101
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Barenie RE, Avorn J, Tessema FA, Kesselheim AS. Public funding for transformative drugs: the case of sofosbuvir. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:273-281. [PMID: 33011345 PMCID: PMC7528745 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The approval of sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) in 2013 transformed chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) care, but its high cost was criticized in part because of reports of substantial public involvement in its development. We developed a methodology to assess the public's contribution through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in developing sofosbuvir. Using key terms from the timeline of sofosbuvir, we identified articles in PubMed; linked them to federal funding using the NIH RePORTER; reviewed the title, organization, and investigator of each resulting award for relatedness; and converted related awards to 2018 US dollars. Of 6043 unique awards, we identified 29 that were directly (US$7.7 million) and 110 that were indirectly (US$53.2 million) related awards made to major academic institutions and companies engaged in the development of the drug. These findings indicate that public funding had a key role in developing sofosbuvir, with an estimated US$60.9 million provided in NIH funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Barenie
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA.
| | - Jerry Avorn
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Frazer A Tessema
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Aaron S Kesselheim
- Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St, Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
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102
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Huchting J. Targeting viral genome synthesis as broad-spectrum approach against RNA virus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2020; 28:2040206620976786. [PMID: 33297724 PMCID: PMC7734526 DOI: 10.1177/2040206620976786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover, i.e. pathogen transmission from animal to human, has repeatedly introduced RNA viruses into the human population. In some cases, where these viruses were then efficiently transmitted between humans, they caused large disease outbreaks such as the 1918 flu pandemic or, more recently, outbreaks of Ebola and Coronavirus disease. These examples demonstrate that RNA viruses pose an immense burden on individual and public health with outbreaks threatening the economy and social cohesion within and across borders. And while emerging RNA viruses are introduced more frequently as human activities increasingly disrupt wild-life eco-systems, therapeutic or preventative medicines satisfying the “one drug-multiple bugs”-aim are unavailable. As one central aspect of preparedness efforts, this review digs into the development of broadly acting antivirals via targeting viral genome synthesis with host- or virus-directed drugs centering around nucleotides, the genomes’ universal building blocks. Following the first strategy, selected examples of host de novo nucleotide synthesis inhibitors are presented that ultimately interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis, with ribavirin being the most prominent and widely used example. For directly targeting the viral polymerase, nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NNAs) have long been at the core of antiviral drug development and this review illustrates different molecular strategies by which NNAs inhibit viral infection. Highlighting well-known as well as recent, clinically promising compounds, structural features and mechanistic details that may confer broad-spectrum activity are discussed. The final part addresses limitations of NNAs for clinical development such as low efficacy or mitochondrial toxicity and illustrates strategies to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huchting
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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103
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Sacco R, Messina V, Gentilucci UV, Adinolfi LE, Ascione A, Barbarini G, Barlattani A, Cariti G, Cozzolongo R, Fimiani B, Francavilla R, Furlan C, Garrucciu G, Iovinella V, Rinaldi L, Marignani M, Begini P, Palitti VP, Pellicelli AM, Scifo G, Facciorusso A, Giacomelli L, Shah A, Bertino G, Perazzo S, Bresci G, Izzi A. Sustained virological response in patients with HCV treated with daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir, with or without ribavirin: a large, field-practice study. Drugs Context 2020; 9:dic-2020-4-11. [PMID: 33408749 PMCID: PMC7747789 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2020-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The once-daily oral combination of daclatasvir (DCV) and sofosbuvir (SOF), with or without ribavirin (RBV), is effective and well tolerated in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, further field-practice studies are necessary to investigate the effectiveness and safety of the DCV+SOF combination in diverse subpopulations of patients with HCV, including those who are more challenging to treat such as patients with a genotype 3 (G3) infection. The aim of this retrospective, multicenter, field-practice study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the oral combination of DCV and SOF, with or without RBV (DCV+SOF±RBV), in a large unselected cohort of patients with chronic HCV infection (CHC). Patients and methods Consecutive patients received DCV+SOF±RBV for 12 or 24 weeks. The efficacy endpoint was sustained virological response at 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12). Safety factors were also considered. Results A total of 620 patients were included in this study; the predominant genotype was G3 (55.3%). Of the total sample, 248 (40%) patients were treated with DCV+SOF+RBV and 372 (60%) did not receive RBV. The majority of patients assessed at week 12 (98%, 596/608) achieved SVR12. Among G3 patients, 98.8% (335/339) achieved SVR12. The most common adverse event was elevated bilirubin (30.6%), recorded in 4.9% of cases as a grade 3–4 adverse event. Conclusion This study shows the high pan-genotypic effectiveness and safety of the DCV+SOF±RBV combination in a large, unselected sample of CHC patients with G1–4, including a wide proportion of G3 CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Sacco
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Unit - Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Messina
- Infectious Disease Unit Sant'Anna e San Sebastiano Hospital Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Ascione
- Center for Liver Diseases "Buon Consiglio-Fatebenefratelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Cariti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cozzolongo
- Division of Gastroenterology, IRCCS "S De Bellis Hospital", Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Basilio Fimiani
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Furlan
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Policlinico "Umberto I", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Rinaldi
- Internal Medicine Unit "L Vanvitelli" University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Begini
- Digestive and Liver Diseases "S. Andrea" Hospital Rome, Italy
| | | | - Adriano M Pellicelli
- Liver Disease unit Department of Liver Transplantation "San Camillo" Hospital Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Scifo
- Infectious Disease Unit "Umberto I" Hospital, Siracusa, Italy
| | | | - Luca Giacomelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Perazzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Emergency Infectious Diseases "D. Cotugno" Hospital Naples, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bresci
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases Unit - Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Izzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Emergency Infectious Diseases "D. Cotugno" Hospital Naples, Italy
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104
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Yan VC, Pham CD, Arthur K, Yang KL, Muller FL. Aliphatic amines are viable pro-drug moieties in phosphonoamidate drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127656. [PMID: 33130289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate and phosphonates containing a single PN bond are frequently used pro-drug motifs to improve cell permeability of these otherwise anionic moieties. Upon entry into the cell, the PN bond is cleaved by phosphoramidases to release the active agent. Here, we apply a novel mono-amidation strategy to our laboratory's phosphonate-containing glycolysis inhibitor and show that a diverse panel of phosphonoamidates may be rapidly generated for in vitro screening. We show that, in contrast to the canonical l-alanine or benzylamine moieties which have previously been reported as efficacious pro-drug moieties, small and long-chain aliphatic amines demonstrate greater drug release efficacy for our phosphonate inhibitor. These results expand the scope of possible amine pro-drugs that can be used as second pro-drug leave groups for phosphate or phosphonate-containing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Yan
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Cong-Dat Pham
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Kenisha Arthur
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kristine L Yang
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Florian L Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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105
