101
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Liu G, Zhang Y, van der Mark E, Magic-Knezev A, Pinto A, van den Bogert B, Liu W, van der Meer W, Medema G. Assessing the origin of bacteria in tap water and distribution system in an unchlorinated drinking water system by SourceTracker using microbial community fingerprints. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 138:86-96. [PMID: 29573632 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The general consensus is that the abundance of tap water bacteria is greatly influenced by water purification and distribution. Those bacteria that are released from biofilm in the distribution system are especially considered as the major potential risk for drinking water bio-safety. For the first time, this full-scale study has captured and identified the proportional contribution of the source water, treated water, and distribution system in shaping the tap water bacterial community based on their microbial community fingerprints using the Bayesian "SourceTracker" method. The bacterial community profiles and diversity analyses illustrated that the water purification process shaped the community of planktonic and suspended particle-associated bacteria in treated water. The bacterial communities associated with suspended particles, loose deposits, and biofilm were similar to each other, while the community of tap water planktonic bacteria varied across different locations in distribution system. The microbial source tracking results showed that there was not a detectable contribution of source water to bacterial community in the tap water and distribution system. The planktonic bacteria in the treated water was the major contributor to planktonic bacteria in the tap water (17.7-54.1%). The particle-associated bacterial community in the treated water seeded the bacterial community associated with loose deposits (24.9-32.7%) and biofilm (37.8-43.8%) in the distribution system. In return, the loose deposits and biofilm showed a significant influence on tap water planktonic and particle-associated bacteria, which were location dependent and influenced by hydraulic changes. This was revealed by the increased contribution of loose deposits to tap water planktonic bacteria (from 2.5% to 38.0%) and an increased contribution of biofilm to tap water particle-associated bacteria (from 5.9% to 19.7%) caused by possible hydraulic disturbance from proximal to distal regions. Therefore, our findings indicate that the tap water bacteria could possibly be managed by selecting and operating the purification process properly and cleaning the distribution system effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Oasen Water Company, P.O. Box 122, 2800AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Ed van der Mark
- Dunea Water Company, P.O. Box 756, 2700 AT, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ameet Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, United States
| | | | - Wentso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Walter van der Meer
- Oasen Water Company, P.O. Box 122, 2800AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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102
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Zhang J, Li W, Chen J, Qi W, Wang F, Zhou Y. Impact of biofilm formation and detachment on the transmission of bacterial antibiotic resistance in drinking water distribution systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:368-380. [PMID: 29627603 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing awareness of the antibiotic-resistance crisis and its implications for public health among clinicians, researchers, politicians, and the public. We studied bacterial antibiotic resistance transition and the role of biofilms in a drinking water distribution system (DWDS). We tracked several different antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) with resistance to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, and norfloxacin for one year in a DWDS. The results indicated that the amount of ARB increased in tap water, presumably due to biofilm detachment. The effect of biofilm detachment on the transmission of antibiotic resistance from biofilms to tap water was explored by using a bacterial annular reactor. The percentage of ARB of inlet water, outlet water, and biofilms ranged from 0.26% to 9.85%, 1.08%-16.29%, and 0.52%-29.97%, respectively in a chlorinated system, and from 0.23% to 9.89%, 0.84%-16.84%, and 0.35%-17.77%, respectively, in a chloraminated system. The relative abundances of antibiotic resistance Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, and Bradyrhizobium were higher in outlet water than in inlet water, as determined by high throughout sequencing. The amount of ARB percentage varied with the concentration of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells (r = 0.21, n = 160, P < 0.05) in biofilm, suggesting a higher antibiotic resistance mutation rate in VBNC cells. Our results suggest that biofilm detachment was promoted by disinfectant and affected the overall bacterial antibiotic resistance of microbes in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weiying Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jiping Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wanqi Qi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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103
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Chen J, Li N, Xie S, Chen C. Biofilm and planktonic bacterial communities in a drinking water distribution system supplied with untreated groundwater. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:1323-1331. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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104
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Proctor CR, Reimann M, Vriens B, Hammes F. Biofilms in shower hoses. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 131:274-286. [PMID: 29304381 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Shower hoses offer an excellent bacterial growth environment in close proximity to a critical end-user exposure route within building drinking water plumbing. However, the health risks associated with and processes underlying the development of biofilms in shower hoses are poorly studied. In a global survey, biofilms from 78 shower hoses from 11 countries were characterized in terms of cell concentration (4.1 × 104-5.8 × 108 cells/cm2), metal accumulation (including iron, lead, and copper), and microbiome composition (including presence of potential opportunistic pathogens). In countries using disinfectant, biofilms had on average lower cell concentrations and diversity. Metal accumulation (up to 5 μg-Fe/cm2, 75 ng-Pb/cm2, and 460 ng-Cu/cm2) seemed to be partially responsible for discoloration in biofilms, and likely originated from other pipes upstream in the building. While some genera that may contain potential opportunistic pathogens (Legionella, detected in 21/78 shower hoses) were positively correlated with biofilm cell concentration, others (Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas) had surprisingly non-existent or negative correlations with biofilm cell concentrations. In a controlled study, 15 identical shower hoses were installed for the same time period in the same country, and both stagnant and flowing water samples were collected. Ecological theory of dispersal and selection helped to explain microbiome composition and diversity of different sample types. Shower hose age was related to metal accumulation but not biofilm cell concentration, while frequency of use appeared to influence biofilm cell concentration. This study shows that shower hose biofilms are clearly a critical element of building drinking water plumbing, and a potential target for building drinking water plumbing monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Proctor
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Reimann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bas Vriens
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Hammes
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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105
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Montoya-Pachongo C, Douterelo I, Noakes C, Camargo-Valero MA, Sleigh A, Escobar-Rivera JC, Torres-Lozada P. Field assessment of bacterial communities and total trihalomethanes: Implications for drinking water networks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:345-354. [PMID: 29126052 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Operation and maintenance (O&M) of drinking water distribution networks (DWDNs) in tropical countries simultaneously face the control of acute and chronic risks due to the presence of microorganisms and disinfection by-products, respectively. In this study, results from a detailed field characterization of microbiological, chemical and infrastructural parameters of a tropical-climate DWDN are presented. Water physicochemical parameters and the characteristics of the network were assessed to evaluate the relationship between abiotic and microbiological factors and their association with the presence of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). Illumina sequencing of the bacterial 16s rRNA gene revealed significant differences in the composition of biofilm and planktonic communities. The highly diverse biofilm communities showed the presence of methylotrophic bacteria, which suggest the presence of methyl radicals such as THMs within this habitat. Microbiological parameters correlated with water age, pH, temperature and free residual chlorine. The results from this study are necessary to increase the awareness of O&M practices in DWDNs required to reduce biofilm formation and maintain appropriate microbiological and chemical water quality, in relation to biofilm detachment and DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montoya-Pachongo
