101
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Zeng Y, Ding N, Wang T, Tian M, Fan Y, Wang T, Chen SJ, Mai BX. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in urban, e-waste, and background regions of South China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121583. [PMID: 31732355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a focus of research because they are ubiquitous in the environment; however, there is still a limited understanding of the behaviors and fate of OPEs in the environment. In this study, we measured OPEs in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected from three regions in South China that have potentially different sources. The concentrations of ∑OPEs in the rural electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area (3852-57,695 pg/m3 with a median of 10,955 pg/m3) were significantly higher than those in the urban and background areas with concentrations of 314-9721 pg/m3 (median = 2346 pg/m3) and 667 and 109,599 pg/m3 (median = 2170 pg/m3), respectively. The OPE compositions in the urban and e-waste areas were generally similar. Correlations analysis with other components of PM2.5 (organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water soluble ions) indicated primary industrial and e-waste sources of OPEs in the urban and e-waste regions, respectively. Correlation analysis also revealed that relative humility played an important role in their air concentrations in the urban and background regions. The air-parcel backward trajectories of the background site demonstrated regional atmospheric transport of OPEs to this region from both the eastern industrial cities and the northern e-waste recycling region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zeng
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mi Tian
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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102
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Sun Y, De Silva AO, St Pierre KA, Muir DCG, Spencer C, Lehnherr I, MacInnis JJ. Glacial Melt Inputs of Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants to the Largest High Arctic Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2734-2743. [PMID: 32013404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been detected in the Arctic environment, but the influence of glacial melt on the environmental behavior of OPEs in recipient Arctic aquatic ecosystems is still unknown. In this study, water samples were collected from Lake Hazen (LH) and its tributaries to investigate the distribution of 14 OPEs in LH and to explore the input of OPEs from glacial rivers to LH and the output of OPEs from LH in 2015 and 2018. Σ14OPE concentrations in water of LH were lower than glacial rivers and its outflow, the Ruggles River. In 2015, a high melt year, we estimated that glacial rivers contributed 7.0 ± 3.2 kg OPEs to LH, compared to a 16.5 ± 0.3 kg OPEs output by the Ruggles River, suggesting that residence time and/or additional inputs via direct wet and dry deposition and permafrost melt likely result in OPE retention in the LH watershed. In 2018, a lower melt year, Σ14OPE concentrations in glacial rivers were much lower, indicating that the rate of glacier melt may govern, in part, the concentrations of OPEs in the tributaries of LH. This study highlights long-range transport of OPEs, their deposition in Arctic glaciers, landscapes, and lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, P. R. China
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Kyra A St Pierre
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Christine Spencer
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - John J MacInnis
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X7, Canada
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103
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Maceira A, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Analytical methods for determining organic compounds present in the particulate matter from outdoor air. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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104
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Liu Q, Liggio J, Wu D, Saini A, Halappanavar S, Wentzell JJB, Harner T, Li K, Lee P, Li SM. Experimental Study of OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Oxidation of Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14398-14408. [PMID: 31756294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risks and health impacts associated with particulate organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which are ubiquitous in the global atmosphere, have not been adequately assessed due to the lack of data on the reaction kinetics, products, and toxicity associated with their atmospheric transformations. Here, the importance of such transformations for OPFRs are explored by investigating the reaction kinetics, degradation chemical mechanisms, and toxicological evolution of two OPFRs (2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP)) coated on (NH4)2SO4 particles upon heterogeneous OH oxidation. The derived reaction rate constants for the heterogeneous loss of EHDP and DPhP are (1.12 ± 0.22) × 10-12 and (2.33 ± 0.14) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1, respectively. Using recently developed real-time particle chemical composition measurements, particulate products from heterogeneous photooxidation and the associated degradation mechanisms for particulate OPFRs are reported for the first time. Subsequent cytotoxicity analysis of the unreacted and oxidized OPFR particles indicated that the overall particle cytotoxicity was reduced by up to 94% with heterogeneous photooxidation, likely due to a significantly lower cytotoxicity associated with the oxidized OPFR products relative to the parent OPFRs. The present work not only provides guidance for future field sampling for the detection of transformation products of OPFRs, but also strongly supports the ongoing risk assessment of these emerging chemicals and most critically, their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Liu
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - John Liggio
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
| | - Jeremy J B Wentzell
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Kun Li
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
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105
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Wang J, Khokhar I, Ren C, Li X, Wang J, Fan S, Jia Y, Yan Y. Characterization and 16S metagenomic analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants degrading consortia. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120881. [PMID: 31307001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three bacterial consortia, named YC-SY1, YC-BJ1 and YC-GZ1, were enriched from different areas of China. Bacterial consortia YC-SY1, YC-BJ1 and YC-GZ1 could efficiently degrade triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) (100 mg/L) by approximately 79.4%, 99.8% and 99.6%, tricresyl phosphate (TCrP) by 90.6%, 91.9% and 96.3%, respectively, within 4 days. And they could retain high degrading efficiency under a broad range of temperature (15-40 ℃), pH (6.0-10.0) and salinity (0-4%). A total of 10 bacterial isolates were selected and investigated their degradation capacity. Among these isolates, two were significantly superior to the others. Strain Rhodococcus sp. YC-JH2 could utilize TPhP (50 mg/L) as sole carbon source for growth with 37.36% degradation within 7 days. Strain Sphingopyxis sp. YC-JH3 could efficiently degrade 96.2% of TPhP (50 mg/L) within 7 days, except that no cell growth was observed. Combined with 16S diversity analysis, our results suggest that the effective components of three bacterial consortia responsible for TPhP and TCrP degradation were almost the same, that is, bacteria capable of degrading TPhP and TCrP are limited, in this study, the most efficient component is Sphingopyxis. This study provides abundant microorganism sources for research on organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) metabolism and bioremediation towards OPFRs-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhuan Wang
