conjunction with the vaccine. A plasmid DNA vaccine (pcDNA-VP243) encoding the VP2, VP4, and VP3 proteins of the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) SH/92 strain was injected into the amniotic sac alone or in combination with a plasmid encoding chicken IL-2 (ChIL-2) or chicken IFN-γ (ChIFN-γ) at embryonation day 18, followed by an intramuscular injection of a commercial killed IBD vaccine at 1 week of age. The chickens were orally challenged with the vvIBDV SH/92 strain at 3 weeks of age and observed for 10 days. In ovo DNA immunization followed by a killed-vaccine boost provided significantly better immunity than the other options. No mortality was observed in this group after a challenge with the vvIBDV. The prime-boost strategy was moderately effective against bursal damage, which was measured by the bursa weight/body weight ratio, the presence of IBDV RNA, and the bursal lesion score. In ovo DNA vaccination with no boost did not provide sufficient immunity, and the addition of ChIL-2 or ChIFN-γ did not enhance protective immunity. In the ConA-induced lymphocyte proliferation assay of peripheral blood lymphocyte collected 10 days post-challenge, there was greater proliferation responses in the DNA vaccine plus boost and DNA vaccine with ChIL-2 plus boost groups compared to the other groups. These findings suggest that priming with DNA vaccine and boosting with killed vaccine is an effective strategy for protecting chickens against vvIBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ho Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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122
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Abstract
SUMMARYEimeriaspp. are the causative agents of coccidiosis, a major disease affecting many intensively-reared livestock, especially poultry. The chicken is host to 7 species ofEimeriathat develop within intestinal epithelial cells and produce varying degrees of morbidity and mortality. Control of coccidiosis by the poultry industry is dominated by prophylactic chemotherapy but drug resistance is a serious problem. Strongly protective but species-specific immunity can be induced in chickens by infection with any of theEimeriaspp. At the Institute of Animal Health in Houghton, UK in the 1980s we showed that all 7Eimeriaspp. could be stably attenuated by serial passage in chickens of the earliest oocysts produced (i.e. the first parasites to complete their endogenous development) and this process resulted in the depletion of asexual development. Despite being highly attenuated, the precocious lines retained their immunizing capacity. Subsequent work led to the commercial introduction of the first live attenuated vaccine, Paracox®, that has now been in use for 20 years. As much work still remains to be done before the development of recombinant vaccines becomes a reality, it is likely that reliance upon live, attenuated vaccines will increase in years to come.
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123
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Protective Effects of Dietary Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) on Experimental Coccidiosis. J Poult Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.46.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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124
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Girgis GN, Sharif S, Barta JR, Boermans HJ, Smith TK. Immunomodulatory effects of feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxins in chickens infected with coccidia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:1411-20. [PMID: 18824722 DOI: 10.3181/0805-rm-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for Fusarium mycotoxins to modulate immunity was studied in chickens raised to 10 weeks of age using an enteric coccidial infection model. Experimental diets included: control, diets containing grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins, and diets containing contaminated grains + 0.2% polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent (GMA). Contaminated diets contained up to 3.8 microg/g deoxynivalenol (DON), 0.3 microg/g 15-acetyl DON and 0.2 microg/g zearalenone. An optimized mixture (inducing lesions without mortality) of Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella was used to challenge birds at 8 weeks of age. Immune parameters were studied prior to challenge, at the end of the challenge period (7 days post-inoculation, PI), and at the end of the recovery period (14 days PI). Total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG concentrations in challenged birds fed the contaminated diet were higher than controls at the end of the challenge period. Serum concentration of IgA, but not IgG, was significantly decreased at the end of the recovery period in birds fed the contaminated diet. The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cell populations in blood mononuclear cells decreased significantly at the end of the challenge period in birds fed the control or the contaminated diet compared to their percentages prior to challenge. The pre-challenge percentage of CD8+ population was restored at the end of the recovery period only in birds fed the control diet. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene expression in caecal tonsils was up-regulated in challenged birds fed the contaminated diet at the end of the challenge period. No significant effect of diet was observed on oocyst counts despite the changes in the studied immune parameters. It was concluded that Fusarium mycotoxins modulate the avian immune system. This modulation involves alteration of gene expression but apparently does not enhance susceptibility or resistance to a primary coccidial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Girgis
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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125
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Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Lillehoj EP, Cho SM, Park DW, Hong YH, Chun HK, Park HJ. Immunomodulatory properties of dietary plum on coccidiosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:389-402. [PMID: 17686519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with a lyophilized powder made from plums (P) on host protective immune responses against avian coccidiosis, the most economically important parasitic disease of poultry. One-day-old White Leghorn chickens were fed from the time of hatch with a standard diet either without P (control and P 0 groups) or supplemented with P at 0.5% (P 0.5) or 1.0% (P 1.0) of the diet. Animals in the P 0, P 0.5, and P 1.0 groups were orally challenged with 5000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina at day 12 post-hatch, while control animals were uninfected. Dietary supplementation of P increased body weight gain, reduced fecal oocyst shedding, and increased the levels of mRNAs for interferon-gamma and interleukin-15 in the P 1.0 group at 10 days post-infection compared with the P 0 group. Furthermore, chickens fed either the P 0.5 or P 1.0 diets exhibited significantly greater spleen cell proliferation compared with the non-plum P 0 group. These results indicate that plum possesses immune enhancing properties, and that feeding chickens a plum-supplemented diet augments protective immunity against coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyen Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, USA
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126
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Park SH, Lee SR, Hyun BH, Kim BM, Sung YC. Codelivery of PEG-IFN-α inhibits HCV DNA vaccine-induced T cell responses but not humoral responses in African green monkeys. Vaccine 2008; 26:3978-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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127