- Institute for Public Health and Environmental Engineering (iPHEE), School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Isabel Douterelo
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Sir Frederick Mappin Building, The University of Sheffield, Mappin St., Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Catherine Noakes
- Institute for Public Health and Environmental Engineering (iPHEE), School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Miller Alonso Camargo-Valero
- Institute for Public Health and Environmental Engineering (iPHEE), School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Campus La Nubia, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Andrew Sleigh
- Institute for Public Health and Environmental Engineering (iPHEE), School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Patricia Torres-Lozada
- Grupo de Investigación Estudio y Control de la Contaminación Ambiental (ECCA), Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia
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106
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Hijnen WAM, Schurer R, Bahlman JA, Ketelaars HAM, Italiaander R, van der Wal A, van der Wielen PWJJ. Slowly biodegradable organic compounds impact the biostability of non-chlorinated drinking water produced from surface water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 129:240-251. [PMID: 29153877 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
It is possible to distribute drinking water without a disinfectant residual when the treated water is biologically stable. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of easily and slowly biodegradable compounds on the biostability of the drinking water at three full-scale production plants which use the same surface water, and on the regrowth conditions in the related distribution systems. Easily biodegradable compounds in the drinking water were determined with AOC-P17/Nox during 2012-2015. Slowly biodegradable organic compounds measured as particulate and/or high-molecular organic carbon (PHMOC), were monitored at the inlet and after the different treatment stages of the three treatments during the same period. The results show that PHMOC (300-470 μg C L-1) was approximately 10% of the TOC in the surface water and was removed to 50-100 μg C L-1. The PHMOC in the water consisted of 40-60% of carbohydrates and 10% of proteins. A significant and strong positive correlation was observed for PHMOC concentrations and two recently introduced bioassay methods for slowly biodegradable compounds (AOC-A3 and biomass production potential, BPC14). Moreover, these three parameters in the biological active carbon effluent (BACF) of the three plants showed a positive correlation with regrowth in the drinking water distribution system, which was assessed with Aeromonas, heterotrophic plate counts, coliforms and large invertebrates. In contrast, the AOC-P17/Nox concentrations did not correlate with these regrowth parameters. We therefore conclude that slowly biodegradable compounds in the treated water from these treatment plants seem to have a greater impact on regrowth in the distribution system than easily biodegradable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A M Hijnen
- Evides Water Company, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL Rotterdam, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - R Schurer
- Evides Water Company, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A Bahlman
- Evides Water Company, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H A M Ketelaars
- Evides Water Company, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Italiaander
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - A van der Wal
- Evides Water Company, PO Box 4472, 3006 AL Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P W J J van der Wielen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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107
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Yang F, Shi B, Zhang W, Cui J, Guo J, Wang D, Wu N, Liu X. Pyrosequencing analysis of source water switch and sulfate-induced bacterial community transformation in simulated drinking water distribution pipes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:28220-28238. [PMID: 29022243 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inter-basin water transfer and source water switching will be increasingly launched due to significant population increase and the shortage of the local water resources in cities around the world. Source water switch may cause physiochemical and microbiological de-stabilization of pipe material, biofilms, and loose deposits in drinking water distribution system (DWDS). Great sulfate alteration during source water switch had been deemed as the main cause of a red water case that occurred in a northern China city. To ascertain the relationship between water quality changing and bacterial communities of biofilms in DWDS and possible bacteria risk in a red water case, water quality changing experiments in simulated DWDSs were conducted for approximately 2 years. Twenty-five corrosion scale samples and eight water samples collected from pipe harvest sites or during experimental periods were analyzed for their bacterial community composition by 454-pyrosequencing technology. Taxonomy results together with redundancy analysis (RDA) or canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis all indicated that bacterial community of samples with groundwater (GW) or surface water (SW) supply history and their variations under high sulfate water were rather different owing to different water source histories and the original pipe scale characteristics. Potential opportunistic pathogens: Burkholderia, Escherichia-Shigella, Mycobacterium, Serratia, Ralstonia, Novosphingobium, Flavobacterium, Sphingomonas, and Sphingopyxis were observed in scale or water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jing Cui
- College of Agronomy and Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Jianbo Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Tianjin Chengjian University, 26 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Nan Wu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, 22 Jinjing Road, Tianjin, 300384, China
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108
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Liu G, Tao Y, Zhang Y, Lut M, Knibbe WJ, van der Wielen P, Liu W, Medema G, van der Meer W. Hotspots for selected metal elements and microbes accumulation and the corresponding water quality deterioration potential in an unchlorinated drinking water distribution system. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:435-445. [PMID: 28787681 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation, loose deposit accumulation and water quality deterioration in drinking water distribution systems have been widely reported. However, the accumulation and distribution of harbored elements and microbes in the different niches (loose deposits, PVC-U biofilm, and HDPE biofilm) and their corresponding potential contribution to water quality deterioration remain unknown. This precludes an in-depth understanding of water quality deterioration and the development of proactive management strategies. The present study quantitatively evaluated the distribution of elements, ATP, Aeromonas spp., and bacterial communities in distribution pipes (PVC-U, D = 110 mm, loose deposit and biofilm niches) and household connection pipes (HDPE, D = 32 mm, HDPE biofilm niches) at ten locations in an unchlorinated distribution system. The results show that loose deposits in PVC-U pipes, acting as sinks, constitute a hotspot (highest total amount per meter pipe) for elements, ATP, and target bacteria groups (e.g., Aeromonas spp., Mycobacterium spp., and Legionella spp.). When drinking water distribution system niches with harbored elements and microbes become sources in the event of disturbances, the highest quality deterioration potential (QDP) is that of HDPE biofilm; this can be attributed to its high surface-to-volume ratio. 16s rRNA analysis demonstrates that, at the genus level, the bacterial communities in the water, loose deposits, PVC-U biofilm, and HDPE biofilm were dominated, respectively, by Polaromonas spp. (2-23%), Nitrosipra spp. (1-47%), Flavobacterium spp. (1-36%), and Flavobacterium spp. (5-67%). The combined results of elemental composition and bacterial community analyses indicate that different dominant bio-chemical processes might occur within the different niches-for example, iron-arsenic oxidizing in loose deposits, bio-calumniation in PVC-U biofilm, and methane oxidizing in HDPE biofilm. The release of 20% loose deposits, 20% PVC-U biofilm and 10% HDPE biofilm will cause significant changes of water bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Oasen Water Company, P.O. Box 122, 2800AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Maarten Lut
- Oasen Water Company, P.O. Box 122, 2800AC, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul van der Wielen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8033, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wentso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Walter van der Meer
- Oasen Water Company, P.O. Box 122, 2800AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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109