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Chakraborty D, Gholami H, Sarkar A, Joyce LA, Jackson JE, Borhan B. A chiroptical approach for the absolute stereochemical determination of P-stereogenic centers. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1750-1755. [PMID: 34163935 PMCID: PMC8179206 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02940h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple chiroptical solution for the absolute stereochemical determination for asymmetric phosphorus V stereocenters is presented. Strong coordination of the phosphorus oxide with the Zn-metallo center of the racemic host Zn-MAPOL 2 leads to an induced axial chirality of the host, yielding a strong ECCD signal. A mnemonic is proposed to correlate the asymmetry of the guest molecule with the observed ECCD signal. A simple chiroptical solution for the absolute stereochemical determination for asymmetric phosphorus V stereocenters is presented.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hadi Gholami
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Aritra Sarkar
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Leo A Joyce
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck and Co, Inc. Rahway NJ 07065 USA
| | - James E Jackson
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Babak Borhan
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry East Lansing MI 48824 USA
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106
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Han J, Funk C, Eyberg J, Bailer S, Richert C. An AZT Analog with Strongly Pairing Ethynylpyridone Nucleobase and Its Antiviral Activity against HSV1. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000937. [PMID: 33270983 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Challenges resulting from novel viruses or new strains of known viruses call for new antiviral agents. Nucleoside analogs that act as inhibitors of viral polymerases are an attractive class of antivirals. For nucleosides containing thymine, base pairing is weak, making it desirable to identify nucleobase analogs that pair more strongly with adenine, in order to compete successfully with the natural substrate. We have recently described a new class of strongly binding thymidine analogs that contain an ethynylmethylpyridone as base and a C-nucleosidic linkage to the deoxyribose. Here we report the synthesis of the 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxyribose derivative of this compound, dubbed AZW, both as free nucleoside and as ProTide phosphoramidate. As a proof of principle, we studied the activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). Whereas the ProTide phosphoramidate suffered from low solubility, the free nucleoside showed a stronger inhibitory effect than that of AZT in a plaque reduction assay. This suggests that strongly pairing C-nucleoside analogs of pyrimidines have the potential to become active pharmaceutical ingredients with antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Han
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Eyberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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107
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Hu W, Zhang C, Shi JJ, Zhang JY, Wang FS. Hepatitis C: milestones from discovery to clinical cure. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:59. [PMID: 33261650 PMCID: PMC7706235 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
On October 5th, 2020, Drs. Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice were rewarded with Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "the discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV)". During the past 50 years, remarkable achievements have been made in treatment of HCV infection: it has changed from being a life-threatening chronic disease to being curable. In this commentary, we briefly summarized the milestone events in the "scientific journey" from the first report of non-A, non-B hepatitis and discovery of the pathogen (HCV) to final identification of efficacious direct-acting antivirals. Further, we address the challenges and unmet issues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100842, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Ji-Jing Shi
- The Central Laboratory, the First People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450004, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100842, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100842, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100039, China.
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108
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Ju J, Li X, Kumar S, Jockusch S, Chien M, Tao C, Morozova I, Kalachikov S, Kirchdoerfer RN, Russo JJ. Nucleotide analogues as inhibitors of SARS-CoV Polymerase. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00674. [PMID: 33124786 PMCID: PMC7596664 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family, has caused a global public health emergency. Based on our analysis of hepatitis C virus and coronavirus replication, and the molecular structures and activities of viral inhibitors, we previously reasoned that the FDA-approved hepatitis C drug EPCLUSA (Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir) should inhibit coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Here, using model polymerase extension experiments, we demonstrate that the active triphosphate form of Sofosbuvir is incorporated by low-fidelity polymerases and SARS-CoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and blocks further incorporation by these polymerases; the active triphosphate form of Sofosbuvir is not incorporated by a host-like high-fidelity DNA polymerase. Using the same molecular insight, we selected 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine triphosphate and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine triphosphate, which are the active forms of two other anti-viral agents, Alovudine and AZT (an FDA-approved HIV/AIDS drug) for evaluation as inhibitors of SARS-CoV RdRp. We demonstrate the ability of two of these HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors to be incorporated by SARS-CoV RdRp where they also terminate further polymerase extension. Given the 98% amino acid similarity of the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RdRps, we expect these nucleotide analogues would also inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase. These results offer guidance to further modify these nucleotide analogues to generate more potent broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Ju
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and TherapeuticsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of ChemistryColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Minchen Chien
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Chuanjuan Tao
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Irina Morozova
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sergey Kalachikov
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Robert N. Kirchdoerfer
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Institute of Molecular VirologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - James J. Russo
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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109
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wu H, Feng P. Activation and Delivery of Tetrazine-Responsive Bioorthogonal Prodrugs. Molecules 2020; 25:E5640. [PMID: 33266075 PMCID: PMC7731009 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs, which remain inert until they are activated under appropriate conditions at the target site, have emerged as an attractive alternative to drugs that lack selectivity and show off-target effects. Prodrugs have traditionally been activated by enzymes, pH or other trigger factors associated with the disease. In recent years, bioorthogonal chemistry has allowed the creation of prodrugs that can be chemically activated with spatio-temporal precision. In particular, tetrazine-responsive bioorthogonal reactions can rapidly activate prodrugs with excellent biocompatibility. This review summarized the recent development of tetrazine bioorthogonal cleavage reaction and great promise for prodrug systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayue Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chang Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haoxing Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Ping Feng
- Institute of Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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110
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Xi Y, Wang C, Zhang Q, Qu J, Chen Y. Palladium‐Catalyzed Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective 1,2‐Arylfluorination of Internal Enamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2699-2703. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jingping Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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111
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Xi Y, Wang C, Zhang Q, Qu J, Chen Y. Palladium‐Catalyzed Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective 1,2‐Arylfluorination of Internal Enamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jingping Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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112
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gunda I Georg
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- University of Michigan, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry and Michigan Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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113
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Liu XH, Zhang X, Lu ZH, Zhu YS, Wang T. Potential molecular targets of nonstructural proteins for the development of antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111035. [PMID: 33254013 PMCID: PMC7671653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has posed significant threats to public health worldwide. Target-based drug development is a promising approach against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nonstructural proteins may play critical roles from drug design perspectives. Insights into NSPs of different viruses could streamline novel drug development.
Outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2 have produced high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations. However, to meet the increasing demand for treatment of these pathogenic coronaviruses, accelerating novel antiviral drug development as much as possible has become a public concern. Target-based drug development may be a promising approach to achieve this goal. In this review, the relevant features of potential molecular targets in human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are highlighted, including the viral protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and methyltransferases. Additionally, recent advances in the development of antivirals based on these targets are summarized. This review is expected to provide new insights and potential strategies for the development of novel antiviral drugs to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Liu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Lu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - You-Shuang Zhu
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Biological Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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114
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A Cyclic Phosphoramidate Prodrug of 2'-Deoxy-2'-Fluoro-2'- C-Methylguanosine for the Treatment of Dengue Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00654-20. [PMID: 32958712 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00654-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monophosphate prodrug analogs of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylguanosine have been reported as potent inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. These prodrugs also display potent anti-dengue virus activities in cellular assays although their prodrug moieties were designed to produce high levels of triphosphate in the liver. Since peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are among the major targets of dengue virus, different prodrug moieties were designed to effectively deliver 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylguanosine monophosphate prodrugs and their corresponding triphosphates into PBMCs after oral administration. We identified a cyclic phosphoramidate, prodrug 17, demonstrating well-balanced anti-dengue virus cellular activity and in vitro stability profiles. We further determined the PBMC concentration of active triphosphate needed to inhibit virus replication by 50% (TP50). Compound 17 was assessed in an AG129 mouse model and demonstrated 1.6- and 2.2-log viremia reductions at 100 and 300 mg/kg twice a day (BID), respectively. At 100 mg/kg BID, the terminal triphosphate concentration in PBMCs exceeded the TP50 value, demonstrating TP50 as the target exposure for efficacy. In dogs, oral administration of compound 17 resulted in high PBMC triphosphate levels, exceeding the TP50 at 10 mg/kg. Unfortunately, 2-week dog toxicity studies at 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day showed that "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) could not be achieved due to pulmonary inflammation and hemorrhage. The preclinical safety results suspended further development of compound 17. Nevertheless, present work has proven the concept that an efficacious monophosphate nucleoside prodrug could be developed for the potential treatment of dengue virus infection.
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115
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Mikati MO, Miller JJ, Osbourn DM, Barekatain Y, Ghebremichael N, Shah IT, Burnham CAD, Heidel KM, Yan VC, Muller FL, Dowd CS, Edwards RL, Odom John AR. Antimicrobial Prodrug Activation by the Staphylococcal Glyoxalase GloB. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3064-3075. [PMID: 33118347 PMCID: PMC8543975 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the rising prevalence of multidrug resistance, there is an urgent need to develop novel antibiotics. Many putative antibiotics demonstrate promising in vitro potency but fail in vivo due to poor drug-like qualities (e.g., serum half-life, oral absorption, solubility, and toxicity). These drug-like properties can be modified through the addition of chemical protecting groups, creating "prodrugs" that are activated prior to target inhibition. Lipophilic prodrugging techniques, including the attachment of a pivaloyloxymethyl group, have garnered attention for their ability to increase cellular permeability by masking charged residues and the relative ease of the chemical prodrugging process. Unfortunately, pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs are rapidly activated by human sera, rendering any membrane permeability qualities absent during clinical treatment. Identification of the bacterial prodrug activation pathway(s) will allow for the development of host-stable and microbe-targeted prodrug therapies. Here, we use two zoonotic staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus schleiferi and S. pseudintermedius, to establish the mechanism of carboxy ester prodrug activation. Using a forward genetic screen, we identify a conserved locus in both species encoding the enzyme hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (GloB), whose loss-of-function confers resistance to carboxy ester prodrugs. We enzymatically characterize GloB and demonstrate that it is a functional glyoxalase II enzyme, which has the capacity to activate carboxy ester prodrugs. As GloB homologues are both widespread and diverse in sequence, our findings suggest that GloB may be a useful mechanism for developing species- or genus-level prodrug targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa O Mikati
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Justin J Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Damon M Osbourn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Yasaman Barekatain
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Naomi Ghebremichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Ishaan T Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kenneth M Heidel
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Victoria C Yan
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Florian L Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Rachel L Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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116
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Dentmon ZW, Kaiser TM, Liotta DC. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of a Series of 2'- C-Methyl-4'-thionucleoside Monophosphate Prodrugs. Molecules 2020; 25:E5165. [PMID: 33171951 PMCID: PMC7664256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a validated target for nucleoside antiviral drug therapy. We endeavored to synthesize and test a series of 4'-thionucleosides with a monophosphate prodrug moiety for their antiviral activity against HCV and other related viruses in the Flaviviridae family. Nucleoside analogs were prepared via the stereoselective Vorbrüggen glycosylation of various nucleobases with per-acetylated 2-C-methyl-4-thio-d-ribose built in a 10-step synthetic sequence from the corresponding ribonolactone. Conjugation of the thionucleoside to a ProTide phosphoramidate allowed for evaluation of the prodrugs in the cellular HCV replicon assay with anti-HCV activities ranging from single-digit micromolar (μM) to >200 μM. The diminished anti-HCV potency of our best compound compared to its 4'-oxo congener is the subject of ongoing research in our lab and is proposed to stem from changes in sugar geometry imparted by the larger sulfur atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackery W. Dentmon
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | | | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
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117
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Jovanovic D, Tremmel P, Pallan PS, Egli M, Richert C. The Enzyme‐Free Release of Nucleotides from Phosphoramidates Depends Strongly on the Amino Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Jovanovic
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Peter Tremmel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Pradeep S. Pallan
- Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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118
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Jovanovic D, Tremmel P, Pallan PS, Egli M, Richert C. The Enzyme-Free Release of Nucleotides from Phosphoramidates Depends Strongly on the Amino Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20154-20160. [PMID: 32757352 PMCID: PMC7436718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoramidates composed of an amino acid and a nucleotide analogue are critical metabolites of prodrugs, such as remdesivir. Hydrolysis of the phosphoramidate liberates the nucleotide, which can then be phosphorylated to become the pharmacologically active triphosphate. Enzymatic hydrolysis has been demonstrated, but a spontaneous chemical process may also occur. We measured the rate of enzyme-free hydrolysis for 17 phosphoramidates of ribonucleotides with amino acids or related compounds at pH 7.5. Phosphoramidates of proline hydrolyzed fast, with a half-life time as short as 2.4 h for Pro-AMP in ethylimidazole-containing buffer at 37 °C; 45-fold faster than Ala-AMP and 120-fold faster than Phe-AMP. Crystal structures of Gly-AMP, Pro-AMP, βPro-AMP and Phe-AMP bound to RNase A as crystallization chaperone showed how well the carboxylate is poised to attack the phosphoramidate, helping to explain this reactivity. Our results are significant for the design of new antiviral prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Jovanovic
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Peter Tremmel
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Pradeep S. Pallan
- Department of BiochemistryVanderbilt UniversitySchool of MedicineNashvilleTN37232USA
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of BiochemistryVanderbilt UniversitySchool of MedicineNashvilleTN37232USA
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
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119
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Machitani M, Yasukawa M, Nakashima J, Furuichi Y, Masutomi K. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRP, a promising therapeutic target for cancer and potentially COVID-19. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3976-3984. [PMID: 32805774 PMCID: PMC7461281 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has driven a global pandemic with catastrophic consequences. The rapid development of promising therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 is keenly anticipated. Family Coronaviridae comprises positive, single-stranded RNA viruses that use RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) for viral replication and transcription. As the RdRP of viruses in this family and others plays a pivotal role in infection, it is a promising therapeutic target for developing antiviral agents against them. A critical genetic driver for many cancers is the catalytic subunit of telomerase: human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), identified initially as an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. However, even though hTERT is a DNA polymerase, it has phylogenetic and structural similarities to viral RdRPs. Researchers worldwide, including the authors of this review, are engaged in developing therapeutic strategies targeting hTERT. We have published a series of papers reporting that hTERT has RdRP activity and that this RdRP activity in hTERT is essential for tumor formation. Here, we review the enzymatic function of RdRP in virus proliferation and tumor development, reminding us of how the study of the novel coronavirus has brought us to the unexpected intersection of cancer research and RNA virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Machitani