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ibatsam Khokhar
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xianjun Li
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuanghu Fan
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yang Jia
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanchun Yan
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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106
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Lee S, Kim K, Jeon J, Moon HB. Optimization of suspect and non-target analytical methods using GC/TOF for prioritization of emerging contaminants in the Arctic environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:11-17. [PMID: 31154115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous chemicals have been manufactured through industrial activities and used as consumer products since the late 18th century. Non-target analysis is a new analytical tool to detect many chemicals in environmental samples and to prioritize emerging contaminants. In this study, suspect and non-target analytical methods were optimized using gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight (GC/TOF) to propose contaminants of emerging concern for the Arctic environment. A suspect analytical method was developed with qualification and qualifier ions, isotopic ratios, and retention times of 215 contaminants including persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to establish an in-house library. Non-target analytical method was also optimized with a deconvoluted ion chromatogram, which is a form that can possibly match the mass spectrum of the NIST library. Multiple environmental samples, such as seawater, air, soil, sediment, sludge, and iceberg, collected from the Arctic region were analyzed with suspect and non-target analysis of GC/TOF after the clean-up procedure with a solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The commonly detected contaminants in the Arctic environmental samples were siloxanes, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalates, synthetic musk compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Among them, siloxanes and organophosphate flame retardants were proposed to be contaminants of emerging concerns for the Arctic environment. This is the first report to prioritize emerging contaminants in the Arctic environment with suspect and non-target analysis of GC/TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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107
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Gao X, Huang P, Huang Q, Rao K, Lu Z, Xu Y, Gabrielsen GW, Hallanger I, Ma M, Wang Z. Organophosphorus flame retardants and persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic contaminants in Arctic seawaters: On-board passive sampling coupled with target and non-target analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:1-10. [PMID: 31301531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants in the Arctic seas have been of concern to many researchers; however, the vast dynamic marine water poses challenges to their comprehensive monitoring within appropriate spatial and temporal scales in the Arctic. In this study, on-board passive sampling of organic pollutants using a self-developed device coupled with triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membranes (TECAMs) was performed during an Arctic cruise. The TECAM extracts were used for target analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs), and non-target screening of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) contaminants using two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). Sixteen chemicals were screened out as PBT contaminants from the 1500 features in the non-target analysis and further identified. Consequently, two chlorinated PFRs (tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate) and four PBT contaminants (4-tert-butylphenol, 2-isopropylnaphthalene, 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindane, and 1-phenylnonan-1-one) were accurately quantified, with the temporally and spatially integrated concentrations ranging from 0.83 ng L-1 to 20.82 ng L-1 in the seawaters. Sources and transport of the contaminants were studied, and ocean current transport (West Spitsbergen Current, WSC) and local sources (human settlement, Arctic oil exploitation, and petroleum fuel emissions) were found to contribute to the presence of the different contaminants. Finally, annual transport fluxes of the contaminants from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean by WSC were estimated, and the results indicate that their hazard to the Arctic should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | | | | | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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108
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Ya M, Yu N, Zhang Y, Su H, Tang S, Su G. Biomonitoring of organophosphate triesters and diesters in human blood in Jiangsu Province, eastern China: Occurrences, associations, and suspect screening of novel metabolites. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105056. [PMID: 31369981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since organophosphate (OP) triesters are ubiquitous in environmental matrices, there is an increasing concern regarding human exposure to OP triesters or their metabolites. In this study, we measured levels of 16 OP triesters and 4 OP diesters in n = 99 human blood samples of non-occupationally exposed adults (aged 18-87) from Jiangsu Province, eastern China. Based on the measured concentrations, statistical difference and correlativity were calculated to characterize the population diversity and potential sources of OP triester and diester. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) were found in many participants' blood, with median concentrations of 1.2 (range: n.d. - 44.7, detection frequency: 99%) and 0.85 (n.d. - 28.8, 68%) ng mL-1, respectively. Blood samples of older participants contained significantly lower concentrations of OP diesters or triesters than their younger counterparts (p < 0.01). Regional- and age-specific differences in the blood concentrations of OP triesters and diesters were attributed to disparities in environmental exposure intensity. EHDPP and tris (phenyl) phosphate (TPHP), the predominant OP triesters, exhibited significant positive correlation (p < 0.01, r = 0.84) suggestive of analogous transport behavior from similar exposure sources to humans. The increased correlations between diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and TPHP as well as with EHDPP as observed from the multivariate regression suggests that DPHP could be derived from the metabolism of both TPHP (the crucial precursor) and EHDPP. When the blood samples were subsequently screened using high-resolution spectrometry, we detected five novel OP metabolites: glucuronide conjugates of hydroxylated DEHP (OH-DEHP glucuronide conjugate), 2-ethylhexyl monophenyl phosphate (EHMPP), hydroxylated EHMPP (OH-EHMPP), dihydroxylated bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (di-OH-BBOEP), and dihydroxylated tris(butyl) phosphate (di-OH-TNBP). Overall, this study provides novel information regarding the occurrence of OP triesters and diesters, and further suggested several novel OP metabolites in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaolei Ya
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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109