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Lesaulnier CC, Herbold CW, Pelikan C, Berry D, Gérard C, Le Coz X, Gagnot S, Niggemann J, Dittmar T, Singer GA, Loy A. Bottled aqua incognita: microbiota assembly and dissolved organic matter diversity in natural mineral waters. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:126. [PMID: 28938908 PMCID: PMC5610417 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-carbonated natural mineral waters contain microorganisms that regularly grow after bottling despite low concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Yet, the compositions of bottled water microbiota and organic substrates that fuel microbial activity, and how both change after bottling, are still largely unknown. RESULTS We performed a multifaceted analysis of microbiota and DOM diversity in 12 natural mineral waters from six European countries. 16S rRNA gene-based analyses showed that less than 10 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs) dominated the bacterial communities in the water phase and associated with the bottle wall after a short phase of post-bottling growth. Members of the betaproteobacterial genera Curvibacter, Aquabacterium, and Polaromonas (Comamonadaceae) grew in most waters and represent ubiquitous, mesophilic, heterotrophic aerobes in bottled waters. Ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry of DOM in bottled waters and their corresponding source waters identified thousands of molecular formulae characteristic of mostly refractory, soil-derived DOM. CONCLUSIONS The bottle environment, including source water physicochemistry, selected for growth of a similar low-diversity microbiota across various bottled waters. Relative abundance changes of hundreds of multi-carbon molecules were related to growth of less than ten abundant OTUs. We thus speculate that individual bacteria cope with oligotrophic conditions by simultaneously consuming diverse DOM molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine C Lesaulnier
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Craig W Herbold
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Pelikan
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cédric Gérard
- Nestec Ltd., Route du Jorat 57, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Le Coz
- Nestec Ltd., Route du Jorat 57, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Gagnot
- Nestec Ltd., Route du Jorat 57, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Niggemann
- University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, ICBM-MPI Bridging Group for Marine Geochemistry, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- University of Oldenburg, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, ICBM-MPI Bridging Group for Marine Geochemistry, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel A Singer
- Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Loy
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry meets Microbiology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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110
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Liu G, Zhang Y, Knibbe WJ, Feng C, Liu W, Medema G, van der Meer W. Potential impacts of changing supply-water quality on drinking water distribution: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 116:135-148. [PMID: 28329709 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the development of water purification technologies and water quality regulations, the use of better source water and/or upgraded water treatment processes to improve drinking water quality have become common practices worldwide. However, even though these elements lead to improved water quality, the water quality may be impacted during its distribution through piped networks due to the processes such as pipe material release, biofilm formation and detachment, accumulation and resuspension of loose deposits. Irregular changes in supply-water quality may cause physiochemical and microbiological de-stabilization of pipe material, biofilms and loose deposits in the distribution system that have been established over decades and may harbor components that cause health or esthetical issues (brown water). Even though it is clearly relevant to customers' health (e.g., recent Flint water crisis), until now, switching of supply-water quality is done without any systematic evaluation. This article reviews the contaminants that develop in the water distribution system and their characteristics, as well as the possible transition effects during the switching of treated water quality by destabilization and the release of pipe material and contaminants into the water and the subsequent risks. At the end of this article, a framework is proposed for the evaluation of potential transition effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Oasen Drinkwater, PO BOX 122, 2800 AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Cuijie Feng
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wentso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gertjan Medema
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Walter van der Meer
- Oasen Drinkwater, PO BOX 122, 2800 AC, Gouda, The Netherlands; Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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111
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Van Nevel S, Buysschaert B, De Roy K, De Gusseme B, Clement L, Boon N. Flow cytometry for immediate follow-up of drinking water networks after maintenance. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 111:66-73. [PMID: 28043001 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water networks need maintenance every once in a while, either planned interventions or emergency repairs. When this involves opening of the water pipes, precautionary measures need to be taken to avoid contamination of the drinking water at all time. Drinking water suppliers routinely apply plating for faecal indicator organisms as quality control in such a situation. However, this takes at least 21 h of waiting time, which can be crucial when dealing with major supply pipes. A combination of flow cytometric (FCM) bacterial cell counts with FCM fingerprinting techniques is proposed in this study as a fast and sensitive additional technique. In three full scale situations, major supply pipes with 400-1050 mm diameter were emptied for maintenance, shock-chlorinated and flushed with large amounts of clean drinking water before taking back in operation. FCM measurements of the discharged flushing water revealed fast lowering and stabilizing bacterial concentrations once flushing is initiated. Immediate comparison with clean reference drinking water used for flushing was done, and the moment when both waters had similar bacterial concentrations was considered as the endpoint of the necessary flushing works. This was usually after 2-4 h of flushing. FCM fingerprinting, based on both bacteria and FCM background, was used as additional method to verify how similar flushing and reference samples were and yielded similar results. The FCM approved samples were several hours later approved as well by the drinking water supplier after plating and incubation for total Coliforms and Enterococci. These were used as decisive control to set the pipes back in operation. FCM proved to be a more conservative test than plating, yet it yielded immediate results. Application of these FCM methods can therefore avoid long unnecessary waiting times and large drinking water losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Van Nevel
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Buysschaert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Karen De Roy
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Gusseme
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium; Engineering TMVW (FARYS), Stropstraat 1, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Clement
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S9, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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van der Kooij D, Bakker GL, Italiaander R, Veenendaal HR, Wullings BA. Biofilm Composition and Threshold Concentration for Growth of Legionella pneumophila on Surfaces Exposed to Flowing Warm Tap Water without Disinfectant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02737-16. [PMID: 28062459 PMCID: PMC5311405 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02737-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila in potable water installations poses a potential health risk, but quantitative information about its replication in biofilms in relation to water quality is scarce. Therefore, biofilm formation on the surfaces of glass and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) in contact with tap water at 34 to 39°C was investigated under controlled hydraulic conditions in a model system inoculated with biofilm-grown L. pneumophila The biofilm on glass (average steady-state concentration, 23 ± 9 pg ATP cm-2) exposed to treated aerobic groundwater (0.3 mg C liter-1; 1 μg assimilable organic carbon [AOC] liter-1) did not support growth of the organism, which also disappeared from the biofilm on CPVC (49 ± 9 pg ATP cm-2) after initial growth. L. pneumophila attained a level of 4.3 log CFU cm-2 in the biofilms on glass (1,055 ± 225 pg ATP cm-2) and CPVC (2,755 ± 460 pg ATP cm-2) exposed to treated anaerobic groundwater (7.9 mg C liter-1; 10 μg AOC liter-1). An elevated biofilm concentration and growth of L. pneumophila were also observed with tap water from the laboratory. The Betaproteobacteria Piscinibacter and Methyloversatilis and amoeba-resisting Alphaproteobacteria predominated in the clones and isolates retrieved from the biofilms. In the biofilms, the Legionella colony count correlated significantly with the total cell count (TCC), heterotrophic plate count, ATP concentration, and presence of Vermamoeba vermiformis This amoeba was rarely detected at biofilm concentrations of <100 pg ATP cm-2 A threshold concentration of approximately 50 pg ATP cm-2 (TCC = 1 × 106 to 2 × 106 cells cm-2) was derived for growth of L. pneumophila in biofilms.IMPORTANCELegionella pneumophila is the etiologic agent in more than 10,000 cases of Legionnaires' disease that are reported annually worldwide and in most of the drinking water-associated disease outbreaks reported in the United States. The organism proliferates in biofilms on surfaces exposed to warm water in engineered freshwater installations. An investigation with a test system supplied with different types of warm drinking water without disinfectant under controlled hydraulic conditions showed that treated aerobic groundwater (0.3 mg liter-1 of organic carbon) induced a low biofilm concentration that supported no or very limited growth of L. pneumophila Elevated biofilm concentrations and L. pneumophila colony counts were observed on surfaces exposed to two types of extensively treated groundwater, containing 1.8 and 7.9 mg C liter-1 and complying with the microbial water quality criteria during distribution. Control measures in warm tap water installations are therefore essential for preventing growth of L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bart A Wullings