- Division of Cancer Stem CellNational Cancer Center Research InstituteTokyoJapan
| | - Mami Yasukawa
- Division of Cancer Stem CellNational Cancer Center Research InstituteTokyoJapan
| | - Jotaro Nakashima
- Division of Cancer Stem CellNational Cancer Center Research InstituteTokyoJapan
| | | | - Kenkichi Masutomi
- Division of Cancer Stem CellNational Cancer Center Research InstituteTokyoJapan
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120
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Boettler T, Thimme R. Medizin-Nobelpreis 2020 für die Entdeckung von Hepatitis C – Auftakt einer Erfolgsgeschichte in der Medizin. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1287-5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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121
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Sakr AA, Ahmed AE, Abd El-Maksoud MDE, Gamal A, El-Garem H, Ahmed OM. Interferon lambda 4 gene polymorphisms as a predicting tool of response to hepatitis C virus genotype 4 patients treated with Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104606. [PMID: 33127459 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The relation between interferon lambda 4 gene (IFNL4) and direct acting antiviral (DAA) regimens in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients is not clear. So, a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of IFNL4 gene genotypes and its relationship with Sofosbuvir (SOF) and Ribavirin (RBV) treatment response is under consideration. This study aims to investigate the relation between IFNL4 polymorphisms and clearance of HCV genotype 4 for HCV patients. Hence, the appropriate drug can be chosen for each patient. SNP genotyping assay for IFNL4 which formerly known as IL28B (rs368234815) was examined for genomic DNA. The DNA was extracted from whole blood of one hundred patients who documented to have infection with chronic HCV genotype 4 (positive PCR) and treated with SOF and RBV. Patients were diagnosed, previously, as HCV genotype 4 and classified according to drug response into two groups (responders, non-responders). All samples were compared with 50 of non-infected (negative PCR) people (control group). The TT/TT homozygous represents 48% of patients and 66% of non-infected people while the homozygous ∆G/∆G is 21% and 12%, respectively. There is significance to IFNL4 genotypes for the treatment response with the probability value p < 0.001. The percentages of the appearance of genotypes TT/TT, TT/∆G and ∆G/∆G for responders were 60%, 28% and 12%, respectively. There is no significance for gender, age, ALT and PLC to treatment response to SOF and RBV, while INR has.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Sakr
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
| | - Amr E Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed D E Abd El-Maksoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany Gamal
- National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMRI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hasan El-Garem
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama M Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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122
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Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Dahan A. Prodrugs for Improved Drug Delivery: Lessons Learned from Recently Developed and Marketed Products. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111031. [PMID: 33137942 PMCID: PMC7692606 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible, inactive drug derivatives, which have the ability to convert into a parent drug in the body. In the past, prodrugs were used as a last option; however, nowadays, prodrugs are considered already in the early stages of drug development. Optimal prodrug needs to have effective absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) features to be chemically stable, to be selective towards the particular site in the body, and to have appropriate safety. Traditional prodrug approach aims to improve physicochemical/biopharmaceutical drug properties; modern prodrugs also include cellular and molecular parameters to accomplish desired drug effect and site-specificity. Here, we present recently investigated prodrugs, their pharmaceutical and clinical advantages, and challenges facing the overall prodrug development. Given examples illustrate that prodrugs can accomplish appropriate solubility, increase permeability, provide site-specific targeting (i.e., to organs, tissues, enzymes, or transporters), overcome rapid drug metabolism, decrease toxicity, or provide better patient compliance, all with the aim to provide optimal drug therapy and outcome. Overall, the prodrug approach is a powerful tool to decrease the time/costs of developing new drug entities and improve overall drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arik Dahan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8-6479483; Fax: +972-8-6479303
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123
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Jockusch S, Tao C, Li X, Chien M, Kumar S, Morozova I, Kalachikov S, Russo JJ, Ju J. Sofosbuvir terminated RNA is more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 proofreader than RNA terminated by Remdesivir. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16577. [PMID: 33024223 PMCID: PMC7538426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for COVID-19, resulting in the largest pandemic in over a hundred years. After examining the molecular structures and activities of hepatitis C viral inhibitors and comparing hepatitis C virus and coronavirus replication, we previously postulated that the FDA-approved hepatitis C drug EPCLUSA (Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir) might inhibit SARS-CoV-2. We subsequently demonstrated that Sofosbuvir triphosphate is incorporated by the relatively low fidelity SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps), serving as an immediate polymerase reaction terminator, but not by a host-like high fidelity DNA polymerase. Other investigators have since demonstrated the ability of Sofosbuvir to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in lung and brain cells; additionally, COVID-19 clinical trials with EPCLUSA and with Sofosbuvir plus Daclatasvir have been initiated in several countries. SARS-CoV-2 has an exonuclease-based proofreader to maintain the viral genome integrity. Any effective antiviral targeting the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp must display a certain level of resistance to this proofreading activity. We report here that Sofosbuvir terminated RNA resists removal by the exonuclease to a substantially higher extent than RNA terminated by Remdesivir, another drug being used as a COVID-19 therapeutic. These results offer a molecular basis supporting the current use of Sofosbuvir in combination with other drugs in COVID-19 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Jockusch
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chuanjuan Tao
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Minchen Chien
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Irina Morozova
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sergey Kalachikov
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - James J Russo
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jingyue Ju
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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124
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Potent double prodrug forms of synthetic phosphoantigens. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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125
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Singh US, Chu CK. Synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methyl spiro cyclopentyl carbocyclic uridine analog as potential inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:52-68. [PMID: 32310031 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1697448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of 1-((4 R,5S,6R,7R)-5,6-dihydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)spiro[2.4]heptan-4-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (12) and its phosphoramidate prodrug 18 is reported. The synthesis of the targeted compound 12 was initiated from triol 1. By the introduction of a substituent methylene group at 6-position of 4, followed by Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation and amination, key intermediate 10 was synthesized. The intermediate amine 10 was utilized to synthesize the nucleoside 12. Furthermore, the nucleoside 12 was derivatized to 2'-α-hydroxy-2'-β-methyl (23) and 2'-α-fluoro-2'-β-methyl (27) analogs. All synthesized derivatives of spiro-cyclopropyl carbocyclic uridine analogs 12, 18, 23 and 27 were evaluated for anti-HCV activity, but none of the compounds, reported in this article show any anti-HCV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma S Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chung K Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, College of Pharmacy, Athens, Georgia, USA
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126
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Hwang N, Pei Y, Clement J, Robertson ES, Du Y. Identification of a 3-β-homoalanine conjugate of brusatol with reduced toxicity in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127553. [PMID: 32971261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brusatol, a quassinoid natural product, is effective against multiple diseases including hematologic malignancies, as we reported recently by targeting the PI3Kγ isoform, but toxicity limits its further development. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of conjugates of brusatol with amino acids and short peptides at its enolic hydroxyl at C-3. A number of conjugates with smaller amino acids and peptides demonstrated activities comparable to brusatol. Through in vitro and in vivo evaluations, we identified UPB-26, a conjugate of brusatol with a L- β-homoalanine, which exhibits good chemical stability at physiological pH's (SGF and SIF), moderate rate of conversion to brusatol in both human and rat plasmas, improved mouse liver microsomal stability, and most encouragingly, enhanced safety compared to brusatol in mice upon IP administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Hwang
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Yonggang Pei
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Erle S Robertson
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, and the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yanming Du
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, USA.