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Kim DK, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Park DW, Lamont SJ, Han JY, Lillehoj EP. Immune-related gene expression in two B-complex disparate genetically inbred Fayoumi chicken lines following Eimeria maxima infection. Poult Sci 2008; 87:433-43. [PMID: 18281568 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of genetic differences in the MHC on susceptibility to avian coccidiosis, M5.1 and M15.2 B-haplotype-disparate Fayoumi chickens were orally infected with live Eimeria maxima oocysts, and BW gain, fecal oocyst production, and expression of 14 immune-related genes were determined as parameters of protective immunity. Weight loss was reduced and fecal parasite numbers were lower in birds of the M5.1 line compared with M15.2 line birds. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes from M5.1 chickens expressed greater levels of transcripts encoding interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17A, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor and lower levels of mRNA for IFN-alpha, IL-10, IL-17D, NK-lysin, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 compared with the M15.2 line. In the spleen, E. maxima infection was associated with greater expression levels of IFN-gamma, IL-15, and IL-8 and lower levels of IL-6, IL-17D, and IL-12 in M5.1 vs. M15.2 birds. These results suggest that genetic determinants within the chicken MHC influence resistance to E. maxima infection by controlling the local and systemic expression of immune-related cytokine and chemokine genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kim
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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128
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Schultze V, D'Agosto V, Wack A, Novicki D, Zorn J, Hennig R. Safety of MF59 adjuvant. Vaccine 2008; 26:3209-22. [PMID: 18462843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The need to enhance the immunogenicity of purified subunit antigens has prompted the development of new adjuvants. The adjuvant emulsion MF59 has been tested in animals in combination with different antigens and finally evaluated in humans. It was licensed after the successful outcome of preclinical and clinical testing. This paper summarizes the main characteristics of the MF59 adjuvant, including animal testing, clinical experience with various vaccines, and information from current postmarketing surveillance data. This review supports the hypothesis that MF59 is a safe adjuvant for human use.
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129
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DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:341-56. [PMID: 18425596 PMCID: PMC7089108 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The potential of DNA vaccines to act in presence of maternal antibodies, its stability and cost effectiveness and the non-requirement of cold chain have heightened the prospects. Even though great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, still there are many areas that need further research for its wholesome practical implementation. Major areas of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses. Also, the induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines is inconclusive due to the lack of knowledge regarding the concentration of the protein expressed in vivo. Alternative delivery systems having higher transfection efficiency and the use of cytokines, as immunomodulators, needs to be further explored. Recently, efforts are being made to modulate and prolong the active life of dendritic cells, in order to make antigen presentation a more efficacious one. For combating diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky’s disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway. This review highlights the salient features of DNA vaccines, and measures to enhance their efficacy so as to devise an effective and novel vaccination strategy against animal diseases.
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130
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Wu YF, Shien JH, Yin HH, Chiow SH, Lee LH. Structural and functional homology among chicken, duck, goose, turkey and pigeon interleukin-8 proteins. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:205-15. [PMID: 18757102 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-8-encoding regions of five avian species were cloned, sequenced and characterized. Each IL-8-encoding region is 312 nucleotides long and encodes IL-8 which is 103 amino acids. Pairwise sequence analysis showed that sequence identities of IL-8-encoding regions ranged from 87% to 100%. The IL-8 protein identities varied from 84% to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that IL-8-encoding regions and encoded proteins of chicken, duck, goose and turkey clustered together and evolved into a distinct phylogenetic lineage from that of pigeon which evolved into a second lineage. The results from binding reactivities of antiserum against each recombinant IL-8 (rIL-8) protein to homologous or heterologous rIL-8 proteins, chemotactic activities of each rIL-8 protein or reduction levels of the chemotactic activity of rIL-8 protein which was pretreated with homologous or heterlogous antiserum have suggested that all five IL-8 proteins were functionally active, and shared structural and functional identity with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Fu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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131
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Jiang W, Ren L, Jin N. HIV-1 DNA vaccine efficacy is enhanced by coadministration with plasmid encoding IFN-α. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:266-73. [PMID: 17868910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous strategies have been employed in an attempt to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of nucleic acid vaccines. In the present study, the immunogenicity in the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV-1 DNA vaccine expressing a chimeric gene of gag and gp120 and the adjuvant effect of IFN-alpha on HIV-1 DNA vaccine were studied in a murine model. The DNA vaccine plasmid pVAX1-gag-gp120 and eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX1-IFN were constructed by inserting the chimeric gene of gag and gp120 of HIV-1 and IFN-alpha into the downstream of CMV promoter of eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1, respectively. In vitro expression detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the genes of interest could be expressed in transfected HeLa cells. After BALB/c mice were immunized by three intramuscular inoculations of the HIV-1 DNA vaccine plasmids alone or in combination with IFN-alpha expression plasmids, the different levels of anti-HIV-1 humoral and cellular responses were measured comparable to the control groups immunized with pVAX1-IFN, parent plasmid pVAX1 or PBS. The percentage of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ subgroups of spleen T lymphocytes and the specific cytotoxicity activities of splenic CTLs in the coinoculation group were significantly higher than those in the separate inoculation group, and an enhancement of antibody response was also observed in the coinoculation group compared with the separate inoculation group. Take together, coadministration of HIV-1 DNA vaccine plasmids and IFN-alpha expression plasmids can elicit stronger humoral and cellular immune responses in mice than HIV-1 DNA vaccine plasmids alone, and IFN-alpha can be an effective immunological adjuvant in DNA vaccination against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Jiang