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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113
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Effectiveness of Devices to Monitor Biofouling and Metals Deposition on Plumbing Materials Exposed to a Full-Scale Drinking Water Distribution System. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169140. [PMID: 28060947 PMCID: PMC5218461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A Modified Robbins Device (MRD) was installed in a full-scale water distribution system to investigate biofouling and metal depositions on concrete, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and stainless steel surfaces. Bulk water monitoring and a KIWA monitor (with glass media) were used to offline monitor biofilm development on pipe wall surfaces. Results indicated that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and metal concentrations on coupons increased with time. However, bacterial diversities decreased. There was a positive correlation between increase of ATP and metal deposition on pipe surfaces of stainless steel and HDPE and no correlation was observed on concrete and glass surfaces. The shared bacterial diversity between bulk water and MRD was less than 20% and the diversity shared between the MRD and KIWA monitor was only 10%. The bacterial diversity on biofilm of plumbing material of MRD however, did not show a significant difference suggesting a lack of influence from plumbing material during early stage of biofilm development.
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114
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Braun B, Schröder J, Knecht H, Szewzyk U. Unraveling the microbial community of a cold groundwater catchment system. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 107:113-126. [PMID: 27837729 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The abundance, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in water wells with low groundwater temperatures were assessed. The drinking water catchment system, equipped with subsurface groundwater treatment for iron- and manganese removal, is located within a continental influenced veldt landscape type in eastern Russia, close to the border to China. In this study, the bacterial communities in 22 different water wells of the catchment system were analyzed and correlated to operating conditions and environmental factors. The investigated bacterial treated and groundwater populations differed from those in central European groundwater. Large variations between the investigated samples were observed, and DGGE profiles of water samples from the beginning and the end of the abstraction phases revealed two distinct fingerprint clusters with about 82% similarity to each other corresponding to the operation mode of the wells. Sequence data analysis from 454 pyrosequencing indicated Rhodoferax and Gallionella as the most abundant genera within the catchment system. The abundance of the OTU Methylotenera was statistically significant when correlated to the beginning of the abstraction phases, while no indicator OTUs could be determined for the end of the pumping phases. ACK-M1 cluster was proofed as indicator OTU for operating wells, whereas the Gallionella OTUs were correlated with non operating wells. Well operation and resultant oxygen entry could serve as factors that altered the bacterial community structure and composition the most. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that genes related to the iron-reducing Rhodoferax genus were present in nearly all of the samples. This study clearly showed an alteration within the bacterial communities dependent on the operation mode of the water wells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burga Braun
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst Reuter Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Josephin Schröder
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst Reuter Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Knecht
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 2(nd) Medical Department, Campus Kiel, Chemnitzstr. 33, 24116, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Szewzyk
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Ernst Reuter Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany
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115
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Liu J, Chen H, Yao L, Wei Z, Lou L, Shan Y, Endalkachew SD, Mallikarjuna N, Hu B, Zhou X. The spatial distribution of pollutants in pipe-scale of large-diameter pipelines in a drinking water distribution system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:27-35. [PMID: 27244696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In large-diameter drinking water pipelines, spatial differences in hydraulic and physiochemical conditions may also result in spatial variations in pipe corrosion, biofilm growth and pollutant accumulation. In this article, the spatial distributions of various metals and organic contaminants in two 19-year-old grey cast iron pipes which had an internal diameter of 600mm (DN600), were investigated and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Energy Dispersive Spectrometer, X-ray Diffraction, etc. The spatial distribution of heavy metals varied significantly across the pipe section, and iron, manganese, lead, copper, and chromium were highest in concentration in the upper portion pipe-scales. However, the highest aluminum and zinc content was detected in the lower portion pipe-scales. Apart from some common types of hydrocarbons formed by microbial metabolites, there were also some microalgae metabolites and exogenous contaminants accumulated in pipe-scale, which also exhibited high diversity between different spatial locations. The spatial distributions of the physical and chemical properties of pipe-scale and contaminants were quite different in large-diameter pipes. The finding put forward higher requirements on the research method about drinking water distribution system chemical safety. And the scientific community need understand trend and dynamics of drinking water pipe systems better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqing Liu
- College of Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanyu Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Binhai Industrial Technology Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Tianjin 300000, China
| | - Lingdan Yao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zongyuan Wei
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liping Lou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yonggui Shan
- Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | | | - Nadagouda Mallikarjuna
- Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NRMRL, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Baolan Hu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Shaoxing Water Environmental Science Institute Co. Ltd, Zhejiang 312000, China
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116
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Liu J, Ren H, Ye X, Wang W, Liu Y, Lou L, Cheng D, He X, Zhou X, Qiu S, Fu L, Hu B. Bacterial community radial-spatial distribution in biofilms along pipe wall in chlorinated drinking water distribution system of East China. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:749-759. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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117