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Chen M, Gan Z, Qu B, Chen S, Dai Y, Bao X. Temporal and seasonal variation and ecological risk evaluation of flame retardants in seawater and sediments from Bohai Bay near Tianjin, China during 2014 to 2017. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:874-883. [PMID: 31426231 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seawater and sediment samples were collected from 2014 to 2017 at Bohai Bay near Tianjin, China. The median concentration of ΣOPFRs was 2202 ng/l in the seawater from 2017. ΣAlkyl-OPFRs was the predominant constitution in the seawater with a median contribution of nearly 80%, and ΣCl-OPFRs was the major component in the sediment. Regarding BFRs, BDE-209 was the principal one in the sediment. The levels of TEP, TCEP and TBEP in sediments displayed significantly seasonal variations. The summer concentration of TEP was higher than that in both the spring and autumn, and concerning TCEP and TBEP, their lowest concentration occurred in summer. The concentration of ΣOPFRs experienced a rapid increasing during 2014-2016 due to more emissions of OPFRs. The ecological risk evaluation of OPFRs and BFRs suggested a moderate and high risk to the investigated marine region under the high exposure scenario, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiwei Gan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Bing Qu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sibei Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Tianjin Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Bohai Sea Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610063, China
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110
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Karlsson CMG, Cerro‐Gálvez E, Lundin D, Karlsson C, Vila‐Costa M, Pinhassi J. Direct effects of organic pollutants on the growth and gene expression of the Baltic Sea model bacterium Rheinheimera sp. BAL341. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:892-906. [PMID: 31270938 PMCID: PMC6680617 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic pollutants (OPs) are critically toxic, bioaccumulative and globally widespread. Moreover, several OPs negatively influence aquatic wildlife. Although bacteria are major drivers of the ocean carbon cycle and the turnover of vital elements, there is limited knowledge of OP effects on heterotrophic bacterioplankton. We therefore investigated growth and gene expression responses of the Baltic Sea model bacterium Rheinheimera sp. BAL341 to environmentally relevant concentrations of distinct classes of OPs in 2-h incubation experiments. During exponential growth, exposure to a mix of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes and organophosphate esters (denoted MIX) resulted in a significant decrease (between 9% and 18%) in bacterial abundance and production compared with controls. In contrast, combined exposure to perfluorooctanesulfonic acids and perfluorooctanoic acids (denoted PFAS) had no significant effect on growth. Nevertheless, MIX and PFAS exposures both induced significant shifts in gene expression profiles compared with controls in exponential growth. This involved several functional metabolism categories (e.g. stress response and fatty acids metabolism), some of which were pollutant-specific (e.g. phosphate acquisition and alkane-1 monooxygenase genes). In stationary phase, only two genes in the MIX treatment were significantly differentially expressed. The substantial direct influence of OPs on metabolism during bacterial growth suggests that widespread OPs could severely alter biogeochemical processes governed by bacterioplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer M. G. Karlsson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model SystemsEEMiSLinnaeus UniversityStuvaregatan 4Kalmar39231Sweden
| | - Elena Cerro‐Gálvez
- Department of Environmental ChemistryIDAEA‐CSICJordi Girona 18‐26Barcelona08034CatalunyaSpain
| | - Daniel Lundin
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model SystemsEEMiSLinnaeus UniversityStuvaregatan 4Kalmar39231Sweden
| | - Camilla Karlsson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model SystemsEEMiSLinnaeus UniversityStuvaregatan 4Kalmar39231Sweden
| | - Maria Vila‐Costa
- Department of Environmental ChemistryIDAEA‐CSICJordi Girona 18‐26Barcelona08034CatalunyaSpain
| | - Jarone Pinhassi
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model SystemsEEMiSLinnaeus UniversityStuvaregatan 4Kalmar39231Sweden
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111
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Cerro-Gálvez E, Sala MM, Marrasé C, Gasol JM, Dachs J, Vila-Costa M. Modulation of microbial growth and enzymatic activities in the marine environment due to exposure to organic contaminants of emerging concern and hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:486-498. [PMID: 31077927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants are continuously being introduced in seawater with uncharacterized impacts on the engines of the marine biogeochemical cycles, the microorganisms. The effects on marine microbial communities were assessed for perfluoroalkyl substances, organophosphate esters flame retardants and plasticizers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and n-alkanes. Dose-response experiments were performed at three stations and at three depths in the NW Mediterranean with contrasted nutrient and pollutant concentrations. In these experiments, the microbial growth rates, the abundances of the main bacterial groups, measured by Catalyzed Reporter Deposition Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (CARD-FISH), and extracellular enzymatic activities, were quantified. Increasing concentrations of organic pollutants (OPs) promoted different responses in the communities that were compound, organism and nutrient availability (trophic status). The largest differences between OP treatments and controls in the growth rates of both heterotrophic and phototrophic microbial groups were observed in seawater from the deep chlorophyll maxima. Furthermore, there was a compound specific stimulation of different extracellular enzymatic activities after the exposure to OPs. Our results revealed that marine microbial communities reacted not only to hydrocarbons, known to be used as a carbon source, but also to low concentrations of organic pollutants of emerging concern in a complex manner, reflecting the variability of various environmental variables. Multiple linear regressions suggested that organic pollutants modulated the bacterial growth and extracellular enzymatic activities, but this modulation was of lower magnitude than the observed pronounced response of the microbial community to nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cerro-Gálvez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - M Montserrat Sala
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Cèlia Marrasé
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Costa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
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112
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Casal P, Casas G, Vila-Costa M, Cabrerizo A, Pizarro M, Jiménez B, Dachs J. Snow Amplification of Persistent Organic Pollutants at Coastal Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8872-8882. [PMID: 31298532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been reported in polar regions, and act as sentinels of global pollution. Maritime Antarctica is recipient of abundant snow precipitation. Snow scavenges air pollutants, and after snow melting, it can induce an unquantified and poorly understood amplification of concentrations of POPs. Air, snow, the fugacity in soils and snow, seawater and plankton were sampled concurrently from late spring to late summer at Livingston Island (Antarctica). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) concentrations in snow and air were close to equilibrium. POPs in soils showed concentrations close to soil-air equilibrium or net volatilization depending on chemical volatility. Seawater-air fugacity ratios were highly correlated with the product of the snow-air partition coefficient and the Henry's law constant (KSA H'), a measure of snow amplification of fugacity. Therefore, coastal seawater mirrored the PCB congener profile and increased concentrations in snowmelt due to snowpack releasing POPs to seawater. The influence of snowpack and glacier inputs was further evidenced by the correlation between net volatilization fluxes of PCBs and seawater salinity. A meta-analysis of KSA, estimated as the ratio of POP concentrations in snow and air from previously reported simultaneous field measurements, showed that snow amplification is relevant for diverse families of POPs, independent of their volatility. We claim that the potential impact of atmospheric pollution on aquatic ecosystems has been under-predicted by only considering air-water partitioning, as snow amplification influences, and may even control, the POP occurrence in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Casal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Gemma Casas