- Genetic Engineering Key Laboratory of PLA, The Eleventh Institute of Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
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132
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Xie Z, Li H, Chen J, Zhang HB, Wang YY, Chen Q, Zhao ZZ, Cheng C, Zhang H, Yang Y, Wang HN, Gao R. Shuffling of pig interleukin-2 gene and its enhancing of immunity in mice to Pasteurella multocida vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:8163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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133
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Klotz C, Gehre F, Lucius R, Pogonka T. Identification of Eimeria tenella genes encoding for secretory proteins and evaluation of candidates by DNA immunisation studies in chickens. Vaccine 2007; 25:6625-34. [PMID: 17675183 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify secretory proteins as possible new vaccine candidates, a cDNA-library from E. tenella sporozoites was generated in yeast and was used to select secreted and surface proteins. Herein 191 clones were isolated and analysis of the nucleic acid sequences revealed 162 deduced open reading frames with a prediction for signal peptides. These sequences are characterized by high redundancy, comprising 25 unique protein fragments with a high degree of stage specificity. Only three sequences showed identical homology to already known E. tenella proteins. The majority, 16 fragments, revealed homology to known or hypothetical proteins, and six fragments had no sequence homologues in protein databases. In order to obtain optimised conditions for a DNA vaccination trial in chickens, with which our selected new sequences could be tested, we performed variant DNA immunisations with the well-characterized E. tenella antigen SO7. The cDNA of the SO7 antigen was subcloned into two different eucaryotic expression vectors, i.e. pcDNA3 and pVR1012. In addition, the SO7 sequence was fused to the stabilizing sequence of the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). All SO7 constructs induced a SO7 specific immune response after intramuscular application and no significant differences were found on using constructs with or without the EGFP fusion or with different vector systems. Full-length open reading frames from six selected Eimeria sequences were introduced into the eucaryotic expression vector pcDNA3. Subsequent immunisation trials revealed a decrease in parasite excretion for three constructs after challenge infection in comparison to the control animals. Our approach represents a rapid screening to identify and test putative new vaccine candidates from E. tenella sporozoites that could also be adopted to other apicomplexan parasites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- COS Cells
- Cell Line
- Chickens
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Protozoan/genetics
- DNA, Protozoan/immunology
- Eimeria tenella/genetics
- Eimeria tenella/immunology
- Eimeria tenella/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Library
- Humans
- Immunization/methods
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Protozoan Vaccines/genetics
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klotz
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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134
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Lee S, Lillehoj HS, Park DW, Hong YH, Lin JJ. Effects of Pediococcus- and Saccharomyces-based probiotic (MitoMax) on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 30:261-8. [PMID: 17434586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is the major parasitic disease of poultry. In this study, the role of the commercial probiotic MitoMax which contains Pediococcus acidilactici and Saccharomyces boulardii was evaluated by measuring body weight gain, fecal oocyst shedding, and serum antibody responses as an alternative control method of prophylactic drug against coccidiosis. Day-old broiler chicks were fed regular or probiotic diets supplemented with MitoMax at 0.01%, 0.1%, or 1.0% of diet, and challenged 2 weeks later with 5000 oocysts of either Eimeria acervulina (EA) or Eimeria tenella (ET). Birds fed 1.0% or 0.1% MitoMax-supplemented diets in EA- or ET-infected groups shed less (P<0.05) oocysts than control-infected chickens. Also, chickens fed 0.1% MitoMax-supplemented diet and infected with EA exhibited higher (P<0.001) serum Eimeria-specific antibodies than other groups. These results demonstrate that MitoMax may enhance the resistance of birds against coccidiosis by enhancing humoral immunity when included at > or = 0.1% of the broiler diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyen Lee
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service-USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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135
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Innes EA, Vermeulen AN. Vaccination as a control strategy against the coccidial parasitesEimeria,ToxoplasmaandNeospora. Parasitology 2007; 133 Suppl:S145-68. [PMID: 17274844 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasitesEimeriaspp.Toxoplasma gondiiandNeospora caninumare significant causes of disease in livestock worldwide andT. gondiiis also an important human pathogen. Drugs have been used with varying success to help control aspects of these diseases and commercial vaccines are available for all three groups of parasites. However, there are issues with increasing development of resistance to many of the anti-coccidial drugs used to help control avian eimeriosis and public concerns about the use of drugs in food animals. In addition there are no drugs available that can act against the tissue cyst stage of eitherT. gondiiorN. caninumand thus cure animals or people of infection. All three groups of parasites multiply within the cells of their host species and therefore cell mediated immune mechanisms are thought to be an important component of host protective immunity. Successful vaccination strategies for bothEimeriaandToxoplasmahave relied on using a live vaccination approach using attenuated parasites which allows correct processing and presentation of antigen to the host immune system to stimulate appropriate cell mediated immune responses. However, live vaccines can have problems with safety, short shelf-life and large-scale production; therefore there is continued interest in devising new vaccines using defined recombinant antigens. The major challenges in devising novel vaccines are to select relevant antigens and then present them to the immune system in an appropriate manner to enable the induction of protective immune responses. With all three groups of parasites, vaccine preparations comprising antigens from the different life cycle stages may also be advantageous. In the case ofEimeriaparasites there are also problems with strain-specific immunity therefore a cocktail of antigens from different parasite strains may be required. Improving our knowledge of the different parasite transmission routes, host-parasite relationships, disease pathogenesis and determining the various roles of the host immune response being at times host-protective, parasite protective and in causing immunopathology will help to tailor a vaccination strategy against a particular disease target. This paper discusses current vaccination strategies to help combat infections withEimeria,ToxoplasmaandNeosporaand recent research looking towards developing new vaccine targets and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh EH26 OPZ, UK.