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Liu S, Gunawan C, Barraud N, Rice SA, Harry EJ, Amal R. Understanding, Monitoring, and Controlling Biofilm Growth in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8954-8976. [PMID: 27479445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), biofilms are the predominant mode of microbial growth, with the presence of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) protecting the biomass from environmental and shear stresses. Biofilm formation poses a significant problem to the drinking water industry as a potential source of bacterial contamination, including pathogens, and, in many cases, also affecting the taste and odor of drinking water and promoting the corrosion of pipes. This article critically reviews important research findings on biofilm growth in DWDS, examining the factors affecting their formation and characteristics as well as the various technologies to characterize and monitor and, ultimately, to control their growth. Research indicates that temperature fluctuations potentially affect not only the initial bacteria-to-surface attachment but also the growth rates of biofilms. For the latter, the effect is unique for each type of biofilm-forming bacteria; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, for example, grow more-developed biofilms at a typical summer temperature of 22 °C compared to 12 °C in fall, and the opposite occurs for the pathogenic Vibrio cholerae. Recent investigations have found the formation of thinner yet denser biofilms under high and turbulent flow regimes of drinking water, in comparison to the more porous and loosely attached biofilms at low flow rates. Furthermore, in addition to the rather well-known tendency of significant biofilm growth on corrosion-prone metal pipes, research efforts also found leaching of growth-promoting organic compounds from the increasingly popular use of polymer-based pipes. Knowledge of the unique microbial members of drinking water biofilms and, importantly, the influence of water characteristics and operational conditions on their growth can be applied to optimize various operational parameters to minimize biofilm accumulation. More-detailed characterizations of the biofilm population size and structure are now feasible with fluorescence microscopy (epifluorescence and CLSM imaging with DNA, RNA, EPS, and protein and lipid stains) and electron microscopy imaging (ESEM). Importantly, thorough identification of microbial fingerprints in drinking water biofilms is achievable with DNA sequencing techniques (the 16S rRNA gene-based identification), which have revealed a prevalence of previously undetected bacterial members. Technologies are now moving toward in situ monitoring of biomass growth in distribution networks, including the development of optical fibers capable of differentiating biomass from chemical deposits. Taken together, management of biofilm growth in water distribution systems requires an integrated approach, starting from the treatment of water prior to entering the networks to the potential implementation of "biofilm-limiting" operational conditions and, finally, ending with the careful selection of available technologies for biofilm monitoring and control. For the latter, conventional practices, including chlorine-chloramine disinfection, flushing of DWDS, nutrient removal, and emerging technologies are discussed with their associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Gunawan
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nicolas Barraud
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics of Biofilms Unit, Institut Pasteur , Paris 75015, France
| | - Scott A Rice
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 639798, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth J Harry
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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118
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Mathieu L, Francius G, El Zein R, Angel E, Block JC. Bacterial repopulation of drinking water pipe walls after chlorination. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:925-934. [PMID: 27483985 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1212989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The short-term kinetics of bacterial repopulation were evaluated after chlorination of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) colonized with drinking water biofilms and compared with bare HDPE surfaces. The effect of chlorination was partial as a residual biofilm persisted and was time-limited as repopulation occurred immediately after water resupply. The total number of bacteria reached the same levels on both the bare and chlorinated biofilm-fouled HDPE after a seven-day exposure to drinking water. Due to the presence of a residual biofilm, the hydrophobicity of chlorinated biofilm-fouled surface exhibited much lower adhesion forces (2.1 nN) compared to bare surfaces (8.9 nN). This could explain the rapid repopulation after chlorination, with a twofold faster bacterial accumulation rate on the bare HDPE surface. γ-Proteobacteria dominated the early stages of repopulation of both surfaces and a shift in the dominance occurred over the colonization time. Such observations define a timescale for cleaning frequency in industrial environments and guidelines for a rinsing procedure using drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Mathieu
- a EPHE , PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME , UMR 7564 , Nancy , France
| | - Grégory Francius
- b CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME , UMR 7564 , Nancy , France
| | - Racha El Zein
- b CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME , UMR 7564 , Nancy , France
| | - Edith Angel
- a EPHE , PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME , UMR 7564 , Nancy , France
| | - Jean-Claude Block
- b CNRS and Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, LCPME , UMR 7564 , Nancy , France
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119
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Forbes JD, Van Domselaar G, Sargent M, Green C, Springthorpe S, Krause DO, Bernstein CN. Microbiome profiling of drinking water in relation to incidence of inflammatory bowel disease. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:781-93. [PMID: 27420183 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unknown; current research is focused on determining environmental factors. One consideration is drinking water: water systems harbour considerable microbial diversity, with bacterial concentrations estimated at 10(6)-10(8) cells/L. Perhaps differences in microbial ecology of water sources may impact differential incidence rates of IBD. Regions of Manitoba were geographically mapped according to incidence rates of IBD and identified as high (HIA) or low (LIA) incidence areas. Bulk water, filter material, and pipe wall samples were collected from public buildings in different jurisdictions and their population structure analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria were observed significantly less frequently (P = 0.02) in HIA versus LIA. The abundance of Proteobacteria was also found to vary according to water treatment distribution networks. Gammaproteobacteria was the most abundant class of bacteria and was observed more frequently (P = 0.006) in LIA. At the genus level, microbes found to associate with HIA include Bradyrhizobium (P = 0.02) and Pseudomonas (P = 0.02). Particular microbes were found to associate with LIA or HIA, based on sample location and (or) type. This work lays out a basis for further studies exploring water as a potential environmental source for IBD triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Forbes
- a Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,b National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- a Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,b National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael Sargent
- c Department of Internal Medicine and the University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Chris Green
- d Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Susan Springthorpe
- e Centre for Research on Environmental Microbiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denis O Krause
- a Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- c Department of Internal Medicine and the University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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120
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Inkinen J, Jayaprakash B, Santo Domingo J, Keinänen-Toivola M, Ryu H, Pitkänen T. Diversity of ribosomal 16S DNA- and RNA-based bacterial community in an office building drinking water system. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1723-38. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Inkinen
- Faculty of Technology; WANDER Nordic Water and Materials Institute; Satakunta University of Applied Sciences; Rauma Finland
| | - B. Jayaprakash
- Water and Health Unit; National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL); Kuopio Finland
| | - J.W. Santo Domingo
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - M.M. Keinänen-Toivola
- Faculty of Technology; WANDER Nordic Water and Materials Institute; Satakunta University of Applied Sciences; Rauma Finland
| | - H. Ryu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - T. Pitkänen
- Water and Health Unit; National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL); Kuopio Finland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development; Cincinnati OH USA
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121
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Comparison of Particle-Associated Bacteria from a Drinking Water Treatment Plant and Distribution Reservoirs with Different Water Sources. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20367. [PMID: 26832989 PMCID: PMC4735813 DOI: 10.1038/srep20367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the characteristics of and changes in the suspended particles and the associated bacteria in an unchlorinated drinking water distribution system and its reservoirs with different water sources. The results show that particle-associated bacteria (PAB) were present at a level of 0.8-4.5 × 10(3) cells ml(-1) with a biological activity of 0.01-0.04 ng l(-1) ATP. Different PAB communities in the waters produced from different sources were revealed by a 16S rRNA-based pyrosequencing analysis. The quantified biomass underestimation due to the multiple cells attached per particle was ≥ 85%. The distribution of the biologically stable water increased the number of cells per particle (from 48 to 90) but had minor effects on the PAB community. Significant changes were observed at the mixing reservoir. Our results show the characteristics of and changes in suspended PAB during distribution, and highlight the significance of suspended PAB in the distribution system, because suspended PAB can lead to a considerable underestimation of biomass, and because they exist as biofilm, which has a greater mobility than pipe-wall biofilm and therefore presents a greater risk, given the higher probability that it will reach the customers' taps and be ingested.