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Maria Vila-Costa
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Ana Cabrerizo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Mariana Pizarro
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry , Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC) , Madrid 28006 , Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Barcelona , Catalonia 08034 , Spain
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113
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Zhang Z, Shao H, Wu M, Zhang J, Li D, Li J, Wang H, Shi W, Xu G. Occurrence, Distribution, and Potential Sources of Organophosphate Esters in Urban and Rural Surface Water in Shanghai, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:115-126. [PMID: 31134307 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence and distribution patterns of eight organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in urban and rural surface water in a typical cosmopolitan city: Shanghai, China. In addition, concentration levels and removal efficiencies of seven sewage treatment plants were analyzed. The OPEs concentrations detected in urban rivers were significantly higher than those detected in rural rivers. Total OPEs ranged from 185.4 to 321 ng L-1 in rural surface water and from 340 to 1688.7 ng L-1 in urban, with an average of 221.8 ng L-1 and 850.2 ng L-1, respectively. Compared with other studies published in the world, the OPEs contamination in surface river water in Shanghai was at a moderate level. Furthermore, the potential sources of OPEs in urban surface water were investigated, and the results indicated that OPEs in urban surface water mainly came from three potential sources. In rural surface water, the OPE concentrations were uniformly distributed, so OPEs in rural surface water may came from nonpoint source pollution. Last, a preliminary environmental risk assessment and health risk assessment were conducted. The results showed low environmental risks at all sampling sites (except for sampling point R7: medium risk for algae) for the three aquatic organisms (algae, daphnia, and fish). Health risk assessment indicated a noncarcinogenic risk for diverse human groups for ƩOPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyun Zhang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Shi
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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114
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Liu Q, Liggio J, Li K, Lee P, Li SM. Understanding the Impact of Relative Humidity and Coexisting Soluble Iron on the OH-Initiated Heterogeneous Oxidation of Organophosphate Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6794-6803. [PMID: 31117542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The current uncertainties in the reactivity and atmospheric persistence of particle-associated chemicals present a challenge for the prediction of long-range transport and deposition of emerging chemicals such as organophosphate flame retardants, which are ubiquitous in the global environment. Here, the OH-initiated heterogeneous oxidation kinetics of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) coated on inert (NH4)2SO4 and redox-active FeSO4 particles were systematically determined as a function of relative humidity (RH). The derived reaction rate constants for the heterogeneous loss of tricresyl phosphate (TCP; kTCP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP; kTBEP) were in the range of (2.69-3.57) × 10-12 and (3.06-5.55) × 10-12 cm3 molecules-1 s-1, respectively, depending on the RH and coexisting Fe(II) content. The kTCP (coated on (NH4)2SO4) was relatively constant over the investigated RH range while kTBEP was enhanced by up to 19% with increasing RH. For both OPFRs, the presence of Fe(II) enhanced their k by up to 53% over inert (NH4)2SO4. These enhancement effects (RH and Fe(II)) were attributed to fundamental changes in the organic phase state (higher RH lowered particle viscosity) and Fenton-type chemistry which resulted in the formation of reactive oxygen species, respectively. Such findings serve to emphasize the importance of ambient RH, the phase state of particle-bound organics in general, and the presence of coexisting metallic species for an accurate description of the degradation kinetics and aging of particulate OPFRs in models used to evaluate their atmospheric persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Liu
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - John Liggio
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Kun Li
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Patrick Lee
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch , Environment Canada , 4905 Dufferin Street , Toronto , Ontario M3H 5T4 , Canada
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115
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Niu Z, Zhang Z, Li J, He J, Zhang Y. Threats of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in surface water to ecological system in Haihe River of China based on species sensitivity distribution model and assessment factor model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:10854-10866. [PMID: 30778928 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a kind of emerging contaminants, but the information about their pollution profile and ecological risk are still scarce in China. In this study, 31 surface water samples of Haihe River (China) were collected in November 2017, and 11 OPEs were measured, and the ecological risk of OPEs was assessed by means of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method and assessment factor method. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis and an international comparison with other rivers in the world were conducted. The results showed that total OPEs ranged from 23.98 to 824.72 ng L-1, and the mean value was 228.70 ng L-1. The concentration of OPEs decreased as follows: Tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) > Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) > Triethyl phosphate (TEP) > Tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) > Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) > Tripropyl phosphate (TPrP) > Tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) > 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) > Tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) > Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) > Tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TMPP). TCPP (19.54-160.82 ng L-1) and TCEP (N.D.-151.99 ng L-1) with the mean value of 76.67 and 53.13 ng L-1 respectively were identified as the richest OPEs in Haihe River. The concentration of OPEs slowly increased in the upper reaches of Haihe River, and it tended to be stable in the middle reaches of Haihe River and decreased rapidly from the downstream to the outer sea. Significantly positive correlations occurred among three chlorinated alkyl OPEs (TCEP, TCPP, and TDCPP), suggesting that they might come from the same source. Based on the comparison, the pollution condition of OPEs in Haihe River was low, and TCEP was found to be the most abundant OPEs in China but it was not that in Europe. The ecological risk assessment on the basis of assessment factor method suggested that the risk of OPEs in Haihe River for algae, crustacean, and fish was limited. In addition, the results of SSD method suggested that the combined ecological risk of four OPEs in Haihe River was also low. This study provides information about the pollution status of OPEs in the surface water of China to some extents and a project for the risk estimation based on SSD for prior and emerging flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhaozhao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jiahui He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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116