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136
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Corripio-Miyar Y, Bird S, Tsamopoulos K, Secombes CJ. Cloning and expression analysis of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and IL-8, in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Mol Immunol 2007; 44:1361-73. [PMID: 16831460 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the cloning and sequencing of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-8, in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) by homology cloning. The complete transcript of the haddock IL-1beta was sequenced and contained 1043 bp, including a 762 bp open reading frame. The 3' end of the gene includes a polyadenylation signal 13 bp upstream of the poly(A) tail, along with 10 instability motifs. The predicted protein of 253aa revealed the presence of the IL-1 family signature and the absence of an ICE cut site. The cDNA of the chemokine IL-8 was sequenced in haddock and contained 903 bp of which 306 bp are the open reading frame. Interestingly, the predicted protein sequence of 101aa, contains an ELR motif preceding the CXC signature, common in all vertebrate IL-8 molecules but absent in all teleost genes sequenced to date. The expression of both haddock cytokines was studied in four different tissues: head kidney, spleen, liver and gill. Tissues were obtained from both healthy fish and fish stimulated in vivo with four commercial serotypes of LPS, namely Escherichia coli 026:B6, 055:B5, 0111:B4 and 0127:B8 and PMA. Haddock IL-1beta was not constitutively expressed and expression was only observed following stimulation. However, this expression was stimulant dependent and only PMA and LPS 026:B6 induced high levels of expression in the head kidney. The haddock IL-8 gene on the other hand, showed a constitutive expression, that could be up or down-regulated depending on the immunostimulant used, although to a lesser extent than IL-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Corripio-Miyar
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
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137
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Rauw F, Lambrecht B, François A, Langlois P, van den Berg T. Kinetic And Biologic Properties of Recombinant ChIFN-γExpressed via CELO-Virus Vector. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2007; 27:111-8. [PMID: 17316138 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a replicative fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (CELO) recombinant expressing chicken interferon-gamma (ChIFN-gamma) was constructed. In the engineered recombinant, the ChIFN-gamma gene was placed under the control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. The ChIFN-gamma expression cassette was inserted in the right end of the CELO genome (D fragment), which was able to carry the largest insertion of foreign DNA without affecting the replication functions of the vector. The recombinant ChIFN-gamma (rChIFN-gamma) produced in the CELO-virus expression system was characterized by comparing its biologic activities with that of rChIFN-gamma produced via the baculovirus expression system (Bac-ChIFN-gamma). CELO-ChIFN-gamma inhibited the replication of cytolytic virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and activated macrophages in a better manner than did Bac-ChIFN-gamma . Moreover, the in vitro and in vivo stability of the CELO-derived rChIFN-gamma was considerably higher than that of the Bac-ChIFN-gamma. The CELO-ChIFN-gamma recombinant vector was able to replicate in vitro in the loghorn male hepatoma (LMH) hepatocyte cell line and to produce detectable levels of recombinant cytokine in supernatant as early as 90 min post-infection. Therefore, the CELO-virus expression system is an appropriate system for high-level expression of biologically active and stable ChIFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Rauw
- Avian Virology and Immunology Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR), 1180 Ukkel, Brussels, Belgium.