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127
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Schwarz DC, Williams SK, Dillenburg M, Wagner CR, Gestwicki JE. A Phosphoramidate Strategy Enables Membrane Permeability of a Non-nucleotide Inhibitor of the Prolyl Isomerase Pin1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1704-1710. [PMID: 32944137 PMCID: PMC7488286 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane permeability of nucleotide-based drugs, such as sofosbuvir (Sovaldi), requires installation of phosphate-caging groups. One strategy, termed "ProTide", masks the anionic phosphate through an N-linked amino ester and an O-linked aromatic phospho-ester, such that release of the active drug requires consecutive enzymatic liberation by an esterase and then a phosphoramidase, such as Hint1. Because Hint1 is known to be selective for nucleotides, it was not clear if the ProTide approach could be deployed for non-nucleotides. Here, we demonstrate that caging of a phosphate-containing inhibitor of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 increases its permeability. Moreover, this compound was processed by both esterase and phosphoramidase activity, releasing the active molecule to bind and inhibit Pin1 in cells. Thus, Hint1 appears to recognize a broader set of substrates than previously appreciated. It seems possible that other potent, but impermeable, phosphate-containing inhibitors might likewise benefit from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
M. C. Schwarz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sarah K. Williams
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Maxwell Dillenburg
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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128
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Wang G, Dyatkina N, Prhavc M, Williams C, Serebryany V, Hu Y, Huang Y, Wu X, Chen T, Huang W, Rajwanshi VK, Deval J, Fung A, Jin Z, Stoycheva A, Shaw K, Gupta K, Tam Y, Jekle A, Smith DB, Beigelman L. Synthesis and Anti-HCV Activity of Sugar-Modified Guanosine Analogues: Discovery of AL-611 as an HCV NS5B Polymerase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10380-10395. [PMID: 32816483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is a major liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus. The current standard of care for CHC can achieve cure rates above 95%; however, the drugs in current use are administered for a period of 8-16 weeks. A combination of safe and effective drugs with a shorter treatment period is highly desirable. We report synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of 2',3'- and 2',4'-substituted guanosine nucleotide analogues. Their triphosphates exhibited potent inhibition of the HCV NS5B polymerase with IC50 as low as 0.13 μM. In the HCV replicon assay, the phosphoramidate prodrugs of these analogues demonstrated excellent activity with EC50 values as low as 5 nM. A lead compound AL-611 showed high levels of the nucleoside 5'-triphosphate in vitro in primary human hepatocytes and in vivo in dog liver following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Wang
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Natalia Dyatkina
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marija Prhavc
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Caroline Williams
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vladimir Serebryany
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yujian Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Yongfei Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Tongqian Chen
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Huang
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, TaiHe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Vivek K Rajwanshi
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jerome Deval
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amy Fung
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Antitsa Stoycheva
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kenneth Shaw
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kusum Gupta
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuen Tam
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andreas Jekle
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David B Smith
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leonid Beigelman
- Janssen BioPharma, Inc., 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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129
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Talele TT. Opportunities for Tapping into Three-Dimensional Chemical Space through a Quaternary Carbon. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13291-13315. [PMID: 32805118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A quaternary carbon bears four other carbon substituents or combination of four non-hydrogen substituents at four vertices of a tetrahedron. The spirocyclic quaternary carbon positioned at the center of a bioactive molecule offers conformational rigidity, which in turn reduces the penalty for conformational entropy. The quaternary carbon is a predominant feature of natural product structures and has been associated with more effective and selective binding to target proteins compared to planar compounds with a high sp2 count. The presence of a quaternary carbon stereocenter allows the exploration of novel chemical space to obtain new molecules with enhanced three-dimensionality. These characteristics, coupled to an increasing awareness to develop sp3-rich molecules, boosted utility of quaternary carbon stereocenters in bioactive compounds. It is hoped that this Perspective will inspire the chemist to utilize quaternary carbon stereocenters to enhance potency, selectivity, and other drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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130
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Kumar R, Kumar M, Kumar V, Kumar A, Haque N, Kumar R, Prasad AK. Recent progress in the synthesis of C-4′-spironucleosides and its future perspectives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1803914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, L. S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Arbind Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, L. S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Navedul Haque
- University Department of Chemistry, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, R.D.S. College, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Ashok K. Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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131
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Wu Y, Chen K, Ge X, Ma P, Xu Z, Lu H, Li G. Redox-Neutral P(O)-N Coupling between P(O)-H Compounds and Azides via Dual Copper and Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2020; 22:6143-6149. [PMID: 32649207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a redox-neutral P(O)-N coupling reaction of P(O)-H compounds with azides via photoredox and copper catalysis, providing new access to useful phosphinamides, phosphonamides, and phosphoramides. This transformation tolerates a wide range of nucleophilic functionalities including alcohol and amine nucleophiles, which makes up for the deficiency of classical nitrogen nucleophilic substitution reactions. As a demonstration of the broad potential applications of this new methodology, late-stage functionalization of a diverse array of azido-bearing natural products and drug molecules, a preliminary asymmetric reaction, and a continuous visible-light photoflow process have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ken Chen
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xia Ge
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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132
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Wiemer AJ. Metabolic Efficacy of Phosphate Prodrugs and the Remdesivir Paradigm. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:613-626. [PMID: 32821882 PMCID: PMC7409933 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Drugs that contain phosphates (and
phosphonates or phosphinates)
have intrinsic absorption issues and are therefore often delivered
in prodrug forms to promote their uptake. Effective prodrug forms