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Sutton R, Chen D, Sun J, Greig DJ, Wu Y. Characterization of brominated, chlorinated, and phosphate flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, an urban estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:212-223. [PMID: 30366322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant chemical additives are incorporated into consumer goods to meet flammability standards, and many have been detected in environmental matrices. A uniquely wide-ranging characterization of flame retardants was conducted, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 52 additional brominated, chlorinated, or phosphate analytes, in water, sediment, bivalves, and harbor seal blubber of San Francisco Bay, a highly urbanized estuary once considered a hot spot for PBDE contamination. Among brominated flame retardants, PBDEs remained the dominant contaminants in all matrices, though declines have been observed over the last decade following their phase-out. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other hydrophobic, brominated flame retardants were commonly detected at lower levels than PBDEs in sediment and tissue matrices. Dechlorane Plus (DP) and related chlorinated compounds were also detected at lower levels or not at all across all matrices. In contrast, phosphate flame retardants were widely detected in Bay water samples, with highest median concentrations in the order TCPP > TPhP > TBEP > TDCPP > TCEP. Concentrations in Bay water were often higher than in other estuarine and marine environments. Phosphate flame retardants were also widely detected in sediment, in the order TEHP > TCrP > TPhP > TDCPP > TBEP. Several were present in bivalves, with levels of TDCPP comparable to PBDEs. Only four phosphate flame retardants were detected in harbor seal blubber: TCPP, TDCPP, TCEP, and TPhP. Periodic, multi-matrix screening is recommended to track contaminant trends impacted by changes to flammability standards and manufacturing practices, with a particular focus on contaminants like TDCPP and TPhP that were found at levels comparable to thresholds for aquatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
| | - Jennifer Sun
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Denise J Greig
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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117
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Wang L, Huang X, Lim DJ, Laserna AKC, Li SFY. Uptake and toxic effects of triphenyl phosphate on freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus: Insights from untargeted metabolomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1239-1249. [PMID: 30308812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) has been widely detected in surface waters. Yet, little information is known regarding its impact on microalgae. We investigated the uptake and toxicity of TPhP on two freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (CV) and Scenedesmus obliquus (SO) after exposure to 10 μg/l-10 mg/l for 5 days. The presence of microalgae significantly enhanced TPhP degradation, with the final concentrations dropped to 5.5-35.1% of the original concentrations. Most of the medium TPhP were sorbed and transformed by microalgae in just one day. Growth of CV was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas growth of SO were only inhibited significantly at 10 mg/l TPhP exposure. Mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics revealed concentration- and species-dependent metabolic responses. Exposure to TPhP in CV resulted in enhanced respiration (increase of fumarate and malate) and osmoregulation (increase of sucrose and myo-inositol), synthesis of membrane lipids (accumulation of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), decrease of lysoglycerolipids, fatty acids, and glyceryl-glucoside). Exposure to TPhP in SO resulted in enhanced osmoregulation (increase of valine, proline, and raffinose) and lipolysis (decrease of MGDG, accumulation of fatty acids, lysophospholipids, and glycerol phosphate). Although chlorophyll a and b contents did not change significantly, decrease of chlorophyll derivatives was observed in both CV and SO at high exposure concentrations. Further bioassays confirmed that CV exhibited enhanced membrane integrity and decreased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) possibly as a defense strategy, whereas SO showed disruption of membrane integrity and induction of ROS at 10 mg/l exposure. This study demonstrated the potential of microalgae to remove TPhP in water, and offered new insights for the risk assessment of TPhP on freshwater microalgae using metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | - Xulei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | - Dorothy Jingwen Lim
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | | | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), #02-01, T-Lab Building (TL), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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118
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Vila-Costa M, Sebastián M, Pizarro M, Cerro-Gálvez E, Lundin D, Gasol JM, Dachs J. Microbial consumption of organophosphate esters in seawater under phosphorus limited conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:233. [PMID: 30659251 PMCID: PMC6338803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthropogenic perturbation of the phosphorus (P) marine biogeochemical cycle due to synthetic organophosphorus compounds remains unexplored. The objective of this work was to investigate the microbial degradation of organophosphate triesters (OPEs), widely used as plasticizers and flame retardants, in seawater and their effects on the physiology and composition of microbial communities. Experiments were performed in July 2014 using surface seawater from the Blanes Bay Microbial Observatory (NW Mediterranean) to which OPEs were added at environmentally relevant concentrations. The concentrations of OPEs in the dissolved-phase generally decreased after 24 hours of incubation at in situ conditions. The fitted first order reaction constants were significantly different than zero for the trihaloalkyl phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and trialyl phosphate tricresyl phosphate. In general, OPEs triggered an increase of the percentage of actively respiring bacteria, total bacterial activity, and the number of low-nucleic acid bacteria, and a decrease in the percentage of membrane-compromised bacteria. Members of some bacterial groups, in particular Flavobacteria, increased their specific activity, indicating that seawater contains bacteria with the potential to degrade OPEs. In aged seawater that was presumably depleted of labile dissolved organic carbon and inorganic P, alkaline phosphatase activities significantly decreased when OPEs were added, indicating a relief on P stress, consistent with the role of OPEs as potential P sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vila-Costa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC-Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.