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138
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Roh HJ, Sung HW, Kwon HM. Effects of DDA, CpG-ODN, and plasmid-encoded chicken IFN-gamma on protective immunity by a DNA vaccine against IBDV in chickens. J Vet Sci 2007; 7:361-8. [PMID: 17106228 PMCID: PMC3242145 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.4.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the adjuvant effects of dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), and chicken interferon-γ (ChIFN-γ) on a DNA vaccine (pcDNA-VP243) against the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). A plasmid encoding chicken IFN-ã was constructed. Twice at 2-week intervals, two-week-old chickens were injected intramuscularly and intraperitoneally with either a DNA vaccine alone or a DNA vaccine together with the respective adjuvants. On week 2 after the second immunization, the chickens were orally challenged with the highly virulent IBDV. The groups that received the DNA vaccines plus either DDA or CpG-ODN showed significantly lower survival rates than the group that received the DNA vaccine alone. However, the survival rates for the DNA vaccine alone and for the DNA vaccine plus ChIFN-γ were similar. The chickens had no detectable antibodies to the IBDV before the challenge but all the surviving chickens in all groups except for the normal control group showed the induction of antibodies to the IBDV at day 10 after the challenge. As judged by the lymphocyte proliferation assays using the a WST-8 solution performed on the peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes, the stimulation indices (SI) of the peripheral blood lymphocytes in all groups except for the normal control group were similar immediately before the challenge. At 10 days post-challenge, the SI for DNA vaccine plus either CpG-ODN or ChIFN-γ was similar to that of the DNA vaccine control group. For splenic lymphocytes, the SI in the DNA vaccine plus CpG-ODN and DNA vaccine plus ChIFN-γ groups were higher than for the DNA vaccine control. These results suggest that DDA actually compromises the protection against the IBDV by DNA vaccine, and CpG-ODN and IFN-γ had no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Jung Roh
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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139
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Hong YH, Lillehoj HS, Lillehoj EP, Lee SH. Changes in immune-related gene expression and intestinal lymphocyte subpopulations following Eimeria maxima infection of chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:259-72. [PMID: 17045659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, a major intestinal parasitic disease of poultry, induces a cell-mediated immune response against the etiologic agent of the disease, Eimeria. In the current study, the expression levels of gene transcripts encoding pro-inflammatory, Th1, and Th2 cytokines, as well as chemokines were measured in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) after Eimeria maxima infection. In addition, changes in IEL numbers were quantified following E. maxima infection. Transcripts of the pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18 were increased 66- to 8 x 10(7)-fold following primary parasite infection. Similarly, mRNA levels of the Th2 cytokines IL-3, IL-10, IL-13, and GM-CSF were up-regulated 34- to 8800-fold, and the chemokines IL-8, lymphotactin, MIF, and K203 were increased 42- to 1756-fold. In contrast, IFN-alpha, TGF-beta4, and K60 transcripts showed no increased expression, and only the level of the Th2 cytokine IL-13 was increased following secondary E. maxima infection. Increases in intestinal T cell subpopulations following E. maxima infection also were detected. CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells were significantly increased at days 8, 6, and 7 post-primary infection, respectively, but only CD4(+) cells remained elevated following secondary infection. TCR1(+) cells exhibited a biphasic pattern following primary infection, whereas TCR2(+) cells displayed a single peak in levels. Taken together, these data indicate a global chicken intestinal immune response is produced following experimental Eimeria infection involving multiple cytokines, chemokines, and T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Ho Hong
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Building 1040, BARC-East, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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140
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Xu SZ, Chen T, Wang M. Protective Immunity Enhanced by Chimeric DNA Prime–Protein Booster Strategy Against Eimeria tenella Challenge. Avian Dis 2006; 50:579-85. [PMID: 17274297 DOI: 10.1637/7535-032706r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to investigate the immune efficacy ofa DNA prime-protein booster strategy against avian coccidiosis with a chimeric construct, the Eimeria tenella antigen gene (3-1E) and chicken interferon gamma gene (ChIFN-gamma) were subcloned into the mammalian expression vector proVAX forming the plasmids proE and prol, and then linked by splicing overlap extension by polymerase chain reaction to construct the chimeric plasmid prolE; the chimeric protein (rlE) was expressed in Escherichia coli harboring the constructed plasmid pGEX/IE. Broilers were administered two intramuscular injections with the constructed DNA vaccines (50 microg); in the protein booster groups 100 microg of the rlE were given following the proIE prime. After challenge the proIE-vaccinated chickens showed the protective immunity as demonstrated by significantly reduced oocyst shedding compared with chickens immunized with proE, but the prolE vaccine did not have an additive effect of increasing antibody titer and body weight gain. The chickens in the rlE booster groups had significantly higher specific antibody responses than those immunized with prolE, and displayed further decreased oocyst shedding and increased body weight gain. Taken together, these results indicate that ChIFN-gamma exerts an adjuvant effect coexpressed with 3-1E and provide the first evidence that the DNA prime-protein booster strategy is able to augment the protective efficacy of chimeric DNA vaccine against challenge with Eimeria tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Zhen Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
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141