distribute their payload to the site of the intended target and release
it efficiently with minimal byproduct toxicity. The ability to balance
unwanted payload release during transit with desired release at the
site of action is critical to prodrug efficacy. Despite decades of
research on prodrug forms, choosing the ideal prodrug form remains
a challenge which is often solved empirically. The recent emergency
use authorization of the antiviral remdesivir for COVID-19 exemplifies
a new approach for delivery of phosphate prodrugs by parenteral dosing,
which minimizes payload release during transit and maximizes tissue
payload distribution. This review focuses on the role of metabolic
activation in efficacy during oral and parenteral dosing of phosphate,
phosphonate, and phosphinate prodrugs. Through examining prior structure–activity
studies on prodrug forms and the choices that led to development of
remdesivir and other clinical drugs and drug candidates, a better
understanding of their ability to distribute to the planned site of
action, such as the liver, plasma, PBMCs, or peripheral tissues, can
be gained. The structure–activity relationships described here
will facilitate the rational design of future prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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133
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Opatz T, Senn‐Bilfinger J, Richert C. Thoughts on What Chemists Can Contribute to Fighting SARS-CoV-2 - A Short Note on Hand Sanitizers, Drug Candidates and Outreach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9236-9240. [PMID: 32329159 PMCID: PMC7264767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak causing the respiratory disease COVID-19 has left many chemists in academia without an obvious option to contribute to fighting the pandemic. Some of our recent experiences indicate that there are ways to overcome this dilemma. A three-pronged approach is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-University Mainz55128MainzGermany
| | | | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
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134
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Villalba B, Li J, Johnson KA. Resistance to excision determines efficiency of hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibition by nucleotide analogs. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10112-10124. [PMID: 32457046 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NS5B is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that catalyzes the replication of the hepatitis C virus genome. It is a major target for antiviral drugs including nucleoside analogs, such as the prodrugs mericitabine and sofosbuvir, which get metabolized to 2'-fluoro-2'C-methylcytidine-5'-triphosphate and 2'-fluoro-2'C-methyluridine-5'-triphosphate, respectively. These analogs act as chain terminators after they are incorporated during RNA synthesis. Recently, it has been shown that NS5B can efficiently remove chain terminators by a nucleotide-mediated excision reaction that rescues RNA synthesis. In this study, we use transient-state kinetics to understand the efficiency of inhibition for five nucleoside analogs. We show that CTP analogs are readily incorporated into a growing primer by NS5B but are also efficiently excised. In contrast, although UMP analogs are more slowly incorporated, the excision of UMP is slow and inefficient, and modifications to the 2'-carbon of the UTP ribose ring further decreased rates of excision to an undetectable level. Taken together, these data suggest that the clinical effectiveness of sofosbuvir is largely a function of being intractable to nucleotide-mediated excision compared with similar nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Villalba
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jiawen Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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135
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Jiang X, Tan J, Wang Y, Chen J, Li J, Jiang Z, Quan Y, Jin J, Li Y, Cen S, Li Y, Peng Z, Li Z. 2-((4-Arylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)benzonitrile Derivatives as Orally Available Inhibitors of Hepatitis C Virus with a Novel Mechanism of Action. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5972-5989. [PMID: 32378892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the direct-acting antivirals revolutionized the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection treatment in the last decade, more efforts are needed to reach the elimination of HCV in the absence of a vaccine. 4-(Piperazin-1-yl)-2-((p-tolylamino)methyl)-benzonitrile (1) is a modest HCV inhibitor identified from an in-house screening using a HCV-infected Huh7.5 cell culture. Starting from it, the chemical optimization afforded a new 2-((4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)benzonitrile scaffold with significantly increased antiviral activity against HCV. A highly effective HCV inhibitor, 35 (L0909, EC50 = 0.022 μM, SI > 600), was identified by the structure-activity relationship study. The biological study revealed that L0909 could block HCV replication by acting on the HCV entry stage. The high sensitivity to clinical resistant HCV mutants and synergistic effect with clinical drugs were observed for this compound. The further pharmaceutical studies demonstrated that L0909 is long-lasting, is orally available, and has low toxicity in vivo. These results show L0909 as a promising HCV entry inhibitor for single or combinational therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbei Jiang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiali Tan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianrui Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanni Quan
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jie Jin
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shan Cen
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanping Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zonggen Peng
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhuorong Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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136
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Drug repurposing of pyrimidine analogs as potent antiviral compounds against human enterovirus A71 infection with potential clinical applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8159. [PMID: 32424333 PMCID: PMC7235037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the aetiological agents for the hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children and a potential cause of neurological complications in afflicted patients. Since its discovery in 1969, there remains no approved antiviral for EV-A71 and other HFMD-causing enteroviruses. We set out to address the lack of therapeutics against EV-A71 by screening an FDA-approved drug library and found an enrichment of hits including pyrimidine antimetabolite, gemcitabine which showed 90.2% of inhibition on EV-A71 infection. Gemcitabine and other nucleoside analogs, LY2334737 and sofosbuvir inhibition of EV-A71 infection were disclosed using molecular and proteomic quantification, and in vitro and in vivo efficacy evaluation. Gemcitabine displayed a significant reduction of infectious EV-A71 titres by 2.5 logs PFU/mL and was shown to target the early stage of EV-A71 viral RNA and viral protein synthesis process especially via inhibition of the RNA dependent RNA polymerase. In addition, the drug combination study of gemcitabine's synergistic effects with interferon-β at 1:1 and 1:2 ratio enhanced inhibition against EV-A71 replication. Since gemcitabine is known to metabolize rapidly in vivo, other nucleoside analogs, LY2334737 and sofosbuvir conferred protection in mice against lethal EV-A71 challenge by potentially reducing the death rate, viral titers as well on virus-induced pathology in the limb muscle tissue of mice. Additionally, we found that gemcitabine is competent to inhibit other positive-sense RNA viruses of the Flaviviridae and Togaviridae family. Overall, these drugs provide new insights into targeting viral factors as a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy with potential therapeutic value for future development and are worthy of potential clinical application.