| | - Marta Sebastián
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, IOCAG, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mariana Pizarro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC-Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Elena Cerro-Gálvez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC-Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Daniel Lundin
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Barlastgatan 11, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC-Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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119
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Zhang W, Wang P, Li Y, Wang D, Matsiko J, Yang R, Sun H, Hao Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Spatial and temporal distribution of organophosphate esters in the atmosphere of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:182-189. [PMID: 30336377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High volume air samples were collected from April 2016 to March 2017 at five locations across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, to investigate the atmospheric occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs). The mean atmospheric concentrations of ∑8OPEs (gas and particle phases) varied from 531 ± 393 pg/m3 to 2180 ± 1490 pg/m3 with the highest level observed at the urban sampling site in Tianjin City. ∑8OPEs were predominated by the chlorinated OPEs (TCEP, TCPP, and TDCIPP), which accounted for 60% ± 16% of the OPE concentrations across the BTH region. Generally, higher levels of gaseous OPEs were found in summer, while higher levels of particle-bound OPEs were observed in winter. The concentrations of gaseous OPEs were positively and significantly correlated with local temperatures (p < 0.05) and relative humidity (p < 0.01), while significantly positive correlations were found between concentrations of particle-bound OPEs and total suspended particulates (TSP) (p < 0.01). These findings confirmed that temperatures, relative humidity and levels of TSP are the main drivers for OPE distributions in different seasons and areas. Gas/particle partitioning of OPEs was also investigated based on the absorption-partitioning model (octanol-air partitioning coefficient (Koa) -based model) and Junge-Pankow adsorption-partitioning model (J-P model). Koa-based model generally showed a better performance in comparison with the measured results. The assessment of inhalation exposure risks indicated that relatively higher exposure risks were found in the urban areas, in particular, in Tianjin City (a median value of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of 106 pg/kg body weight/day), suggesting that more attention should be drawn to OPE distributions in the heavily industrialized megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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120
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Bekele TG, Zhao H, Wang Y, Jiang J, Tan F. Measurement and prediction of bioconcentration factors of organophosphate flame retardants in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:270-276. [PMID: 30273850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the production and usage plus the toxicity nature of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has become a concern. However, limited information is available about the bioaccumulation potential of OPFRs in fish. In this study, we determined the 96 h LC50 s, and evaluated the bioaccumulation potential of six most frequently reported OPFRs in gill, kidney, liver, and muscle tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for 48 d, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed to predict bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the remaining 16 OPFRs. The BCFs and half-lives (t1/2) in the tissues ranged from 6.54 (Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, (TCPP)) to 528.15 (Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)), and 2.25-5.78 days, respectively. The tissue-specific concentration and BCFs values followed the order of liver > kidney ≥ intestine >> muscle. The proposed QSAR model with a high cross-validated value (Q2(cum)) of 0.930 and a correlation coefficient of 0.94 was obtained and was able to predict log BCF from parameters related to molar volume and isotropic average static field polarizability. The results show that the model has a high level of accuracy, making the proposed approach a suitable method for predicting the log BCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Department of Natural Resource Management, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingqiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Okeme JO, Rodgers TFM, Jantunen LM, Diamond ML. Examining the Gas-Particle Partitioning of Organophosphate Esters: How Reliable Are Air Measurements? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13834-13844. [PMID: 30362729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in air have been found to be captured entirely on filters of typical active air samplers and thus designated as being in the particle phase. However, this particle fraction is unexpected, especially for more volatile tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP). We evaluated gas-particle partitioning in indoor and outdoor air for OPEs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using single-parameter models (Junge-Pankow, Harner-Bidleman) and poly-parameter linear free energy relationship (pp-LFER) models. We also used the pp-LFER to estimate filter-air partitioning in active air samplers. We found that all gas-particle partitioning models predicted that TCEP and TCIPP should be in the gas phase, contrary to measurements. The pp-LFER better accounted for OPE measurements than the single-parameter models, except for TCEP and TCIPP. Gas-particle partitioning of PBDEs was reasonably explained by all models. The pp-LFER for filter-air partitioning showed that gas-phase sorption to glass and especially quartz fiber filters used for active air samplers could account for up to 100% of filter capture and explain the high particle fractions reported for TCIPP, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate TDCIPP, and triphenyl phosphate TPhP, but not TCEP. The misclassification of gas-particle partitioning can result in erroneous estimates of the fraction of chemical subject to gas-phase reactions and atmospheric scavenging and, hence, atmospheric long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Okeme
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - Timothy F M Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , 6248 Eighth Line Egbert , ON L0L 1N0 , Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , 22 Russell Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3B1 , Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3E5 , Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , 22 Russell Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3B1 , Canada