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Hong YH, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Dalloul RA, Lillehoj EP. Analysis of chicken cytokine and chemokine gene expression following Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:209-23. [PMID: 16996141 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The expression levels of mRNA encoding a panel of 28 chicken cytokines and chemokines were quantified in intestinal lymphocytes following Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella primary and secondary infections. Compared with uninfected controls, transcripts of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-17 were increased up to 2020-fold following primary infection. By contrast, following secondary infection by either microorganism, pro-inflammatory mRNAs levels were relatively unchanged (< or = 20-fold). Transcripts encoding the Th1 and Th1 regulatory cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-16, and IL-18 were uniformly increased 14-2471-fold after E. acervulina primary infection, but either unchanged (IL-15, IL-16, IL-18), increased (IFN-gamma, IL-10, IL-12), or decreased (IL-2) following E. tenella primary infection. Following secondary infections, Th1 cytokine mRNA levels were relatively unchanged, with the exception of IL-12 which was increased 1.5 x 10(5)-fold after E. acervulina and decreased 5.1 x 10(4)-fold after E. tenella infection. Transcripts for the Th2 or Th2 regulatory cytokines IL-3 and GM-CSF were increased up to 327-fold following primary or secondary infection with both parasites, while IL-4 and IL-13 mRNAs were decreased 25- to 2 x 10(5)-fold after primary or secondary infection. The dynamics of chicken chemokine expression revealed modest changes (<100-fold) following primary or secondary infection except for lymphotactin. When lymphocyte subpopulations were similarly analyzed, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, IL-15, and MIF were most highly increased in TCR2(+) cells following E. acervulina infection, while TCR1(+) cells only expressed high levels of IL-16 following E. tenella infection. In contrast, CD4(+) cells only expressed highest levels of IL-10 after E. acervulina infection, whereas these cells produced abundant transcripts for IFN-gamma, IL-3, IL-15, and MIF after E. tenella infection. We conclude that coccidiosis induces a diverse and robust primary cytokine/chemokine response, but a more subdued secondary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Ho Hong
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Building 1040, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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142
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Haygreen L, Davison F, Kaiser P. DNA vaccines for poultry: the jump from theory to practice. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 4:51-62. [PMID: 15757473 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines could offer a solution to a number of problems faced by the poultry industry; they are relatively easy to manufacture, stable, potentially easy to administer, can overcome neonatal tolerance and the deleterious effects of maternal antibody, and do not cause disease pathology. Combined with this, in ovo vaccination offers the advantage of reduced labor costs, mass administration and the induction of an earlier immune response. Together, this list of advantages is impressive. However, this combined technology is still in its infancy and requires many improvements. The potential of CpG motifs, DNA vaccines and in ovo vaccination, however, can be observed by the increasing number of recent reports investigating their application in challenge experiments. CpG motifs have been demonstrated to be stimulatory both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, DNA vaccines have been successfully delivered via the in ovo route, albeit not yet through the amniotic fluid. Lastly, a recent report has demonstrated that a DNA vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus administered via in ovo vaccination, followed by live virus boost, can slightly improve on the protective effect induced by the live virus alone. Therefore, DNA vaccination via the in ovo route is promising and offers potential as a poultry vaccine, however, efficacy needs to be improved and the costs of production reduced before it is likely to be beneficial to the poultry industry in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Haygreen
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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143
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Hsieh MK, Wu CC, Lin TL. The effect of co-administration of DNA carrying chicken interferon-γ gene on protection of chickens against infectious bursal disease by DNA-mediated vaccination. Vaccine 2006; 24:6955-65. [PMID: 17050043 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine whether DNA vaccination by co-administration of DNA coding for chicken interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene and DNA encoding for the VP243 gene of IBDV could enhance immune response and protection efficacy of chickens against challenge by IBDV. Plasmids carrying VP243 gene of IBDV strain variant E (VE) (P/VP243/E) and chicken IFN-gamma gene (P/cIFN-gamma) were constructed, respectively. One-day-old chickens were intramuscularly injected with P/VP243/E, or P/cIFN-gamma, or both once, twice, or three times into the thigh muscle of one leg or the thigh muscles of two separate legs at weekly intervals. Chickens were orally challenged with IBDV strain VE at 3 weeks of age and observed for 10 days. Chickens receiving two plasmids in the same site two times had significantly higher (P<0.05) bursal lesion scores and significantly lower (P<0.05) bursa weight/body weight ratios than those that only received P/VP243/E two or three times. Chickens inoculated with two plasmids separately in the thigh muscles of different legs or P/VP243/E two times had 33-50% protection and those receiving two plasmids in the same sites did not have any protection against IBD. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization (VN) titers to IBDV of chickens in the groups with three doses of P/VP243/E were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in groups receiving two doses of P/VP243/E or P/VP243/E and P/cIFN-gamma. Chickens protected by DNA vaccination did not have detectable IBDV antigen in the bursae as determined by immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA). The results indicated that co-administration of plasmid encoding chicken IFN-gamma gene with plasmid encoding a large segment gene of the IBDV did not enhance immune response and protection against challenge by IBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kun Hsieh
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2065, USA
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144