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137
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Opatz T, Senn‐Bilfinger J, Richert C. Thoughts on What Chemists Can Contribute to Fighting SARS‐CoV‐2 – A Short Note on Hand Sanitizers, Drug Candidates and Outreach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg-University Mainz 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Clemens Richert
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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138
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Fu H, Dong J, Sun Z, Zhang X, Yu A, Chen G, Li W. Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-containing regimens in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection after liver transplantation: a meta-analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:648. [PMID: 32566585 PMCID: PMC7290620 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of a sofosbuvir (SOF)-containing regimen in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection after liver transplantation (LT). Methods We performed a systematic search for relevant published data on the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that evaluated any regimen in which SOF was used to treat patients with HCV infection after LT and reported the sustained virologic response 12 weeks (SVR12) after therapy were included. Results A total of 12 studies, involving 892 patients, were included in this analysis. The pooled estimate of SVR12 (sustained virologic response 12 weeks) was 88.1%. Subgroup analysis showed that patients who received SOF plus other DAAs had higher SVR12 than those treated with SOF plus ribavirin or peg-IFN. The pooled incidence of any adverse events (AEs) was 73.7%. Conclusions The results of this study showed that the treatment response of SOF-containing regimens in patients with HCV infection after LT was satisfactory. However, more attention needs to be paid to the high rate of AEs associated with such regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fu
- Hospital and Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Hospital and Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.,Center of Hepatopancreatobiliary Diseases, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhide Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Aijun Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Guoli Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
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139
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Berdigaliyev N, Aljofan M. An overview of drug discovery and development. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:939-947. [PMID: 32270704 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A new medicine will take an average of 10-15 years and more than US$2 billion before it can reach the pharmacy shelf. Traditionally, drug discovery relied on natural products as the main source of new drug entities, but was later shifted toward high-throughput synthesis and combinatorial chemistry-based development. New technologies such as ultra-high-throughput drug screening and artificial intelligence are being heavily employed to reduce the cost and the time of early drug discovery, but they remain relatively unchanged. However, are there other potentially faster and cheaper means of drug discovery? Is drug repurposing a viable alternative? In this review, we discuss the different means of drug discovery including their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurken Berdigaliyev
- Department of biomedical Science, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mohamad Aljofan
- Department of biomedical Science, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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140
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Guinan M, Benckendorff C, Smith M, Miller GJ. Recent Advances in the Chemical Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticancer Nucleoside Analogues. Molecules 2020; 25:E2050. [PMID: 32354007 PMCID: PMC7248840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have proven to be highly successful chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. Several such compounds, including gemcitabine and cytarabine, are the go-to option in first-line treatments. However, these materials do have limitations and the development of next generation compounds remains a topic of significant interest and necessity. Herein, we discuss recent advances in the chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of nucleoside analogues as potential anticancer agents. Focus is paid to 4'-heteroatom substitution of the furanose oxygen, 2'-, 3'-, 4'- and 5'-position ring modifications and the development of new prodrug strategies for these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Guinan
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (M.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Caecilie Benckendorff
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (M.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Mark Smith
- Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford ChEM-H, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Gavin J. Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (M.G.); (C.B.)
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141
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Golojuch S, Kopcial M, Strzelecka D, Kasprzyk R, Baran N, Sikorski PJ, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Exploring tryptamine conjugates as pronucleotides of phosphate-modified 7-methylguanine nucleotides targeting cap-dependent translation. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115523. [PMID: 32362385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is overexpressed in many cancers deregulating translational control of the cell cycle. mRNA 5' cap analogs targeting eIF4E are small molecules with the potential to counteract elevated levels of eIF4E in cancer cells. However, the practical utility of typical cap analogs is limited because of their reduced cell membrane permeability. Transforming the active analogs into their pronucleotide derivatives is a promising approach to overcome this obstacle. 7-Benzylguanosine monophosphate (bn7GMP) is a cap analog that has been successfully transformed into a cell-penetrating pronucleotide by conjugation of the phosphate moiety with tryptamine. In this work, we explored whether a similar strategy is applicable to other cap analogs, particularly phosphate-modified 7-methylguanine nucleotides. We report the synthesis of six new tryptamine conjugates containing N7-methylguanosine mono- and diphosphate and their analogs modified with thiophosphate moiety. These new potential pronucleotides and the expected products of their activation were characterized by biophysical and biochemical methods to determine their affinity towards eIF4E, their ability to inhibit translation in vitro, their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation and their turnover in cell extract. The results suggest that compounds containing the thiophosphate moiety may act as pronucleotides that release low but sustainable concentrations of 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphorothioate (m7GMPS), which is a translation inhibitor with in vitro potency higher than bn7GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Golojuch
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, L. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kopcial
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, L. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Strzelecka
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, L. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Kasprzyk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, L. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Baran
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel J Sikorski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, L. Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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142
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Species differences in liver accumulation and metabolism of nucleotide prodrug sofosbuvir. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:334-340. [PMID: 32345577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.04.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sofosbuvir (SOF) is a nucleotide prodrug which has been used as a backbone for the clinical treatment of hepatitis C viral infection. Because sofosbuvir undergoes complex first pass metabolism, including metabolic activation to form its pharmacologically active triphosphate (GS-331007-TP) to inhibit the viral RNA polymerase in the liver, it is difficult to project the human dose for clinical evaluation based on preclinical data. Selecting an appropriate animal model for drug exposure in the target tissue is challenging due to differences in absorption, stability, hepatic uptake, and intracellular activation across species. Efficient liver delivery has been established in human liver following administration in a clinical trial of patients receiving sofosbuvir prior to liver transplantation. Using the clinical liver exposure as a benchmark, we assessed and compared the pharmacokinetic profile in mouse, rat, hamster, dog and monkey. Liver accumulation was also assessed in the PXB mouse model in which the liver is mostly populated with human hepatocytes. At human equivalent dose, the hepatic concentrations of GS-331007-TP in dog and PXB mouse were comparable to those observed in the human livers. In these species, high and sustained levels of GS-331007-TP were observed in both primary hepatocytes in vitro and the liver in vivo.
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143
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Li Q, Groaz E, Rocha-Pereira J, Neyts J, Herdewijn P. Anti-norovirus activity of C7-modified 4-amino-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine C-nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 195:112198. [PMID: 32294613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic nucleoside analogues characterized by a C-C anomeric linkage form a family of promising therapeutics against infectious and malignant diseases. Herein, C-nucleosides comprising structural variations at the sugar and nucleobase moieties were examined for their ability to inhibit both murine and human norovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We have found that the combination of 4-amino-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine and its 7-halogenated congeners with either a d-ribose or 2'-C-methyl-d-ribose unit resulted in analogues with good antiviral activity against murine norovirus (MNV), albeit coupled with a significant cytotoxicity. Among this series, 4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine notably retained a strong antiviral effect in a human norovirus (HuNoV) replicon assay with an EC50 = 0.015 μM. This study demonstrates that C-nucleosides can be used as viable starting scaffolds for further optimization towards the development of nucleoside-based inhibitors of norovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Li
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
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144
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Randolph JT, Li T, Chris Krueger A, Heyman HR, Chen HJ, Bow DAJ, Van Handel C, Peterkin V, Carr RA, Stolarik D, Dekhtyar T, Irvin M, Krishnan P, Wagner R, DeGoey DA. Discovery of 2-aminoisobutyric acid ethyl ester (AIBEE) phosphoramidate prodrugs for delivering nucleoside HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126986. [PMID: 32046903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our HCV research program investigated novel 2'-dihalogenated nucleoside HCV polymerase inhibitors and identified compound 1, a 5'-phosphoramidate prodrug of 2'-deoxy-2'-α-bromo-β-chloro uridine. Although 1 had a favorable in vitro activity profile in HCV replicons, oral dosing in dog resulted in low levels of the active 5'-triphosphate (TP) in liver. Metabolism studies using human hepatocytes provided a simple assay for screening alternative phosphoramidate prodrug analogs. Compounds that produced high TP concentrations in hepatocytes were tested in dog liver biopsy studies. This method identified 2-aminoisobutyric acid ethyl ester (AIBEE) phosphoramidate prodrug 14, which provided 100-fold higher TP concentrations in dog liver in comparison to 1 (4 and 24 h after 5 mg/kg oral dose).