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122
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Wang Y, Wu X, Zhang Q, Zhao H, Hou M, Xie Q, Chen J. Occurrence, distribution, and air-water exchange of organophosphorus flame retardants in a typical coastal area of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:335-344. [PMID: 30077929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected ubiquitously in the air and water worldwide, but no study has focused on their air-water exchange process. Here, we investigated the concentrations, distributions, and seasonal variations of OPFRs in the coastal air and water of Dalian, China. The total concentrations of 10 OPFRs in the air based on passive air sampling ranged from 0.50 to 20.0 ng/m3, while the concentrations of OPFRs in the water dissolved phase ranged from 48.3 to 681 ng/L. Relatively high concentrations were mainly discovered near the industry areas or river estuaries, suggesting that point sources along the coastline may significantly influence the local OPFR concentrations. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most dominant congener followed by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), which was consistent with their high production and persistence. The air-water gaseous exchanges of OPFRs were estimated for the first time according to their concentrations in gaseous and dissolved phases. Generally, the gaseous exchange fluxes varied with sampling site and period. TCIPP showed the highest gaseous deposition flux of -395 ± 1211 ng/(m2 d), while TCEP showed the highest emission flux of 1414 ± 2093 ng/(m2 d). The dry deposition fluxes of OPFRs (0.05-822 ng/(m2 d)) were also calculated based on their particle fractions in the air. The result suggested that both gaseous exchange and particle deposition processes significantly influenced the air-water transport of OPFRs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Minmin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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123
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Zeng X, Hu Q, He L, Liu Z, Gao S, Yu Z. Occurrence, distribution and ecological risks of organophosphate esters and synthetic musks in sediments from the Hun River. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:178-183. [PMID: 29804014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Hun River is an important main tributary of the Liao River system. It is located in northeast China, and provides water resources for agriculture and industry. A man made reservoir (Dahuofang Reservoir, DHF) has been constructed mid-stream in the Hun River, supplying drinking water to surrounding cities. Pollution from organic contaminants is of great concern. In the present study, 40 sediment samples were collected and analyzed for the occurrence and distribution of two groups of emerging organic pollutants; namely, organophosphate esters (OPs) and synthetic musks (SMs). In all samples taken from upstream of the Hun River (UHR), downstream of the Hun River (DHR), and from DHF, the following concentrations were recorded: 0.141-4.39, 1.21-245, and 0.117-0.726 µg/kg galaxolide (HHCB), and 0.098-3.82, 2.79-213, 0.430-0.956 µg/kg tonalide (AHTN), respectively. For OPs, seven target analytes were detected in most of the sediment samples, with chlorinated OPs Tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate being the dominant components, at levels varied in the range of LOD-0.810, ND-49.6, and 0.532-3.18 µg/kg, and LOD-0.786, ND-60.1, and 0.352-1.32 µg/kg from UHR, DHR and DHF, respectively. The elevated levels of these target compounds were detected in DHR, including its two main tributaries, Xi River and Pu River, which drain through cities with industrial development and dense populations. Our results indicate that domestic and industrial wastewater contributed to OPs and SMs sediment pollution, posing low to medium ecological risks to sediment dwelling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixiong He
- Guangzhou Hexin Analyt Instrument Co Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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124
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Wong F, de Wit CA, Newton SR. Concentrations and variability of organophosphate esters, halogenated flame retardants, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor and outdoor air in Stockholm, Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:514-522. [PMID: 29758525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the concentrations and temporal variability of organophospate esters (OPEs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor and outdoor urban air in Stockholm, Sweden over one year (2014-2015) period. The median concentrations of the three target chemical groups (OPEs, HFRs, PBDEs) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher in indoor air than outdoor urban air. OPEs were the most abundant target FRs with median concentrations in indoor (Σ10OPE = 340 000 pg/m3) and outdoor urban (Σ10OPEs = 3100 pg/m3) air, being 3 orders of magnitude greater than for HFRs in indoor (Σ15HFRs = 120 pg/m3) and outdoor urban (Σ15HFRs = 1.6 pg/m3) air. In indoor air, PBDE concentrations (Σ17PBDEs = 33 pg/m3) were lower than for the HFRs, but in outdoor urban air, concentrations (Σ17PBDEs = 1.1 pg/m3) were similar to HFRs. The most abundant OPEs in both the indoor and outdoor urban air were tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP), tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TDCIPP). TCIPP in indoor air was found in the highest concentrations and showed the greatest temporal variability, which ranged from 85 000 to 1 900 000 pg/m3 during the one-year sampling period. We speculate that activities in the building, e.g. floor cleaning, polishing, construction, introduction of new electronics and changes in ventilation rate could explain its variation. Some OPEs (TnBP, TCEP, TCIPP, TDCIPP and TPhP), HFRs/PBDEs (pentabromotoluene, 2, 3-dibromopropyl 2, 4, 6-tribromophenyl ether, hexabromobenzene, BDE-28, -47, and -99) in outdoor urban air showed seasonality, with increased concentrations during the warm period (p < 0.05, Pearson's r ranged from -0.45 to -0.91). The observed seasonality for OPEs was probably due to changes in primary emission, and those for the HFRs and PBDEs was likely due to re-volatilization from contaminated surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Wong
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seth R Newton
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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125