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122
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Prest EI, Hammes F, van Loosdrecht MCM, Vrouwenvelder JS. Biological Stability of Drinking Water: Controlling Factors, Methods, and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:45. [PMID: 26870010 PMCID: PMC4740787 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological stability of drinking water refers to the concept of providing consumers with drinking water of same microbial quality at the tap as produced at the water treatment facility. However, uncontrolled growth of bacteria can occur during distribution in water mains and premise plumbing, and can lead to hygienic (e.g., development of opportunistic pathogens), aesthetic (e.g., deterioration of taste, odor, color) or operational (e.g., fouling or biocorrosion of pipes) problems. Drinking water contains diverse microorganisms competing for limited available nutrients for growth. Bacterial growth and interactions are regulated by factors, such as (i) type and concentration of available organic and inorganic nutrients, (ii) type and concentration of residual disinfectant, (iii) presence of predators, such as protozoa and invertebrates, (iv) environmental conditions, such as water temperature, and (v) spatial location of microorganisms (bulk water, sediment, or biofilm). Water treatment and distribution conditions in water mains and premise plumbing affect each of these factors and shape bacterial community characteristics (abundance, composition, viability) in distribution systems. Improved understanding of bacterial interactions in distribution systems and of environmental conditions impact is needed for better control of bacterial communities during drinking water production and distribution. This article reviews (i) existing knowledge on biological stability controlling factors and (ii) how these factors are affected by drinking water production and distribution conditions. In addition, (iii) the concept of biological stability is discussed in light of experience with well-established and new analytical methods, enabling high throughput analysis and in-depth characterization of bacterial communities in drinking water. We discussed, how knowledge gained from novel techniques will improve design and monitoring of water treatment and distribution systems in order to maintain good drinking water microbial quality up to consumer's tap. A new definition and methodological approach for biological stability is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle I Prest
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology Delft, Netherlands
| | - Frederik Hammes
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology Delft, Netherlands
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of TechnologyDelft, Netherlands; Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia; Wetsus - European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyLeeuwarden, Netherlands
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123
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Xue J, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Gamal El-Din M. Treatment of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) using a membrane bioreactor with a submerged flat-sheet ceramic microfiltration membrane. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:1-11. [PMID: 26454665 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The release of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) into the environment is a concern because it contains persistent organic pollutants that are toxic to aquatic life. A modified Ludzack-Ettinger membrane bioreactor (MLE-MBR) with a submerged ceramic membrane was continuously operated for 425 days to evaluate its feasibility on OSPW treatment. A stabilized biomass concentration of 3730 mg mixed liquor volatile suspended solids per litre and a naphthenic acid (NA) removal of 24.7% were observed in the reactor after 361 days of operation. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed that the removal of individual NA species declined with increased ring numbers. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that Betaproteobacteria were dominant in sludge samples from the MLE-MBR, with microorganisms such as Rhodocyclales and Sphingobacteriales capable of degrading hydrocarbon and aromatic compounds. During 425 days of continuous operation, no severe membrane fouling was observed as the transmembrane pressure (TMP) of the MLE-MBR never exceeded -20 kPa given that the manufacturer's suggested critical TMP for chemical cleaning is -35 kPa. Our results indicated that the proposed MLE-MBR has a good potential for removing recalcitrant organics in OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2W2, Canada.
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124
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Mi Z, Dai Y, Xie S, Chen C, Zhang X. Impact of disinfection on drinking water biofilm bacterial community. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 37:200-205. [PMID: 26574105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine) and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Mi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yu Dai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuguang Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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125
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Ji P, Parks J, Edwards MA, Pruden A. Impact of Water Chemistry, Pipe Material and Stagnation on the Building Plumbing Microbiome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141087. [PMID: 26495985 PMCID: PMC4619671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique microbiome establishes in the portion of the potable water distribution system within homes and other buildings (i.e., building plumbing). To examine its composition and the factors that shape it, standardized cold water plumbing rigs were deployed at the treatment plant and in the distribution system of five water utilities across the U.S. Three pipe materials (copper with lead solder, CPVC with brass fittings or copper/lead combined pipe) were compared, with 8 hour flush cycles of 10 minutes to simulate typical daily use patterns. High throughput Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons was employed to profile and compare the resident bulk water bacteria and archaea. The utility, location of the pipe rig, pipe material and stagnation all had a significant influence on the plumbing microbiome composition, but the utility source water and treatment practices were dominant factors. Examination of 21 water chemistry parameters suggested that the total chlorine concentration, pH, P, SO42- and Mg were associated with the most of the variation in bulk water microbiome composition. Disinfectant type exerted a notably low-magnitude impact on microbiome composition. At two utilities using the same source water, slight differences in treatment approaches were associated with differences in rare taxa in samples. For genera containing opportunistic pathogens, Utility C samples (highest pH of 9–10) had the highest frequency of detection for Legionella spp. and lowest relative abundance of Mycobacterium spp. Data were examined across utilities to identify a true universal core, special core, and peripheral organisms to deepen insight into the physical and chemical factors that shape the building plumbing microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ji
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Parks
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Edwards
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amy Pruden
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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126
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Pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial communities in biofilms from different pipe materials in a city drinking water distribution system of East China. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10713-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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127
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Luo X, Jellison KL, Huynh K, Widmer G. Impact of Bioreactor Environment and Recovery Method on the Profile of Bacterial Populations from Water Distribution Systems. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196282 PMCID: PMC4509647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple rotating annular reactors were seeded with biofilms flushed from water distribution systems to assess (1) whether biofilms grown in bioreactors are representative of biofilms flushed from the water distribution system in terms of bacterial composition and diversity, and (2) whether the biofilm sampling method affects the population profile of the attached bacterial community. Biofilms were grown in bioreactors until thickness stabilized (9 to 11 weeks) and harvested from reactor coupons by sonication, stomaching, bead-beating, and manual scraping. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons was used to profile bacterial populations from flushed biofilms seeded into bioreactors as well as biofilms recovered from bioreactor coupons by different methods. β diversity between flushed and reactor biofilms was compared to β diversity between (i) biofilms harvested from different reactors and (ii) biofilms harvested by different methods from the same reactor. These analyses showed that average diversity between flushed and bioreactor biofilms was double the diversity between biofilms from different reactors operated in parallel. The diversity between bioreactors was larger than the diversity associated with different biofilm recovery methods. Compared to other experimental variables, the method used to recover biofilms had a negligible impact on the outcome of water biofilm analyses based on 16S amplicon sequencing. Results from this study show that biofilms grown in reactors over 9 to 11 weeks are not representative models of the microbial populations flushed from a distribution system. Furthermore, the bacterial population profile of biofilms grown in replicate reactors from the same flushed water are likely to diverge. However, four common sampling protocols, which differ with respect to disruption of bacterial cells, provide similar information with respect to the 16S rRNA population profile of the biofilm community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Luo