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Jang SI, Jun MH, Lillehoj HS, Dalloul RA, Kong IK, Kim S, Min W. Anticoccidial effect of green tea-based diets against Eimeria maxima. Vet Parasitol 2006; 144:172-5. [PMID: 17027157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Anticoccidial effects of green tea (GT)-based diets were evaluated in chickens following oral infection with Eimeria maxima an ubiquitous intestinal parasite of poultry that impairs the growth and feed efficiency of infected birds. Five-week-old chickens were assigned to four groups (GT 0.5%, GT 2.0%, untreated/infected and non-infected control) and each group consisted of 15 chickens. Chickens were fed a standard diet supplemented with ground green tea for 2 weeks prior to infection with E. maxima (10,000 sporulated oocysts per bird). The effects of green tea on E. maxima infection were assessed by two parameters, fecal oocyst shedding and body weight gain. The green tea-fed chickens produced significantly reduced fecal oocysts (P<0.05) when compared to the E. maxima-infected group fed standard diet. The green tea-based diet, however, did not improve body weight loss caused by E. maxima infection. This study is the first to demonstrate anticoccidial effect of green tea on Eimeria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung I Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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145
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Bolesta E, Kowalczyk A, Wierzbicki A, Eppolito C, Kaneko Y, Takiguchi M, Stamatatos L, Shrikant PA, Kozbor D. Increased level and longevity of protective immune responses induced by DNA vaccine expressing the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein when combined with IL-21 and IL-15 gene delivery. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:177-91. [PMID: 16785513 PMCID: PMC2504862 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of a plasmid-derived IL-21 delivered alone or in combination with the IL-15 gene to regulate immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein induced by DNA vaccination. Mice were injected with the gp140DeltaCFI(HXB2/89.6) vector expressing a modified Env glycoprotein with C-terminal mutations intended to mimic a fusion intermediate, in which the most divergent region encoding the variable V1, V2, and V3 domains of CXCR4-tropic HxB2 virus was replaced with the dual-tropic 89.6 viral strain. Using a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing 89.6 Env glycoprotein (vBD3) in a mouse challenge model, we observed that IL-21 plasmid produced sustained resistance to viral transmission when injected 5 days after DNA vaccination. Moreover, IL-21 in a synergistic manner with IL-15 expression vector augmented the vaccine-induced recall responses to the vBD3 challenge compared with those elicited by immunization in the presence of either cytokine alone. The synergistic combination of IL-21 and IL-15 plasmids promoted expansion of CD8+CD127+ memory T cell pools specific for a subdominant HLA-A2-restricted Env(121-129) epitope (KLTPLCVTL). Our results also show that coimmunization with IL-21 and IL-15 plasmid combination resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell function that was partially independent of CD4+ T cell help in mediating protection against vBD3 challenge. Furthermore, the use of IL-21 and IL-15 genes was able to increase Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent lysis of Env-expressing target cells through augmentation of Env-specific IgG Ab levels. These data indicate that the plasmid-delivered IL-21 and IL-15 can increase the magnitude of the response to DNA vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Gene Products, env/administration & dosage
- Gene Products, env/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antibodies/physiology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Interleukin-15/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutralization Tests
- Rabbits
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bolesta
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | | | - Andrzej Wierzbicki
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Cheryl Eppolito
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Yutaro Kaneko
- Institute of Immunotherapy for Cancer, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takiguchi
- Division of Viral Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Protul A. Shrikant
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Danuta Kozbor
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Danuta Kozbor, Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263. E-mail address:
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146
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Mussalem JS, Vasconcelos JRC, Squaiella CC, Ananias RZ, Braga EG, Rodrigues MM, Longo-Maugéri IM. Adjuvant effect of the Propionibacterium acnes and its purified soluble polysaccharide on the immunization with plasmidial DNA containing a Trypanosoma cruzi gene. Microbiol Immunol 2006; 50:253-63. [PMID: 16625047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we investigated the role of killed Propionibacterium acnes or a soluble polysaccharide extracted from bacterium cell wall in modulated experimental immunization with plasmidial DNA. We used a plasmid, p154/13, containing a gene-encoding catalytic domain of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) trans-sialidase. As previously described, immunization of BALB/c mice with p154/13 elicited humoral, cell-mediated and protective immune responses against T. cruzi infection. In this study we describe that both P. acnes and its soluble polysaccharide fraction have the ability to modulate the immune response elicited by p154/13. Treatment with these adjuvants enhanced specific trans-sialidase Th1 immune response, as revealed by a lower IgG1/IgG2a ratio and stronger in vitro IFN-gamma synthesis by CD4+ T cells. The most important fact was that treatment with P. acnes or its soluble polysaccharide fraction in the presence of p154/13 significantly reduced the peak of parasitemia observed 7 to 8 days after T. cruzi challenge. These data suggest that P. acnes or its soluble polysaccharide fraction may improve the protective potential of a DNA vaccine against experimental T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Sekeres Mussalem
- Disciplina de Imunologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo -Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brasil
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147
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Hong YH, Lillehoj HS, Dalloul RA, Min W, Miska KB, Tuo W, Lee SH, Han JY, Lillehoj EP. Molecular cloning and characterization of chicken NK-lysin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110:339-47. [PMID: 16387367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