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McDonough CA, De Silva AO, Sun C, Cabrerizo A, Adelman D, Soltwedel T, Bauerfeind E, Muir DCG, Lohmann R. Dissolved Organophosphate Esters and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Remote Marine Environments: Arctic Surface Water Distributions and Net Transport through Fram Strait. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6208-6216. [PMID: 29787253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been found in remote environments at unexpectedly high concentrations, but very few measurements of OPE concentrations in seawater are available, and none are available in subsurface seawater. In this study, passive polyethylene samplers (PEs) deployed on deep-water moorings in the Fram Strait and in surface waters of Canadian Arctic lakes and coastal sites were analyzed for a suite of common OPEs. Total OPEs ( ∑11OPE) at deep-water sites were dominated by chlorinated OPEs, and ranged from 6.3 to 440 pg/L. Concentrations were similar in eastern and western Fram Strait. Chlorinated OPEs were also dominant in Canadian Arctic surface waters (mean concentration ranged from < DL to 4400 pg/L), while nonhalogenated alkyl/aryl-substituted OPEs remained low (1.3-55 pg/L), possibly due to the greater long-range transport potential of chlorinated OPEs. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were found at much lower concentrations than OPEs (<DL-14 pg/L). Surface-water concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were similar for both active and passive sampling approaches. Several OPEs were estimated to be undergoing net transport out of the Arctic, ranging from 17 kg/yr for ethylhexyldiphenylphosphate (EHDPP) to 3400 kg/yr for tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP). This study highlights the importance of OPEs as poorly understood contaminants present at unexpectedly high concentrations in remote marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A McDonough
- Graduate School of Oceanography , University of Rhode Island , 215 South Ferry Road , Narragansett , Rhode Island 02882 , United States
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate , Environmental and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Caoxin Sun
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
| | - Ana Cabrerizo
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate , Environmental and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - David Adelman
- Graduate School of Oceanography , University of Rhode Island , 215 South Ferry Road , Narragansett , Rhode Island 02882 , United States
| | - Thomas Soltwedel
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research , Am Handelshafen 12 , 27570 Bremerhaven , Germany
| | - Eduard Bauerfeind
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research , Am Handelshafen 12 , 27570 Bremerhaven , Germany
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science Technology Directorate , Environmental and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography , University of Rhode Island , 215 South Ferry Road , Narragansett , Rhode Island 02882 , United States
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126
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Zhong M, Wu H, Mi W, Li F, Ji C, Ebinghaus R, Tang J, Xie Z. Occurrences and distribution characteristics of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in the sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1305-1311. [PMID: 29751435 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and distribution characteristics of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in surface sediment samples were analyzed and discussed for the first time in the open Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS). Three halogenated OPEs [tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP)] and five non-halogenated OPEs [tri-isobutyl phosphate (TiBP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tripentyl phosphate (TPeP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)] were detected in this region. The concentrations of eight OPEs in total (Σ8OPEs) ranged from 83 to 4552pgg-1dry weight (dw). The halogenated OPEs showed higher abundances than the non-halogenated ones did, with TCEP, TCPP, and TEHP the main compounds. Generally, concentrations of OPEs in the BS were higher than those in the YS. Riverine input (mainly the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW)) and deposition effect in the mud areas might have influenced the spatial distributions of OPEs. Correlation between OPE concentrations and total organic carbon (TOC) indicated TOC was an effective indicator for the distribution of OPEs. Inventory analysis of OPEs implied that sea sediment might not be the major reservoir of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Analytical Laboratory, Max-Planck-Strasse 2, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Yantai 264003, PR China.
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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Li J, Tang J, Mi W, Tian C, Emeis KC, Ebinghaus R, Xie Z. Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Organophosphate Esters in Air above the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:89-97. [PMID: 29185734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nine organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in air samples collected over the Bohai and Yellow Seas (East Asia) during a research cruise between June 28 and July 13, 2016. These same OPEs were quantified at a research site (North Huangcheng Island, NHI) in the middle of the Bohai Strait from May 16, 2015, to March 21, 2016. The median total OPE (ΣOPE) concentration over the Bohai and Yellow Seas was 280 pg/m3. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) (TCPP) was the most abundant OPE, followed by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP). Particle-bound OPEs accounted for 51 ± 21% of the total OPEs. On NHI, the median ΣOPE concentration was 210 pg/m3, and the average particle-bound fraction was 82 ± 17%. For samples collected on NHI, significant negative linear correlations were found between the gaseous OPEs and 1/T (T: temperature (K)) (except TDCP, TPeP, and TCP). Among the 79 investigated samples, significant correlations between the measured OPE gas/particle partitioning coefficients (Kp,m) and subcooled liquid pressure (PL◦) (p < 0.05) were found for only 14 samples, suggesting that OPEs have low potential to achieve equilibrium or ascribe to the artificial sampling. The annual dry deposition input of OPEs into the Bohai and Yellow Seas is estimated to be 12 tons/year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht 21502, Germany
- School of Integrated Climate System Sciences, University of Hamburg , Hamburg 20144, Germany
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS , Yantai 264003, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Analytical Laboratory, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS , Yantai 264003, China
| | - Kay-Christian Emeis
- Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht 21502, Germany
- School of Integrated Climate System Sciences, University of Hamburg , Hamburg 20144, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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