- Lehigh University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1 W. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Jellison
- Lehigh University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1 W. Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Widmer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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128
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Ashbolt NJ. Environmental (Saprozoic) Pathogens of Engineered Water Systems: Understanding Their Ecology for Risk Assessment and Management. Pathogens 2015; 4:390-405. [PMID: 26102291 PMCID: PMC4493481 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major waterborne (enteric) pathogens are relatively well understood and treatment controls are effective when well managed. However, water-based, saprozoic pathogens that grow within engineered water systems (primarily within biofilms/sediments) cannot be controlled by water treatment alone prior to entry into water distribution and other engineered water systems. Growth within biofilms or as in the case of Legionella pneumophila, primarily within free-living protozoa feeding on biofilms, results from competitive advantage. Meaning, to understand how to manage water-based pathogen diseases (a sub-set of saprozoses) we need to understand the microbial ecology of biofilms; with key factors including biofilm bacterial diversity that influence amoebae hosts and members antagonistic to water-based pathogens, along with impacts from biofilm substratum, water temperature, flow conditions and disinfectant residual—all control variables. Major saprozoic pathogens covering viruses, bacteria, fungi and free-living protozoa are listed, yet today most of the recognized health burden from drinking waters is driven by legionellae, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and, to a lesser extent, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In developing best management practices for engineered water systems based on hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) or water safety plan (WSP) approaches, multi-factor control strategies, based on quantitative microbial risk assessments need to be developed, to reduce disease from largely opportunistic, water-based pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Rm 3-57D South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.
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129
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Diversity and functions of bacterial community in drinking water biofilms revealed by high-throughput sequencing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10044. [PMID: 26067561 PMCID: PMC4464384 DOI: 10.1038/srep10044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biofilms in drinking water (DW) systems may cause various problems to water quality. To investigate the community structure of biofilms on different pipe materials and the global/specific metabolic functions of DW biofilms, PCR-based 454 pyrosequencing data for 16S rRNA genes and Illumina metagenomic data were generated and analysed. Considerable differences in bacterial diversity and taxonomic structure were identified between biofilms formed on stainless steel and biofilms formed on plastics, indicating that the metallic materials facilitate the formation of higher diversity biofilms. Moreover, variations in several dominant genera were observed during biofilm formation. Based on PCA analysis, the global functions in the DW biofilms were similar to other DW metagenomes. Beyond the global functions, the occurrences and abundances of specific protective genes involved in the glutathione metabolism, the SoxRS system, the OxyR system, RpoS regulated genes, and the production/degradation of extracellular polymeric substances were also evaluated. A near-complete and low-contamination draft genome was constructed from the metagenome of the DW biofilm, based on the coverage and tetranucleotide frequencies, and identified as a Bradyrhizobiaceae-like bacterium according to a phylogenetic analysis. Our findings provide new insight into DW biofilms, especially in terms of their metabolic functions.
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130
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Proctor CR, Hammes F. Drinking water microbiology — from measurement to management. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 33:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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131
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El-Chakhtoura J, Prest E, Saikaly P, van Loosdrecht M, Hammes F, Vrouwenvelder H. Dynamics of bacterial communities before and after distribution in a full-scale drinking water network. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 74:180-190. [PMID: 25732558 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biological stability of drinking water distribution systems is imperative in the framework of process control and risk management. The objective of this research was to examine the dynamics of the bacterial community during drinking water distribution at high temporal resolution. Water samples (156 in total) were collected over short time-scales (minutes/hours/days) from the outlet of a treatment plant and a location in its corresponding distribution network. The drinking water is treated by biofiltration and disinfectant residuals are absent during distribution. The community was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and flow cytometry as well as conventional, culture-based methods. Despite a random dramatic event (detected with pyrosequencing and flow cytometry but not with plate counts), the bacterial community profile at the two locations did not vary significantly over time. A diverse core microbiome was shared between the two locations (58-65% of the taxa and 86-91% of the sequences) and found to be dependent on the treatment strategy. The bacterial community structure changed during distribution, with greater richness detected in the network and phyla such as Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes becoming abundant. The rare taxa displayed the highest dynamicity, causing the major change during water distribution. This change did not have hygienic implications and is contingent on the sensitivity of the applied methods. The concept of biological stability therefore needs to be revised. Biostability is generally desired in drinking water guidelines but may be difficult to achieve in large-scale complex distribution systems that are inherently dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joline El-Chakhtoura
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands; Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Emmanuelle Prest
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Saikaly
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Hammes
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hans Vrouwenvelder
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands; Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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132
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Abstract
A relatively short list of reference viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens appears adequate to assess microbial risks and inform a system-based management of drinking waters. Nonetheless, there are data gaps, e.g. human enteric viruses resulting in endemic infection levels if poorly performing disinfection and/or distribution systems are used, and the risks from fungi. Where disinfection is the only treatment and/or filtration is poor, cryptosporidiosis is the most likely enteric disease to be identified during waterborne outbreaks, but generally non-human-infectious genotypes are present in the absence of human or calf fecal contamination. Enteric bacteria may dominate risks during major fecal contamination events that are ineffectively managed. Reliance on culture-based methods exaggerates treatment efficacy and reduces our ability to identify pathogens/indicators; however, next-generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction approaches are on the cusp of changing that. Overall, water-based Legionella and non-tuberculous mycobacteria probably dominate health burden at exposure points following the various societal uses of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Room 3-57D, South Academic Building, Alberta, T6G 2G7 Canada
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133