NK-lysin is an anti-microbial and anti-tumor protein expressed by NK cells and T lymphocytes. In a previous report, we identified a set of overlapping expressed sequence tags constituting a contiguous sequence (contig 171) homologous to mammalian NK-lysins. In the current report, a cDNA encoding NK-lysin was isolated from a library prepared from chicken intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). It consisted of an 850 bp DNA sequence with an open reading frame of 140 amino acids and a predicted molecular mass of 15.2 kDa. Comparison of its deduced amino acid sequence showed less than 20% identity to mammalian NK-lysins. The tissue distribution of NK-lysin mRNA revealed highest levels in intestinal IELs, intermediate levels in splenic and peripheral blood lymphocytes, and lowest levels in thymic and bursa lymphocytes. Following intestinal infection of chickens with Eimeria maxima, one of seven Eimeria species causing avian coccidiosis, NK-lysin transcript levels increased 3-4-fold in CD4+ and CD8+ intestinal IELs. However, cell depletion experiments suggested other T lymphocyte subpopulations also expressed NK-lysin. The kinetics of NK-lysin mRNA expression indicated that, whereas infection with E. acervulina induced maximum expression only at 7-8 days post-infection, E. maxima and E. tenella elicited biphasic responses at 3-4 and 7-8 days post-infection. Finally, recombinant chicken NK-lysin expressed in COS7 cells exhibited anti-tumor cell activity against LSCC-RP9, a retrovirus-transformed B-cell line. We conclude that chicken NK-lysin plays important roles during anti-microbial and anti-tumor defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Ho Hong
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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148
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Stevceva L, Moniuszko M, Ferrari MG. Utilizing IL-12, IL-15 and IL-7 as Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvants. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2006; 3:586-592. [PMID: 17496983 PMCID: PMC1868013 DOI: 10.2174/157018006778194655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we review and discuss three of the most exciting and promising cytokines for therapeutic intervention and immunomodulation of immune responses including those on mucosal surfaces. The main properties of IL-12, IL-15 and IL-7 are described and the studies utilizing these cytokines as immunomodulators and vaccine adjuvants discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liljana Stevceva
- Partners AIDS Research Center, MGH, Harvard Medical School, CNY Build. 149, Room 5234e, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Grazia Ferrari
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., 5510 Nicholson Lane, Kensington, Maryland 20895–1078, USA
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149
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Kutzler MA, Robinson TM, Chattergoon MA, Choo DK, Choo AY, Choe PY, Ramanathan MP, Parkinson R, Kudchodkar S, Tamura Y, Sidhu M, Roopchand V, Kim JJ, Pavlakis GN, Felber BK, Waldmann TA, Boyer JD, Weiner DB. Coimmunization with an Optimized IL-15 Plasmid Results in Enhanced Function and Longevity of CD8 T Cells That Are Partially Independent of CD4 T Cell Help. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:112-23. [PMID: 15972637 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are a promising technology for the induction of Ag-specific immune responses, and much recent attention has gone into improving their immune potency. In this study we test the feasibility of delivering a plasmid encoding IL-15 as a DNA vaccine adjuvant for the induction of improved Ag-specific CD8(+) T cellular immune responses. Because native IL-15 is poorly expressed, we used PCR-based strategies to develop an optimized construct that expresses 80-fold higher than the native IL-15 construct. Using a DNA vaccination model, we determined that immunization with optimized IL-15 in combination with HIV-1gag DNA constructs resulted in a significant enhancement of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion, and strong induction of long-lived CD8(+) T cell responses. In an influenza DNA vaccine model, coimmunization with plasmid expressing influenza A PR8/34 hemagglutinin with the optimized IL-15 plasmid generated improved long term CD8(+) T cellular immunity and protected the mice against a lethal mucosal challenge with influenza virus. Because we observed that IL-15 appeared to mostly adjuvant CD8(+) T cell function, we show that in the partial, but not total, absence of CD4(+) T cell help, plasmid-delivered IL-15 could restore CD8 secondary immune responses to an antigenic DNA plasmid, supporting the idea that the effects of IL-15 on CD8(+) T cell expansion require the presence of low levels of CD4 T cells. These data suggest a role for enhanced plasmid IL-15 as a candidate adjuvant for vaccine or immunotherapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele A Kutzler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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150
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Lillehoj HS, Ding X, Dalloul RA, Sato T, Yasuda A, Lillehoj EP. EMBRYO VACCINATION AGAINST EIMERIA TENELLA AND E. ACERVULINA INFECTIONS USING RECOMBINANT PROTEINS AND CYTOKINE ADJUVANTS. J Parasitol 2005; 91:666-73. [PMID: 16108563 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is an intestinal disease caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria. To investigate the potential of recombinant protein vaccines to control coccidiosis, we cloned 2 Eimeria sp. genes (EtMIC2 and 3-1E), expressed and purified their encoded proteins, and determined the efficacy of in ovo immunization to protect against Eimeria infections. Immunogen-specific serum antibody titers, parasite fecal shedding, and body weight gains were measured as parameters of disease. When administered alone, the recombinant EtMIC2 gene product induced significantly higher antibody responses, lower oocyst fecal shedding, and increased weight gains compared with nonvaccinated controls following infection with E. tenella. Combined embryo immunization with the EtMIC2 protein plus chicken cytokine or chemokine genes demonstrated that all 3 parameters of vaccination were improved compared with those of EtMIC2 alone. In particular, covaccination with EtMIC2 plus interleukin (IL)-8, IL-16, transforming growth factor-beta4, or lymphotactin significantly decreased oocyst shedding and improved weight gains beyond those achieved by EtMIC2 alone. Finally, individual vaccination with either EtMIC2 or 3-1E stimulated protection against infection by the heterologous parasite E. acervulina. Taken together, these results indicate that in ovo vaccination with the EtMIC2 protein plus cytokine/chemokine genes may be an effective method to control coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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