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Randolph
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Tongmei Li
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - A Chris Krueger
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Howard R Heyman
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Hui-Ju Chen
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Daniel A J Bow
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Cecilia Van Handel
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Vincent Peterkin
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Robert A Carr
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - DeAnne Stolarik
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Tatyana Dekhtyar
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Michelle Irvin
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Preethi Krishnan
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Rolf Wagner
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - David A DeGoey
- Abbvie Incorporated, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
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145
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Schmit D, Milewicz U, Boerneke MA, Burley S, Walsworth K, Um J, Hecht D, Hermann T, Bergdahl BM. Syntheses and Binding Testing of N1-Alkylamino-Substituted 2-Aminobenzimidazole Analogues Targeting the Hepatitis C Virus Internal Ribosome Entry Site. Aust J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-aminobenzimidazole analogues have been synthesised and tested for binding to a previously established RNA target for viral translation inhibitors in the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Synthesis of new inhibitor compounds followed a highly convergent strategy which allowed for incorporation of diverse tertiary amino substituents in high overall yields (eight-steps, 4–22%). Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies focussed on the tertiary amine substituent involved in hydrogen bonding with the RNA backbone at the inhibitor binding site. The SAR study was further correlated with in silico docking experiments. Analogous compounds showed promising activities (half maximal effective concentration, EC50: 21–89µM). Structures of the synthesised analogues and a correlation to their mode of binding, provided the opportunity to explore parameters required for selective targeting of the HCV IRES at the subdomain IIa which acts as an RNA conformational switch in HCV translation.
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146
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Pastuch-Gawołek G, Gillner D, Król E, Walczak K, Wandzik I. Selected nucleos(t)ide-based prescribed drugs and their multi-target activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172747. [PMID: 31634460 PMCID: PMC7173238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues play pivotal roles as antiviral, cytotoxic or immunosuppressive agents. Here, we review recent reports of nucleoside analogues that exhibit broad-spectrum activity towards multiple life-threatening RNA and DNA viruses. We also present a discussion about nucleoside antimetabolites-approved antineoplastic agents-that have recently been shown to have antiviral and/or antibacterial activity. The approved drugs and drug combinations, as well as recently identified candidates for investigation and/or experimentation, are discussed. Several examples of repurposed drugs that have already been approved for use are presented. This strategy can be crucial for the first-line treatment of acute infections or coinfections and for the management of drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pastuch-Gawołek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Danuta Gillner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewelina Król
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ilona Wandzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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147
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Abstract
In this paper, we report on the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of the novel nucleoside 5′-chloro-5′-deoxy-2′,3′-O-isopropylidene-6-fluoro nebularine, obtained as a side product during the second step of the synthesis of 5′-fluoro-5′-deoxy-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-β-d-riboside (5′-F-AICAR), a non-phosphorylable analogue of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-β-d-riboside (AICAR).
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148
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Gallego P, Rojas Á, Falcón G, Carbonero P, García-Lozano MR, Gil A, Grande L, Cremades O, Romero-Gómez M, Bautista JD, Del Campo JA. Water-soluble extracts from edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) as inhibitors of hepatitis C viral replication. Food Funct 2019; 10:3758-3767. [PMID: 31179460 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00733d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main agent responsible for chronic liver disease. Recent advances in anti-HCV treatment strategies have significantly increased the viral clearance rate (>90%). However, sustained antiviral responses vary in different cohorts, and high costs limit the broad use of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The goal of this study is to evaluate the inhibitory ability of well characterized (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) aqueous extracts obtained from edible mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) to diminish HCV viral replication. Our data have demonstrated an in vitro inhibitory effect of A. bisporus extracts on NS3/4A protease and HCV replication. Fractionation by ultra-filtration and sequential liquid-liquid extraction showed that the compounds responsible for the inhibition are water-soluble with low molecular weights (<3 kDa) and that action could be through the following five compounds: ergothioneine, adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine, which are present in all fractions (UF-3, AqF-3 kDa and organic fractions) showing NS3/4A inhibition. Low molecular weight aqueous extracts (<3 kDa) from A. bisporus have potential applications in the prophylaxis and treatment of HCV, especially for patients who do not have access to the last generation of DAAs. They may be useful as well for other flaviviruses, which also possess a NS3 serine protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Gallego
- Unit for Clinical Management of Digestive Diseases and CIBERehd, Valme University Hospital, Seville, Spain.
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149
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Abstract
Evidence for the existence of another hepatitis-causing pathogen, other than the known hepatitis A and B viruses, emerged in the mid-1970s. A frustrating search of 15 years was ended by the identification of the hepatitis C virus in 1989 using a recombinant DNA immunoscreening method. This discovery quickly led to blood tests that eliminated posttransfusion hepatitis C and could show the partial efficacy of type 1 interferon-based therapies. Subsequent knowledge of the viral replication cycle then led to the development of effective direct-acting antivirals targeting its serine protease, polymerase, and nonstructural protein 5A that resulted in the approval of orally available drug combinations that can cure patients within a few months with few side effects. Meanwhile, vaccine strategies have been shown to be feasible, and they are still required to effectively control this global epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Houghton
- Li Ka Shing Applied Virology Institute, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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150
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Castro V, Calvo G, Ávila-Pérez G, Dreux M, Gastaminza P. Differential Roles of Lipin1 and Lipin2 in the Hepatitis C Virus Replication Cycle. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111456. [PMID: 31752156 PMCID: PMC6912735 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although their origin, nature and structure are not identical, a common feature of positive-strand RNA viruses is their ability to subvert host lipids and intracellular membranes to generate replication and assembly complexes. Recently, lipin1, a cellular enzyme that converts phosphatidic acid into diacylglycerol, has been implicated in the formation of the membranous web that hosts hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicase. In the liver, lipin1 cooperates with lipin2 to maintain glycerolipid homeostasis. We extended our previous study of the lipin family on HCV infection, by determining the impact of the lipin2 silencing on viral replication. Our data reveal that lipin2 silencing interferes with HCV virion secretion at late stages of the infection, without significantly affecting viral replication or assembly. Moreover, uninfected lipin2-, but not lipin1-deficient cells display alterations in mitochondrial and Golgi apparatus morphology, suggesting that lipin2 contributes to the maintenance of the overall organelle architecture. Finally, our data suggest a broader function of lipin2 for replication of HCV and other RNA viruses, in contrast with the specific impact of lipin1 silencing on HCV replication. Overall, this study reveals distinctive functions of lipin1 and lipin2 in cells of hepatic origin, a context in which they are often considered functionally redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Castro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-C.S.I.C., Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.Á.-P.)
| | - Gema Calvo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-C.S.I.C., Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.Á.-P.)
| | - Ginés Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-C.S.I.C., Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.Á.-P.)
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-C.S.I.C., Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.Á.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-585-4678; Fax: +34-91-585-4506
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