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Ren HQ, Geng JJ, Xu K, Huang H, Ding LL. Physicochemical characteristics and microbial community evolution of biofilms during the start-up period in a moving bed biofilm reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 180:345-51. [PMID: 25636169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate biofilm properties evolution coupled with different ages during the start-up period in a moving bed biofilm reactor system. Physicochemical characteristics including adhesion force, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), morphology as well as volatile solid and microbial community were studied. Results showed that the formation and development of biofilms exhibited four stages, including (I) initial attachment and young biofilm formation, (II) biofilms accumulation, (III) biofilm sloughing and updating, and (IV) biofilm maturation. During the whole start-up period, adhesion force was positively and significantly correlated with the contents of EPS, especially the content of polysaccharide. In addition, increased adhesion force and EPS were beneficial for biofilm retention. Gram-negative bacteria mainly including Sphaerotilus, Zoogloea and Haliscomenobacter were predominant in the initial stage. Actinobacteria was beneficial to resist sloughing. Furthermore, filamentous bacteria were dominant in maturation biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hong-Qiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jin-Ju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li-Li Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
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134
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Hull NM, Reens AL, Robertson CE, Stanish LF, Harris JK, Stevens MJ, Frank DN, Kotter C, Pace NR. Molecular analysis of single room humidifier bacteriology. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 69:318-327. [PMID: 25574772 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Portable, single-room humidifiers are commonly used in homes for comfort and health benefits, but also create habitats for microbiology. Currently there is no information on home humidifier microbiology aside from anecdotal evidence of infection with opportunistic pathogens and irritation from endotoxin exposure. To obtain a broader perspective on humidifier microbiology, DNAs were isolated from tap source waters, tank waters, and biofilm samples associated with 26 humidifiers of ultrasonic and boiling modes of operation in the Front Range of Colorado. Humidifiers sampled included units operated by individuals in their homes, display models continuously operated by a retail store, and new humidifiers operated in a controlled laboratory study. The V1V2 region of the rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced to determine the taxonomic composition of humidifier samples. Communities encountered were generally low in richness and diversity and were dominated by Sphingomonadales, Rhizobiales, and Burkholderiales of the Proteobacteria, and MLE1-12, a presumably non-photosynthetic representative of the cyanobacterial phylum. Very few sequences of potential health concern were detected. The bacteriology encountered in source waters sampled here was similar to that encountered in previous studies of municipal drinking waters. Source water bacteriology was found to have the greatest effect on tank water and biofilm bacteriology, an effect confirmed by a controlled study comparing ultrasonic and boiler humidifiers fed with tap vs. treated (deionized, reverse osmosis, 0.2 μm filtered) water over a period of two months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Hull
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Abigail L Reens
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Charles E Robertson
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Lee F Stanish
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - J Kirk Harris
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark J Stevens
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cassandra Kotter
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Norman R Pace
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA.
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135
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Yang J, Schneider OD, Jjemba PK, Lechevallier MW. Microbial Risk Modeling for Main Breaks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5942/jawwa.2015.107.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- American Water Works Co.; Voorhees N.J
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136
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Fisher JC, Newton RJ, Dila DK, McLellan SL. Urban microbial ecology of a freshwater estuary of Lake Michigan. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2015; 3:000064. [PMID: 26866046 PMCID: PMC4746012 DOI: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater estuaries throughout the Great Lakes region receive stormwater runoff and riverine inputs from heavily urbanized population centers. While human and animal feces contained in this runoff are often the focus of source tracking investigations, non-fecal bacterial loads from soil, aerosols, urban infrastructure, and other sources are also transported to estuaries and lakes. We quantified and characterized this non-fecal urban microbial component using bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from sewage, stormwater, rivers, harbor/estuary, and the lake surrounding Milwaukee, WI, USA. Bacterial communities from each of these environments had a distinctive composition, but some community members were shared among environments. We used a statistical biomarker discovery tool to identify the components of the microbial community that were most strongly associated with stormwater and sewage to describe an "urban microbial signature," and measured the presence and relative abundance of these organisms in the rivers, estuary, and lake. This urban signature increased in magnitude in the estuary and harbor with increasing rainfall levels, and was more apparent in lake samples with closest proximity to the Milwaukee estuary. The dominant bacterial taxa in the urban signature were Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas, which are organisms associated with pipe infrastructure and soil and not typically found in pelagic freshwater environments. These taxa were highly abundant in stormwater and sewage, but sewage also contained a high abundance of Arcobacter and Trichococcus that appeared in lower abundance in stormwater outfalls and in trace amounts in aquatic environments. Urban signature organisms comprised 1.7% of estuary and harbor communities under baseflow conditions, 3.5% after rain, and >10% after a combined sewer overflow. With predicted increases in urbanization across the Great Lakes, further alteration of freshwater communities is likely to occur with potential long term impacts on the function of estuarine and nearshore ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C. Fisher
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Ryan J. Newton
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Deborah K. Dila
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sandra L. McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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137
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Douterelo I, Boxall JB, Deines P, Sekar R, Fish KE, Biggs CA. Methodological approaches for studying the microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 65:134-156. [PMID: 25105587 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of the microbial ecology of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) has traditionally been based on culturing organisms from bulk water samples. The development and application of molecular methods has supplied new tools for examining the microbial diversity and activity of environmental samples, yielding new insights into the microbial community and its diversity within these engineered ecosystems. In this review, the currently available methods and emerging approaches for characterising microbial communities, including both planktonic and biofilm ways of life, are critically evaluated. The study of biofilms is considered particularly important as it plays a critical role in the processes and interactions occurring at the pipe wall and bulk water interface. The advantages, limitations and usefulness of methods that can be used to detect and assess microbial abundance, community composition and function are discussed in a DWDS context. This review will assist hydraulic engineers and microbial ecologists in choosing the most appropriate tools to assess drinking water microbiology and related aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Douterelo
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK.
| | - Joby B Boxall
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter Deines
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - Raju Sekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China
| | - Katherine E Fish
- Pennine Water Group, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Catherine A Biggs
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, UK
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138
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Wu H, Zhang J, Mi Z, Xie S, Chen C, Zhang X. Biofilm bacterial communities in urban drinking water distribution systems transporting waters with different purification strategies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1947-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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